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Table of Contents

General Introduction ... Error! Bookmark not defined.   Chapter 1: Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks ... Error! Bookmark not defined.   1.1.   What is a wireless sensor network ...Error! Bookmark not defined.   1.2.   Initial Wireless Sensor Network applications ...Error! Bookmark not defined.   1.2.1.   Wireless sensor networks and the environment ... Error! Bookmark not defined.  

1.2.2.   Wireless sensor networks and health ...Error! Bookmark not defined.   1.2.3.   Wireless senor networks and safety ...Error! Bookmark not defined.   1.2.4.   Wireless sensor networks and security ...Error! Bookmark not defined.   1.2.5.   Wireless sensor networks and transportation ... Error! Bookmark not defined.  

1.2.6.   Wireless sensor networks for monitoring the integrity of structures . Error! Bookmark not defined.  

1.2.7.   Wireless sensor networks and education ...Error! Bookmark not defined.   1.3.   Power issues ...Error! Bookmark not defined.   1.4.   The Internet of Things ...Error! Bookmark not defined.   Chapter 2: Operating Systems for Wireless Sensor Networks ... Error! Bookmark not defined.  

2.1.   Introduction ...Error! Bookmark not defined.   2.2.   Event management...Error! Bookmark not defined.   2.2.1.   Concurrent processes ...Error! Bookmark not defined.   2.2.2.   Threads ...Error! Bookmark not defined.   2.2.3.   Finite state machines...Error! Bookmark not defined.   2.3. Contiki ...Error! Bookmark not defined.   2.3.1. Overall organization ...Error! Bookmark not defined.   2.3.2. Communications facilities ...Error! Bookmark not defined.   2.4. Energy saving features ...Error! Bookmark not defined.   2.4.1. The MAC layer in Contiki ...Error! Bookmark not defined.   2.4.2. ContikiMac ...Error! Bookmark not defined.   2.4.3. X-Mac ...Error! Bookmark not defined.   2.4.4. Low Power Probing (LPP) ...Error! Bookmark not defined.   2.4.4.3. Low Power Probing with pending broadcasts (Figure 17 ). Error! Bookmark not defined.  

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3.2.   Preliminary experiments ...Error! Bookmark not defined.   3.2.1   RF power and communications range measurements . Error! Bookmark not defined.  

3.2.2   Power consumption...Error! Bookmark not defined.   3.2.3   Latency measurements ...Error! Bookmark not defined.   3.2.4   Hardware circuits for power and latency measurements.. Error! Bookmark not defined.  

3.2.5   Real-time clock frequency comparisons...Error! Bookmark not defined.   3.3.   First exploration of Radio Duty Cycling (RDC) protocols . Error! Bookmark not defined.  

3.3.1.   The hardware set-up for studying RDC protocols ... Error! Bookmark not defined.  

3.3.2.   Contents and organization of the tests ...Error! Bookmark not defined.   3.3.3.   The results of the tests ...Error! Bookmark not defined.   3.3.4.   Qualitative observations ...Error! Bookmark not defined.   3.4.   Conclusions ...Error! Bookmark not defined.   Chapter 4: A testbed for exploring experimentally RDC protocols ... Error! Bookmark not defined.  

4.1.   Introduction ...Error! Bookmark not defined.   4.2.   Choice of a testbed ...Error! Bookmark not defined.   4.3.   A testbed with dual motes ...Error! Bookmark not defined.   4.3.1.   Overall architecture ...Error! Bookmark not defined.   4.3.2.   The Link between the Black and White Motes ... Error! Bookmark not defined.  

4.3.3.   Evaluating the Packet Latency ...Error! Bookmark not defined.   4.3.4.   Measuring technique for Packet Delivery Ratio ... Error! Bookmark not defined.  

4.3.5.   Measuring technique for Power Usage ...Error! Bookmark not defined.   4.3.6.   The white packets ...Error! Bookmark not defined.   4.4.   Preprocessing of the collected data ...Error! Bookmark not defined.   4.4.1.   Determining the time of reported black events... Error! Bookmark not defined.  

4.4.2.   Determining black packet delivery rates and latencies ... Error! Bookmark not defined.  

4.4.3.   Determining the power consumption ...Error! Bookmark not defined.   4.5.   Conclusions ...Error! Bookmark not defined.   Chapter 5: RDC malfunctions ... Error! Bookmark not defined.   5.1.   Introduction ...Error! Bookmark not defined.   5.2.   Observed malfunctions ...Error! Bookmark not defined.   5.2.1.   Black-outs in ContikiMac and LPP ...Error! Bookmark not defined.   5.2.2.   Periodic duplication of broadcasted packets with the CXMac RDC

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5.2.3.   ContikiMac receives packets with a RSSI below the CCA threshold . Error! Bookmark not defined.  

5.2.4.   The encounter optimization algorithm is suboptimal in ContikiMac . Error! Bookmark not defined.  

5.2.5.   The encounter optimization is periodically reset without good reason in CXMac Error! Bookmark not defined.  

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