ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ،ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ
ﺃ : ﺩﻌﺴ ﻱﺭﺍﺫﺨﻝ ﻤ ﻥﺎﻤﺤﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﺓﺭﻴ ﺔﻴﺎﺠﺒ ) ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ( Abstract :
The metaphor is the tool of the expressionist aesthetic found since the oldest times we ever got from the work of the language and literature, starting from Greece and passing through the rhetoric Arabs to access to the modern and contemporary lesson of language and literature. This term has attracted a group of conceptual patterns.
Each field deals with metaphor as an instrument to his concepts and methods in understanding and interpretation. Thus, the reader might think that the normal limits of metaphor are simple in terms of understanding, but in fact it is the opposite; it has completed numerous researches on the Word Simple Installation called borrowing. Therefore, in this paper, we have tried to highlight and guide the reader toward this subject.
Key words : the metaphor, Unit label , Differing concepts The Metaphor, a Unit of labeling and
the difference in the limits and concepts
Résumé :
La métaphore est un outil esthétique et expressif existé depuis les premiers travaux attaché à la langue et à la littérature. Allant de la civilisation Grecque et passant des metophoritiens Arabes et en fin dans les travaux linguistiques et littéraires moderne et contemporain, on constate que Chaque domaine a affaire à la métaphore -d'où il est un outil de signification- selon ces perceptions et ces méthodes de compréhension et d'interprétation. peut être que le lecteur ordinaire pense que les limites de la métaphore était simple en termes de compréhension, mais s'avère en fait le contraire, puisque beaucoup de recherches sont centré sur se simple terme appelé la métaphore.
Mots clés: la métaphore, Étiquette de l'unité, Des concepts différents
ﺹﺨﻠﻤ
:
ﻥـﻤ ﺍﺀﺩـﺒ ،ﺏﺩﻷﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻨﻠﺼﻭ ﺎﻤ ﻡﺩﻗﺃ ﺫﻨﻤ ﺕﺩﺠﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﺠ ﺓﺍﺩﺃ ﻲﻫ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﺇ ـﻗ ﻭ ،ﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﺩﻷﺍ ﻭ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻻﻭﺼﻭ ﻭ ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﻏﻼﺒﻝﺎﺒ ﺍﺭﻭﺭﻤ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻨﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﺍﺫـﻫ ﺏﺫﺎـﺠﺘ ﺩ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺍﺭﻭـﺼﺘ ﻕﻓﻭ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻠﻝ ﺓﺍﺩﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻊﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻴ لﻘﺤ لﻜﻓ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﺎﺴﻨﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻊـﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻝ ﻭ ،ﻡﻬﻔﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻁﺎﺴﺒﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﺴﺘﺘ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺤ ﻥﺃ ﻱﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻅﻴ ﺩﻗ ﻭ ،ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻡﻬﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺒﻴﻝﺎﺴﺃ ﺙﻭﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺯﺠﻨﺃ ﺩﻘﻓ ،ﻙﻝﺫ ﺱﻜﻋ ﺕﺒﺜﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻗﺭﻭﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﻝﻭﺎﺤ ﺩﻗ ﻭ ،ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﻰﻤﺴﺘ ﺏﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﻴﺴﺒ ﺔﻤﻠﻜ لﻭﺤ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻭﺤ ﺭﻴﺴﻴﻝﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻝﺎﺒ ﻭﻝ ﻭ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﺒﻨ . ﺢﻴﺘﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ : ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ،ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ .
ﺩﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ،ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻴﺭﺜﻨ ﻡﺃ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻴﺭﻌﺸ ﻲﺒﺩﺃ ﺏﺎﻁﺨ ﻱﺃ ﻭﻠﺨﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﺞﺘـﻨﻤ ﻪـﺒ ﻡﻭـﻘﻴ ﺯﺎﺠﻨﺍ ﻰﻗﺭﺃ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﻤﻠﻜ ﻊﻘﺘ ﺎﻤﻝ ﻭ ﺍﺩﺤﻭ ﺎﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻪﻨﺎﺒﺴﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺫﺨﺄﻴ ،ﺏﺩﻷﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻭﺩﺤﻤ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜ ﻪﻝ ﺉﺩﺘﺒﻤ لﻜ ﻥﻫ ﺕﺍﺩﻭـﻬﺠﻤﺒ ﺍﺭﻭﺭﻤ ﻭ ﺔﻤﻴﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺫﻨﻤ ﻭ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺎﻓ ،ﻙﻝﺫ ﺱﻜﻋ ﺕﺒﺜﻴ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻝ ﻭ ،ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﺎﻁﻴﺴﺒ ،ﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺩﻷﺍ ﻭ ﻥﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻻﻭﺼﻭ ﻭ ،ﻰﻤﺍﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﻭ ﺫﺨﺃ ﻭ ﺕﺎﺒﺫﺎﺠﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻠﺨﺩ ﺩﻗ ﺙـﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻴ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻨﻜﻝ ﻭ ،ﻁﻴﺴﺒ ﻡﻬﻓ ﻲﻫ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺭﻫﺎﻅﻓ ،ﺩﻴﻘﻌﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﺴﺘﺘ ﺓﺍﺩﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﻭﻜ ،ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻭﺤ ﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻵﺍ ﻤ ﻡﺨﻀ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝ ﺭﻴﺴﻴﻝﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻝﺎﺒ ﻭﻝ ﻭ ،ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ لﻭﺤ ﻡﺎﺜﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺎﻤﻹ ﺎﻨﺜﺤﺒ ﺀﺎﺠ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﻭ ،ﺭﺨﺁ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻘﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻬﻔ ﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﺴﺘﻴ ﻻ ﺽﻭﺨﻠﻝ ﻡﺎﻘ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻊﻀﻨ ﺎﻨﻨﻜﻝ ﻭ ،ﻪﻴﻓ ﺔﻗﺭﻭﻝﺍ ﻩ ﹼﻠﻋ ﻬﺎ ﻥﺎـﻜﻓ ،ﺢﻠﻁـﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﺍﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺎﻤﻬﻓ ﻪﻴﻁﻌﺘ ﻭ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﺒﺘ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﻭﻨﻋ ﻙﻝﺫﺒ " ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ " ﻭ ﻊﺠﺍﺭﻤ ﻭ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻓﻭﺘ ﺎﻤﺒ ، ﺭﺎﻜﻓﺃ ﻭ ﺀﺍﺭﺁ . ~ ﻻﻭﺃ : ﻰﻤﺍﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ : 1 -ﺴﻻﺍ ﻰﻤﺍﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺎﻨﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘ : ﺩﻨﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻨﻠﺼﻭ ﺎﻤ ﻡﺩﻗﺃ " ﻭﻁﺴﺭﺃ " ﻥﻤ ﻪﻴﻓ لﻤﻌﺘﺴﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻭ ،ﺭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻝ ﻥﻋ ﻪﺜﻴﺩﺤ ﺽﺭﻌﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻅﺎﻔﻝﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺩﺭﻭﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻅﺎﻔﻝﻷﺍ ﺏﻭﺭﻀ ) ﺔﻴﺯﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ( ﻡﻝ ﺭﺨﺃ ﻥﺎﻌﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻠﺼﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻨﺎﻌﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺕﻠﻘﻨ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﻭ ، ﺎﻬﻝ ﻊﻀﻭﺘ ) . 1 ( ﺃ ﻡﺎﻗ لﻴﻴﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ،لﻴﻴﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺎﻜﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻀ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺝﺍﺭﺩﺈﺒ ﻭﻁﺴﺭ – ﻡﻠﻌﻨ ﺎﻤﻜ – ﻲﻫ ﻭ ،ﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﻁﻓ ﺔﻤﺴ ﺔﻴﺒﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻭﺎﻗﻷﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺯﺭﺎﺒ ﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﺏﻌﻠﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﻴﺭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﻫﻭﺠ ﺔﻤﺴ . ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻌﺠﻴ لﻴﻴﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ لﻘﻨ ﻡﻝ ﻥﺇ ﺔﻴﻏﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﻭﻝﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ لﻤﺸﻴ ﺎﻌﺴﺍﻭ ﺎﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻭ ﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻤ ﻭﻫﺎﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼ ،ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒ ،ﺎﻬﻠﻜ ﺎﻬﻠﻤﺸﻴ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﺱﻴﻝ ﺎﻤ ) . 2 ( ﻁﺒﺘﺭـﺘ ﺎـﻬﻨﺃ ﺎـﻤﻜ ،ﻲﺒﺎـﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻱﺭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻁﻘﻓ ﻭﻁﺴﺭﺃ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻋﺭﺸ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺏﺴﺘﻜﺘ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺱﻴﻝ ﻭ ﻅﺎﻔﻝﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺼﻨﺘ ﻭ ،ﻱﺭﻌﺸﻝﺍ لﺎﻴﺨﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻏﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺨﺯﻝﺎﺒ . ﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺩﻌﺘ ﻲﻫ ﻭ ،ﻥﻴﻴﺯﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ لﻴﻤﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻔﻴﻅﻭ ﻥﻤﻜﺘ ﺔﻐﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻀﺇ ﺓﻭﻗ ﺩﺭﺠﻤ ﻭﻁﺴﺭﺃ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺓ " ﺔﻠﻴـﺴﻭ ﺓﺍﺩﺃ ﻙﻝﺫـﺒ ﻥﻭـﻜﺘﻓ ،ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﺼﻴ ﺎﻴﻠﻴﻔﻁ ﺎﻓﺍﺭﺤﻨﺍ ﻭﺃ ،ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺌﻴﺸ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻴﻠﺒﻗ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﺜﺎﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻑﺼﻭﻝ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻝ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﻻ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﺠ ) ." 3 ( ﻭ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﺘ ﻻ ﻲﻬﻓ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻴﺒﻭﻠﺴﺃ ﺍﺀﻼﻁ ﺩﻌﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺭﺩﻘﺒ ﺩﻭﺠﻭﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﺴﺄﺘ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻀﺇ ﺓﻭﻗ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺯﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﻜﺸﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻘﺒ ﻥﺄﺸ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺸ ﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻏﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﺎﺤﺒﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻴﺸﻤﺎﻫ ﺍﺯﻴﺤ ﺏﺴﺘﻜﺘ ﺎﻬﻠﻌﺠﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ، ﺔﻐﻠﻝ . ﺩﺒﻋ ﺩﻜﺅﻴ ﺫﺇ ،ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺞﻬﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﺤﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﻭﻫ ﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻬﺒﺎﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻜﻓ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭﻁﺴﺭﺃ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﻲﻨﺒﻨﻴ ﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻼﺌﺎﻗ ﺡﺭﺼﻴ ﻭ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺜﻤﺘﻴ ﻉﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ ،ﻪﻴﺒﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻤﻜﻴ لﺼﻷﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻨﺎﺠﺭ " : ﻲـﻓ لﺼﻷﺎﻜ ﻪﻴﺒﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺼ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺒﻀﺘﻘﻤ ﺓﺭﻭﺼ ﻪﻝ ﻉﺭﻔﻝﺎﺒ ﻪﻴﺒﺸﺘ ﻲﻫ ﻭ ،ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ )." 4 ( ﺭﻭﻀﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻤﻜﻴ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﺩﻴﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﻭ ،ﻪﻴﻓﺭﻁ ﺩﺤﺃ ﻑﺫﺤ ﻪﻴﺒﺸﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻑﺭﻌﺘ ﺔﻏﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﺏﺘﻜ ﻡﻅﻌﻤﻓ ﺩﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺒﺎﻴﻏ ﻭ ﻪﻴﺒﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺍ . ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺭﺼﺘﻘﺘ ﻲﻬﻓ ،ﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﺽﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺽﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻜﻠﺘﻤﻴ ﺔﺒﻫﻭﻤ ﺕﺎﻬﺒﺎﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺅﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻭﻁﺴﺭﺃ ﺩﻜﺅﻴ ،ﺔﻴﺭﻘﺒﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻼﻋ ﺎﻬﻨﻭﻜ ﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﻠﻘﻨ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﺔﻴﺩﺭﻓ ﺔﻤﺴ ﺎﻬﻠﻌﺠﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ،ﻊﻴﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺔﻜﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﺔﻤﺴ ﺕﺴﻴﻝ ﻭ ﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺌﻓ ﺴﺍ ﺔﻏﺎﻴﺼ ﺎﻤ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻬﺒﺎﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺅﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻠﻝ ﺍﺭﻴﺭﺒﺘ ﹼﻻﺇ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻌﺘ ) . 5 ( لﻌﺠﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫ ﻭ ،ﺍﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺎﺌﻴﺸ ﺍﺭﻴﺼﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻝ ﺏﺭﺎﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻡﺤﻼﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻤﻜﺘ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻲﻓﺭﻁ ﻁﺒﺭﺘ ﻕﺒﺎﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺨ ﺵﺭﻋ ﻊﺒﺭﺘﺘ ﻭﻁﺴﺭﺃ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ . ﺍ ﺩﻭﺠﻭﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻤﺅﺘ ﺔﻴﻔﺴﻠﻓ ﻯﻭﻋﺩﻝ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻭ ﺫ ﻲـﻓ لﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝ ﻪـﺘﺍ
ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝ لﺍﺩ ﻲﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴ ﻕﺴﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﻤﺠﺭﺘﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﻭ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻴﺸﺃ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺦﺴﻨﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﺓﺁﺭﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺤ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻭﺩﻐﺘﻝ . ) 6 ( ﻭﻁـﺴﺭﺃ ﻑﻝﺅﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺜﻌﻨ ﺫﺇ ،لﺍﺩﺒﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻭ لﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻜﻓ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭﻁﺴﺭﺃ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺯﻜﺘﺭﺘ " ﺭﻌـﺸﻝﺍ ﻥـﻓ " ﻥﺃ " : ﻨﻝﺍ ﻭ ،ﺭﺨﺁ ﺀﻲﺸ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺀﻲﺸ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺩﻴ ﻡﺴﺍ لﻘﻨ ﺯﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻉﻭﻨ ﻥﻤ ﻭ ،ﺱﻨﺠ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻉﻭﻨ ﻥﻤ ﻭﺃ ﻉﻭﻨ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺱﻨﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻤﺇ ﻡﺘﻴ لﻘ لﻴﺜﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﺤﺒ ﻭﺃ ،ﻉﻭﻨ ) ." 7 ( ﻭﺩﻐﺘ ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻕﻓﻭﻭ " ﺱﺎـﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺴﺍﻭﺒ ﺭﺨﺁ ﺀﻲﺸ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺀﻲﺸ ﻡﺴﺍ لﻴﻭﺤﺘ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ " ) 8 ( ﻲﻝﺍﺯﻌﻨﺍ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺤ ،ﻲﻝﺍﺩﺒﺘﺴﺍ ﺭﻭﺤﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻡﺎﻴﻗ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒ ، . ﻌﺒﺭﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻭﻁﺴﺭﺃ ﻯﺩﻝ ﻡﺴﻘﻨﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺼﺘﺨﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻡﺎﺴﻗﺃ ﺔ : ﺃ ( ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺱﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻘﻨﻝﺍ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺱﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﺴﺭﻤ ﺯﺎﺠﻤ / لﻜﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﺇ ﻭ ﺀﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﻜﺫ :( ﺍﺫـﻬﻝ ﻻﺎﺜﻤ ﻭﻁﺴﺭﺃ ﻡﺩﻗ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻤﻜﻴ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ " ﻲﺘﻨﻴﻔﺴ ﺕﻔﻗﻭﺘ ﺎﻨﻫ ) . " 9 ( ﺏ ( ﺱﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻘﻨﻝﺍ ) ﺱﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﺴﺭﻤ ﺯﺎﺠﻤ / ﺍ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﺇ ﻭ لﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻜﺫ ﺀﺯﺠﻝ :( ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﻭﻁﺴﺭﺃ ﻡﺩﻗ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻤﻜﻴ ﻻﺎﺜﻤ " ﺓﺩﻴﺠﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻑﻻﻵﺎﺒ ﺱﻴﻝﻭﺃ ﻡﺎﻗ ) . " 10 ( ـﺠ ( ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻘﻨﻝﺍ ) لﻜﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﺇ ﻭ لﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻜﺫ :( ﻪﺘﻴﻤﺴﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫ ﻭ ﺙﻼﺜﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺎﺒ ﻡﺩﻗ ﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻤﻜﻴ ﺎﺠﻭﺩﺯﻤ ﻻﺎﺜﻤ ﻭﻁﺴﺭﺃ : -ﺍ ﺔﻁﺴ-ﺍﻭﺒ ﻪﺘﺎﻴﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻰﻀﻗ ﻡﺜ ﻱﺯﻨﻭﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺴﻝ . ﻱﺯﻨﻭﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻪﺤﺩﻘﺒ ﺀﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺭﺠﻤ ﻊﻁﻗ ﻡﺜ ) . 11 ( ﺩ ( ﺏﺴﺎﻨﺘﻝﺎﺒ لﻘﻨﻝﺍ / ﺔﻴﺒﺴﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ : ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺇ ،ﻊﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻻﺩﺒ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻻﺩﺒ ﻊﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻁﻝﺍ لﻘﻨ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻡﺘﻴ ﺃ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﺔﻌﺒﺭﺃ ﺕﺍﺫ / ﺏ = ﺝ / ﺩ . ﻘﻴ ﻕﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻭ ،ﺩ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻜ ﺏ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺃ ﺔﺒﺴﻨ ﻱﺃ ﻲـﻓ ﻥﻤﻜﻴ ﻻﺎﺜﻤ ﻭﻁﺴﺭﺃ ﻡﺩ : ﺱﻴﺭﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻘﻠﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻜ ﺱﻭﺯﻴﻨﻭﻴﺩ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺱﺄﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﻨ . ﺔﺒـﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬـﺴﻔﻨ ﻲـﻫ ﺱﻭﺯﻴﻨﻭﻴﺩ ﻭ ﺱﺄﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﻓ ﻪﻨﻭﻜﺒ ﺱﺭﺘﻝﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻨ ﻥﺤﻨﻓ ،ﺱﻴﺭﺃ ﻭ ﺱﺭﺘﻝﺃ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ / ﺱﻴﺭﺃ ﺱﺄﻜ / ﺎﻬﻨﻭﻜﺒ ﺱﺄﻜﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﺎﻨﻨﻜﻤﻴ ﻭ ، / ﺱﺭﺘ ﺱﻴﺭﺃ ) . / 12 ( ﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻲﻨﺒﻨﺘ ﻻ ﻥﻴﺭﻌﻘﻤ ﺱﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺱﺄﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻜﻓ ،ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﻼﻝ ﺎﻤﻨﺇ ﻭ ،ﺔﻬﺒﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺠﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﻌ ﻭ ﺱﻭﻘﻁﻝﺍ ﻪﻝﺇ ﻱﺃ ،ﺭﻭﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﺠﻬﺒﻝﺍ ﺏﺭ ﻭﻫ ﺱﻭﺯﻴﻨﻭﻴﺩ ﻥﻷ ﺔﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻭ ،ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ لﻜﺸﺒ ﻥﻴﺭﻴﺩﺘﺴﻤ ﻭ ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻪﻝﺇ ﺱﻴﺭﺃ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ ،ﺔﻤﻝﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ . ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﻙﺍﺭﺘﺸﻻﺍ ﻥﻤﻜﻴ ﻭ ﺔﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺎﻔﻠﺘﺨﻴ ﻭ ،ﻪﻝﺇ ﺎﻤﻬﻴﻠﻜ ﻥﻭﻜ ﻲﻓ . ) 13 ( ﻲﺼﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻠﺠﺘﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺭﻀﺎﺤ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﻭ لﺜﺎﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻜﻓ . 2 -ﺔﻤﻴﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻏﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ : لـﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﻌﺘﺴﻴ لﺠﺭﻝﺎﻓ ،ﻪﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻭ لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﺃ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻭ ،ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺎﻨﻌﻤ ﻭﻫ ﺯﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﺽﻌﺒ لـﻤﺎﻌﺘ ﻭ ﻑﺭﺎـﻌﺘ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﻥﻴﺼﺨﺸ ﻥﻴﺒ ﹼﻻﺇ ﻊﻘﻴ ﻻ ﺍﺫﻫ لﺜﻤ ﻭ ،ﺭﻴﻌﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺱﻴﻝ ﻭ ﺭﻴﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺎﻤﻤ ،ﻪﺒ ﻊﻔﺘﻨﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻥـﻤ ﺎﻤﻫﺩـﺤﺃ ﺭﻴﻌﺘﺴﻴ ﻼﻓ ﻩﻭﺠﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻪﺠﻭﺒ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﻥﻜﻴ ﻡﻝ ﺍﺫﺈﻓ ،ﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻤﻫﺩﺤﺃ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﻲﻀﺘﻘﺘﻓ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻠﺼﻝﺍ ﺩﻘﻓ ﻭ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻨﻻﺍ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺨﻵﺍ ) . 14 ( ﻅﺤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝ ﻕﺭﻁﺘ ﻥﻤ لﻭﺃ ) ﺕ 200 ﻩ ( ﻪﺒﺎﺘﻜ ﻲﻓ " ﻥﻴﻴﺒﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ " ﻰـﻝﺇ ﺏﺭﻗﺃ ﻪﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﻭ ، ﻲﻫ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺏﻫﺫﻓ ،ﻲﺒﺩﻷﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﻨﻤ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ " : ﻪﻤﺎﻘﻤ ﻡﺎﻗ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻩﺭﻴﻏ ﻡﺴﺎﺒ ﺀﻲﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺘ ) ." 15 ( ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﺹﻭﺼﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﺘﺎﻘﻴﻠﻌﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻅﺤﺎﺠﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﺘﺴﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﻭ : ،ﻕﺎﻘﺘﺸﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭ ،لﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭ ،ﻪﻴﺒﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪـﺘﻗﻼﻋ ﺯﺎـﺠﻤ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘـﺴﻻﺎﻓ ،ﺔﺒﺍﺭﻏ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺱﻴﻝ ﻭ ،ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻪﺘﺤﺘ ﺝﺭﺩﻨﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻩﺎﻨﻌﻤﺒ ﺯﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﺒ ﻭ ﺔﻬﺒﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻓﺭﻁ ﺩﺤﺃ ﻑﺫﺤ ﻪﻴﺒﺸﺘ ﺎﻬﺘﻘﻴﻘﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻫ ﻡﺜ ،ﺎﻬﺌﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺩﺭﺘ ﻪﻴﺒﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻠﻜ ﻭ ) . 16 (
ﻌﺘ ﻥﺇ ــﻜ لﺌﺍﻭﻷﺍ ﻥﻭﻴﻏﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻌﺒﺘ ﺩﻗ ﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻋﺍﻭﻨﻷ ﺭﺼﺤ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺱﻴﻝ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ،ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻼﻝ ﻅﺤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭ " ﺔﺒﻴﺘﻗ ﻥﺒﺍ " ) ﺕ 276 ﻩ ( ﻭ " ﺩﺭﺒﻤﻝﺍ ) " ﺕ 285 ﻩ ( ﻭ " ﺯﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺒﺍ ) " ﺕ 296 ﻩ ( ﻡﻫﺭﻴﻏ ﻭ ). 4 ( لﺎﻗ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺒﻴﺘﻗ ﻥﺒﺍ ﺙﺩﺤﺘ " : ﻥﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﻤ ﺎﻬﻌﻀﺘﻓ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻌﺘﺴﺘ ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺎﻓ ﺎـﻬﺒ ﻰﻤـﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻼﻜﺎﺸﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺍﺭﻭﺎﺠﻤ ﻭﺃ ،ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ) ." 17 ( ﺹﺌﺎـﺼﺨ ﺩـﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺏﺼﻨﺍ ﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻔﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻤ ﺞﻀﻨﺘ ﻭ ﺎﻘﻤﻋ ﺩﺍﺩﺯﻴ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺫﺨﺃ ﻭ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺎﺤﻀﺍﻭ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻯﺭﻨ ﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﻭ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ " ﻲﻨﺎﺠﺭﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻀﺎﻘﻝﺍ ) " ﺕ 392 ﻩ ( لﺎﻗ ﻥﻴﺤ " : ﺎـﻤ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘـﺴﻻﺍ ﻭ ،ﻪﺒـﺸﻝﺍ ﺏـﻴﺭﻘﺘ ﺎـﻬﻜﻼﻤ ﻭ ،ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﺎﻜﻤ ﺕﻠﻌﺠﻓ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﻠﻘﻨ ﻭ ،لﺼﻷﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺴﻻﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻰﻔﺘﻜﺍ ﺔﺒـﺴﺎﻨﻤ ﻪﻨﻤ ﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻤﻠﻝ ﻪﻝ ﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥـﻋ ﺽﺍﺭـﻋﺇ ﺎﻤﻫﺩـﺤﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺒﺘﻴ ﻻ ﻭ ،ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﺓﺭﻓﺎﻨﻤ ﺩﺠﻭﻴ ﻻ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻅﻔﻠﻝﺍ ﺝﺍﺯﺘﻤﺍ ﻭ ﺭﺨﻵﺍ ) ." 18 ( ﺙﺤﺒ " ﻱﺭﻜﺴﻌﻝﺍ لﻼﻫ ﻭﺒﺃ ) " ﺕ 395 ﻩ ( ﻲﻓ ﻲـﺒﺩﻷﺍ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺎﻬﺘﻔﻴﻅﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺎﻬﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﺩﺍﺭﺄﻓ ،ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺏﻫﺫﻓ " ﻥﺃ ﺎـﻤﺇ ﺽﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻭ ،ﺽﺭﻐﻝ ﻩﺭﻴﻏ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ لﺼﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻝﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﻊﻀﻭﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻌﻝﺍ لﻘﻨ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻔﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻴﻠﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﻹﺍ ﻭﺃ ،ﻪﻴﻓ ﺔﻐﻝﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻴﻜﺄﺘ ﻭﺃ ،ﻪﻨﻋ ﺔﻨﺎﺒﻹﺍ لﻀﻓ ﻭ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺡﺭﺸ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺽﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘ ﻭﺃ ،ﻅ ﻪﻨﻤـﻀﺘﺘ ﻻ ﺎﻤ ﻥﻤﻀﺘﺘ ﺔﺒﻴﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻻﻭﻝ ﻭ ،ﺔﺒﻴﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤ ﻑﺎﺼﻭﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻭ ،ﻪﻴﻓ ﺯﺭﺒﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻻﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻰﻝﻭﺃ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻝ ﺓﺩﺌﺎﻓ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤﻝﺍ )." 19 ( ﻴﻴﺒﺘ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺩﺍﺯ ﻭ ،ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺯﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺒﺎﺒ ﺭﺜﺄﺘ ﺩﻗ ﻱﺭﻜﺴﻌﻝﺍ ﻯﺭﻨ ﻭ ،ﺭﻴﻌﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺎﺨﻭﺘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻀﺍﺭﻏﺃ ﻥ ﺭـﺒﻜﻷﺍ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﺴﻤﺨﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﻓ لﻭﺃ ﺎﻬﻠﻌﺠ ﺩﻗ ﺯﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺒﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻭ ،ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻠﻀﻓ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻨﻋ ﻊﻴﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﻓ لﻭﺃ ﻱﺭﻜﺴﻌﻝﺍ لﻼﻫ ﻭﺒﺃ ﺎﻬﻠﻌﺠ ﺩﻘﻓ ،ﻪﺒﺎﺘﻜ ﻲﻓ ) . 20 ( ﺩﻨﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺢﻀﺘﺍ " ﻲﻨﺎﺠﺭﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ " ) ﺕ 471 ﻩ ( ﻪﻝﻭﻘﺒ ﺎﻬﻓﺭﻋ ﺫﺇ " : ﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻪﻴﺒـﺸﺘ ﺩـﻴﺭﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺓﺭﺎﻌ ﺀﻲﺸﻝﺎﺒ ﺀﻲﺸﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻪﻴﺭﺠﺘ ﻭ ﻪﺒﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺭﻴﻌﺘﻓ ﻪﺒ ﻪﺒﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺴﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺀﻲﺠﺘ ﻭ ،ﻩﺭﻬﻅﺘ ﻭ ) " 21 .( ﻲﻓ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺎﻬﻓﺭﻋ ﻭ " ﺭﺍﺭـﺴﺃ ﺔﻏﻼﺒﻝﺍ " لﺎﻘﻓ : " ﺜ ،ﻊﻀﻭ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻪﺒ ﺹﺘﺨﺍ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻫﺍﻭﺸﻝﺍ لﺩﺘ ﻑﻭﺭﻌﻤ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺼﺃ ﻅﻔﻠﻝ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻫ ﺭﻋﺎﺸﻝﺍ ﻪﻠﻤﻌﺘﺴﻴ ﻡ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﻌﻝﺎﻜ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻭﻜﻴﻓ ﻡﺯﻻ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻼﻘﻨ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﻪﻠﻘﻨﻴ ﻭ ،لﺼﻷﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻩﺭﻴﻏ ﻭﺃ ) . " 22 ( ﻡﻠﻜﺘ ﺩﻗ ﻭ " ﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ " ﻩﺩـﻨﻋ ﺕﺠـﻀﻨ ﺩﻘﻓ ﻡﺜ ﻥﻤ ﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻤﻝﺎﻌﻤ ﺢﻀﻭﺃ ﺫﺇ ،ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻴﻓﺍﻭ ﺎﻤﻼﻜ ﻪﻴﺒﺎﺘﻜ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻴﻘﺒﺎﺴ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺤﺃ ﺩﻨﻋ ﻥﻜﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺓﺭﻭﺼﺒ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ . ﺩﻌﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺎﺠ " ﻲﻨﺎﺠﺭﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ " " ﻲﻜﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ) " ﺕ 626 ﻩ ( ﻪﻝﻭﻘﺒ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺩﺩﺤ ﻭ " : ﻲﻫ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻙـﺘﺎﺒﺜﺈﺒ ﻙـﻝﺫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻻﺍﺩ ﻪﺒ ﻪﺒﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﻨﺠ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺒﺸﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺨﺩ ﺎﻴﻋﺩﻤ ،ﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﻑﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﻪﺒ ﺩﻴﺭﺘ ﻭ ﻪﻴﺒﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﺭﻁ ﺩﺤﺃ ﺭﻜﺫﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻪﺒ ﻪﺒﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﺨﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻪﺒﺸﻤﻠﻝ )." 23 ( ﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺭﻀ ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺎﻓ ﻰـﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻲـﻘﻴﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻰـﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴـﺒ ﺎﻤﺌﺍﺩ ﺔﻬﺒﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﻗﻼﻋ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺯﺎﺠﻤ ،ﻱﺯﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ) 24 ( ﻥﻭـﻜ ﻭ ،ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻋﺃ ﺯﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﻝ ،ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻭ ﺯﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ لﺨﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ،ﻥﻭﻨﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ لﺨﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻭ ﻪﻨﻤ ﺀﺯﺠ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ) . 25 ( ﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻭ ،ﻪﻴﻓﺭﻁ ﺩﺤﺃ ﻑﺫﺤ ﻪﻴﺒﺸﺘ ﺎﻬﺘﻘﻴﻘﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻫ ﻭ " ﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ " ﻪﻴﺒـﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﻪﻝﻭﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﻜ " : ﻪـﻴﻌﺘ ﺎـﻤﻴﻓ ﻱﺭﺠﻴ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻭ ،ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ﻪﻴﺒﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ،لﻴﺜﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻁﻤﻨ ﻭ ﻪﻴﺒﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺭﻀ ﻲﻬﻓ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ﻪﻜﺭﺩﺘ ﻭ ،ﺏﻭﻠﻘﻝﺍ لﻭﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺫﻵﺍ ﻭ ﻉﺎﻤﺴﻷﺍ ﻻ ﻥﺎﻫﺫﻷﺍ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻲﻔﻨﺘﺴﺘ ﻭ ). " 26 ( ﺒﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻤﺴﻴﻓ ،ﻪﺒﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺒ ﻪﺒﺸﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻕﻠﻁﺘ ﻭ ،ﻪـﻝ ﺍﺭﺎﻌﺘـﺴﻤ ﻪﺒﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ،ﻪﻨﻤ ﺍﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻤ ﻪﺒ ﻪ ﺍﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻤ ﻅﻔﻠﻝﺍ ) . 27 (
ﺍﺫـﻬﺒ ﻭ ،لﺎـﻐﻴﻹﺍ ﺩﺤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻡﻬﺜﻭﺤﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺍﻭﻠﺼﻭ ﻭ ،لﻴﺼﻔﺘﺒ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻭ ﻪﻴﺒﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻴﻏﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒ ﺩﻗ ﻭ ﻥﻴﺒ لﺼﺎﻔﻝﺍ ﻁﻴﺨﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺼﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﻭﺩﺍﺭﺃ ﻥﻴﻨﺜﻻﺍ ﻭ ،ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻲﻠﺠﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ، ﻰـﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺎﺴﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺩﻌﺒﺃ ﺎﻤ ﻭ ،ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻤ ﻻ ﻪﻴﺒﺸﺘ ﻭﻬﻓ ﺓﺍﺩﻷﺎﺒ ﺭﻋﺎﺸﻝﺍ ﻪﺒ ﺡﺭﺼ ﺎﻤﻓ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺩﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻲﻓ ﻩﺎﻴﺃﺭ ﻥﻤ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻊﻴﻁﺘـﺴﻨ ﻭ ،ﻅﺎـﻔﻝﻸﻝ ﻲﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺤﻴﺇ ﺎﻨﻝ ﺯﺭﺒﻴ ﻡﺜ ﻥﻤ ﻭ ،ﻲﻬﻴﺒﺸﺘﻝﺍ لﻭﻝﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻔﺨ ﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺴﺤ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﻌﻤ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﺤﻨ ﻥﺃ ﺓﺭﻭﺼﻝﺍ ﻙﺍﺭﺩﺈﺒ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺩﺎﻌﺒﺃ ﺩﺩ ) . 28 ( ﻪﻴﺒـﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻊـﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﻗﻼﻋ ﻭ ،ﻥﻭﻴﻏﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﻋ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺯﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺭﻀ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﺇ ﻪﻠﻜ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ لﻭﻘﻨ ﻥﺃ ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴﻨ ﻭ ) 29 ( ﺭﻴﻭﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻴﺒﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻑﻘﺘ ﺔﻤﻴﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺎﻓ ،ﺱﻜﻌﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺹﺎﺨﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ) . 30 ( ﺩﻗ ﻭ ﺩﺅﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻱﺩﺅﺘ ﺓﺭﻭﺼﻝﺍ لﻴﻜﺸﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻴﺒﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻪﻴ . ~ ﻴـﻨﺎــﺜ ﺎـ : ﺩﻨﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻴﺜﺩﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﺭﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻥ : 1 ( ـﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺔ : ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺎـﻬﺒﻴﻜﺭﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺢﻠﺘ ﻲﻬﻓ ﺎﻫﻭﻤﻨ ﻭ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ لﺎﻐﺘﺸﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﻨﻋ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺸﺃ ﺤﺒ ﻡﻼﻜﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻘﻤ ﻭ ﺏﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻡﻠﻜﺘﻤﻠﻝ ﻥﻤﺍﺯﺘﻤ ﺭﻭﻀﺤ ﻭ ﻰـﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭـﻜﻴ ،ﻑﺍﺭﻁﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﻜ ﺝﺎﺤﺘ ﻭ لﻋﺎﻔﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺙﻴ ﻑﺩﻬﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻠﺒﺘﻴ ) . 31 ( 1 -1 ( ﻅﻔﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ : ﻰﺴﺭﺃ ﺩﻘﻝ " ﺕﺴﻴﻨﻔﻨﺒ ) " e. Benveniste ( ﺔـﻐﻠﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺘﺍﺫﻝﺍ لﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫﺒ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﻭﻫ ﻭ ﻅﻔﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺘﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﺡﺎﺘﺃ ﺍﺫﻬﺒ ﻭ ،ﻪﺘﺠﺘﻨﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻘﻠﻐﻨﻤ ﻩﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﻅﻭﻔﻠﻤﻠﻝ لﺒﺎﻘﻤﻜ ﻑﺌﺎـﻅﻭ ﻭ لﺼﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﻲﻠﺠﺘ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ . ﺩﻨﻋ ﻅﻔﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ " ﺕﺴﻴﻨﻔﻨﺒ " ﻁﺎﺸﻨ ﺔﻁﺴﺍﻭﺒ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ لﻴﻐﺸﺘ لﻌﻓ ﻭﻫ ) 32 ( ﻭ ﻪﺤﻝﺎـﺼﻝ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﹼﺨﺴﻴ ﻡﻠﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ لﻌﺠﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ، ﺩﻫﺃ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁ ﺩﺭﻓ لﻜﻝ ﻭﺩﻐﻴﻓ ،ﻪﺠﺘﻨﻤﺒ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﻴ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻤ ﻭ ﻅﻔﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻥﻤ ﻩﺩﻴﺭﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻭ ﻪـﻓﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﺘﺘ ﻭ ﻉﻭﻨﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺩﺼﺎﻘﻤ . ﺩﺠﻨ ﺎﻨﻨﺇ " ﺩﺭـﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨﺒ ﺎﻬﺠﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﺩﺎﻌﻴ ﻻ ﻥﻜﻝ ﺕﺍﻭﺼﻷﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﻭ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﺼﺎﻔﺘ لﻜﺒ ﻅﻔﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺕﺭﺭﻜﺘ ﻥﺇ ﻭ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ) " 33 .( ﻥـﻤ ﺔـﺒﻜﺭﻤ ﺔـﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻡﻜﺤﺘﺘ ﻅﻔﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻥﻷ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻌﻤﻝﺍ ) ﺕﺎﻤﻬﺒﻤﻝﺍ déictiques ( ﺎﻤﻀﻝﺎﻜ ﻯﺭﻴ ﻭ ،ﻅﻔﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﻤ ﻭ ﻥﻤﺯ ﻭ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﻹﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﺴﺃ ﻭ ،ﺭﺌ " ﻲﺒﺎـﻁﺨ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ " ﻥﺃ ﺔﻝﺎﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ) ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ( ﺎﻬﻠﻴﻭﺄﺘ ﻭ . لﻭﻘﻴ " : ﺕﺎـﻨﻴﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﻭ ،لﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﺔﻴﻗﺎﻴﺴ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺇ لﺜﻤ : ﻨﺃ ،ﺎﻨﺃ ،ﻥﻵﺍ ،ﺎﻨﻫ ﻑﺭﻌﻨ ﻥﺃ ﻱﺭﻭﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ،ﺎﻤ ﺏﺎﻁﺨ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺭﺘ ﻥﻴﺤ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﻴﻭﺄﺘ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤﻓ ،ﻙﺍﺫ ،ﺍﺫﻫ ،ﺕ ) لﻗﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ( ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﻥﺎﻤﺯ ﻭ ،ﻊﻤﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻥﻤ ﻭ ﻡﻠﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻥﻤ ) " . 34 ( ﻪﺒ ﻡﺎﻗ ﺎﻤﺒ ﻼﻤﻋ ﻭ " ﻲﺒﺎﻁﺨ " ﺭﻭـﺜﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﺇ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﻱﺭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﻼﻐﺘﺴﺍ لﻭﺎﺤ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻓ ) ﻡﻴﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ( ﻅﻔﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ . ﻡﻠﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻝﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺭﺌﺎﻤﻀﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻭﺜﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﻨﺎﻜﻤﺈﺒ ﻪﹼﻨﺇ ) ﺭﻋﺎﺸﻝﺍ ﻱﺃ ( ﺔﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﺼﺨﺸ ﻭ ﺙﺩﺤ ﻭ ﻥﻴﺩﺩﺤﻤ ﻥﺎﻜﻤ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻤﺯﺒ ﺎﻫﺩﻴﻘﻴ ﺓﺩﻴﺼﻘﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﺭﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺹﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻱﺃ ،ﺔﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻘﻠﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ) ﺔﻗﻭﺜﻭﻤ ( ﻯﺭﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ، " ﺎﻁﺨ ﻲﺒ " ﺔـﻝﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺭﺌﺎﻤـﻀﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺫﺇ ،ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺭﹼﻓﻭﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺭﺩﺎﻨ ﻡﻠﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ " ﺎﻨﺃ / ﻥﺤﻨ " ﺎﻬﻌﺠﺭﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀﻝﺎﺒ لﻴﺤﺘ ﻻ ﻥﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺸﺅﻤ ﻭ ) . 35 (
ﻁﺒﺭﻴ " ﻭﻜﻴﺇ ) " m, Eco ( ﺓﺭﻫﺎـﻅ ﺎـﻫﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘـﺴﻻﺍ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻯﺭﻴ ﻭ ،ﻥﻜﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ لﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻩﺎﻨﻌﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻤﻀﻤ ﺩـﻴﻜﺄﺘﻝ ﺍﺭﺎـﻴﻌﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﺍﺫﻬﺒ ﻭ ،ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﻗﻼﻋ ﻥﺃ ﻪـﻨﻜﻝ ﻭ ﺎﻴﻌﺠﺭﻤ ﺎﻔﻴﺯ ﻑﻴﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻱﺭﻭﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺱﻴﻠﻓ ،ﺔﻔﺌﺍﺯ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺜﺒﻋ ﻭﺩﺒﺘﺴ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻓﺭﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺫﺨﻷﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺫﺇ ،ﺎﻬﺘﺤﺼ ﻥﻴﺘﺭﺎﺒﻌﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ﺏﺭﻀﻴ ﻭ ،ﻲﻋﻭﺴﻭﻤ ﻑﻴﺯ " : ﺓﺩﺭﻭﻝﺍ لﻴﺴﺘ " ﻭ " لﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺵﺤﻭ " ﺭـﻴﻏ ﺎـﻬﻨﺃ ﺔﻴﻨﺒ لﻜ ﺭﻬﻅﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ، ــﻝ ﺔﻋﻭﺴﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﻨﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻨﺩﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺔﻝﻭﺒﻘﻤ " ﺓﺩﺭﻭﻝﺍ " ﻭ " لﺠﺭﻝﺍ ." لﺌﺎـﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﻪﹼﻨﺃ ﻯﺭﻴ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﻭﻤـﻀﻤ ﻁﺎﻘﺴﺈﺒ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻓﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺏﻭﺠﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻌﺠﺭﻤ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺞﻝﺎﻌﻨ ﺎﻨﻠﻌﺠﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻜﻤﻤ . ﺩﻨﻋ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ لﻴﻭﺄﺘ ﻥﺇ " ﻭﻜﻴﺇ " ﺙﻴﺤ ﺔﻨﻜﻤﻤ ﻡﻝﺍﻭﻋ لﻴﺨﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﻜﺘﺭﻴ " ﺩﻭﺭﻭـﻝﺍ لﻴﺴﺘ " ﺙـﻴﺤ ﻭ ، ﻥﻭﻜﻴ " ﺎﺸﺤﻭ لﺠﺭﻝﺍ " ﺔـﻴﻝﺎﻴﺨ ﺎﻁﻭﺭـﺸ ﺽﺭﻔﻨ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﻭ ،ﻲﻌﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻠﻝ ﻲﻓﺎﻨﻤ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺫﺨﺅﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺍﺩﺒﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﻭ ، لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤﻓ ،ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤﻝﺍ لﻭﻗ ﺩﺼﻘﻴ ﻻ لﻭﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺄﺒ لﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﺩﻨﺘﺴﻨ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ ﻅﻭﻔﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻗ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻘﻨ ،ﻲﻠﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ لﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺎﻬﻘﺒﺎﻁﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﻝ ﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﺍ ). 36 ( ﺽﺭﻌﺘﻴ ﺩﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻭ " ﻭﻜﻴﺇ " ﺔـﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﺇ ﻥـﻋ ﺙـﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻝﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻰﻌﺴﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺒﻘﻤ ﺔﻝﺄﺴﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺜﺩﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻘﻝ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﺨ . 1 -2 ( ﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺒﻘﻤ ﺓﺭ : ﻑﻘﻴ " ﻭﻜﻴﺇ ﻭﺘﺭﻴﺒﻤﺃ " ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻗﺩـﺼﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﻭﺩﺤ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﻻ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻝﻭﺒﻘﻤ ﺔﻝﺄﺴﻤ ﺡﺭﻁﻴﻓ ،ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻼﻝ ﻲﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻪﺠﻭﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺩـﻋﺍﻭﻘﻝ ﺎﻬﻋﻭـﻀﺨ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﺈﺒ ﻩﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺒﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺄﺴﻤ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﺘ ﺎﻤﻨﺇ ،ﻱﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻅﻭﻔﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻗﺩﺎﺼ ﺕﻻﻻﺩ ﺝﺍﺭﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﺇ ﺔﺜﺩﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ) . 37 ( ﺏﻁﺎﺨﺘﻠﻝ ﻲﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺃﺩﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻋ ﻲﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻑﻭﺴﻠﻴﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺩﺭﻭ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺃﺩﺒﻤ ﻡﺴﺎﺒ " ﺱﻴﺍﺭﻏ لﻭﺒ " ﻊـﻀﻭ ﻭ ، ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺎﻬﺼﻴﺨﻠﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺏﻁﺎﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ) : 38 ( ﺃ ( ﺎﻤﻫ ﻭ ﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﻡﻜ ﺎﺘﺩﻋﺎﻗ : ~ ﻪﺘﺠﺎﺤ ﺭﺩﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﺘﺩﺎﻓﺇ ﻥﻜﻴﻝ . ~ ﺏﻭﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻌﺘﺘ ﻙﺘﺩﺎﻓﺇ لﻌﺠﺘ ﻻ . ﺏ ( ﺎﻤﻫ ﻭ ﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻜ ﺎﺘﺩﻋﺎﻗ : ~ ﻻ ﻪﺒﺫﻜ ﻡﻠﻌﺘ ﺎﻤ لﻘﺘ . ~ ﺔﻴﻨﺒ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻙﻝ ﺕﺴﻴﻝ ﺎﻤ لﻘﺘ ﻻ . ــﺠ ( ﻲﻫ ﻭ لﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻀﺘﻘﻤﺒ ﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻗ : ~ ﻙﻤﺎﻘﻤ ﻙﻝﺎﻘﻤ ﺏﺴﺎﻨﻴﻝ . ﺩ ( ﻲﻫ ﻭ ﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻬﺠ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻗ : ~ ﺱﺎﺒﺘﻝﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺯﺭﺘﺤﺘﻝ . ~ لﺎﻤﺠﻹﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺯﺭﺘﺤﺘﻝ . ~ ﺯﺎــﺠﻴﺈﺒ ﻡﻠﻜﺘﺘﻝ . ~ ﻙــﻤﻼﻜ ﺏﺘﺭﺘﻝ . ﺒﻁﺎﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﺒ ﺩﻴﺭﺃ ﺩﻘﻝ ﻉﺎـﻀﺨﺇ ﻥﺃ ﺭـﻴﻏ ،ﺓﺩﺎـﻓﺇ ﺔﺒﻁﺎﺨﻤ لﻜﻝ ﻥﻤﻀﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻁﺒﺍﻭﻀﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺯﻨﻤ لﺯﻨﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻴ ﺃﺩـﺒﻤ ﻙـﻬﺘﻨﻴ ﻱﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺩﺠﻨﻓ ،ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﺎﻬﻗﺍﺭﺘﺨﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻜﻔﻨ ﺎﻨﻠﻌﺠﻴ ﺔﻴﺒﻁﺎﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ،ﺏﻭﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻌﺘﺘ ﻻ ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻫﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺢﻠﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﻜﻝﺍ ﻪﻤﺯﻠﺘـﺴﺘ ﺎـﻤ ﻕـﻓﻭ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺎﻤﻨﺇ
ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻗ ﻕﺭﺨﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ لﻴﻭﺄﺘﻠﻝ ﺎﻬﻋﻭﻀﺨ ﻭ ﺎﻬﺤﺎﺘﻔﻨﻻ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻭ ﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺩﻭﺩﺤ ﻯﺩﻌﺘﺘ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ،لﺩﺎﺒﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻀﻭ ﻭﺃ ﺔـﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺩـﻋﺎﻗ ﻙﻝﺫﺒ ﻕﺭﺨﺘﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻍﻭﺍﺭﺘﻝ ﻲﺘﺄﺘ ﻲﻬﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻎﻴﻠﺒﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻕﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﻡﺯﻠﺘﺴﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻑﻴﻜﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻭ ،ﺔﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻗ ﺃﺩﺒﻤﻝ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺎﻬﻗﺭﺨ ﻊﻤ ،ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﻲﻤﺭﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻑﺩﻬﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﺎﻨﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀ ﺓﺭﻭﺭـﻀ ﻭﻫ ﻭ ﺔﻬﺠﻝﺍ ﻯﺭﻴ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻭ ،ﺡﻭﻀﻭﻝﺍ " ﻭﻜﻴﺇ " ﻭ ﺏﺫـﻜﻴ ﺭﻫﺎـﻅﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻭﻬﻓ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﻥﻤﻓ ،ﺏﺫﺎﻜ ﺭﻫﺎﻅﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺄﺸﻨﻤ ﻥﺃ ﻻ ﺔـﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒ ﻙﻝﺫ لﻌﻔﻴ ﻭ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﺎﻜﻬﺘﻨﻤ ﺎﻤ ﺹﺨﺸ ﻡﻠﻜﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻌﻓ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ﺎﻌﺒﺘ ﻭ ،ﺔﺴﺒﺘﻠﻤ ﻭ ﺔﻀﻤﺎﻏ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒ ﻡﻠﻜﺘﻴ ،ﻕﺭﺨﺃ ﻭﺃ ﻕﻤﺤﺃ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻥﻅﻨ ﺎﻨﻠﻌﺠﺘ ﻲﻤﺍﺯﻠﺘﺴﺍ ﻊﻀﻭ ﻡﺎﻤﺃ ﻥﻭﻜﻨ ﺎﻤﻨﺇ ﺭﺨﺁ ﺀﻲﺸ ﺩﺼﻗ ﺩﻴﺭﻴ ﻡﻠﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺢﻀﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻓ ) . 39 ( ﺎـﻗﻼﻁﻨﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻭﻜﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺘﺍﺫﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻫﺫﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﺜﻤﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤ ﻱﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ لﻭﻘﻝﺍ لﻅﻴ ﺍﺫﻬﺒ ﻭ ﻋﺍﻭﻗ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ لﻜ ﻥﺃ ﺫﺇ ،ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﺩﺼﻗ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺤﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻠﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﻕﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺩ ) ﻲﻌﻀﻭﻝﺍ ( ﻡﻴـﻘﻝ ﻲﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﺯﻴﻨﺎﻜﻴﻤ ﺭﻴﻐﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻕﺩﺼﻝﺍ ) . 40 ( ﺔـﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭـﺴﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﻨﺘﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺕﻻﻻﺩﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺴ ﻲﻋﺩﺘﺴﺘ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻙﻝﺫﺒ ﺢﻀﺘﻴ ﻭ ﻨﻤ ﺔﻴﺩﺼﻘﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻗﻼﻁﻨﺍ ﻕﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻡﻅﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﺠﺘ . 1 -3 ( ﺔـــﻴﺩﺼﻘﻤﻝﺍ : ﻰﻨﺒﺘ " ﺱﻴﺍﺭﻏ " ﺎـﻬﻁﺒﺭ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺼﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀ ﺔﻴﻠﺼﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ " لﺭﻭـﺴ ) " j.r. Searl ( ﻩﺩﻭﻨ ﺎﻤﻋ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﺙﺩﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺽﻭﻋ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺭﻴﺒﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻨﺘﻴﺩﺼﻘﻤ ﻥﻋ لﺀﺎﺴﺘ ﻥﻴﺤ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺎﺒ . ﻡﺩﻫ " لﺭﻭﺴ " ﺍﻭﺩﺯﺎﺒ لﻭﻘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻓﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻭ ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺝ ﻰـﻨﻌﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺙﺩﺤﺘﻨ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﻭ ،ﻁﻘﻓ ﺎﻫﺎﻨﻌﻤ ﻙﻠﺘﻤﺘ ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻫﺩﺎﻔﻤ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻬﺠﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻅﻨﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﻱﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻴﻓ ﺡﺍﺯﻨﻴ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒ ﺎﻤ ﺀﻲﺸ لﻭﻗ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺘﺩﺍﺭﺇ ﻥﻋ ﻭ ﻡﻠﻜﺘﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻨﻜﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺩﺼﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺙﺩﺤﺘﻨ ﺎﻨﻨﺈﻓ ﻱﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﻪـﻴﻨﻌﺘ ﺎـﻤﻋ ﺎـﻬ ﻥـﻋ ﻡﻠﻜﺘـﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ لﺯﻌﻨﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻤﺎﻋ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻝ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ ﻩﺩﻨﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﻌﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺯﻴﻤﻴ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ،ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻪﻝﻭﻘﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻴﺭﺘ ﺎﻤ ﻕﺒﺎﻁﻴ ﻻ ﻪﻝﻭﻗ ﺩﻴﺭﻴ ﺎﻤﻓ ،ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ) : 41 ( ﺃ ( ﻡﻠﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻅﻔﻠﺘ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﻭﻫ لﻭﻷﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ . ﺏ ( ﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﻭﻫ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌ . ﻪﻤﺩﻘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻭ ،ﻡﻠﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻅﻔﻠﺘ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤﺌﺍﺩ ﻱﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺍﺫﻬﺒ " لﺭﻭﺴ " ﻥﺈـﻓ ﻲﻫ ﻭ ،ﻅﻔﻠﺘﻠﻝ ﻱﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻠﻝ ﻲﻓﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﺼﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻲﻐﺒﻨﻴ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻼﻝ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﺱﻴﺴﺄﺘ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤ ﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﺘ ﻻ ﺩ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ لﺎﻐﺘﺸﺎﺒ ﺹﺎﺨﻝﺍ لﺍﺅﺴﻝﺎﺒ لﺒ ،ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻠﻝ ﻱﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻝﻻﺩﻝ لﺜﻤﺘ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜ ﻭ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﺨﺍ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﺈـﻓ ﻱﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻅﻔﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻜﻝ ،ﻥﻴﻘﺒﺎﻁﺘﻤ ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﻭ ﻡﻠﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﻲﻓﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻅﻔﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻭ ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻕﺩﺼ ﻁﻭﺭﺸ ﺔﻁﺴﺍﻭﺒ ﺓﺩﺩﺤﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻻ لﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻕﺩﺼ ﻁﻭﺭﺸ ﻥﺈـﻓ ﻱﺭﺎﻌﺘـﺴﻻﺍ ﻅﻔﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻓ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤﻓ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﺤ ﺩﻴﺭﻴ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻡﻠﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻬﻔﺒ ﻪﻝ ﺢﻤﺴﺘ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤ ﺔﺌﻴﻬﺘﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻪﺒﺠﺍﻭ ﻥﻤﻓ ،ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺠﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻤﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺨﺁ ﺎﺌﻴﺸ ﺩﻴﺭﻴ ﻪﻨﺈﻓ ﺎﺌﻴﺸ لﻭﻘﻴ ﻥﺃ ) . 42 ( ﺩﻨﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﺇ " لﺭﻭﺴ " ﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺼﻘﻤﺒ لﺒ ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﺘ ﻻ ﻥﻴـﺒ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘـﺴﻼﻝ ﻪـﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺯﻴﻤﻴ ﺍﺫﻬﺒ ،ﻡﻠﻜ ﺎﻤﻫ ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﻭ ،ﻡﻠﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﻗ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﺭﺴﻔﻴ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺩﻜﺅﻴ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺽﻌﺒﻝ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺽﺍﺭﺘﻓﺎﺒ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻭ ،ﻥﻴﻁﻤﻨ : ~ لﻭﻷﺍ ﻁﻤﻨﻝﺍ : ﻊـﻤ ﺔـﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﻱﺃ ،ﺔﻤﺌﻼﻤ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﺭﺨﺂﺒ ﻭﺃ لﻜﺸﺒ ﻥﻤﻀﺘﻴ ﻭﺃ لﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﺩﻴﻜﺄﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﻜﺭﻴ ﻲﻝﻻﺩ ﺭﻤ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﺎﻤ ﻕﺎﻴﺴﺒ ﺔﻁﺒﺘ . ~ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻁﻤﻨﻝﺍ : ﻱﺫـﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭـﺠﻹﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻴ ﻻ ﻲﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺭﻤﻴ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ لﻴﻭﺄﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﻜﺭﻴ ﻲﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘ ﺔﻤﺌﻼﻤ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﻕﻘﺤﻴ . ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ لﻴﻭﺄﺘ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﻲﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ لﺩﺎﻌﺘ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻼﻝ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺄﺒ لﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﻭ
ﺍ ﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺭﻤﺘ ﺎﻫﺩﺼﻘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻜﺭﺘﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻬﺼﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﻥﻋ ﺙﺤﺒﻝ ﺞﺘـﻨﻴ ﻥﻴـﺤ ﻡﻠﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﻻﻭﻗ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻭﺄﺘ لﻜﺎﺸﻤ ﺓﺭﺎﺜﺇ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺭﻤﻴ ﻻ لﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻭ . ﺭﻴﺸﻴﻓ " لﺭﻭﺴ " ﻻ ﻡﻠﻜﺘـﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﻗ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺙﺩﺤﺘﻴ ﻪﻨﻷ ﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻝ ﻪﺘﻏﺎﻴﺼ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻡﺅﻼﺘ ﻡﻠﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﻗ ) ﻩﺩﺼﻘﻤ ﻱﺃ ( ﺝ ﻲﻫ ﺱ ﻥﺃ ﻱﺃ ) ﺩـﻴﺯ ﺩﺴﺃ ( ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ لﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻁﻘﻓ لﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻴ ﻭ ) . 43 ( ﺭﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻩﺎﺠﺘﻻﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻭ " ﻭﻜﻴﺇ " ﺎﻬﺒﺤﺎﺼ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺘﺨﺍ ﺍﺫﺎﻤﻝ ﻡﻬﻓ ،ﻕﺤﻻ لﻜﺸﺒ ﻭ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻭﻫ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻡﻬﻓ ﻥﺃ . ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻥﺇ ﻑﻝﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﻲﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ) ﺎﻔﻝﺅﻤ ﻩﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﺎﻴﺠﺫﻭﻤﻨ ( ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻜﻴﺴ ﺎﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﺱﻴﻝ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ لﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ لﻌﻔﻝ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻭﻫ ) ﺭﻤﺃ ﻭﻫ ﻭ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﺝﺭﺎﺨ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺭﻭﺜﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ( ﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﻅﺤﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺩﻭﻘﺘ ﺍﺫﻬﺒ ﻭ ،ﻪﺘﺍﺫ لﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﺯﺭﺒﻴ " ﻭﻜﻴﺇ " ﺔﻴﺩـﺼﻗ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﺓﺩﻭﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﻻﺍ ﻊﺒﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺴﺎﺤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻻ ﻡﻠﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺼﻗ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻜﺅﻴ ﻪﻨﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ،ﺙﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ﺏﺭﻀﻴ ﻭ ،ﺎﻤ ﻅﻭﻔﻠﻤﻝ ﻱﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻌﻝﺍ " : ﻕﻴﻗﺩ ﻭﺭﻀ ﻭﻫ ﺯﻤﻭﻫ ﻙﻭﻝﺭﻴﺸ ﻥﺇ " ﻥـﻋ ﺍﺩـﻴﻌﺒ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺤﻴﻹﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻘﺒ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻗ ﻲﻋﺩﺘﺴﺘ ﻲﻬﻓ ، لـﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﻥﻜﻝ ﻭ ،ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﻭ لﻭﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ لﻋﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻕﺜﺒﻨﻴ ﻱﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ لﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺹﻠﺨﻴ ﻭ ،ﻡﻠﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺼﻗ ﻤﺌﺍﺩ ﺎﻬﻀﺭﻔﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝ ﺔﻴﺒﻴﺭﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﺴﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﻤﻠﻝ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﻭ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﺎ ). 44 ( 2 ( ﺀﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ : ﻯﺭﻴ " ﺡﺎﺘﻔﻤ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ " ﻥﻁﺎـﺒ ﻭ ﺭﻫﺎﻅ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﻡﻴﺴﻘﺘ ﺔﺤﻭﺭﻁﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﻅﻓﺎﺤ ﺩﻗ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﻻﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺒﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺭﻫﺎﻅﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺴﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺠﻨ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻌﺸ ﻭ ﺀﺎﻤﺴﺃ ﺕﺤﺘ ﻭﺃ ،ﻥﻁﺎ : ﺭﻫﺎﻅﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ / ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻁﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﻜﺎﺸﺘﻝﺍ ،ﻕﻴﻤﻌﻝﺍ / ﻰـﻨﻌﻤ ﻙﺎـﻨﻫ ﺱﻴﻝ ﻭ ،ﺹﻨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﻼﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺽﺭﻔﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫ ﻭ ،ﻲﻨﺒﻤﻝﺍ لﻜﺎﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻝ ﺕﻼﻜﺎﺸﺘﺒ ﻪﻨﻋ ﺍﺭﺒﻌﻤ ﺎﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺎﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻭ ﺎﻌﺠﺭﻤ ﺽﺭﻔﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺎﻓ ،ﺎﻘﺒﺴﻤ ﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤ ) . 45 ( ﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﻨﺴ ﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﻠ " ﺱﺭﻴﺒ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻴﺴ " ﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﺡﺭﻁ ﺩﺼﺭﻨ ﻡﺜ ،ﻱﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ لﻭﻘﻝ " ﺎﻔﻴﺘﺴﻴﺭﻜ ﺎﻴﻝﻭﺠ " ﺔـﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺔـﻤﻅﻨﺃ ﻑـﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻲـﻔﺨﻴ ،ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺘﻨﺈﻜ ﻩﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺹﻨﻠﻝ ﺎﻬﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻼﻝ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ . 2 -1 ( ﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ " ﺯﻝﺭﺎﺸ . ﺱﺭﺩﻨﺴ . ﺱﺭﻴﺒ : " ﺕﻻﻭﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﻜﺭﻨﺴ ) interprétants ( لﻭـﻘﺤ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺩﺎـﻤﺘﻋﻻﺎﺒ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﻭ ﺵ ﺎﻫﺩﺩﺤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ لﻭﺅﻤﻝﺍ . ﺱ . ﺱﺭﻴﺒ ) ch. s, Peirce . ( ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ " ﺱﺭﻴﺒ " لﻭﺜﺎـﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭـﻜﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﻰﻨﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺜﻼﺜ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﺔﻤﻼﻌﻝﺍ ) représentamant ( ﺍ ﺓﺍﺩﻷﺍ ﻭـﻫ ﻲـﺘﻝ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻕﻠﻁﻴ ﺭﺨﺁ ﺀﻲﺸﻝ لﻴﺜﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻠﻤﻌﺘﺴﻨ " ﺱﺭﻴﺒ " ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ) l’ objet ( ﺎﻫﺭﻓﻭﻴ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻹﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﻁﻭﺭﺸ ﻕﻓﻭ " لﻭﺅﻤﻝﺍ " ﻭ ﺙﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻜﺭﺘﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺏﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ لﻜ ﻡﻀﺘ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻝﺩﺘ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻴﺴ ﻥﻋ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻠﻝ ﻱﺭﻭﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻁﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻩﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﻭﺅﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭ ،ﻲﻘﻠﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻠﻝ ﻲﻝﻭﺃ ﺀﺎﺴﺭﺇ ﺔﻁﻘﻨ لﻜﺸﻴ ﻩﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ل ) . 46 ( ﺯﻴﻤﻴ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺍﺩﺎﻨﺘﺴﺍ ﻭ " ﺱﺭﻴﺒ " ﺓﺭـﺸﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺔـﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﺜﻤﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﻲﻤﺎﻨﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻕﺎﻴـﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻗﻼﻁﻨﺍ لﻴﻭﺄﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻜ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﻲﻤﺎﻨﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻘﻴ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ ،ﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻼﻌﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺎﻁﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﻤﻴ ﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻭﺄﺘ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺴﻤ ﻭﺤﻨ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺢﺘﻔﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫ ﻭ ﺔﻤﻼﻌﻜ ﺹﻨﻠﻝ ﻲﺠﺭﺎﺨ " ﺱﺭﻴﺒ " لﻭﺅﻤﻠﻝ لﻭﻘﺤ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ ﻥﻴﺒ : ﺃ ( ﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺅﻤﻝﺍ ) interprétant immédiat ( : ﺸﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺜﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻭ لﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻼﻁﻨﺍ ﺔﻁﻘﻨ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﻭ ﺓﺭ ﻓ لﺜﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺝﺎﻤﺩﺈﺒ ﻁﻘﻓ ﻲﻔﺘﻜﻴ لﺒ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﺎﻨﻝ ﻡﺩﻘﻴ ﻻ ﻭﻫ ﻭ لﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺤ ﻲ . ﺏ ( ﻲﻤﺎﻨﻴﺩﻝﺍ لﻭﺅﻤﻝﺍ ) interprétant dynamique : ( ﻱﺫـﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﻷﺍ لﺜﻤﻴ ﻭﻬﻓ لﻴﻭﺄﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﹼﻓﻭﻴ ﻥﻫﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻩﺩﻝﻭﺘ ) . 47 (
ﻭ ﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ،ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻤﺎﻨﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻜﺫﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻝﺍ لﻭﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫـﻬﻝ ﻙﺭﺩـﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﺨـﺸﻝﺍ لﺨﺩـﺘ لﺒﻗ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻁﻌﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﻭﻌﻴ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜ ،ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ ،ﻲﻤﺎﻨﻴﺩ ﺕﺎﻴﻁﻌﻤ ﻱﺃ ،ﻲﻤﺎﻨﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ لﻜﺸﺒ ﻭ ﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ لﻜﺸﺒ ﻑﺼﻭﻠﻝ ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻁﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﻭﺄﺘﻠﻝ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻴ لﻭﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ لﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ لﻌﻓ ﺝﺭﺎﺨ ) . 48 ( ــﺠ ( لﻭﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺌﺎﻬﻨﻝﺍ ) interprétant final : ( ﺎـﻤ ﺔﻝﻻﺩ ﺩﺩﺤﻴﻝ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻬﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺕﻻﺎﺤﻹﺍ ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺴ ﻑﻗﻭﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻭ لﺎﻜﺸﺃ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ ﺩﺨﺄﻴ ﻭ ،ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﻕﺴﻨ لﺨﺍﺩ : ~ لﻭﻷﺍ ﻲﺌﺎﻬﻨﻝﺍ لﻭﺅﻤﻝﺍ : لﻭﻷﺍ ﻲﺌﺎـﻬﻨﻝﺍ لﻭﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺭﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ﺭﺒﻌﻴ ﻭ ﻥﺍﺩﻴﻤ ﻭﻫ ﻝﻭﺩﻴﻻﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭ . ~ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻲﺌﺎﻬﻨﻝﺍ لﻭﺅﻤﻝﺍ : ﻥﻤ ﻭﺃ ﻪﺘﺤﺼ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻜﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻭ ،ﺎﻤ ﺹﺼﺨﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤ ﺹﺨﺸ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﺩﻨﺘﺴﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﻴ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺒﻗﺍﺭﻤ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ لﻭﻷﺍ ﻲﺌﺎﻬﻨﻝﺍ لﻭﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﻜﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﻪﺌﻁﺨ . ~ ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻲﺌﺎﻬﻨﻝﺍ لﻭﺅﻤﻝﺍ : ﺩﺤﺘ ﻱﺃ ﺝﺭﺎﺨ ﺩﺠﻭﻴ ﻭ ﻕﺎﻴﺴ ﻱﺃ ﻥﻋ لﻭﺼﻔﻤ ﻭﻬﻓ ،ﺎﻴﻘﺴﻨ ﻻﻭﺅﻤ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﻭ ﻻ ﻪﻨﺃ ﺫﺇ ﻲﻀﺭﻋ ﺩﻴ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺔﺒﺭﺠﺘ ﻲﻀﺘﻘﻴ ) . 49 ( ﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻴﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭ " ﺱﺭﻴﺒ " ﻥـﻤ ﺔـﻴﻠﻴﻭﺄﺘ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﻑﺭﻐﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ لﻭﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻕﻠﻁﻨﺘ ، ﻭ ،ﻲﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﻹﺍ لـﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﻏﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻫﺎﺴﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺎﻤ لﻜ ﻭ ،ﻲﻨﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻱﺭﻭﻁﺴﻷﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻓﺍﺭﺨﻝﺍ ﻭ ، ،ﻪﻌﻴﻭﻨﺘ ﻭ ﺔـﻴﺭﺤﺒ ﻥﻴﻠﺌﺎـﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﻊﻓﺩ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻌﻝ ﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻨﺘﻤ ﻻ ﺓﺭﺌﺍﺩ ﻥﻤﻀ ﺯﻭﻴﻤﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺝﺭﺩﻴ ﻪﻨﺈﻓ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻭ لﺯﻌﻝ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﻯﻭﺴ ﺱﻴﻝ ﻕﺎﻴﺴﻝﺎﻓ ،ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻬﻨ ﻭ ﺓﺩﻭﺩﺤﻤ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻴﺴ ﺔﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻌﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺈﻓ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻊﻤ ﻭ ،ﻪﺘﻴﺩﻭﺩﺤﻤ ﻻ ﻭ لﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻻ ﺎﻤ لﻜ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻌﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺹﻴﻠﺨﺘ ﻩﺎﻨﻌﻤ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻭ ،ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺔﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﻪﻤﺩﻘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻬﻔﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻭ ،ﻕﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﺨﺍﺩ ﻡﻴﻘﺘﺴﻴ " ﺱﺭﻴﺒ " ﻪـﻴﻠﻋ ﺭﻘﺘﺴﺘﺴ ﺎﻴﺌﺎﻬﻨ ﻼﻜﺸ ﻕﻓﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺩﻌﻴ ﻭ ،لﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻴﺴ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻬﻨ ﺔﻁﺤﻤ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ،ﻲﺌﺎﻬﻨﻝﺍ لﻭﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﻪﻴﻤﺴﻴ ﺎﻤﺒ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﻭ ،ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ " ﺱﺭﻴﺒ " ﻫ ﻭ ﺓﺯﻫﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻷﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻋ لﺜﻤﺘ ﺫﺇ ،ﺓﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻭ ،ﺔﻘﺒﺎـﺴ ﺕﺎﻤﻼﻋ ﺓﺩﻴﻝﻭ ﻲ ﻥﻤ لﻌﺠﻴ ﻻ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻌﻝ ﻭ ،ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘ ﻭﺃ ﻡﻴﻋﺩﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺕﺎﻤﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ " ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻬﻨﻝﺍ " ،ﺎـﻴﻨﻤﺯ ﺎﻨﻭﻤﻀﻤ ﺭﺨﺁ ﻲﻝﻻﺩ ﺭﻴﺴﻤ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺔﻴﺌﺩﺒ ﺔﻁﻘﻨ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻥﻤ لﻭﺤﺘﻴﺴ ﺎﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﻻﺩ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻴﺴﻝ ﺔﻴﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨﻜ ﻭﺩﺒﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺙﻴﺤ ) . 50 ( 2 -2 ( ﺭﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺎﻔﻴﺘﺴﻴﺭﻜ ﺎﻴﻝﻭﺠ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺯﻤ ) j. Kristeva ( : ﺡﺭﻁﺘ " ﺎﻔﻴﺘﺴﻴﺭﻜ ﺎﻴﻝﻭﺠ " ﻻ ﻭـﻬﻓ ،ﺔـﻴﺠﺎﺘﻨﺈﻜ ﻩﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻭ ،ﺹﻨﻠﻝ ﺎﻬﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺔﻝﺄﺴﻤ ﻪﻠﻴﻭﺤﺘ ﻭ ﻪﻜﻴﺭﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻙﺭﺎﺸﻴ ﺎﻤﻨﺇ ﻭ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻭﺼﺘﺒ ﻲﻔﺘﻜﻴ ). 51 ( ﻝ ﻻﺎﺠﻤ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﻭﺩﻐﻴ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻅ ﻲﻓ ﻭ ﻭ ﺔـﻴﺘﺍﺫﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔـﻴﻋﺍﻭﻼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﺘ ،ﺔﻝﺍﺩ ﺕﺎﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻤـﻀﺘﻴ ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﻭﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻭ ﺯﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻑﻗﻭﺘ ﻥﻭﺩ ﻪﻴﻓ لﻐﺘﺸﺘ ﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻭ ﺭﻁﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻥﻤﻀ ﻕﺜﺒﻨﻴ ﻭ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ لﻐﺘﺸﻴ ،ﺎﻴﺯﻤﺭ ﺍﺭﺼﻨﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻌﺠﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫ ﻭ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺎـﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ) . 52 ( ﺩﻨﻋ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻁﻤﻨ ﺩﺩﺤﺘﻴ " ﺎﻔﻴﺘﺴﻴﺭﻜ " ﺎﻤ ﻕﻓﻭ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﺎﻜﺸﺃ ﻥﻤ لﻜﺸ ﻱﺃ ﻭﺃ ،ﺍﺭﻌﺸ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻴﺩﺭﺴ ﺎﺼﻨ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ، لﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﻭﺩﺸﻤ ﺔﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻯﺭﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻱﺯﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ،ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺔﻔﻴﻅﻭ ﻥﻤ ﻱﺯﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻲﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﺩﺅﻴ " لﺍﺩﻝﺍ ) ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ / ( لﻭﻝﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ) ﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﺘﻝ " ( ﻭ ،ﻪﺒ ﺙﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻀﻭ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺕﺍﺫﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺡﺍﺯﻨﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ، ﺎﻫﺩـﻨﻋ ﺔـﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﻴﻁﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﺕﺴﻴﻝ ﺔﻠﻠﻌﻤ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻤﻨﺇ ﻭ ) ﺔﻴﺯﻤﺭ ( ﺎﻔﻴﺘﺴﻴﺭﻜ ﻪﻴﻤﺴﺘ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺼﻨ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ لﻴﻠﻌﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺼﻨ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﻭ ، ﻲﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻝﺎﺒ ) . 53 (
ﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻲﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻀﺘﻴ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺍﺫﻬﺒ ﻭ ﻰـﻝﺇ لﻭـﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﻱﺃ ﺔـﻴﺯﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺼﻨ ﻻ ﻭ ،ﻱﺯ ﺎـﺒﻨﺎﺠ ﺩـﻌﻴﻓ ،ﺔـﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍ لﻜ لﻤﺤﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻱﺯﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺨﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﹼﻻﺇ ﻲﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻭ ﻑﻴﺜﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﺤﺍﺯﻹﺍ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ لﺎﻐﺘﺸﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻴﻝﺩﺘﻠﻝ ﺎﻴﺯﻴﻔﺤﺘ ) . 54 ( لﺼﻨ ﺍﺫﻬﺒ ﻭ ﻲﻫ ﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻀﺭﻔﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺤﺸﻝﺍ لﻜ لﻤﺤﺘ ﺎﻔﻴﺘﺴﻴﺭﻜ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎـﻤﻤ ﻑﻴﺜﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﻭﺃ ﻕﻻﺯﻨﻻﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻤﺇ ﺎﻴﻌﺒﺎﺘﺘ ﻡﻠﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻅﻔﻠﺘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﻭﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻓﺩﻨﻻﺍ ﺩﻭﻜﺭﻝ ﺔﻤﻼﻋ ﺕﺎﻤﺎﻏﺭﺇ ﻭ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻗ ﻥﺃ ﺫﺇ ،ﻪﺘﻻﻭﻴﻤ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺎﺒ ﻪﻝ ﺢﻤﺴﺘ ،ﺎـﻬﻝﺯﻋ ﻭ ﺎﻫﺩﻭﻜﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﺘ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺘ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻕﻠﻁﺘ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫ ﻭ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﻗﺭﻝ ﺎﺒﻨﺠﺘ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﺍ لﻜﺸ لﻜ ﺡﺭﻁﺘﻓ ) la chora ( ﺓﺭـﺒﻌﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﺎﻫﺩﻭﻜﺭ ﻭ ﺕﻻﻭﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺍﻭﺯﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺒﻜ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻨﻭﻜﺘﻤ ) . 55 ( ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ لﺎﻐﺘﺸﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﻝ ﺔﻠﻴﺴﻭ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻭﺩﻐﺘ ،ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨ ﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜ ﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻨﻤﻀﺘﺘ ﺎﻤ لﻜﺒ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻋ ﻑﺸﻜﻠﻝ لﺎﻌﻓ ﻁﻴﺴﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ لﻭﻘﻨ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻭ ) . 56 ( ﺔﻤﻠﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺫﻝﺍ ﻭﺩﻐﺘ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻤ ﻭ ) ﺔﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ( ﻲﻬﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﻻﻭﻴﻤ ﻭ ﺎﻬﺼﺌﺎﺼﺨ لﻜ لﻤﺤﻴ ﺎﺒﺎﻁﺨ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻔﻴﺘﺴﻴﺭﻜ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺭﻭﺼﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺫ ﻪﻨﻤﻀ ﺵﻘﻨﺘ ﺓﺭﺒﻌﻤ ﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺯﻤﺭ ﺓ ). 57 ( لـﻜ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ لﻐﺘﺸﺘﻓ ﻪﻌﻤ لﻋﺎﻔﺘﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﺒﺠﻭﻤﺒ ﺯﻤﺭﺘ ﺕﺍﺫﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﻼﻴﺩﺒ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﻷ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻡﻫﺎﺴﺘ ﻙﻝﺫﺒ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩ ﻯﻭﻘﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻤ لﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻭﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺎﻨﻌﻀﻴ ﻭ ،ﻪﺘﺍﺩﻴﻘﻌﺘ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺎﻴﻨﺒ ﺔﻴﻨﺒ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻠﻝ ﻕﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺒ لﺴﻭﺘﻨ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺍﺫـﻫ ﻥـﻤ ﺀﺯﺠ ﻰﻠﻋ ﹼﻻﺇ ﻪﻝﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻑﻘﻨ ﻻ ﺫﺇ ،ﺵﺎﻘﻨﻠﻝ لﺒﺎﻗ ﻡﻬﻓ ﻪﻨﺈﻓ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒ ﻊﻤ لﻋﺎﻔﺘﻠﻝ ﻪ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺔﺒﺭﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺠﺭﺘﺘ ﺕﻻﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻗﺭﻐﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﺒ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻝﺎﻓ ،ﻪﻠﺨﺍﺩ ﻥﻤﻜﻴ ﻭ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﺨ ﺭﺘﺘﺴﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺩﻴﻘﻌﺘ لﻜﺒ .
~ ـــﻤﺍﻭﻬﻝﺍ ﺵ :
1 -ﻥﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ،ﺔﻨﺎﺒﻁ ﻱﻭﺩﺒ ﻁ ،ﺔﻴﺭﺼﻤﻭﻠﺠﻨﻷﺍ ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻤ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻏﻼﺒﻝﺍ لﻭﺼﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﻓ ﺔﻴﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ، 4 ﺹ ، : 167 . 2 ،ﺏﺭﻐﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺀﺎﻀﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﻝﺍ ،ﻕﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﻘﻴﺭﻓﺇ ،ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ،ﻥﺎﻜﻭﺃ ﺭﻤﻋ 2001 ﺹ ، : 124 . 3 -ﻁ ،ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ،ﻲﻝﺎﺼﻨﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻌﺴ 1 ﺏﺭﻐﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺀﺎﻀﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﻝﺍ ،ﺭﺸﻨﻠﻝ لﺎﻘﺒﻭﺘ ﺭﺍﺩ ، 2008 ﺹ ، : 76 . 4 ،ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ،ﺭﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻊﺒﻁﻠﻝ ﻡﻓﻭﻤ ،ﺱﻴﻨﻸﻝ ﺔﻴﺒﺩﻷﺍ ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺴﻝﺍ ،ﺯﺎﺠﻋﻹﺍ لﺌﻻﺩ ،ﻲﻨﺎﺠﺭﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ 1991 ﺹ ، : 253 . 5 -ﺭﻅﻨﻴ : ﺭﺘ ،ﺔﻏﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﺴﻠﻓ ،ﺯﺩﺭﺎﺸﺘﻴﺭ ﻎﻨﻭﺭﺘﺴﻤﺭﺃ ﺭﻭﻔﻴﺃ : ﺭﺼﺎﻨ ،ﻲﻤﻨﺎﻐﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻌﺴ ﻁ ،ﻱﻭﻼﺤ 2 ﺏﺭـﻐﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﻘﻴﺭﻓﺃ ، 2002 ﺹ : 91 . 6 -ﺭﻅﻨﻴ : ﺩﻤﺤﺃ ﻁ ،ﻑﻼﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﺸﻨﻤ ،ﺔﻔﺼﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻝﺍ ،ﻑﺴﻭﻴ 1 ﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﻝﺍ ، ﻲـﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﺎـﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺭﺸﻨﻠﻝ ﺔ 2005 ، ﺹ : 121 . 7 -ﺭﺘ ،ﺭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻓ ،ﺱﻴﻝﺎﻁ ﻭﻁﺴﺭﺃ : ﺹ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ،ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﻱﻭﺩﺒ ﻥﺎﻤﺤﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ : 58 . 8 -ﺭﺘ ،ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﺴﻠﻓ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻝﺍ ،ﻭﻜﻴﺇ ﻭﺘﺭﻴﺒﻤﺃ : ﻁ ،ﻲﻌﻤﺼﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺤﺃ 1 ﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﻜﺭﻤ ، ،ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴ ،ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ 2005 ﺹ : 243 9 -ﺹ ،ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ،ﻲﻝﺎﺼﻨﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻌﺴ : 38 . 10 -ﺹ ،ﻪﺴﻔﻨ : 38 . 11 -ﺹ ،ﻪﺴﻔﻨ : 40 . 12 -ﺹ ،ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﺴﻠﻓ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻝﺍ ،ﻭﻜﻴﺇ ﻭﺘﺭﻴﺒﻤﺃ : 252 . 13 -ﺹ ،ﻪﺴﻔﻨ : 255 . 14 -ﺹ ،ﻥﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ،ﺔﻨﺎﺒﻁ ﻱﻭﺩﺒ : 167 . 15 ﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺢﺘ ،ﻥﻴﻴﺒﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ،ﻅﺤ : ﻁ ،ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺍ ،ﻲﺠﻨﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻤ ﺭﺸﻨ ،ﻥﻭﺭﺎﻫ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﻡﻼﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ 5 ، 1986 ﺝ، 1 ﺹ ، : 153 . 16 -ﺹ ،ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ،ﺭﺸﻨﻠﻝ ﺔﻀﻬﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﻥﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ،ﻕﻴﺘﻋ ﺯﻴﺯﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ : 167 . 17 ،ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺭﺼﻤﻭﻠﺠﻨﻷﺍ ﺔﻌﺒﻁﻤ ،ﻥﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﻲﻓ ،ﺩﻴﺯ ﻭﺒﺃ ﻕﺍﺯﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ 1978 ﺹ ، : 102 . 18 -ﻥﺒﺍ ﺢﺘ ،ﻥﺁﺭﻘﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﻤ لﻴﻭﺄﺘ ،ﺔﺒﻴﺘﻗ : ﻁ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺭﻘﺼﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺤﺃ ﺩﻴﺴﻝﺍ 3 ،ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ، 1981 ﺹ ، : 135 . 19 -ﺢﺘ ،ﻪﻤﻭﺼﺨ ﻭ ﻲﺒﻨﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻁﺎﺴﻭﻝﺍ ،ﻲﻨﺎﺠﺭﺠﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﺯﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﻥﺒ ﻲﻠﻋ ﻲﻀﺎﻘﻝﺍ : ﺩـﻤﺤﻤ ﻲـﻠﻋ ﻭ ﻡﻴﻫﺍﺭـﺒﺇ لﻀﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﺃ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﻱﻭﺎﺠﺒﻝﺍ ، ﺹ ،ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ،ﺔﻴﺭﺼﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﺸﻨﻤ : 41 . 20 -ﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺢﺘ ،ﻱﺭﻜﺴﻌﻝﺍ لﻼﻫ ﻭﺒﺃ ،ﻥﻴﺘﻋﺎ : ﻴﻫﺍﺭﺒﺇ لﻀﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﺃ ﻭ ﻱﻭﺎﺠﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﻲﻠﻋ ،ﺕﻭﺭـﻴﺒ ،ﺔﻴﺭـﺼﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻤﻝﺍ ،ﻡ 1986 ﺹ : 268 . 21 -ﺹ ،ﻥﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﻲﻓ ،ﺩﻴﺯ ﻭﺒﺃ ﻕﺍﺯﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ : 103 . 22 -ﺢﺘ ،ﺔﻏﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﺴﺃ ،ﻲﻨﺎﺠﺭﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ : ﻩ . ﺝ،ﻑﺭﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭ ﺔﻌﺒﻁﻤ ،ﺭﺘﻴﺭ 1 ،لﻭﺒﻨﻁﺴﺍ ، 1954 ﺹ ،ﻡ : 123 . 23 ،ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺩﻷﺍ ﺔﻌﺒﻁﻤﻝﺍ ،ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺡﺎﺘﻔﻤ ،ﻲﻜﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ 1317 ﺹ ،ﻩ : 196 . 24 -ﺹ ،ﻥﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ،ﻕﻴﺘﻋ ﺯﻴﺯﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ : 174 . 25 -ﺹ ،ﺔﻏﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﺴﺃ ،ﻲﻨﺎﺠﺭﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ : 28 . 26 -ﺹ ،ﻪﺴﻔﻨ : 112 . 27 -ﺹ ،ﻥﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ،ﻕﻴﺘﻋ ﺯﻴﺯﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ : 174 . 28 ،ﺏﺎﻬﺸ ﻥﺎﻤﺤﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ " ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻲﺤﻼﻁـﺼﻹﺍ ﻲﻔﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ،ﻲﻏﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ " ﺔـﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ،ﺏﺍﺩﻵﺍ ﺔـﻴﻠﻜ ﺔـﻠﺠﻤ ، ﺩﺩﻌﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺭﺼﻨﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ : 05 ، 1980 ﺹ ، : 207 . 29 -ﻁ ،ﺭﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺒﻭﻠﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ لﻴﻝﺩ ،ﻡﺭﺸ لﺎﺸﻴﻤ ﻑﻴﺯﻭﺠ 1 ،ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ، 1984 ﺹ ، : 70 -72 .
30 -ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻏﻼﺒﻝﺍ ،ﺏﻭﻠﻁﻤ ﺩﻤﺤﺃ : ﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺒﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭ ،ﻥﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ،ﻊﻴﺩﺒﻝﺍ ،ﻲﻨ ،ﺩﺍﺩـﻐﺒ ،ﺔـﻴﻗﺍﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻲـﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺙـﺤ 1980 ﺹ : 221 . 31 -ﺹ ،ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ،ﻲﻝﺎﺼﻨﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻌﺴ : 149 . 32 -Emile Benveniste, problème de linguistique général, t02, Gallimard, paris, 1974, p : 80 . 33 ibid. p : 83 . 34 ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻝ ،ﻲﺒﺎﻁﺨ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ) ﺏﺎـﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﺠﺴﻨﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺨﺩﻤ ( ﻁ ، 2 ،ﻲـﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﺎـﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺯـﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ، ،ﺏﺭﻐﻤﻝﺍ 2006 ﺹ ، : 297 . 35 -ﺹ ،ﻪﺴﻔﻨ : 299 . 36 -ﺭﺘ ،ﺔﻴﻜﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ لﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ ،ﻭﻜﻴﺇ ﻭﺘﺭﻴﺒﻤﺃ : ﻁ ،ﻲﻤﻨﺎﻐﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻌﺴ 1 ﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ، ﺀﺎـﻀﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﻝﺍ ،ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺯ 2000 ، ﺹ : 156 -157 . 37 -ﺹ ،ﻪﺴﻔﻨ : 237 -238 . 38 -ﻁ ،ﻲﻠﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﻭﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻥﺍﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻥﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ،ﻥﺎﻤﺤﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﻪ-ﻁ 1 ﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ، ،ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ 1998 ﺹ ، : 238 . 39 -ﺭﻅﻨﻴ : ﺹ ،ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﺴﻠﻓ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻝﺍ ،ﻭﻜﻴﺇ ﻭﺘﺭﻴﺒﻤﺃ : 238 . 40 -ﺭﻅﻨﻴ : ﺕﺎﻴﻝﻵ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤ ،ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻨ لﺼﺍﻭﺘﻨ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ،ﺭﻴﺸﻋ ﻡﻼﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﻕﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﻘﻴﺭﻓﺃ ،ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﻭ لﺼﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﻐﻤﻝﺍ ، 2006 ﺹ ، : 116 . 41
j, r, Searle, sens et expression, les éditions de minuit, paris, 1974, p : 121, 122 42 - ibid, p : 130 . 43 -ﺭﻅﻨﻴ : ﺹ ،ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻨ لﺼﺍﻭﺘﻨ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ،ﺭﻴﺸﻋ ﻡﻼﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ : 116 -117 . 44 -ﺹ ،ﺔﻴﻜﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ لﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ ،ﻭﻜﻴﺇ ﻭﺘﺭﻴﺒﻤﺃ : 159 -160 . 45 -ﺭﻅﻨﻴ : ﻁ ،ﻥﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ لﻭﻬﺠﻤ ،ﺡﺎﺘﻔﻤ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ 1 ﺎﻘﺒﻭﺘ ﺭﺍﺩ ، ،ﺏﺭﻐﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺭﺸﻨﻠﻝ ل 1990 ﺹ ، : 100 . 46 لﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻝﺍ ،ﺩﺍﺭﻜﻨﺒ ﺩﻴﻌﺴ ) ﺵ ﺕﺎﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻝ لﺨﺩﻤ . ﺱ . ﺱﺭﻴﺒ ( ، ﻁ 1 ،ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ، 1991 ﺹ : 55 . 47 ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻭ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ،ﻱﺭﻜﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ) ﻲﺘﺍﺭﻫﺎﻅ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝ لﺨﺩﻤ ( ﻁ ، 1 ،ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ، 1991 ﺹ ، : 55 . 48 -ﺡﺎﺘﻔﻤ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﺹ ،ﻥﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ لﻭﻬﺠﻤ ، : 100 . 49 -ﺹ ،لﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻝﺍ ،ﺩﺍﺭﻜﻨﺒ ﺩﻴﻌﺴ : 104 . 50 -ﺹ ،ﻪﺴﻔﻨ : 104 . 51 -ﺭﺘ ،ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ،ﺎﻔﻴﺘﺴﻴﺭﻜ ﺎﻴﻝﻭﺠ : ﻁ ،ﻲﻫﺍﺯﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺭﻓ 2 ،ﺏﺭﻐﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺭﺸﻨﻠﻝ لﺎﻘﺒﻭﺘ ﺭﺍﺩ ، 1997 ﺹ ، : 09 . 52
- Julia Kristeva, la révolution de la langage poétique, l’ avant-garde à la fin du 19eme siècle : Lautréamont et Mallarmé, édition du seuil, 1974, p : 28
53 - ibid. p : 22 . - 54ibid. p : 28 . 55 - ibid, p: 30 56 – ibid. p : 28, 30 . 57 ﺭﻅﻨﻴ : ــﺠ . ﺭﺘ ،ﺔﻴﻜﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺎﻘﻴﻁﻭﻴﻨﻤﺭﻬﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺕﺎﻴﺼﻨ ،ﻥﺎﻤﺭﻘﻠﺴ ﻭﻴﻫ : ﻁ ،ﺢﻝﺎﺼ ﻡﻜﺎﺤ ﻲﻠﻋ ،ﻡﻅﺎﻜ ﻥﺴﺤ 1 ﻲﻓﺎـﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ، ﻝﺍ ،ﺏﺭﻐﻤﻝﺍ ،ﻲﺒﺭﻌ 2002 ﺹ ، : 263 .
