~e9_t' 'P~'~lh~t~ve ~oiinatlo~S"-fOr' S<:h~~'l

·,'.

.

.

.

,

^{" .}

,

-,

.,

.,~

55 55

ss

~.'.

~e9_t' 'P~'~lh~t~ve ~oiinatlo~S"-fOr' S<:h~~'l

^A

^{U ..} ~';·g ;

^:

Dtlta,frpm1974- U75,H7S:--1976';1976-1977 .'.'•~I.,.';•

-.

:.' ,.,

^_,,:" ': ": :" "

...

::-..,;'.,::",-'., _':.::,'_. ',. '\

!'iean.,Staudu d.I)eviat lo11&,andZero ..,Orde rCorreIa ..

.tlons for

School ^s'

^for-D,t'a"from,the,Thr eeYears ..~974-19;~ .197S"71976,"I9 76-1_977~'~>,.'

. .- ... .-.. .

ia.

-S~at~Pr"'dle'ti~e' C~inat1on8"for SCh:c,i~lll UIi1~8

Data.t:romJ 974-I975~;1975;;1976,1~76-1977 .·•• • • • •.

I9~ ~·a~B. :~~~~d~r~.·D~yia'~'ion~:',;~~d ' '~~r~o'rder:~~~~l~~

.t~cns,f or'S e~ ool,C,forDa~afr om.t h.e Three Ye,ara 19?4::-1.97S,.19 75: 197~,.·t.976.:"'19 n.';;-.:":'-._,,;-'-.''-'~:;,;"

·17.:

,ln~~~~;:t:l;i~~~h~~~~~~e~~~li;;:~ 1:;~. S~~;~~1;i6~

1976-1 977.'__,' •.:.'• • •'.•'-•• '-'.''.'••.,,'"

"

20,

.:~n~:~t~i~:~:~~~n:h~~~~:~ie::~l:;;:~_~:;~O-S'~;~~-~9·76.

","'.•,:": .-','."".',..,....

;~l . . . . · . . . . '

.': ;:'::,-->

'1976., 19.77.'.'.:'-',-·;".;:.:.',:;-.-:;.':'-.';,.~-.;"_.\,--; ','.-:~',;: . ''''

.". : : " :~:'- ~~-~:~::~;~~i~d~e' ~~i~'a~l~Q" t~;;S'ehooi ·~·_usin~

';:.:,'-:,;,.\;,:'-.

Data~rDII:l~74-.1~75"197~:-1976"I976-19,77.·: .;_~,~...,'--'::

"

> !

,'1.":..

" ~ "

. .

/

...

-:.

~

.ear},.". .

196~," t.he~~~fClb!ldland 'oepart_~t ^{o 'f} £d~~~~~CI<: :".:-... ··~T_'.

'•.'..

:.r~:.·11~_'e_d:~~~t_ th~,:ain~l< .1ev~1 ~,';\lTn

^';l.n

·~.l&:b~r~· ^an'd 8~CI~etiy. ~'

^{. .}

~~t

^{-. '. -.", ;."'.'}

'deq,u"'-teeem6'SttheneedaIIfall-th~at\ld~nEiI!enrolled inth eprogra,:," ,.,' .," -" ,l'.~':

:>~<.t,h~t;,(i~"; a.:."c~ner~i _c~·~~~~\_';;~~,i.~tr.Od~C~d,"~,8~~i;i:~e' i.'.s. ..-T . C ;: ....:' '.';' : I.,";..' .. 't . '

. '• · ~,;~;:::'~: :::~;: .. ::: ~: :;j;:;~i;;:~1::[~~::·~b:;~2:~ ~~:;~;;>~:.{ .. ,::~:; ' ;

~

^{·.dgllrllU'.,·It,.... au ppcoi.d·,tobe.lIlCIr tof apneticd aDd,8f!plied••tha- ..,.}

<.: :.:.~

, ') i;3~~~fc ] ~;~s ::;:F~ ~~··:> ',.

'. " . : /Tbh

~ le""l .~~rO&cb e~ntl;~d'Ul:tll

^1974,

~hell

^th'e

H~fll\lnd-

^•

" i_'~n~ -+~~~~ ;i ":'~il.~~; ^.. ,r od':' :; ' _{i'i~., i;" '} ~~·;~.~B.~~~~ ' ^',:::

:~::~::;:~+d~;::~:,::: ·: ,,;::)~:: ~ ~:~!,:;r .. 7::n:' ?~~ ,; . : ^<;

:': •vlth'~hl!l,:ree o- 'Cldat lo nfr.ClIIIt~e.NeVtoundhlldOepkrt_nt,~f-~duc~t~cm ..,' :'

i:"

";'th~t ~·PPi-C!xl~t~lY,;.. IS~r~ent" 'g~:th~'.t~d.~.t.

·b.

"pi~C:~d -1~.· lla.ie.' ' ?O ;.'. '..' ';-';':''. '

'<,>

~ ..' _{" "} ~:;"r~~p:;:~~ ::,::~t',::::::~:::. ':~:::::::·;::.:';:::.:~.:7;~·: ; ·· ..' : <: :

' ~i,hr< ;~" ~~~~'~+ ';'~;'!"" _{. ~.: :' .'::} ;" "" _{··-i ·} ~h _.' 40 _.. < ^{;; .; ,} >-,"::. ro~~,;<·~",.;.i;;;' _{~.:~: :~::.~~..} : _;>~:: ^'. _,:,~:~(;: ^{'.. ·•} _. ^. ·.'.:_i l !:.·~

^{•.'..••}

_.

^{.:...•.•.·}

, . ;." .:.':-~:.~-~#,' " ',:,. ~ .... -:,, ~.~~'. ,. ,'::... ~.

0!i==i0-=';"~"=:i=--""=",,:,,, ·· .:.~~ ~,:~~L:~l~j~~;~t ~;'i: ~ ';lL~;~~ C

--i re'··eapab'l .ee.h.odI i';g-,Iiiou

d:i.tf1~~l~ ·

^...

thl!_dc~· th.n'·'tb~t·"oifered.·'

^',",

.,,~~,,::::

· . .

..

-" , ' .'- ~'

..

^"

...

by

the ,Kati- t'cul. tlo;"

"f"ou.U';'··l!D_d·i:h~)[

.hO ,U ld

·be.gj,vellfhe:~;_~it~fJ'.ee

lI~i~!-~e

^tllull

~1i ~ie."~ t t~'hig~

^Idlae:l

le:,.l ~ ~,~e .tu~l!~t.

^{:l!ed..' :.}

:"~:'

.- .. ,,:' _{S.,zbL "L ~!:K~ . ,}

.

:.:;

,

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,: .:

.,:;~~ :,..;,2'~;~;f';':'_~'~, " ~,

^{"'",:1., "}

'1 .' .,,,.':\ . . ,{~ ": . .-., .,.

-""~ . .., _ O J ~' - :' J ~.'_::'::: """ :- . _ ...:-.:.: . .\. . } ' . :.? ' " " .

. : . "

. '. ...'2

h"' I. "."

··:::;:o~t- ;'~:;,:2~,;.;~;::.:.~:;'i;:.~~~~~;:i~~:::~.:·:· - ,

bcc:a_e'111pr i or'Uffieu1t lea- v1t h 1llathtaat.lcs'a n d\MtaU" tholleru poo.-,'

.c : ·.·I1:~l~: f~r ~~l~;:~~cla'~~~~~~~' ~~~~j.l:m~, :~~:~; ,~h'ele ;r:~~~r.~~~;: -:

.:._... . _ba.,.abe ttl'r_ehall.ce.•t.lICe...w;ithde_ tbe...t:lu cf t:b.l..:cour."•

. ; :. . _·~·

" ~

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"t h.

_"~~

t'l:1'l.ec?Ul:se,!a

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_~~~~

_tO;.off~r .ucee~.t

₁

D:;the

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~t"eat_j odty

_~t,

T}_

_?

:.:_;

. . _···~

'.;

•. '

' lIf a\:~enu .~h.t tak. l~.· ~lncl ·~ . ~ [ee.nt

^{PI. . ..}

~ tbl Cqu!-~.U1-.i'176

^{••.' •}

~t

^'

·

tb~ Hnt· 7ear Of 1t. i~~r~cl.uct1on.

^ll.o.

fria ·WUli':':'·(i.t7)' )'..

repor t..:.; " , '",

·

:.~t.·~~~

^..

th. ~"~~:~\~~ ~~~~ii~: ~~~~ .~~~' P:~P.tl!·. ~t~~~."·~-l!;:

^{.".: •}

~

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~

,",)"

.~

^..

"~.qut~i! ~;~. ~~'n itJ.:": ~~~c~· 7~"·~~'.~:Of;\fhl!. ~_!~~U~~,~,l.t:~~.~~ll&::;:_~.·:-:·~ .. . _~:;~:.:"

.) ..> : :' ~:~~.r':::::~:~~;::;',;:~ f:::~.::::~':::1::j.;~:; : ~· : i·.: :·

· · ,~ :

^".

~

~lon-

~~f~

in1I&,th~ma"t1e.,,_orlIlath l!~tica~ly

$ %~~~~

rel~hd,f1,eld" :,.The.~.t ~.deot'

~'ii't

•

i'

'.

'"

, "-'- ' , '

.

^.",

'" . .

" .,. '

pr~~1et.loIhat~.:st,~~ent.~ll·.d.~^__.1~:,:.,t~e::~rade:.t~~..~.ono~,rs:mat.hemat~,cB':.·'

:~ou·~se7 ,

^..

I~':~~~~;!.r~4i.c~ial . ia~ ~o~ .;b'e , ~~:e.: t.he~th~_ ~o~'r~:' ~d8

^:1:,.

~~e

art iclemay

be

invalid;

: 2::L:;:·::::~:: ::::::~;::1=l:::::,:::~:::"?~: :::;- ;; . .

. \~'~~-e\'~~~~~~~'-'~~~~~'-~~lciw a-~~~~e' ma~k"of ^{"75 ,} '~erc;~i'; ^- ~~i :D~-'per~~te'd

:":::';:":;::;'::~~j:~l~::::;,:~ ,::',:::::g:h::: ::~::::"::~ .... .

't~:~-':f:i:<i/~~i't:

"," . -."

:~~'~\~S:':~o~~~'

" '. " --' " -,. '-.

^have

"> '

.-~:~: _$t~ggi~'~~i~~

' . -'"

't~~'~i~~~·

-.- .-.

_~i'~v~/

"• .-

^{': .,}

6o~'r~,~,,'a~d:t~1~'~ay^:h1nd~r-·th~1.r·~:ao~

..

n~~·

on ':

chef~',

other'

aUbj"ct,~.

:",:"~'','---:~'-'-"". --:c. ,'"". 'r.","',.

< .-','., : _- ;..' : .

~.

. ."'."_' :-": '. ' .'::

.~~9;·"P~.UB_t~e_f.aet·th~t,. _1t_~.8:doubtful-i~',a.8t~de~t,who,~c~~e.B,~~lIa

.

_.'.

... ·:;:: ::l:':f:,:;.~J:~:::~:::~"::t::'.g::~::,:::;d::;:i:":~ ·· .

'-':'.

,". .. .. .. .

.:',

". ',

,';",:

..

^{''. :. " . . ,', ....,} ". , ~ , '.:-.: ^..'.'

"-(8P~ r,oxil!llltelY)~Btu~en~8.or>IS,percent.'0;the..gr~d e.e1e~ell.popu~atio~),.;

in'

th~" ~epir~_· ~;~~·;d·,e~~1.i~r':~~"th1~" ~.~pe~ ~~ loiii"1a~' (l~'!7)I ,B.ay~.~,

^{' .} ,.":·."9~lY·'15%

of ..

~rHa'th~-"'~t1~~'8tud~nt8,

'1.":

'High'.schck~

"",w'rot e t h eHonours"exatll1na ti on'1nJune.1~7 6,;-lbe:l1evethis.t.'

'.

::::t:ll~:.~~h~·:· :i~:~ ,::~b;~::~k_~:r:ai~:~~~~~;~,e~O~~e

^.'

:eap~b le-.of,doing •..(p.'9)'. .., ' "':" ' .

.

:':~e~ ~'r~bl~.,~h:~ "1~' h~ "f~ .,{deDti~; ~he~~''800d'' '8tUdti~.t~:':

~~fe~fed

^·t.O..

:i";.'th;" ·B~:t1cle>ab;WE;.:.

,.

~.<is .: ~OW. 1oI~~1 .~~: ;t.' Po9S1~1~.:~o-.

".,'

,.

_{" . ' .}

".~M #/ ,;cWN;';;;i';H&!i,iJili~~",,·; i~~1\i\$~l~,,*,~'~U4;{.;;?J,::~ W1!:~1;f~7,7>, c<,...•. •.

llo~e:H~riciur8st~dentll•.·B~t'i{~re'studl!llts'd~n~t

hS;,'e

'th~a.bili t Y'~o

ha~dle :

the Honours

'r;:o~'~e

^..and'U'.

thl~ ' ~b~l1-~'; 'i~'·n~t ~~c~g~i~ab'b ^,:.

. th~~ .~-..::, C8n .t~er~ ^..be '~re··.Iii:~de~~lJ ~pia~ed·l~,:~~~· c~lirfl~~'

" - '--

^{. :'.' :,.,." .', ..-,.':}

,.,",

, :": ",'..:

. Themajo rpurposeoftbisinves ti ga tionvas,to''deter mine the..

. :.P~.";.dl.dt.~~~ -.~'~fi~.h~CY

^.'

~f

^•

~~~.~ ~c~.~~e:~:'.:~~~~'\~Ch··~'~8·OC·i~.t-~a t~ ~~~~~ "

~:~H~~~~::::~::t(::::::::~~;;:'::::::::i::':::~: .:

'~i~~s,~~',,:~~'s:~~~~~d;:' " n;'is "w;s' d:~'n~'

^__

b~:'~'811,8'

^of':

ze~o '~fde'~~, ~~rr~latl?~~ ':

.:b~~~en '~a~'.. ci!'~h~' ~i~\ i~?~peri~e~~' ~~riabie'~','~ef~~ei i:o,.il~·o~~,.'~'d .t h,e·; .

..

·depend~~1:~,v~;{~~'l~ of: th~ :it~;';~~.~~::~'ath~'m'aii~' 'mark "~e~~ived: i~:::

^grade

'. ':::t~~ : ·.. ·::~:~'n\i ~'~~.

^of

:>~tep~~i~'e·'~:ti~.i~: ~~~re's'~i:rt" ~:~al}'~i'~-,::;~be ^.

: : " :.. L·~'~·' ;~a~ib.l~ '~',redi~f'~~~:,~·~:~ai.t~~~~~:~~' ',~~i':~;~~.:s'~p'~n~~lY:'~'~r e~~~

^.':,

-....

g~.~\~.~,:~i.~d~~~~·.'~ro~',~~~~. '~f",'~:h~:·.~ ~~

^..

r.~,~'·,6~~~o.~ls,

^..',

,Th,~'~,:~~s

^.

~o~r',:f~~~~.':-:: ^{'::.:.: :'}

.-~ai~',datafr~llltbe1~.7~- 19 n:B ~o~1 ~e.a.r,:onlY.'and ,thoen,forthe:,po,~~.ed ."

", ",. _. ::~:.:::d,::'~:,:':::'.::'::;::7:::::;:w~7r~::::' .::' ;::~-::,:7' "

best

,p~edlC~i~~ eqU;;t~ona for': the"~nti'~E\ ';~~atio~ \ il~:-grade ;:t·en·Honc.:r'

'.

JlIath~~~ic~' ~~Ud~~t8'~~~"'obttd~~d'f1rst:foi 't~~

^Iicltoo;i.

ye'ar:,1976~1977

~n~··. t~:~ .fo,/:th'~p~~i~.~' d~ta .fro~ 'i:~e.:~~~~:~~ ~e~~j:, ~~:?~'-~9 l5"~ :'19:;5~'~'976 "'-' ^.

end,

i976~.l977,': Thi& g~ve

a

to~'l .of eight 'regre~sion'.equation~tfhiCh.

';":"

~~~~ '~:~YSed:

^.:

:~e~e~~e ~hich :~eie '~~e' 'be:~:' ~~8'-tci':~~e~" ' : ~ :~

'!, ~~ec~~~~ry' ~.~rp:o~~':·~f th;'~ri~~~i1g!"t1:0.~ .~~~.~ .d~i~~~~\f : ^'.'."

. \the~'e':',~~~ ' ~:, ~i~~if~,r::ant.:di~t~~~n~~);e;W8~~ .~h~':~~ucie~t~' fr~lll:t~~.'

",,'" "...':: ," '. '. ," " .,':.:" "'," . ' ::-', '.',..:'' :'.

thre e a chool s

ln,

theitscadellicschleVl!lllent,itlthe grade,

ten .

Honours

Illethelllllti cs course.

".:':~

,''/ , ~-l ' . ~ . ~

ZerQ-o rde rcorrelation. A uro-oJde r

c:orrelation_~prelleuu

. .the

degre~ ~f r.lat~~ht~

tholt

e:d.~. l;eare~D

two

~n1able

••·

vithiD -~

.

&lY~n' Bll&~ie . · · ~l ·.'l:er~I;.~der:eo-~;~l

^...

tl~_:'" .1tI.~bh; .tu~y were ~OIlPlIt~d

11 They_goon,to ea y :

. . . .

, _

~

^'

"

,This investigationWaR llmite,dwlthr pect; to subjectsI scop e;

. ! . " " . ;

and the proceduru,employed. ~

i~ :~~~ard ·~~~' B~bj~ct~';

^{. ,}

,~" ~'~dY '~~ ~:'11mit~d'-to ,:~1~ ~i:~de~~B

1"""":'-'-'-'--"-::'" '. ·· :t:~i~.~;;:~:::::::;:c:~:::::5:~~m.:::.:.;::;:::~:;.'::;,0'

u'B~d

^...

~-, a:m~~Bur~

^ee

th;e'd~~t;~ ':of Bli~6~8S :'~~ i~~~dd~i '~~~j~~~' had

":-:'w~th":~h~ ~~~~~~";~rot~~~ ', N~ '~~~~id~r~'~i~~"~~~' g{~e~'~to:·.~'ti~ude

'.'

.',.~~~~g~~.'·;nter~;~~~,~~velo~~~.:·,.o·:-:.~~a~g~~ s,~~~; -~~d ;~'_rk"h~b·it~ ^-.: ~~r

the

pr¢d'i~ior8."onil"

the

var1abl~,l'of SRAEd~c~b1l1tY"8Cor~',"lle~dirig

'-":":" : "> - ,.':', ' ; " , ,." . ': -" .r:> . -' :.,' ,,:" ,..:.>. . '>: " : ",

score,HoderoMathelllatits score,'C01Ilposltescore';, .screcceHe t hodol,ogy :'.

... '... " - .' -..",< ..

^r.:"..:...:.-'::.'>..,."...::- '~",..:.',.:. '

e core , and-Dlnth.gr ade mathematIc s.s eor e.were:'--usetl.' ,liowever;.art.leles

·

.. ^.

...ii

^{( ' -- .}

..^.'.•^. 13

'.::.-,.'

L~tERATUREREVIEW

Educational.l1t~rat\lre1sfille dwit h both opinion att1ales and reee ar'ch

ar~iclea o~ .$r~eamin~.

^{ab 1l1 t,y}

g~~\IPin~.

t'racldng,'etc ,' How-

.

Abl~~~"'g'roup~ng

^{'1sde"fa c t o,.}

dehl.Q~h~tion.

^'

Ilin·,~:··~·t,

^{.t.i lle.'°J:}

we'trie daomething ela e ? We ha ve bllilt a'soclet y of .econd clssss'ch o las t l ee1t~zens•.We hav,e,molded a Bub -cu ltur eof.'. intellec t ualsnob s. Wehav e.as,J Mle a Thurbe r so aptlydet<- '. cr lbed'it ,groWn,acc.us tome.d,..tomiBu idng,th e c.ont.l1nU for

!-h ethingcontrlned.·. ( p •.34) " < •

I~" :ia,"~nl~/,'~ri " ~~c~~~': year~: 'd~~t .~h~ , N~w!6undlll~~ '~~i:~emadC:B

pr~gr~~,'~a'\;:t~t~d~~? B,~~~~ml~g"iri'1t,B.:high·BChO,~l ~OUr8e,B:" "

Why''t ben.

, ',, ', ',

- .

iii ( ( ,.,..

" ' ..' ..'1 . ' ._ 1 5

notthen why,do 10 Illanyach oo l s pra ctice,i ttill.indic.atedby Haderm'ann inth:_at'tic~equ ote dpre vi oulll1y: The an9\1et',isnot tOO,difficultto flnd~ndcan~eaUI:llll.arized in the IJhraae.meetingtheat ucfnu 'needs"

.'An'elaboratedesc~iptiOn ~f'thb'il given by Rogers (19 76) Mo wrttee:

;~~;d~:gi~oe~~~~r'~:~~it,:a~;v:iu::~yi~~~o~~t~:·~~:~~~~:~es

ac cor d i ng to'(the1t'life'neede,'Thecat e gor ieli"ba se d 'on abtllt~-inClu~.^'.hO_"ntallY.h."".dl<:apped;,tbe.Jidu~a^..'..iOnallY diaadv ntage d, the at1,1dentawith averageability', tholle with Abov e erageIlbU ity , .n dthemen t ally, gifted. Thecate-', goriesba lle d ou,their lif e nee.de coincide vith,thos e b,aaed •

~

^{' .}

·~~e.~~::\:~~i~;Yl::~:~oh~ :,e.;h:~~~~eO~~h:~::~:~~t:i~~p~h·~-n

^{.'/ '}

't hi •.ca,t'egory : The yare.the vOl:k bOllndlltudenu al)-d t,he', ', prepa':~torY',at,tJd,f!nU.~.-Tb,e 8e~orid.t'Y.c h oo l,h u an·obl1g.:....

,~ion,to.O,n e ra:p~ogrWll.-~i~IdlllDeettheneeda of,the.,.,.

':..' .

,s~u~~~~.,:

^in..

:~t~~.~l\.d1ffer.~nt',~a~e~ t'1e~:,',~P' 7"~P,- ,

^':",:",...,

.>. ,' , "" )' '

:I n.,a a 1Jli1..la,r.,f.ahi~',Pi~tet'S -(l9~ 1), ;.wr.itin~About',t he'Ad'~.ne,ed11a~e:-.'.,~·",

.

" ~~~" ~ ~'~~'~y; h~" ~~~n;' f~C'~'d.'fo~_· "~:~~: ~i~~ ,vith '~he ' i~?'~~.it'

^",

,,t'es pon llib i llt y,ofde vel opi n g lIOt'e effee t.ively-_thepoteq- •"

"t1a li t 1e s.ofstude~fs,\oIfto Il4vec;,p{lbilltt~,{ln d interefi!uin,"

iPathematics:.,Mor e. apefHicII11y , "j1ut'countt'Y,'ail!Dedia,~e.. , -pl:ob lemisone of sp'ottingthese students,',s h owi n g.them what

mathe'lIStiea really ii,helpingthem to d'evel,opintere eti~,~, ma~hematies,_an d..gi ving,th elll tl.p t'Ogr 8lll. t h tlt will be effec-

tl Y,1!

, i"

^producingtheecwee ee eede8it'ed.,(p. 201) ,

~at"the'ri, i~-th~b~~t ~~uis~ to 'foil~1 '.Str'e~ng obviou~l;

^{has advan-}

'tag~.,^..n:d,disa'dVan~ag~s;'^andlome~f'tp~"~ w111:n~'bediaculil ed ,in • .

. ,1Io~e,- .~et~ii..· ~:'!he 'd'i~cU8dO~ 1~" ~8S~d' up~"e~~~i~,'~rr ~t1n'g~' s~·

.

piob~biy ~~e ~'reat:~~t '~1-~;;d';antag~

perceived.'

iri"~'tre~~~'

^i.

,

, ~~~ '~~g~~~V~' ,,~ff'~c~ :'~t ~~ll o~'pu~~~I'''in.'~he '~'l<M ' ~b1:'lity" ,sr:~'~;8~ 'The~; '

Pu~'1la ~e~~e'de~i8~ated '~e' s~i:ond' ~~a~'

c1.tbe'ne·by

bOth 'th~i~

fell;";"

~'~Udent~ '

^and

",~~e ~~a~Cher~.~, T~~'che't9

^{'( not'all:. ,}

q'~ite ,: ~~') i. " ,,~

'; c:

.. • . .:~,

..

":

.

•...

:.. ...

,.,' :~,f;~~~~i:

"voly ::'~:;,::;::.t::: ;:::,,::::::.±7:;::::',:~:'.;.=:t "",~,,, '

'~.;c~e~lI , ~I:i:~- ~t~':am1n~ i~' .~~:b~. f~~~d~~-

^_

t

_J"

..

i_·.'·

.~

^..

p~8i~le, ~~~e~ to.lIt.r~~~~ »r: ^t~ /.~~~V~~~~~I:~,~~-'," '. .'~ ::

'instruction.whtc:h.although it hSlI'.mutb .1'0'of f er,'i s'far-'f r om the.'.

.

Pl!nate~ ~o~. ~11:'~duc~ti~al ui~': ·.'·;l~~~~~~·,·:i;: ~I(~~.;~~/~h~.IC~~- ~~·

this'thesis

~o, d~I~~18 indi.vlduf.iti~dln~t~~ctl~'·-:in;

anr

d~t:Ul.: ~ '-fev'

-,

' i.fp:::;:::'::;:,::f::O:~;:.::;:::~: ::~=:t~::::<:j,:,:ta. _{. . .} . ' ; " ;'. , .', _t· )

l .' , :

futqit)l. Thh attitud..~, obv1ousl~plck~by,th .. students,,~o,in, tum becOme,dhcipl1neproblelDB.refuseto barn.-s od.j us t"ex1st" -Ln. cluB .

, ne:~p~te

^th·..

·i~~·eot . · the

^stud..

n.u ~ ~~~~9' ~re ' no~ b"~rl~

^met,

~h'''r

become b01"ed.~dqu.fte often d1"op

out..

Also;foiwha~evt;':_.reasoo.

studenu.1.nthe law-ability-

~la~B iltviar~6blY c~~

^{fr olllth,eIOlfer,8o.cl o-'}

economic class'of soetetr ;.

th~s _t~e ~~c."00I f~r~hl!r f'erl!~tuate's.liegr~':'

gatiboof

;ut.

sodetyioto upper,IIlid'dle.-andi~erclass.~it1:"eoS-.

: ~e' ~ur~h~r d1lJiUI~an~~ge:'~f t~e ':O~;8~il1~··~roup, ~'s

^,..

tb8·t , ;·~at~el-~'"~"

^..

.expect.1~1iI8 fi'o~'themthao'th~y'8i~qu.ite :~fter;:c:ap~le,of.~d01~·,\:,:'"'~

, ;,~~~he.~·'::~~.~l~:~~;.~:~~~~~8~d_ 'q~~t:,--'~f:~~~~~';g~~~.-~p

^,ced

'~i~:''t;;;;'~~

.

^{- '} ",,: ,:, , , , ,',: ' ''',-, .. ';' ",(, : , ';

. ~heonly:on.el'~.oC4~~ot cop~~.1t~_,lt'l::.~~~v.lOr!~.~?y:~~;,be.;:h.r,~int o"

.th~hillep~ogrlllll,wher e the·stOll stlldent'geu'turned~ffjuElt.aSeff~c:-'. : .•..

' , "

··:·.'·:.·.··.:.·I ·~:.:·

-': .:e:,~Bf .:tb~~r·.d~B: ri,~l', ~~r~~;'~~~.~_~.:~hd ' ~<: /iJP_~~ :~~t~~~t~f-.\~~~ :~.: . .' . ,,'

..qUicklydree,fOl}.OW'.~:_,~:~_d~,S~,~y.:r.es,-~::.boredom.and,dlscl~l1ne}_:<l,-" "",....

Ha. 'V" -. 1~Oking .~~~.'ot~.6:;. o(<S.;~i~. ·,." i,." . :. . ' :, ' ,' _{, ' ~}

. ;; -;.:. .;;

18

.:·_~"~~'~~;~8 ~19,!~') '~~~·:.,,'d~e·~:; a~: ~x'~~,~~~~,~).~,b;.:~'en IIh~ sU~~d~e~

the philosophyof the le ve l a prog ram.,.-Sh e a e y s:'.

The"'baeie~pbilc"sophy upon lolh~ch^the:l..vei~·program^{'isbuil t} is.',t b a t,it is the,sch,ools,re~ponllibil1ty,to , lIlCct' the,ne e ds '.'~Lea·chln!llvid~,al."s t ude nt" taki ng him...berehe..1&a,ndhe l p-

't '.

ing,bim ,dev elop.,ufa r a.he' ,un,and,dllsir e sto,go. :I t also

.v..includes th ebe li e f t,hatea~'s tude n t and hiB pe r,ent. sliou1d.",.'

/ ",~e,g i ve n,the;free d01ll',tochoo sethe'leve,;L00,whic h,th e stud en t . "

···;<o.~I::::i;:~:::~:·.::::~b:~:E::,::o:t:o~:~:o:::b.·. ~o

'.',9.h_itge',leVels.

'~~:" c~~iir~f th~"~l~~~~',~~~·: ~e'·,~de.'by t~e :litu~e~t', (ind'

hlli

p~~';n~a)~'b~ii.~d^'on'i:h~ ~e'colmnlindat1on^,of:."t '; s:c'he r s ;·'couns~lors."and :. ',

o'th~;" edue:a~o~s

^•.

,~~~ve~,~ ' ~~t~~,41~· we"ek:.?~:.~ ';'~~~, 'i'~'~~~', l.ev~,~,(:~hle··'·

^{.,.,: ,.'}

1liecl.:iurls mU:;st·

. .. , · ·

be1:h~re"tri:

:Y

8.l1ow·til,~"itt~dent"

,

t~·:cha'ng~"

.'

le';"l,j ~':'~i~~e'I:;', eapeel~ll~^iCtheyplan to entertheprbfe8Bion~.

!

Tb;e purpose of .this.level1s .eemeetthene ed s of theab ov eavera ge·sc u- aentsan dthe mentallygifted.

i.~v~ltveis'the·lev~l. o faverage-difficultyandco r r e spon da to the standardlev e l,o f difficulty atwb i chmo a taubjecu ,aN-ta ughtinschools,with ou t a"l e v e lliF progr am. TherearC tv a distinctcu rr icuh uD:sunder,level two. One 1s oriented to'thewo rld.of work.andmedathe,ne e d.a~f.the,wor k- bou l)d a'tudente •._Theother,curr ic ulumlIICets.eheneeds of the'pr e- paratoryatude nta b y,p re p ar i n gOth em-f,~rfur t her forma l..dues·. ' cion ortra in1ngbeyond hi gh,sch o ol.aueh.sanu u ing.Bchoola.

etc. It·alsDoprep are sthe m forcollegework"excep t in the. area in whichtheyplanto _jor.

Leyel111r~I.;"the,b a llic.r e vei ,isthe eadel3t'lev el. There

'""a t e l;lbd,two ,d.h ~inc tcurriculums'under,this,le ve l. One

·!,,~eu.the ne e dll'o f, 'the,Ulent all y_h aD ~i cep pe dend,o ne,t h ene e ds, 0,£the,educationally,disadva ntallo;.d. :,D,iffi c ult y of subject

·mat t e r,and.mB:t erials,u's ed ar,e the,diff erentiating,fact orll.,",

·,The curdculuUlofhoth·grou p .is,,1&nt e~,toward~the,vo c ati o:,"sy lif en~".dl3..of.the~e,s tude~ta:." :'<P',2~8),,:~,. .' . ._!,:,reiY."th.e..

,~eo~~~' ~h~

:ded gn ed '..SUCh:

~n" ~i;~o~~:te',~u~ri~ulu~,, ~:e',:.?t" i..~,,/"

..dlllplytrying,t l;l'.'''lIa t is f ytheir'con s cience a" all~alI,liIug ge lltedby~Hadelt':': ,

".

:·' ~~L'""" ·~~r~'ly:::~~~Je::d~c~~or~, h~d',t~~ ;;~~:~',:~'~i;e'r~~~-:';"f' t~; s-i~de~~Il'~~'

·t... ..

,r,:

~ _i,

up or down. The8YS~~'lDmust'not lock studentsinto a levelecce they au.,pLated the r e.

To diacuss9"{e ami n g,and in particularstreamingin lIIath ema- ti"s, withoutseeellIentionof the Advan"ed Pla"e1llent Pfogramin mathe- .m&ti"lI,currentlyinuaeilltheUnited Statea.wouldbe~l).overdght

inde e d. There WeTe many backgroundeventsthat led upto theAdvan c ed PlacementProgrambutpr ob ably thetwo-1I0 stnotablewer e the

8~ud~

on

"Gen eral EducationinSchool'and College"conductedby Blacl<.lnerandthe

~tudyon-~'Scho.oisndCollflge Study of Admi!l:s!onwithAdv a:nce d Standin(

, . ,. .

directed by Chalmers. In hispape r ,.Pi e t e r s (1961)report,!on bothtlf

'. ' . ;,."-: " ,

....

theae">tudi~s: Heasy,;:'

, ~ :' 1118~r;S "st~lly,'~~a"on!"e~~~d" w1th th'~ g~a{d~a:i~i: ::

.,evi den eos:,showl ng tha t_llIo1ln ybr i lli an t-boys werebored 'either

:10

Urst -ye u_college'~hroughrepetition'oftla~e,'tia1,wh~~h..

. " t~e y.had_,alr.!ady adequately,cove r ed i,I1,a"h o!"l.orwere b,or~d

" ' ;~~i~~;t~:~~~a~~~f~e:~Y~~:;~~~~~~~b~~\~Ic~·e~~:~~ri:;t,:;~~:~a1

.. ::.8::::~~::~::::8.~:::: ,:~~~:ep:::::e:::t::;:~~, ;';~r:~~p

worke dwere:'- ", . -. , ' ,

1.-.Ti1e

~bl'e

st'\1den't'ie-

'~'aa~1ng,

^a

'io t ~i'

^{tilllE!in alchooL}

2:'The

'bes~ ~~"ce

fora

:.ch~Ol ,bo(o~ gi~l

ii

i~ s~od.

3,The besttea~h~ra^{of bOY;-and'·g irl.sof'thill-age}ai'..

U-IIua llyf,oun~,i1'ls~condaryschoo ls. (1';-202)

!be

~"'tu:,:a~,', r~a"ui~_._O-f t~~~,e:

a'rudi.es·was_t h e'fe e li n g that,!"ore

,opportimt-~i^-S~~>;il'd^be.!rovi:~·e.i^f:ort~o~e^{abl..stude riU'}.: -but"I~,Sh~Uld

'be

pr~vide~':i.D"~h~'^{io c a L}8ch~ol.r';"~h~~^{th'-n bY}se n d i:rigth"~e;'ciungstera

" ,; :

. . : , :: '

:':_',. ","~:' ,; :,. ..

::.

.. .

".' "

',-" ,:'

~~:cone8e,~t !,nea~~y.a~e•.TO'_PTovidethisopportu nity~'Pr~g~am:,waa oUUi:n~d~i.ch wailth';~qii:L,;;alfl~t. ,-nfon e year of'-coilegawOrk, Ilnd which'

~u~~ b~omp~~'~'e~~in i:h~- 'hig~ ','~~~~i;':' Of-':'cour~ll

^•.

~~r~emen{' bY :d~f~~~n~'"

:,-."'-:'" .>: J ' ..:.' :-. , ' :" . " ". _

"olleges,onsuch a progralll "'as extremelydifficultto aecure. The fact

ma{,ylien reaii ze dthegr~ve n~tu:teof the s1tuation re q.l,Ii r ed ceopez-a- tion ofall thoseconcerned. Inoliewfou ndland,wearemOIe fortl,lllatein that weh~ eonly.oneuniversityt.o ton 1:/!ndwith,yetto th ebMtof the writ e.r'l knowledge, no aCeeDlpt ha .. been madeto.in t rodu ce Iny c euree similar totheAdv ance Plscem...nt?rogr a mo On thetont Tary.theullive:t~

aitybu'con si de redHld .n gthe Hooour.. COl,lreethe basiccoursefor

·un 1 v e18i t y entrance,and .requi r i ngHatricl,Il.ti o nat u dentttodCl.n ext ucou.r~etomakeup,thed!f~e;enceo ?-robably.th e y 8ho;:'ld be sBying_ that the Matricu,lat iCln

.

co urse. i..thecou rsefo r.unive, r8ity',. e ner enc... :,':' an.d otter:1.ng.tlie ':'chOCl'+Sthe,'aptianof,'teachingthe£:l.tlIt year'univ..:t- ...~

. ~:;":::·:h:·':::i;::::::,!:i:::,:: :::':":::::::.O':n:::'-::r.·. ^{' .,', "'.' , 1 .•}

st ud:~t~a.cr~d i t'..for the irwork•.TIl:!.s~ol,lld::thenbe N'ewfo und1 8lld'B . '..

..'

;'~r8~oli'-;;'f : ~~4Ad~a~t\!d' Pl.:iceme~t·:Pro~r~;

^{':r';:>s e e1l1S·}

~ha~tb';;"~'lieg;es

^{'.-.. '..;}

' > 1"',

..·in..

:be ,t~ied.~~,~t.~,~·~'.~~''~t~,::·t·~.a~~ ~~iH~:, ti. : .b'~," fn~Olv~d' :~~i.'"8~C~:~~~

^:i

pro grsm. 'rbi8.i_a appsrent."fr omwhat:Piece~196 1),s a ys:,'" I.

M~B~ c;;'11",~es '-and' un1v'ers.i tie~ welco';"' ~dvll.nC~

^{phC,elQen t}

8t l,lden tBin math emat:1.C8. Many givebothc.redit and8dv:anced p18cemen~:,:'.Thec~~le~eaare,d oi n g.this'fo '!: two,mainr..88011.8, They'are aware of th ehigh atandardaetbythe progr am and 8rere as onably conf :l.de nt,0£.tileat.u dent'8.:knowledge. ", Als o-, the ·co11e&a s'wiah.t o,e nCO\irage Beco ndary schools and ca p able student": : ih181eVAlby'!:e cogn1:z::l.ng pub l :l.cly,th e:col~ ege' ... the madcs augbt·:l.ntbesecond a ryBchoo1.s.·Fa:l.th i n'cOoi~' p'ete ntse,conaryB.ch ool'feschere 't o day is nwatimpo r ta nt..:.:

i::i;~:~,~~.w~:~'::~:.~~,:;~~(t ~~~~e~e " ~;U8~.10ns.,,~ff:l.C.!UI

T~' 'gr~up

^or'not

to, g;~~p

^'.is

s~111"a .b:l.g ~~e8t~~o

^'N...

..,f~n~·~s~·~

The

lmplie.i:iO~~

^eduClltion_l

pl;"a~ti~e .

^{of thesefindi n gs}

aretha tabil:l ty gr ou p i ngfor thepur pos eof provid ing aea..,

·~..dell1cstilllulationfors":Ipe riorstude n tsisa. ws8teoftime• .-Howev er.gr oupJ.ng I9.>:..-the..meen oofap plyin ga dif fe.re rlt i a t e d

currieulullto-fii:-th .. ne,,<laof ,t hein<livi d ual at ude nts is bo thworthwhileanddesirable". (p.41 5)

Predictive St udi es

The'dedsi on,toplaceast uden tin_p'e r t l c"'l a r streamorle vel

aremanyex~pl~;;-o'f^{'t he.us e}of\lIultlpi~r~iresslon'forpre4i.ct-trig .

~c~d~m1~' ~ch~e~~""'~t 1~~ene;al

^and

~sthematit:~ achi~.;~"":n~ :i~ p.tdc~

'·' 1

.Fint"leuAlgebrar .. ee, HoweV",r. because

o~

in

objlcti.vity.~n~y.the --·.

Lan kt o n'tes twas used in the finsl8U...ry.'.The:zero order~orre,lationl>.

be t liee n the factors and ene crltrrionrang':!dfroID p.45~orthe10lis Reading lea t to0,54 fo rthetOlol a"A18eb ra r~'P U tudeTeat. Theinter es t i n g

\ thi ngabout thisstudyhthatthe predic,ondtd notinvo lve~e­

~'men tbutaPtit:u~eand ab1l1ty tests.

IIarne sand Ash er (19 6 2)did a studyto see hllllto hen select stude n t s for the fir-st-yearal~ebraca~~.. ,1n grade.nine ; Aspr~d1ctorB'

-. .", . .: . ", .'Ii -.'

.: In a 8tudycondu~t..'dby Holland,and.ut1.~(1962). a total of 54

' " . ' " . , . • •. . . ' . ; . , " : 1 . . . •, .

".different,var i able swe r e,tnve atlg a t Eiol-.s s possible sour c....·of predicti on'

.

_.of aCAaemicAchhvament.•

. . .

^{/. ..} ·Th^{.. ':}elftBin.poh l t

. . .

ofthes

.

tudY,.1s

^,

^.":su-.ar '!zed^:

;::- .;

:'"...:"0

I·.

23

, , .' ...' .

of the GATll'aptitudee ccrea were devalope dfor li,ooOnint: h '"'an,dtenth':' , grade boy. an dgirls. "multipleregres,ion'analyl'l1sWaSperformed

~Y"

.us in g the ap titude8c~rea^{of.the GATS}asth~indep'endent:va r1able s;'~nd

pointh~.urratiolind tilingle subj e c t.(Iradesat,th e end of one yeara6

.' ^.

thedependen tnriab le s . It wa~foundthat.t he GATBwasusefti~in the predictiverolefor·~inth-andten,th-grad eachievementin~9tof the areas'·st,.d1ep,'wi t hth~:regresalonanalysisy1eldin~multip lecorrela-_

, '"

.

donsfor mathematicsrangin g from 0.462to 0.550. "

SEr~ig'(1970)does.allOIIp,a rh on·.o f.tliO.8 tudl~S:lnwhlch'the .~udlity'of t~~ ~On':lntel1~c t :iv.e'v8riab:ie;s'~'s~lf-expectat:ionsand^.;;'f

'\ . . : . ' : .. .: . .. . ,".- ': ... :

..

' .,

"

c~~ce~tO(~iU,~.:~.~.~r.~~~~t~~a ~f '~;hrl.aat~c.:~:h1~~~~~t,w~~'~~~~

ined•.,..

~e~~:UB:e.:'~~ :'~'~'~':'~'~~h~,i~.~ed\:pr:~~1C!'i7. ~,ote,~tl~\,

^..

aCad~r.~.,:~~ti~

^::,

W,asi.n71u dedas' 'a tt..ill.dep~ndel'l t,,v~ri ab~e!n..:~he mu~t~ple.re.gr e~oion"

e.~u~t~~~.~~'·(~;~"'~~~'~.ld,~f .~~e\~~:~r~~~~

^..8h.7.:

~t·.~~/~~~.f.ic~t,~::· ,

":d1fference,e~l;s,te~.,in:~c:~~lt~.P~,E3\7~~~~~.at1~n:c6.ef~~d,~n.tB.of.th.C,t¥o

felll~l~ hl~h s~hool·$tudetl~ 's a~Pl~8 ;'

but a"s!gnif iclIll t

<11~ferenc~ W~B

" fO~~d inth~':C~ff.i~i~D~~~f:

^{. ,}

,~~·m&·~e ;s~~·ies' .. ~e. ~~~'~lPle ~~~~e':

. _, :~':::~:~:i::' ( :: ' ::: -:: : ::,::;: , :' _::~ :,::':'::d.O:::.:::. ^{g ::::rf..}

e:lPl~7:nill~.::~~~1~.~~,.~^.~n:~,Ch.O,~rtl~,.~ch1e~e~llt ~~~r'^what,WO~l.d ,~v.eb~en .fo~nduslllB only the~a'cadem:ic,:8pt:itU:devarhbtes:.':. ": . ., ,::

'.G~~le~

^.

.<i.'944)' 'C,~~d~~t'~d '~ '8tUd~

^'on

- 7 5 pUP1~~' ~~~Oil~d'

ⁱⁿ

th e' .

·..·r.

' ~ i

^{. 24}

no t e tha t eve natth1afai rly early date n pred1ct:1.veetudiQ.8,~1ie ~~f.

:1nVd~1gatllr rea~1zed

^the

iIlPott'~nc'e

^of

~t

^rvar 'b l e sthen'achie v ement

andap titudefo rheBayS;

~

The fact thatBODle.ef thepupll a did. not,actua11zethe i. rpoten - tialachievementindicat esthat there are factorsbesi d es

. ::~~v:c~:~t~~~t~ndH~:~:~ettb:~:~o:::a~::~~;n~ow:;~~n~:~

the for!"csstbgeff.1c1encyachie vedinthhstu dynght:have lleenincr ea se di f:l:-temssuch-esiltudyhabit s.,pu pil ece ave- 'H e n , teacherper8dnalit~,a ndsk:l.ll,home-and!lchool"relation- shlpsjend th e likebad beenin cluded inthelist ofpr e di c-

#.vecrit-sria:(p•.32)

Thisauggesti~n'isat'c o mpl e t e-odds with'thataade byHollandand.Ast i n

(lg~~) ^\.. ~~:·~u~ellteil th a~ 's~ch ';'~ria~lea 8h~uld ~e ~b8lldoned,"imd"a co~~: :

-.

:'~~n'~:~~'~~n·.b~: mad~

^,on,

'~oi~.~~ti~~·::~~r~·,·~i~b;~a,te'.' d~~,~ '~~':~'~ue~eme~t':; ^.:

wh:icli :,vie\t"l~';

^..

c~rr.~ct~a ",8tiil ,'a:,ut,~e~':or :conte~,~,'i.~nl ,': 8~d

^'

~t .

^h,'no't,"

~he:~uf~o~~

^of'

~hl~,~~ye8ti~~n ~o;' t~

^{,:t o}

r~,~~l:'~

^',:

;h·:t··,~~;,t~~t·1on:

^.:...

'niis,8tudy:'~imp~ly~8;~~^tbep;~dictC:rll'-th.:iar~ 8v~n.able~n't h'e'a tudent' '.""",,,:. ",: ,'.",." :'" "., "'- .,:,J:',:, ,:,",.' :,':. ',':' :,:

r5:~ords.wliich.h~ppen,.t o.c~ntaln,achle,vement:,data:an datandatdhe d t u t.' dat a;

. "" " " " , ', '.

-' ,

, ' :.':" ~ ~

da ry,mathem.atic,s.~an d todeve'~opmultlph r:egreBB~cnequa tiOna&:t es.eli

~f,~e\t~ree',IIPeclfjC'.~i~a'tha~ wo~~d^{enab l.e}'O"n~.^to:p.re~lct ,^{the,.st u-} 'dent'~^{Ijco r,e}'~n,^thecrit~don'.:·^Hef~undc.h a t':allpredictc_~,'variB.b lea. ~ '.

e~cePt '~~e. c6~e~~t~~' , p~~iti~~l'y '~~d~ 8~griif1~8n~IY bey~~':

^the

,. O·l~ i~~e~'

Hali

(1971 ) ~cnducted ;~

^{'stu dy}

~~ 'determ1ne

^{thepredictivevll1ue}

:'o f : (1)',

aelecie'~

^data

~~eh :a;~~V~l1able a~ ~h~' c~nci\1a~on

^'ofthe

seve~'th grade.~

^(2)'

s~~ecte~',d~t~ Wh1Ch ar~ ~:~ilab~~'

^{'at the}

coneluslo~

:'o t,,'

t~e' e~ghtlt-~T.a~; : a~~"'(~j "&eleC~~d·.dat~ ·WhiCh :ar:~' :a,V~i1abl~

at.','t he', · coticludonof''th~"^{nin t h',grade'}in,~i~rge"rl\,nnbe~ of^{ac h ooi a}r'e l ativ e't o

, .:

~, '~~~.e~ti~, ,~'ut~tl! '~~~ces~<, ~,~eh,: ~f '~iX:f~~r-'ye~~" ',aei~'et,i'on

^Of'

ae~o~-.

"

wit h th~cr i t eri on. rt{e~ltipleconelationsofa.aH,0.929.Ind0.963 weo -;- theh..igheatrep'orte~d^{byany:study the}lnve~ t1gator^{'laBableto find.}

Strah le r(1972)atte~ ted'to detenainefro m ce rt ain available d~·ta.fac t o rs thatbes tpredictedeuccee einnin t h- gr adescienceand 'math emati csco~rselil. ^Theaubje.£~8^uled,wee;324 sele ct edp~pi18^1nfour

sch o olsofDayton,Ohio. The-,,,redict~v efactorsused werethose Ival1- .ab~~ncllt-re-conlCat~~l~^thefupt iS.inthe'19 71grad ua t i ng

cla s s es. Thefac~o r& consi~efed.wereteachers'marksOTgra~e-poi n.t .IV,er~ge,~GPA) '.ineigh.th-,s:l;"ade.aci:e nce. EngU~h..and~':ithemtltic6 jac.o r,es

the-~aH.~~'~a"A~hleV£!~e~t

T est:

(iunior

high'l evei)

~rthe; SUnf?7~.

Ach;'evement.··,i~lIt--P.rtial Ba~t~ry": 1~ l~guaHe ;

relldl;g,

a~d' ar;~tlc l

~~~, ,.~h~.·'C8i:i.fO:~~'~ ".~~~'r~ ··,~~~ T~~.~ :'~f:~e~~ ~i" M8~Uri'iy" (l;;"er ', 3) 'l:a~~'ul8e

^:

"1nVe s d gat1.on, I

. . ",. " J. . .

St, rahlerconc l ud e dthat all factorastudiedae c ount ed for some

I . ' .

...~"r:1abilityand',c ould b'e-usedali,predictorsofliuCceSliill'nin th"s r ade

. :J.." -=~-

"<he••",,_ Sm.vo; ,'.ble•••

~e

^{<h.h1ghe;,-.uld, ' e}

) ,"," ". " .' ,

'

^" '. ,'. '

corr el~tion~o e fficient. However,there:Willi 6o,l1ttlediff e rencein the

.. .\ .,':

h,stfou~lllul ~ iP lecoefficie nts,.which.,:,a rle d,.f r olll0.597 to0'602,that

" \ : ~., ~ ^" .:: , ,' -" : ','", .

, ' ,

.it.~aoCO~~lud~d,t~at. ,thefourV6l:'iabl~8',wrchthe~igheatOlUl.tiPle_c.~rre:-

". tattoo

w~ '~rQb~bly.

^{the'b e8t}

educ'a;ion~llY ei~:i'fi:ca~t

^Que.

'l'h";~e

^fo;;;

~Bc t'ora were:'E~~~iil~ 'eigh~"

^CPA.",

~e~d~ng e~h~~';~~~~': SCI~~~~','~1iht·

^€.PA,

and' ~~lmig~ge '~~t:~'l ~'~uritY.· ~iy. ~6 ,p~rcen~::'~~

^thevar:1aHl1ty

~f '

Lndi~'1duB.18 i~lici:~nc:e-~88 accountedi~~,bithe;f,a'c to rs uaed,

- ---

²⁶

wouldpr e d i cr ac ad emic succus in acou rs e in intermedfate algebra . The

. >

.tudy involv edco l le~ t i n gdat a onsi x teenv~I"iable sfI"olllst u d e nts'pe r- manentrecords inthree la r ge high schools inKansas. Thesixteen vari- ab~e l!lused inthestudywe~e :(I)sex ofthe student;.n!)tre gra delevel intheschoo l where thecoud e wastaken; (3) the grade'in geOW!t ry;

.(4) thegradeinel emen taryalg e b n; ( S) thegrade'poi n t average_{GPA) forI118thematic sccuraestakeningra de sseve n, eight,ni ne, and ten ; (6) th~ov e ra ll."pAin g r.ades seven throughten;(7)the occupat ionof on e ofthe parents,; (8-:15) the eight scoreson the Differential Aptitude·

.: " ' :':.

gr a.d e.i n·inte'rinedl'st~"algeb·~a.

W~·lbU~··CO.Q~I~~~~ ~~·;;:prediC C.i~:m' ~~ ~at~On~ ~~~\,;: :~eVi!l;;Ped .

liai-;'g the'vat1abl~81ndica'ted,^.to·ptedi"t:tB~ccei;ii.in1,nte~.distll

..

'··~ig~~~~~

^•.

:H~e;~~~, '~~e::~iH~r~~~~" ~~~w~~ri '~h~" '~~~;t ·.~f:~,a.ri~~~~-·~cc?,udte~ ^.

'for byth~'-U~ear.·an~j01.nc'ilu1tipl~,r_eg~es8~.on eq·u.a:~iona·wa~,very _s'1ighc inallgroups.'.The. b ~st pre d~ c t o raof'i nt erme di a t e algebngx;.adea were

. .

' ,

fo un d tobe the stlidents'gradesin plane seom'etrywhichhads,~eroceeee co r r e l a ti o n"of O.734,'t~estu.dents·ove~allG~Awith,,,!-,tl!roord"r corre- l at.Lon~f0.731, and th e stu dent.a'g;adeain ell!llent.aryalgebrawith a.

. , '.

zero.o rde.r-"c or r ela t i on.of,O.7~ 1.

Jo h nson {1972'-'did's studywhich was't o

d~~erm1ne.

through

re~rea-

.:

~., .- .' .. ,

, .:.

, ~.; ',' ',' .' , "',

dond~alys1sthe eee of:ari~bleswhichDIOstaccu~ately.prediC~edninth- grad:algebra~n:dtentt:i-grade'geometry:.grad~poillt'average(CPA) .'V~r1­

~lee, ~n'cluded a8predi~tor-s'

^....ere·'

fir~t;and s~~olld "ee~at"t

^grll.'desiu

.

^{' - . ' ,}

^{, .}

".eighth-grademathematics;rnuitsoi.sUbtl!~tain'reading.compt-e he naion

.. .. .... . ... . . I

andvocabul'ary,arithmeticfundaJDentals' andxeeaouf ng , andlanguage

,~~h~riic~' ~~ a:~eil.i~g

"t.·a k en '

f_ro~

^the

·'caJj ~;o~~~.~" Achie,velle~t T~a t ' (~'Irj

r i

i ,

L

"

andlan g \lageand nonlan gua,ge-nwec orea ..ameasured

by

the California'.

Teat of Meotal Maturity (CTMM). Thea e face6rswe reobtained from .tu- den~8^{of Shd} Valley'{ln,j.~~dSchool Distric t ,Silrd.California. In

~ddition ,grad e sfortrre eand aeccndBe_ a tetalge bra w".reinc luded U predictorsin .th eregrenionanalys isforgeomet ty,"

Forthelo.oll_..adelre gr e s si o n onalg e b ra' CPA forthe total eee

.

^{. .}

of students inthesample,onlythreepart ia lcor rel a t ioncoefficlenu weres1.8nifican tl~_di fferen t ftop! zero. These coefficients",erefo ~the firs'tand. secondsemester eighth-grade lDSth ema ti c a CPAand theCATtfN scor ein adthlM t;Lc,f und amentala, only24; 8 percentof-,the'varianc ein the

cr.iteri~~ cou~'d "be consldere~' l;i~ <iue

^{cova ria nce}

in"thet~t~'ico:ibi- "

' ..:..,.:, ., '';"<::.,'".,".,,'.. , ..-..'.': '.' .,: .':,'...:, ' :.. .~:'.

n~ ~i onof 11.11.in de p end~n t·variable.s.' Simi lal"ly; 'forth e.full,laDdel',

"~'l"·e~re'-s1on,^on.'g~omet~·GPA^{fo r't beto t al,}~et.'^of8tudent-s~n tb~.s,!,mp~e,

·~li ·th;;e".~~ctor~ ;ga~' :pa;tl-"1~~n:el~d~~' .c';~~ficienta tha~'.~~r~·

^.

"

~1ffe r~~~: f;~ zer~~" Th~a~ ,~ac~ors v~~e

^{'se c;'Od'}

a~_~.tflr flig~th~g~a'de

" . '."., ..',.

, . ,

. .'"

lIIBtbe matiS"~A~d_f !rat'..ndae~ond...eateralgebra GPA. Aga.inonly

.33.3percen t..of:the, var iance :1.0achievedgeometry gradu.v a8 dueto

varian c e inthetot . l'combin. Uo no,~_all ind e pend en tv.riable..

Koba (1974) conduc te da study·tode t e rninethe yalidityo.L the SRA High School:Pla.c'ement:Te s c Reading,sco re,ArithmeticCOIlIput& t :l.on ,scor es ,.and~n8...agfl~rtliscore in predi gc.ingaca demicachi ev e ntio

:

, ,' \ "\." , . . .. ^' .

ninth -g.rade'algebr a,L"atin "sndwod.d~hbtory. The,stu dy wa ll.·conducte d j

UlIi~g

^692'

nint~-g~ad~

^{g1Tla·en rolled}

in ~.

^{Cat\loli c}

hig~,

^{ac h o01·40 r girl}

~'f!-n~rt:hem New J~ree;,:over the':per.10~~·

^{f; OU:'}

1961 ' ·~0· ·i96J ~~d

^{1968 .,}

i970 . She foundtheSRA

;~a~~~g ~core exh~b'~~~d::correiation, wit:h·

a1g~b.ra gr~des ' ~o

^{th e}

~~nitUd'~~ .r~g1ng f~~lII '~;20.to O.6D ~i:h

^a.lll<ldian TheAri t ti:...eti c..

C~-..ip~tati~':'

...

IlCO~"" indi~'ated corr'el~t1on8

. [ .

.~1th

; .=

. r :"

...

2 . ··"i

algeb raara '" I'llc~fU.cient.","&ina

fW-

0.36 to0.68witb&_di ... ..:.~

of,~.S'. T1M!tan&u&&_ Art. IcOrel yi eldedcoru h t 10Mv1.t bdge b r..

gr..de.incodf1c1entlr"lI&ln afr o. 0.23to O.61l11.th I .ed1..11of0.4) . Thebut.111&le p ....dictorII(.\.>c:ceu ::1.0.IlgebrlInth e.choo l ly8t e•

•tud1ed"'a sfoundto

be

tileA;:ti:h...tieeo-pu t.t1on.cor••

When&11thr••pn dl C:to nwere.Ippl:1.edI" the forur.of•multi pl e retru .ionequat ion,thebtllt.u1t i ple.cor re lacio n<:o.fficllnt(R)ob t lined

"'a .0.15fo r the·196)group,. andthePOOl:tll t 11"I. 0.39fa Tthe1969 .gro llp . W:tthImu l t ipleII.of0.75,on 1yS6pe rcentofthe variancee ...

be

,;~~;"t:ed f~r

^&lIdKob.

:reco~llda

::I.nc1 udlna

othe~

^{,v.riabln infut urll.}

SRI.

Hi~h ,Scll~"o1.Pllc.mcnt

^reee

pr~g..08.i.'.tudi~.: .~~

^•.88·...

~IIi~f~d .Pt~­

tud~·:teat·". ~ :i..,

^110.

~Otl

^{••...dgllt}

Y1.~~~ ~ re dln~fic

^..nt

re:.uit~

^{fo r}

li:llb Icho~i

^{pre dictionofec••}

deD1:~ .uec;'.~· '

^{tbli,very"h'p? nlnt'point}

," , .1tak.e n-1IIt o:~cCOUllt forthei"";e';t:1~atl";"fo rth1a the'.1aqd ~he

variable of

prev~OUI perfor-~Cl!

^{Iiith e'tra de'nl na}

~the_U~

^{_ "t.U.en}

iql4O~u.tt4Or1(1961) ahoInve.tisata d the... . of t.h..Sci e nce Re.iuchAooaoe1.atn B:tab SchoolPlace_~Te u.I<:ore aII predJ. ct orl of nl~tb-gradeacad.-i,c..chi.Ve....ntIS... .ul'edby ec:hool gr.del . The e~lewaa~p_.dof3.194·boyewhovere .. nu lle d 1D .nIc.adem!.c'cun: :t - .c~ll1111.taileoftillrand..t.y·.el . ct e dU!oc••lnblahIcb~olai~Phil ...

~elPhle:" ~

^{..ult l pl1}

~.grce.lon ·~.lY.h

^{An dI c.no nicll}c;arrel ';'t: :l.on

~ndY"~S' ~,,~a'::'P,":~'f~nned Ulln.~

^'tha'

.u~teet i1cor~

^.•,

:~1II

^independent .vari- abiu, and·Un elnill~h-Itlde .verl~e.8nd~.In Engl 1ah. 1II0d'.1Bt~dle8. Llt~n. ^{genual edance.}Ind .1g"br s·aethedependentv..r!.bI" I. I t ...·

I,: ,

. . .

fo~d^{that the.}Ccr.Ilp-oel hIco reof.th ;"SllAUlah S. olPl~c^{....ntTea t}

l~rldU.irollY v~uiol b~';'.

^been

~:

^....

e~.:u

^I

P~"d;~t~r J, Hn.l arade~

^..

~ _{': ;1} f

,.

i·

,~.

. - .. ~ ^.: ~~ ~~~. \~;·-~1;::' ~4"~'t;.si:~~~~~P':~;·~;:.t;;}:~ ~:'~~·(-i:':~:/~·~~?~.:'.I:,;";~ ;

I i

j

I

,29

eitherof the

emp1r~llY

determined'pr e di c t or

'~OlI:po9 1tes

compute d in , the

multl~le

_re g ren1'onanaly81!1'

whlc~

'y i el dedmul tip l e

torTc laUo~

coeitic,ien tllfa ng ingfr oB0./023

'\~o,>~he

^{Lat in}

criteri;n'~D

^{IIhigh·o f'}

b'0.543fortheove rallave rage

gra~'~' ~e

^mult i pl e co rrelatio nbetween.

y . • . •

acOllposi teof the;predictors(whi~h':were^{eee gtven} tn the ar t icle)and the algebra grade wason l,.~. 4 71^wIil;b ac~ounted^{foronl y22.2pelc;e:nt} ofthe totalvarianceof thealgebu.gr ade.

Howlet }:(I~69)^{didII,atu dy IIf}pl.a ce;ment:Dethodsfor'ente r i n g colleg~'frellhmen iJ:ltheproPer math emBt ic a aequenc'eat'lUchlgatl''I'e~hnQ-

• ",' ' . ' • ' . ,' "j ..

log ical Univ e ili i t y. r nh1s.:.&J;udy·2~1••'0 0 0 eeceeteas.t,ude~tB.heu8~d

foutfe~ 'd~~~~r!!nt v.arla~1~~ .·· The,'~ , were:

'.X_l-!'llch t,Sa n Te.ch no log lcal

unl~erd~Y.Advanc~d ·~athem~~CB, ~l~~ementE~an:-~

^'.X2.,

2oo·pe~at.lve A~geb.r~'

T.est;·X3-

co~.~e~ative .T:dgo~~etrY,Test .

14

.- ~~?~r~tlve_'Re~di~g. ·'

·

S~ore" x 'S - ' ~ Engli'hSco~e; ' X

₆-A,CT

',MlI:t'Il'~ma.tic8

^{Score,·X, -}

Acr

CompolliteSCDr~ ,-,x8^{-SAT,Ver b a'lScore.}

X

g -'

SlI.:r

Meth~ll>ati·C~.Score:"

XIO'-S~ Of'SA~Ha~hematic~^{andSAT-V: rb.ll1}Sco~,^XII- Na t l and,Merit English Score,'K12.-Natl~ Meri cKath emlt l csScor~.X13- N~cional Merit Selective Score,

X~4 :\

^Class'Rank.

~~ever: ali"

tile datawas

~oc·

commonto allthestudent.sand~ohedlvi~edth,em, ,in to.cll.re egrouplor ',ph ase8. Ph as eI in cl ud e d vsriablesX2'

Xl' _~14'

ai.well'".X;.'x6'

an~ "

,17^fora~otal^number0' (teat'c3 l es,of497,.~ha.a.eII.a~dedv~riables la'X9''a?dX10^f\?ra,to tal niilllber oft.es t

c.ase~

^of147,:,

P?,~SenII

^cp"'n-

caine dth;;.scores COIllll~}O allthr eeph s s esplusvsr lsb~e8 ~ll'X12• 'an d ,x l)for i97 liest

~ase~. Th~ 'b88ic .d~aig~.

^_,Of

~he st~d/ras

^code v e l op'

amultipleTegr.easton'equationusin gthevar~ouscodl1nsti~.s^ofth e

. " . ' ,

,.

" ~

ind epe nde n t.verfeb Lee,-The pr9cedurew.8 s.ftet upftO.~atogiveb.fkthe

· . ,-. .. . '

·inter~orrelat~on~^ofal l v:ariable sai:J.dth~^{lin1l ti pl e}.c orrel a t i on values•

~:

J s

. .... .

furthe r,analysi.s'a cutoff.pO i n;;of 1.S'lla sBe~ect ed .

~

3 6'

oteacn of thecoi!.in a ticmll \.UIed , ThedetawaaanalYll~d

by

a C'omP UtllI program'Wh i cb was writtento giveth ebut,po n i b l epred{c ti~ cOUw~na­

tlons. The progra.. W88de~lgnedto'elilli nate the p~edicton'.~'eordin8 to the anWuu--ofwetS?tuchended"in

~el

^....

tl·~ ~(o·

^theoth.er

.pre~ictorg

^•.

Thus a atepwis...'e llminat ~onprocedu;" did s,:,sy with thene e d. ofcomputing all possiblecoUlbillat lonsinthe.Feg re~sion all&l~S1G. ^The regree sl;lI.. fomulaetllu",e.stabitahedforead>phaai wer e'asfollow's',where y hthe _predicted.valueof thedependen tvar;labl ~.:

'y-.~O'4102X1 4.+,. 1 365S6X1 2 -~~.91276J.

y...;.090a05x6 +:<002833X

14-2.9·33l1:~ ·

".', ' :

: . O~JO~ _.· ~~._~~~~6X14,_:::, 2 .~,5-7~5

^{_. .. '" '"}

~aving'eS,ubliahed.t here g r~ a ~ionf.o rmu lae.~..'i t.1oI'&S-:then1ie~1!S 8ary to"~:. '

,.. ' ", ' .

: Also.Howlet·~·(1969)^'notu'~hat' ofpriin&ry'eO,ne~nis'''th'';'^fact. """.' that the

correJ.at1o~~~iues obt~~ed'- ⁱⁱⁱ ~he_ ~erlml!D.t-

^•.

:·81t~O\Igh. Bi~~'" 0 ...

•rreene

.'~I!rl!.

^{not ideal.}

'".'In,hi sconclu'sionHowlett

( i~~9).f~tes that

the

~o'a"t diffi~u1t

^'.

probt e m

aa~ociated

1oI'.1,tli.

·p~ed1.et1on~ 'of

echLe v eee n e•ii ,that'one

~an'

^{a,eve r}

reallyfor l!!e e the' reaaone wh y or ho wap~r8on^101':111ae!:'ot:perfo rmin

: - " ', • . •. -.> --'- •

diffe r e ntI!n.vi.r?nmet.'-~~~ons•. This :l.s,an,:1r1lPO)r ta~t PO)i_~tfo~the .)_, probl e m'oJ "thi s

the~:..s l

^{ai ne.l!.thempjor:ty}

-:t: ~he·~

^{st Uden q are}

~~min8" '. : :

:from thetll!ee'different'~ ehtiolsand

em

be~-Br:othl!rRJ.ea-fortha fi rst time .

...

The-re'^'h ,no'^" dO\lb1;,.that'

" -- .

the ch:Pse-, in'_~t~8ph;re' .. ^{'haa' a},^drastic.^:. effect en some ofthe etuden u

I r '

,

"

i

:j

' I

'i l

""4.760'·"

~' I

. ^,}

:'~"', ^1--:

'"';'-~~;&l>.ki; ,~ l,

,.

. ; ,

~.. 50 5lercent ofthe totalvar1l1l1ce inenedep endeatvariable . H-.I!vsr.

" ' )

" . the tiall.a.ndeos t fact ora·•.-rej~tt'o<;!gre at".~conside r acb:dnlsterlng

-=--- .;;.;

tens.- ' .. '. '•

l \;

, "

.~The,.~Ui'bl".^{Wlsdb,YWaz.p:er,(1 966)we ul'Xl -}~O~ t1onR T;";, 'X2

- ' Add1t~OIl

^{!es t,}X3-

D1V~s~~ei~t. ~' '''S'.ibt;.;ct1OD

^and

K~:~l1­

_'ea~o~^-MsthltlU~^{Apt,1tudeTen,X}6-Ns cea. .ry A;it.bmetic _

~e~io~R

Teat,X,....Inference Test ,Xa-Wid. Jtanae

~oc.w\ll~,ty

reee ,

X.;-~ &u,e

CODpSTlsOflT..st:X10 - ^{MatchedPJobl.1Il8}Y.1.11-

S\lr~ce"

Deve lopmentTest: H~ '_th od"of~na ~ya l s_a~ery,ai~ la r to'H~let t ' a

; ::::;::':: :::, ':~'::~:~~:::;::';:::,:'::':~h:::~::: :':::f;<h~di ^{" " i}

W&Iil,to,eoria iderall"pOlul1hl~1-n~ inat1on8:o f'theelevenind.epen~.

._'~''''' '':.r" .: '..-' ; ;.·c;·. :..•..-~'.

..=.... : '::: ', . . , '" _

,"c'.:. , '," -'

dent,var1eblesa?dfrollltM s extr¥ t th e 1l0•.t efheth,,:combJnli Uonof'"

t .~ny· gi~~ .n..b~r o,~ :~T1ablea

^..

~ ~a

^{'u n:1}

.r::\I~ t:w,J~

^'a,taue-,

ghlng>h~

^•

~

^{.' •}

.beftpredic torcoab,i~t10na.. Part of W:""'P1sr's,t-:le~:'^{rep r?ducedhe re' :}

.h<N

th e~~·of'th.i~g-eIp~ct";d^{fro;;;thi••tudy: ":}

' :..;

' :

^,

..

'

V.rw.bl~~

^{. .}

&l,,~l~le P~~~1al·; ."

^.

~ ~:;~:~~_

'Eu 1m.ate ,

"",

.. :

1

"~.,

.:.-

".

.

"~'

.:\ co ·;

;.; .

. - - - -

C1IAPTEll3

(j;.e

6aMP~e

of subjects uee'din tb b .eudy con. htad ofIitot al 0('190 tenth-l x-ad sbo ysen ro lle d lntheHODoun lllathelllatlceccus-ee 'Ilt Brotller RiceHigll..S,ch ool fo rthe school yea n 1974- 1975,191.5-197 6 , 1976- 1977 •.Theaub j e eu werebrok e n.intoa,tgh t groups.accordingto the

;;ChDOl 'f~m_whl~

^{:lh ey}

i:ame··~~d .~he

^year

.it! ~~':~· t _h~e! ,~1~

^__

th~

^HODOUr.

CD~r.e:; Be.~~

^...

~aOf th: ·~.~U_Te"of th~ ·.~tUd.y.}~e· .~h~o.i~ ~ill

^be.

r,,~f~.rred .

ID, __

~.~:

^A;',B"

a~d

^..

~. ~1t~ t~~ Id~D.~l~\~f ~~;he

^_

~~O~b .~~.~O~,lY

^..

,~~, ~h~

^{- . : \}

11'1ve atl ,gBt;or .-tbe..th~~iI8u perv!o o r.~and,th ep~l n c:1p 81and._t hemat.lc.' dep-"rt:_~:·h.;d.

of ,

'tha.~h~l-iD~i"v.;d. ~Tb.'al lbt·&~~~P.·~re::(1)",27";•

. boy . f~o..school'AOUIrol1ed f~rthe.i:.demic.year1976-1 ~77 :(I) 1.7 bgy. fr~^{sch oo l B}ellr~lhd^{for the}aeadea.1~^{year1976-1977:(3)27b.ay•be-}

tar theacadell1 e ach oalyear)976-19,77: U)92 boy afro... schoolA fo r

~~~ree"7e.r P~·rlOd~·l:.ov~r~i'b~···t:h1l

^{..nUdy;.(6 )'3 7'b'c,.frot:lae}h oal"Bfor ' ...•....th·e:.

th~~··~e~r

^..

~.~rO!r.~e~V.~:~~d:~ t:he 'stu~,Y:

^{(7).'6 1;}

~OY

^•.

ft~,~ a;,ho.o~, ^c

"'f a~',t~ethreeYllar perl,:,dt~etoe,dbythe&tud~T(8) 190boyavh1 ch~o....1'••• •

..'

pr.~~"ecit'~~' c~p'l~te '~on~"u.\6 cl~a6~6.

at,lirothe r·R!ea.:H1gh

S~h~OI

fo r'the thr~e"-'yearpe.~1od'_< cov.~lId^by'

rh e

~tudY"· . ·

••".~ • \, .--,' , .'

,.~

... ...

.~

' I ,

·1

I

^{ve.r e}enro ll ed 1n

^\

thegra de,ee elIo~out"ll

^.

...rh-.tlclItou r. . . .nd on .mOll data veeec:cl:Iple t e for the'Hi ghSchoolPb.c~e'!..\.l.t!..t;'.c:qt"-eltT-Unal^nLnth Bu ell! laa t belUotlc:a . .rlLa.an dfi n alten tqgr&daHo ~?",n__ theaat i aauka, wereinc lu ded inthe .r udy. those et ud eli U for vb (llll. auypartof the dataII •• mi. .ingvere e;o;c:luded fromtbest udy.

,

,

.<

v1thll1th... . _ .m ool". .thatthe studyllro . . out ofthevery pra c ti cal "';' needofilllprovt ngthepla ce lUntprocedur e cUr'",nUyinuse at that

th uS eUlOinatedfr~lIltheatudy .

,

- . .

the~were,ill.gu de.Ili n e and tothe_.tu~nt.h'oa·'ch~_lCwh~Ue_t~ey .:.;.'

'

. .

^:.-

Hate~l~·.·" : '..

. . . '..

-.~-:-'" ~

. .-. -.

--=:~

, ',

.,.;. ~. ~~..qt_~ri•.~•.

^ueeci

:1~ t~i8, :inve~'tli:8tiOl1 :ver~-:_·.(l).--tb~~Sd.eiic~.

school asitappliestO,t h e Honoursmathematicsco u rse. Furthermore, such iseton. .tll.chin g methods, gradingBY,liltemll,"andpopulation

ellar-

" } '''. ' .

~cter1B Uc.,·whiC~.

lil a,.

ccntrfbut e totb~va.r:l~.~ceof thecrl~.e~Lonwere.

"\

.

.

.

.

.

were·in.I~de e~i&btl(2)nillth-&r~e·i!.,.thr.ptic,._~It"aa the y VU 1!..' ..recorded Oil th• •

t~cl.QU· permanen:t 'rec"o~d"l

⁽³⁾ tenthgrlldeHonou.n ...~.themat·ib'.~dr.~~.'

th' .,

werere';ordecl

on

t~.ⁿu de n t·. ·p~;nanent. ·

record s·.

'.':

....

.

_-,

...

..

^'_

^..

^'

\ _I

I

as

groupin g th em ac cord i ng toab i U t y , inevalu ati n gthe1t"achiev e- men t . iniden tLfylng'thegifted'a ndthose" nee di n g'r ellllJdi al"

att e n t io n,and in selectingstud entsfor 8chools withspecia l requirement a or'Umited.enrollment. (p.1)

TheaSPTBubteac aar ese pa rate lytl llled . Onemessureaed~cational ab il ity;the othe rs test8chlev~ntin resd i ng, lan gu.age~rt8 .arit h- met i c or~dernmathematica,so~lal_6tudle8.andsciencemet hod o logy.

In addition, the r e16 a

x

:01llPos 1te score. Onlythose sub t e St liWh1c h\we r e described toth iast ud yw111hede scrl"bedin detail.

Th....llducat i ona l Abi l ity aubtellccons1ats of 50items ,eac hwith fivealt e rnatlve..responsh•.There-<lre-four..eceionades ignedtomess ure

ablii~les'

^that.

~;e

^{ne e-}

depe~d'e~t

^on,spe ct f1 c cours econ tent:',

~o;d

^.

"'_. , . -_ . , ~ . '''-'. "" ,.-..

,.,

.... ,'.. ..}

Re.aBon:tn_~,the,: b,ilityto,r~~Ognize worjl.~~ea~in~6 ~l?~te~) :Ari,~h~_~ic,,t ..Re~soning ,··the·~bllgy

'1:'6

;ma Lya'e'an~ .olv~·pr~blemi~(IO-~v~rb8L·l^..

~~l~~~e~ ;, th~·~,.a~iiit~\~ :~~:~ ,th~" ~~~t~~~:b~~'~~ w~~da~, (~;, ::it~~):; ^{: '..} 1' . .

~ an~::~~e.r' ~.~d:~~-," ;'t.~~·.:~b',~:l.~ty ··~c<.'~~~~~·;', p~t't'~n~~ ', :~; .~uf~~" .'~~,i,e'<_-/

^.,,:,',:..

(-(lO,items). Thet1~- foT_.this.6ub teB tlI;·J 5.rrlnute s.'

~e it~ms'

:

f~~

" the Re.a di rtg-an l1

L~~:.age AJ't.a·\corea,:~re'

• . ~,' '.-I .

b~8~dort

,

th~'sarae.resd:!-ngpS8S!l ges,although.ititonlythe Resding score tha'tis

. " . , ;

. .... ,

'ofinte rntforthis,study. 'I'b1as\lb te u uses cOlllpletepas'aa gellfrolll _both

fJ.~tion' .

^a:d

ntln~~e~i~~ ~o

^_ approximate^.

're~i

^{. . . -}reading situa tions^" . The-~e^{ar e}8Sit ems',divid ed approx1lllsteiyeve~lY" b~cween^'Reading"and.'

., .. .'. .". - . • _.'J,. . '-~', ' ._' -;.,.'

Langua ge.:Art.,' The i temst~at_eontr1h~tet~the'Rea~1ng'acOl"eare.'

..

:d~~1~nl!d

^:-to,:.

~ ~_S~~_~:

^{_-th e_:}

'~~n~t~.:·~~, .~;r~_~ ·,t~f., ~h~~'~Of.,'~,-,PII'~a:~~.~ i,~~'

^"

unde:sta nd,the'r e l a t e d1~eaa",'to,~d7aw'inf er e nces,~o .perceiv e s1ll611

,

36 possib le.responses each. ThisBUbt~Btis supposed to measurecc nce p t

i

s

and skillsCOImIOlIto~!!_c~~.I!.t.-!D~dernIIIsthelllStlcsprograms aud,covers 8uch content areas as:elementsofmat h ema ti c s,opera tion~wi eh numbed, ran dIlletri~a~dnonmet ric geometry. Thetimefor this lIl.ubtest,is30

. ,.

The

Sde~ce.MethodOlogy

^{eue t eat}

C~~Bt.a

^{of 30}items with,.ae;ren pbssible re s pons eseach. I tIs.supPDs~dto measurethest u d e nt's.a b i li ty to understand-certain deduc.t1ve. ex,:oe rimen tal pro ce dures and to identify\ them aselementsofspac i f icexpe rilOO n t s. Timeforth b 8ubtestis20 .adnutes.

:':o~~~:u~';n't'~'~ bel~g,' ~Be~:'-~~. ~~~,._S~~~Ol:'-'lmd~r

^:

~udi :"::. c~n$e;~~~.~iy:;::'.~~~.~~

scoresw~8v.d.la b l..eIfrOID'the student s ' ~erman~nt~c:ords., Nothou gh t

ws~ -

^given'to

1lda.in:-Il~ln'g ~ny

^{ne",or'di;terent}

t~Gt~ ee it

^{was'h ope.d·}

~c:i

".

makethe,s tudyII.s·,pr~ct1cal'an d as-usefulallpossibleto''t h e school

. , .

fr·amewor."'.ofdataav aI labl e,tohim.

ii.

addition'

to

theSRA HighS~h'ooi.Placelllent,-i~8t8eore8.,th e

" ' , ' .' _' . ,_ 'c' . ' .

37 ana lysis . ThiB'typeof an alysi s triestofitII Bor iesof GCfa tgn eline a tothe data so thatan equ a t.ion rela tingeb e - c et ce rtonva l ue ,y, toth'e

co rre lat ioncloe.fflci"e n ~cont rib ut es moat to theequa tion,bu t1naate p- W1SBregre s s i onpr o c e dure us e d 1n this 8CUdythismay not be80. Dra per and Sim.th (l96'6) dee crtbe th epro cedur e veryaccurate,ly whenthe y.",r-i1:e: :-~.- lnd.epe n de nt varf ab.Lee, xi"'may befqund. Thus onede vel o ps anequa ti on ofthe{OI1ll:.y•bo+blxl+b2x2+..." "+boxn,..here the bois the

conlilt.~ot t~I;lIl

^{and each b}i is the"weight"contdbute dbythe var i ab le xi'"

10 moattypeaof reg rell6ionana l y Bis.thevariablewith the gre ater

, :;\.,

~:oi:~~~;:-U;,~~:x~:f~:~-~nb~~ ~=;:~y:~ ';;.: ~?;~:~~~:r:::i~:l:l ;,f

1h:~;~,;~~:1::i~~c~r~:~:~b;~~~t;:\:~~~'i~;1:~~;;~::1:~~~~" ,', ~//"'<

.·.\:.".··..

~ ,,~.~ .c'.'.

enter

at.

anearly,stag emay ,'at al~terstage,,b,es~perfluoU8 »< ','f$

beca uSe of·the r,el llt io.ne hip e between it',endot her',v ar i ab lell' , / ,.' nowi~the :r egru d on., 'Tophe c k.ou.thia,the,'p attia:lF''3.:·k::,':.

te ripnfO,reac~ariable;1nt,h~regr.eseion at,a nyB~,~8e,of .", edeular1oll'ilJ',e va l uatedand,c olllp ar e dvi th a preselecte dper~,,' '.

.' ' ~~::8:'~~~::;~:' ~~~t~~P;~~~;{~~ti~~,i:~;~~~i:~h' ~;:,!~r

^as:

though:1thad,bOleuthe·,mos t..ee een ev:arisbl~en te re d ,1rr~~

spee tiv e of 1ts actualpoiritof,~n try1n to,the lW:Idel.,An y variable 'whi eh p r ov1d es',e'noua1Stdfic au t'contr~but1on1s're:"

-,~vecL.£rolll--theIII01U1l.".Tbisp r oc e ss'iseontinue dU~ll,n o,

more

,: " ,ver isb l e swi11:be,~tted,tothe equ. t10nand noeore,a~e

re\e~te~ .

^{,( P o17.1).,C,,__.'',' ',_ .". " . , ;- ',}

"

The ,'d~t::'were

^subjected

~~ th~

stepwis e multip le

r~gJ:~adon

' ~'~3r~:a-·~.sin8'-

^an

},~ '~~/~'10 Fo rtra~

^IV

p,rogr~Dl 'd~·v.e-lo~ed b~

^_Carlson

.,r. , " '." " , ' :• .".- ' , " ." . '.

':sn d~1Il:1,e~t'( 1~69)_b~sed,~n~,'"me~h~~,,o f d llt em i u s u ts as,des,~ribedby .'.

~

^{Drape:r'a nd'}

~rdth':,( 1966)

^,,:

nle,··p~ogr~~ w~ ~ne·.from,. paek:~~ 'o~; pr~gJ:~'