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HAL Id: tel-02277521

https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02277521

Submitted on 3 Sep 2019

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Interactions in Collective Fish Swimming

Intesaaf Ashraf

To cite this version:

Intesaaf Ashraf. Interactions in Collective Fish Swimming. Mechanics of the fluids [physics.class-ph]. Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. English. �NNT : 2018USPCC077�. �tel-02277521�

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Thèse de doctorat

de l’Université Sorbonne Paris Cité

Préparée à l’Université Paris Diderot

Ecole doctorale [n

◦564 : Physique en Île-de-France]

Laboratoire de physique et mécanique des milieux hétérogènes (PMMH) UMR 7636

Interactions in Collective Fish Swimming

Auteur : ASHRAF Intesaaf

Spécialité doctorale “Mécanique des Fluides”

Directeurs de thèse : Ramiro Godoy-Diana & Benjamin Thiria

Présentée et soutenue publiquement par ASHRAF Intesaaf

le 4 Avril 2018, PMMH

Jury :

Président du jury: José Halloy (Professseur, Université Paris Diderot) Rapporteur: Charlotte K. Hemelrijk (Professseur, University of Groningen) Rapporteur: Christian Jost (Maitre de Conférences - Université Toulouse III)

Examinateur: Francisco Huera-Huarte (Professseur, Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya) Directeur de thèse: Ramiro Godoy-Diana (Chargé de recherches, CNRS, ESPCI Paris)

Directeur de thèse (invité): Benjamin Thiria (Maitre de Conférences, Université Paris Diderot, ESPCI Paris)

Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under

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Titre : Interactions des poissons en nage collective.

Résumé : Le banc de poisson est un exemple typique d’auto organisation de groupe. Ce

système implique des interactions complexes d’individus dans un milieu fluide et fait l’objets de nombreuses recherches multidisciplinaire théoriques, numériques ou expérimentales. Plusieurs hypothèses ont déjà été formulées pour expliquer la formation de ces bancs: la fuite face à des prédateurs, l’optimisation dans la recherche de nutriments ou encore l’économie d’énergie. Dans la plupart des recherches, les travaux se concentrent sur ce que les poissons devraient faire pour optimiser une tâche plutôt que sur des observations directes. Cela conduit à des différences dans les conclusions issus du travail des physiciens théoriciens ou ingénieurs avec ce qui est observé dans la nature par les biologistes.

Dans ce travail, nous apportons, basées sur des observations directes tetra Hemigrammus bleheri, de nouveaux éléments sur les interactions des poissons lors de la nage collective comme le phénomène de burst-and-coast ou la synchronisation des cinématiques entre plus proches voisins.

Enfin, nous démontrons que les bancs de Hemigrammus bleheri privilégient la configuration en ligne plutôt que celle en diamant souvent mise en avant dans la littérature.

Mots clefs : Economie d'énergie, Nage collective, Poisson.

Title : Interactions in Collective Fish Swimming

Abstract : Fish school is the classical example of self-emergent system of collective behavior

in animal locomotion, which involves complex interactions between individuals and has drawn fascination of numerous multidisciplinary analytical, numerical and experimental researches. Various reasons have been cited for the formation of fish school such as evading predators, enhancing foraging success or advantage in terms of energy consumption. However, most of the works primary focus on what fish should do in a school instead of what fish really do, leading to discrepancies between the works of theoretical physicists and engineers and what is observed in the nature by biologists. This thesis is an attempt to bridge this gap.

In this work, we investigate the swimming dynamics of the red nose tetra fish Hemigrammus bleheri in a controlled experiment. The tetra fish are observed to swim using a burst-and-coast strategy, which could be for the purpose of active flow sensing.We also address the case of red nose tetra fish Hemigrammus bleheri swimming in groups in a uniform flow, giving special attention to the basic interactions and cooperative swimming of a single pair of fish. We first bring evidence of synchronization of the two fish, where the swimming modes are dominated by "out of phase" and "in phase" configurations. At last, we challenge the

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question of energy benefit by discussing the channelling effect versus the vortex interaction hypothesis (Weihs, Nature 241:290-291, 1973) about diamond shape. We provide the experimental observation that fish prefer inline formation or phalanx formation over the diamond shape while swimming in a school.

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