• Aucun résultat trouvé

Prise en compte de protections solaires perméables semi-transparentes dans la modélisation des échanges bâtiment-environnement : proposition d’une modélisation simple et flexible.

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "Prise en compte de protections solaires perméables semi-transparentes dans la modélisation des échanges bâtiment-environnement : proposition d’une modélisation simple et flexible."

Copied!
11
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

This is an author-deposited version published in: https://sam.ensam.eu

Handle ID: .http://hdl.handle.net/10985/6597

To cite this version :

Antoine DUGUE, Denis BRUNEAU, Alain SOMMIER, Philippe LAGIERE - Prise en compte de protections solaires perméables semi-transparentes dans la modélisation des échanges bâtiment-environnement : proposition d’une modélisation simple et flexible. - 2012

(2)

Prise en compte de protections solaires perméables

semi-transparentes dans la modélisation des

échanges bâtiment-environnement : proposition

d’une modélisation simple et flexible.

!

Antoine DUGUEa,b, Denis BRUNEAUb, Alain SOMMIERb, Philippe LAGIEREa,b

"#$%"&'()!*"+&'+,!-$,,'./$01"0&!2!"1+3+'40$%"&'(5-$67! 89)!,+'!1'!:;,"6%'"+!8<8==!>#?@AB! %>,&.!'&!:C&;',.!D",;.B'-E)!FG:)!H:I!JGKJ)!LMNN<==!B"O'0-')!L,"0-'5!! H0;P5!Q$,1'"+R)!FG:)!H:I!JGKJ)!LMNN<==!B"O'0-')!L,"0-'5!! S#IT)!FG:)!H:I!JGKJ)!LMNN<==!B"O'0-')!L,"0-'5! ! Résumé

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

Nomenclature

S1! S$'WW;-;'0&!1'!1C-E",3'! ] @",3'+,!1'!O"!/,$&'-&;$0!.$O";,')!m Ec! S"/"-;&C!&E',6;X+'!6"..;X+')!J.kg-1.K-1 Symboles grecs

'! A/";..'+,!1'!O"!O"6'!1U";,)!m!  \'0.;&C!1'!WO+R!1'!-E"O'+,)!W.m-2 3! S$0.&"0&'!1'!3,"P;&C)!m.s-2! u S$'WW;-;'0&!1'!&,"0.6;..;$0!! ^! ^"+&'+,!1'!O"!/,$&'-&;$0!.$O";,')!m s S$'WW;-;'0&!1'!,CWO'R;$0! E! S$'WW;-;'0&!1UC-E"03'!-$0P'-&;W)!Wm -2.K-1! n S$'WW;-;'0&!1U"%.$,/&;$0! J·! LO+R!.$O";,'!,"1;"&;W!;0-;1'0&)!W.m-2 < D',6C"%;O;&C!1'!O"!/,$&'-&;$0!.$O";,' aæ! \C%;&!6"..;X+'!1U";,)!kg.s-1! Indices et exposants Mh! #$6%,'!1'!#+..'O&! S@_ I'O"&;W!"+R!-$+,&'.!O$03+'+,.!1U$01' `! LO+R!1'!-E"O'+,!/",!"1P'-&;$0!1"0.!O"! O"6'!1U";,)!W ?@_ I'O"&;W!"+R!3,"01'.!O$03+'+,.!1U$01' OZ! #$6%,'!1'!I'a0$O1.! ;0& Sb&C!;0&C,;'+,

OV! #$6%,'!1'!I"aO';3E! 'R& Sb&C!'R&C,;'+,

/! @"!/,'..;$0!1'!OU";,)!Pa! .E I'O"&;W!Z!O"!/,$&'-&;$0!.$O";,'! B! B'6/C,"&+,')!cC d I'O"&;W!"+!6+, P! e;&'..'!1UC-$+O'6'0&!1'!OU";,!1"0.!O"! O"6'!1U";,!;0&',.&;&;'O)!m.s-1! .+0 I'O"&;W!"+!.$O';O! S«º¸! e;&'..'!1+!P'0&!'R&C,;'+,)!m.s-1!

(3)

1. Contexte, et objectif

@'! 1CP'O$//'6'0&! -,$;.."0&! 1'! %f&;6'0&.! W$,&'6'0&! P;&,C.)! "O$,.! "..+V'&&;.! Z! 1'! W$,&.! "//$,&.!.$O";,'.!;01+;&!+0'!/O+.!3,"01'!+&;O;."&;$0!1'!.$O+&;$0.!1'!/,$&'-&;$0.!.$O";,'.!&'O.!X+'! O'.!&$;O'.!&'R&;O'.!$+!O'.!C-,"0.!PC3C&"+R!X+;!/',6'&&'0&!"+..;!1'!%C0CW;-;',!1'.!"//$,&.!/"..;W.! E;P',0"+R5!S'/'01"0&!O"!/,;.'!'0!-$6/&'!1'!-'.!COC6'0&.!/",!O'.!/O"&'W$,6'.!1'!6$1CO;."&;$0! '.&! /'+! /,C-;.'! 0$&"66'0&! /$+,! OUC-$+O'6'0&! 1U";,! ;01+;&! '0&,'! O"! .$O+&;$0! '&! O"! /",$;! 1+! %f&;6'0&5!

@UC&+1'!/,C.'0&'!+0'!6$1CO;."&;$0!1'.!&,"0.W',&.!1'!-E"O'+,!/,'0"0&!/O"-'!Z!OUC-E'OO'!1U+0'! /",$;5!H0!6+,!"..$-;C!Z!+0'!.$O+&;$0!1'!/,$&'-&;$0!.$O";,'!'.&!;0.&,+6'0&C5!_0!/,$/$.'!;-;!+0'! "0"Oa.'! 1'! 1;WWC,'0&.! 6$1YO'.! 1UC-$+O'6'0&! ;0&',! 6+,M/,$&'-&;$0! .$O";,'5! @U"0"Oa.'! 1'.! 6'.+,'.! ,C"O;.C'.! /$+,! +0'! /,$&'-&;$0! 1'! &a/'! %",1"3'! %$;.! /',6'&! 1'! ,C"O;.',! +0! -E$;R! 1'! 6$1YO'!1UC-$+O'6'0&!'&!.$0!/","6C&,"3'5!@'!6$1YO'!&E',6;X+'!-$6/O'&!'.&!'0.+;&'!P"O;1C!/",! -$6/",";.$0!1'.!,C.+O&"&.!";0.;!$%&'0+.!"P'-!O'.!6'.+,'.!'R/C,;6'0&"O'.5!

@U$%V'-&;W!W;0"O!1'!-'&&'!C&+1'!'.&!1$+%O'5!FO!.U"3;&!1'!6;'+R!."P$;,!1C-,;,'!OU;6/"-&!"//$,&C! /",!O'.!.$O+&;$0.!1'!/,$&'-&;$0!.$O";,'!"W;0!1U"6CO;$,',!O'.!-$01;&;$0.!1'!O'+,.!+&;O;."&;$0.!g!'&! "+..;! 1'! /,$/$.',! +0! 6$1YO'! .;6/O'! X+;! /',6'&! 1U'0P;."3',! O"! /,;.'! '0! -$6/&'! 1'! -'.! .a.&Y6'.! 1"0.! O'.! /O"&'W$,6'.! 1'! .;6+O"&;$0! &E',6;X+'! 1'! %f&;6'0&.)! -'-;! /",! O'! 1CP'O$//'6'0&!'&!OU;0&C3,"&;$0!1U+0!6$1+O'!./C-;W;X+'!1C-,;P"0&!O'+,!;6/"-&!C0',3C&;X+'5!

2. Protocole expérimental

>W;0! 1'! X+"0&;W;',! O'.! WO+R! 1'! -E"O'+,! /,'0"0&! /O"-'! 1"0.! O"! -$0W;3+,"&;$0! 1UC&+1')! +0! /,$&$-$O'! 'R/C,;6'0&"O! "! C&C! 6;.! '0! /O"-'! /$+,! /',6'&&,'! OU;0.&,+6'0&"&;$0! 1+! -$6/O'R'! -$6/$.C!1U+0'!/,$&'-&;$0!.$O";,'!'&!1+!6+,!"..$-;C5!H0!;.$O"0&!1'!J=66!"!C&C!,"//$,&C!.+,!+0! 6+,!'R;.&"0&!";0.;!X+'!1'+R!/O"X+'.!1'!/Of&,'!1'![N66)!-U'.&!1'P"0&!-'OO'.M-;!X+'!.'!/O"-'!O"! .$O+&;$0!C&+1;C'!'0!O";.."0&!+0'!O"6'!1U";,!$+P',&'!'0!/",&;'.!%"..'!'&!E"+&'5!

@U;0.&,+6'0&"&;$0! *P$;,! W;3+,'! [7! '.&! W";&'! "P'-! [h! &E',6$-$+/O'.! /O"-C.! Z! &,$;.! E"+&'+,.! 1;WWC,'0&'.)!1U+0!/a,"0$6Y&,'!W$0-&;$00"0&!.+,!O"!%"01'!./'-&,"O'!<==!Z![[==06!6'.+,"0&!O'! WO+R! .$O";,'! P',&;-"O! Z! O"! /",$;)! +0! "0C6$6Y&,'! Z! -$+/'OO'.! 1$00"0&! O"! P;&'..'! 1+! P'0&! "+! 0;P'"+! 1'! O"! /",$;! 'R&C,;'+,'! ";0.;! X+U+0! "0C6$6Y&,'! Z! W;O! -E"+1! .;&+C! "+! 6;O;'+! 1'! O"! O"6'! 1U";,!Z!E"+&'+,!6C1;"0'5!

\'.!6'.+,'.!$0&!C&C!,C"O;.C'.!'0!V+;0!G=[[!/$+,!1'+R!%",1"3'.!%$;.!$/"X+'.!"P'-!+0'!O"6'! 1U";,! 1'! 8-6)! '&! 1U"+&,'.! "+! 6$;.! 1'! .'/&'6%,'! G=[[! "P'-! 1'.! &$;O'.! &'R&;O'.! 1'! /,$&'-&;$0! .$O";,'5!

(4)

@'.!6 1"0.!O'. L;3+,'!G @UCP$O+ -$,,'./$ 1'!OU";,! O'! 6$+P =)J6i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e;&'. ;&C!6'.+,C' "! /C,;$1'! ' +,'!N)!O"!P;& 0!0$&'!X+U'O 6"R;6"O'. '.!1$00C'.!/ P$0.!-$0.&"& '6/C,"&+,'! .&! /O+.! W$,&! %O'! X+'! /'0 WC,'0&.!-"/&' 0!%",1"3'!% ..'! 1jC-$+O'6 .&! /,C.'0&C' &'..'!P',&;-" O'!0U'.&!V"6 .! "&&';0&'.! /",!O'.!&E',6 &',!OU;6/"-& 1U";,!1"0.!O /'01"0&! O" 01"0&! O"! /C, '+,.! %$;.!.$0&!/, 6'0&! 1'! Oj"; '! .+,! O"! W;3 "O'!1'!OUC-$ 6";.!0+OO'!&, .$0&! 1'! OU$ 6$-$+/O'.! &!X+U"//$,&' O"!O"6'!'.&! "! /C,;$1'! 0 ,;$1'! 1;+,0 ! ,C.'0&C'.! ,! 1"0.! O"! +,'! G5! FO! $+O'6'0&! ,"1+;."0&! $,1,'! 1'! .;&+C'.!Z! '!O"!O"6'! &$+V$+,.! 0$-&+,0'! 0'! X+"01!

(5)

3. De

@'!6 '0! ,C3; 3,"1;'0& ;0&',.&;& -$0P'-& 1U";,!;0& .+,!O'.!6 3.1 M 3.1.1 Tr @'.!C *?@_7!. I$1,;3+

escription

6+,!'.&!1;.-, 6'! 1a0"6 &.! P',&;-"+R &;'OO'! .$0&! 0 &;W.5! #$+.! 1 &',.&;&;'OO')! 6'.+,'.!,C" Modèle géné ransferts ra C-E"03'.!," .$0&!1;WWC,' +'k!l[m5! L;3+,'!<!2!B

modèle d

,C&;.C!'0!+0 6;X+'5! @"! 6 R! 1'! &'6/C 0C3O;3C.5! # 1CP'O$//$0 '0!C&+1;"0& "O;.C'.5! éral adiatifs "1;"&;W.!'0!-'0-;C.!'&!O'!/ L;3+,'!J!2!.-B'6/C,"&+,'

développé

0!'0.'6%O'! 6$1CO;."&;$0 C,"&+,'.! 1" #$+.! -$0.;1 .! '0! /",&;-+ &!1'+R!&a/'. $+,&'.!O$03+ /EC0$6Y0'! -EC6"!;OO+.&, '.!6'.+,C'.!'

é

1'!P$O+6'. 0! '.&! W";&'! "0.! O'! 6+,) 1C,$0.! O'.! C +O;',! O"! 6$ .!1'!6$1YO' +'+,.!1U$01 !1'!6+O&;!,C ,"0&!O'!/EC0$ '0!1;WWC,'0&.! .!/$+,!O'.X+ '0! +0'! 1 )! O"! /,$&'-& C-E"03'.! 1' $1CO;."&;$0! '!'R;.&"0&.! 1'!*S@_7!'& CWO'R;$0!'.&! $6Y0'!1'!6+ /$;0&.!*cS7! +'O.!O'!%;O"0 ;6'0.;$0! * &;$0! .$O";,' '! &a/'! ,"1; 1'! OUC-$+O' '&!'0!'WW'-& &!'0!3,"01'. -$0.;1C,C!-! +O&;M,CWO'R;$0 ! 0!1UC0',3;'! *E$,;k$0&"O' '! $+! O"! O"6 ;"&;W.)! -$01 '6'0&! 1"0.! &+"0&!+0!-E .!O$03+'+,.! -$66'!/,C. 0! '.&!C-,;&! '7! '&! O'.! 6'! 1U";,! +-&;W.! '&! O"! O"6'! E$;R!%".C! 1U$01'.! .'0&C!/",!

(6)

@'!WO+R!&$&"O!'0!-$+,&'.!O$03+'+,.!1U$01'!,'n+!Z!O"!.+,W"-'!1+!6+,!.UC-,;&!1"0.!+0'!W$,6'! 1CP'O$//C'!2!

'—™•„› Ö #—‡ˆ‰&›‡ˆ‰—Ó #—Ê‡ˆ‰&›™š%—Ê™š%›‡ˆ‰—Ó #—&›Þ%—Ê%›‡ˆ‰ß

} — Ó =! *[7! S'&&'!.C,;'!3C$6C&,;X+'!/'+&!.UC-,;,'!.$+.!O"!W$,6'!1U+0'!.$66'!&$&"O'!2! —™•„›Ö* Ô —‡ˆ‰9 ›‡ˆ‰ —Ê‡ˆ‰9 ›‡ˆ‰ —! *G7! 3.1.2 Flux convectifs

D$+,! O'! -$'WW;-;'0&! 1'! -$0P'-&;$0! 'R&C,;'+,')! $0! -$0.;1Y,'! +0'! .+,W"-'! 1'! ,+3$.;&C! o!6'1;+6!.6$$&E!p!.'O$0!O'!6"0+'O!>.E,"'![KhK!!lGm!2! ]«º¸ Ö 1+, Ó - 9 S«º¸Ô )).0 9 S«º¸}! *N7! @'!WO+R!1'!-E"O'+,!/",!"1P'-&;$0!1"0.!O"!O"6'!1U";,!.UC-,;&!2! Ö æè Žœ˜Ô “Œ”Žé! *<7! 3.1.3 Résolution @UC-,;&+,'!'0!-E"X+'!0q+1!;!1$00'!+0'!CX+"&;$0!1;WWC,'0&;'OO'!O;0C";,'!1+!/,'6;',!1'3,C!1'! O"!W$,6'!2! ‘ ‘  Ö ä ’ ’ ’Ó è Žœ˜é! *J7! `+'!OU$0!/'+&!"O$,.!C-,;,'!.$+.!W$,6'!6"&,;-;'OO'!'0!1;.&;03+"0&!O'.!.$OO;-;&"&;$0.!;0&C,;'+,'.! '&!'R&C,;'+,'.)!,'./'-&;P'6'0&!O'.!6"&,;-'.!L!'&!?)!'&!"P'-!B!O'!P'-&'+,!1'.!&'6/C,"&+,'.!1"0.! O'!6+,!'&!H!-$6/$.C!1+!WO+R!.$O";,'!;0-;1'0&!'&!1'!O"!&'6/C,"&+,'!'R&C,;'+,'5!   Ö  Ó  ! *87! @"!,C.$O+&;$0!0+6C,;X+'!1'!-'&&'!CX+"&;$0!1;WWC,'0&;'OO'!.'!W";&!.'O$0!+0!.-EC6"!;6/O;-;&'! /$+,!+0!/".!1'!&'6/.!1'![!6;0+&'!"P'-!OU$+&;O!:"&O"%5!

3.2 Modèle d’écoulement, détermination de la vitesse et du coefficient d’échange

\;WWC,'0&.! 6$1YO'.! 1'! -$0P'-&;$0! 0"&+,'OO'! '0&,'! 1'+R! /O"X+'.! 'R;.&'0&! r! O"! /O+/",&! C&"0&! C&"%O;.!/$+,!+0!,C3;6'!/',6"0'0&!r!$0!/'+&!'0!1;.&;03+',!1'+R!&a/'.5!@'.!/,'6;',.!.$0&!;..+.! 1'!OUC-,;&+,'!1+!3,"1;'0&!1'!/,'..;$0!6$&,;-'!1"0.!O"!O"6'!1U";,!'0!-$0.;1C,"0&!OU";,!-$66'!+0! 3"k!/",W";&!"%$+&;.."0&!Z!+0!&',6'!6$&'+,!%".C!.+,!O"!1;WWC,'0-'!'0&,'!O"!&'6/C,"&+,'!1"0.!O"! O"6'! 1U";,! '&! O"! &'6/C,"&+,'! 'R&C,;'+,'5! @'! 6"0+'O! >T^I>A! '&! O"! 0$,6'! '+,$/C'00'! A#[NN8N! oT$O",! /,$&'-&;$0! 1'P;-'.! -$6%;0'1! d;&E! 3O"k;035! S"O-+O"&;$0! $W! .$O",! "01! O;3E&! &,"0.6;&&"0-'5!T;6/O;W;'1!6'&E$15!p!.'!%".'0&!.+,!-'!&a/'!1'!-$,,CO"&;$05!_03!lNm!/,$/$.'!/$+,! +0!6+,!&,$6%'!O"!W$,6'!.+;P"0&'!2!

i Ö EªZTà\I 9 âQ¨®¶QÔ Q«º¸

«º¸ !

(7)

@'.!. O"! O"6'! 6$1YO'. 'R/C,;6 I"aO';3 -$0W;3+ -$0P'-& O'!WO+R!1 8=5! 3.3 Pr D$+, /",!O"!-&,"-C.!'0 L;3+,'! FO!"// 1UC-$+O' -","-&C, @'! WO "//",";& "+36'0 OU;0P',. 1;6;0+' .'-$01.!-$0 1U";,! /$+,! .! 0+6C,;X+ 6'0&"O'5! >+ 3E!'&!O'!1C%; +,"&;$0.! .$+ &;$0!'&!O'!1C 1$00C!Z!OU"; remiers rés ,!C&+1;',!O"! $,,CO"&;$0!1 0!W$0-&;$0!1 8!2!e;&'..'.!-/",";&!X+'!O '6'0&! 6'. ,;.'!O'!W";&!X WO+R! 1'! -E"O &! -$66'! +0 0&')! OUC-$+O' '! Z! O"! W;0! 1 '!OZ!"+..;!"P 0.;1Y,'0&!O' C&"%O;,! 1'. +'.! .$0&! C +03! l<m! 1$0 &5!?"0!lJm!O' +.! O"! W$,6' C%;&!1"0.!O"! ;,!'.&!-$6/, sultats et ch /',&;0'0-'! 1'!_03)!'&!O 1'!O"!P;&'..' -"O-+OC'.!Z!/ O"!P;&'..'!"; .+,C'! '&! O' X+'!O"!-$,,CO O'+,! P',.! O" 0'! 6';OO'+, '6'0&! '.&! W" 1'! O"! V$+,0C P'-!+0!1C/E '.!WO+R!*/$.. ! -$,,CO"&;$0 &"%O;.! /",! 00'! '0! [K9G '.!C&"%O;&!1' '! 1'! 1'+R! O"6'!1U";,5 ,;.!'0&,'![== ÚMh Ö [ Mh Ö [ hoix du mo ,'./'-&;P'!1 O'!&',6'.!1' '!1U";,!6'.+ /",&;,!1'!OUCX+ ;0.;!-"O-+OC' '! -","-&C,'! O"&;$0!'.&!W"; "! O"6'! 1U"; ,'! -$,,CO"&;$ ";%O')! ;O! .UC C')! "O$,.! X+ "."3'5! .;%O'6'0&!" 0.! '0&,'! O'.! 6C-"0;X+' G! 1'.! -$,,C '!6"0;Y,'!/ ,'O"&;$0.! / S'OO'.M-;!. =!'&![===] [ ìOVZ [èOV OZéÛ odèle d’éco 1'!-'.!1'+R '!,"1;"&;$0! +,C'!1+,"0&! +"&;$0!9!'&!WO 6'.+,C'. '!Z!/",&;,!1' C,,"&;X+'! ;%O'5! ;,)! 1;,'-&'6 $05! >+! 1C% C&"%O;&! "P'-! +'! O'! WO+R! ;0 ".a6C&,;X+' 0$6%,'.! 1 '! 1'.! WO+;1 O"&;$0.! '0&, O+.!3C0C,"O' ',6'&&"0&! 1 $0&!-'/'01" ]i6s!'&!+0!," ! ulement R!W"6;OO'.!1 .$O";,'!6$& +0'!V$+,0C' O+R!.$O";,'.!" '!OUCX+"&;$0 1'! O"! ,C/" 6'0&! O;C! "+! %+&! 1'! O"! V$ +0! 1C/E"." 0-;1'0&! 1;6 '.7!1"0.!O'.! 1'! #+..'O&! ' 1'.! 0+6C,;X ,'! O'.! 0$6% '!'0!G=[[!/ 1'! -$00"t&, "0&!O;6;&C'. "//$,&!1U"./ 1'!6$1YO'.) &'+,!1"0.!O' '!1UC&C!'0.$ "%.$,%C.!'0!W 0!*97!'.&!.+/ ",&;&;$0! 1'. ,"a$00'6' $+,0C')! X+" "3'! 1'! OU$,1 6;0+')! O"! P; /",$;.!"1V" '&! 1'! I"aO' X+'.! $+! 1 %,'.! 1'! #+ /$+,!+0!'0.' ,'! O'! -$'WW; .!Z!1'.!.;&+" /'-&!*^i'7!' )!O"!P;&'..'! '!1'+R;Y6'! $O';OOC'5! W$0-&;$0!1'.! /C,;'+,'!Z!O" .! -$+/O'.! '0&! .$O";,'! ; "01! O'! ,"a$0 ,1,'! 1U+0'! E ;&'..'! 1UC-$ "-'0&'.!Z! ;3E5! S'.! 1'! W"n$0! +..'O&)! 1'! '6%O'!1'! -;'0&! 1'! "&;$0.!$u! '0&,'!J!'&! *h7! -"O-+OC'! -".!.$0&! ! P;&'..'.! "!P;&'..'! -"O-+OC.! ;0-;1'0&)! 00'6'0&! E'+,'5! >! $+O'6'0&!

(8)

D$+, P;&'..'!1

4. Va

@'.!6 /",&;,! 1 /$;0&.!1 1'!O"!-" .+,!O"!W; @'.! -j'.&MZM1 W;3+,'! 9 .;6+OC' _0!0 1'! P",;" &,"1+;." 6$1YO'5 L;3+ ,!O"!.+;&')!-U' 1UC-$+O'6'

alidation

6'.+,'.!.$0 1+! 6$1YO'! 1 1+!-$6/O'R' "P;&C!-b&C!;0 3+,'!h5! &'6/C,"&+,' 1;,'!"P'-!O" 95! _0! -$0.& '.5! 0$&'!X+'!O'. "&;$0! .$0&! "0&! O'! W";&! X

5! +,'!9!2!\;WWC '.&!O'!1'+R; '0&!1"0.!O'!-0&!-'OO'.!/,C 1CP'O$//C! '!2!.+,!O"!W"-0&C,;'+,!'&!1 '.! $%&'0+'. "!O"6'!1U";, &"&'! +0'! ,C1 .!P",;"&;$0.! /O+.! W$,&'. X+'! O'.! C-E" C,'0-'!1'!&' 1 Y6'!&a/'!1' -".!1U+0!%", C.'0&C'.!1" .$0&! -$6/" -'!'R&C,;'+, ',,;Y,'!O'.!1 .! /$+,! +0'! ,!;0&',.&;&;'O! 1+-&;$0! 3C0 1'!&'6/C," .! /$+,! O'.! "03'.! 1'! -E '6/C,"&+,'!' '!OUC-$+O'6 '!6$1YO')!1 ,1"3'!%$;.)!X "0.!O'.!W;3+, ",C'.! "+R! 6 ,'!1+!%",1"3 1'+R!/O"X+' .;6+O"&;$0 W',6C'!'0! 0C,"O'! 1'! OU' "&+,'.!.$0&!. ,C.+O&"&.! 1 E"O'+,! .$0&! '0&,'!O"!6'. 6'0&!1'!OU";, ! 1$00"0&!+0' X+;!"!C&C!,'& ,'.!G)!N!'&!< 6'.+,'.! ,C" 3')!"+!6;O;' '.!1'!/Of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

(9)

L;3+ @'.!& O'.! /O+. .$OO;-;&" @"! &' &'6/C," 0$-&+,0 +,'!h!2!\;WWC &'6/C,"&+,' .! ;6/$,&"0&' "&;$0!1'!OU'0 '6/C,"&+,'! "&+,'! 6'.+, 0'.5!@"!/',&' L; C,'0-'!1'!&' 1 '.!1"0.!O"!/" '.! -",! 'OO'. 0P;,$00'6'0 1'! OU";,! 1" ,C'! /$+,! O' '!1'!-E"O'+, 3+,'!K!2!e;&' 6/C,"&+,'!' '!OUC-$+O'6 ",$;!1',,;Y,' ! &,"1+;.'0&! 0&!'R&C,;'+, "0.! O"! O"6'! .! /C,;$1'.! ,!/",!"1P'-&; '..'!1j";,!P',& '0&,'!O"!6'. 6'0&!1'!OU";, '!O"!/,$&'-&; O'! WO+R! 1'! ,!P',.!O'!%f& '.&! 1'! 6"0 1U'0.$O';OO' ;$0!`!'.&!OZ &;-"O'!1"0.!O" .+,'!'&!O"!.;6 ,!1"0.!O"!O"6 ;$0!.$O";,'!. -E"O'+,! 1;W ;6'0&5! 0;Y,'! 3C0C," '6'0&! '&! ;0 Z!"+..;!+0!/' "!-"P;&C!-"O-+ 6+O"&;$0!"P 6'! .$0&!%;'0!"/ WW+."0&! 1"0. "O'! OC3C,'6 0WC,;'+,'! /' '+!.+,'.&;6C +OC'!'&!6'.+, ! P'-!/,;.'!'0! //,$R;6C'.5 .! O'! 6+,! '&! 6'0&! .+/C,;' '01"0&! O'.! C'5! ! +,C'! -$6/&'! 5!S'!.$0&! 1$0-! O"! '+,'! Z! O"! /C,;$1'.!

(10)

@"!W; 6'.+,C' /",&;-+O O'!6"R;6 0+;&!+0' 1C-E",3

5. Pe

5.1 Pr @"!.$ E$,;k$0 /$+,!O'! 1U";,!"W; @'!/, A0!/ $0!/'+&! @"! 1 -"O-+O', ! A0! " P',&;-"O! E"+&'+,. S'&&' 3,"1;'0& -$0W,$0 5.2 C \"0. 1U"6CO; ;3+,'!K!6$0 '5!@"!-$,,CO ;',!O'!1C/E" 6+6!1'!OU' '!"--COC,"&;$ 3'!1+!6+,!1'

rspective

résentation $O+&;$0!1'!/ 0&"O!'0&,'!O"! /,'01,'!'0 ;0!1'!6;'+R ,$W;O!1'!/,'. ,'0"0&!'0!-C-,;,'!O'!/, 1;WWC,'0-'! 1 ,!O'!1C%;&!'0 L;3 "//O;X+"0&! 1'!P;&'..'!1 .!1;WWC,'0&' '! "6CO;$,"&; &! 1'! &'6/C 0&C!Z!1'.!6' Conclusions .! O'! -"1,'! $,',!O"!6$1 0&,'!O"!P;&'. "&;$0!.CO'-& "."3'!'0&,'! 'WW'&!;01+;&! $0!1+!6$+P '!-E"O'+,!.&

s

n du modèl /,$&'-&;$0!.$ O"6'!1U";,! 0!-$6/&'!'&! R!X+"0&;W;',! ..;$0!'R&C,; $6/&'!O'.!/ ,$W;O!1'!/,'. 1'! /,'..;$0! 0!,C3;6'!/', ièlé Ö 3+,'![=!2!B,$ O'! /,;0-;/' 1"0.!O"!O"6 .!'&!$0!-"O-+ ;$0! 1+! -"O-,"&+,'! P',&; '.+,'.!Z!,C"O s et suite de 1U+0'! .$O 1CO;."&;$0!Z! .'!1U";,!1"0 &;$00C'!/',6 O'!6"R;6+6 *CP"-+"&;$0 P'6'0&!3C0 $-(C'!/'01 e de la pris $O";,'!'.&!-" '&!OU'R&C,;'+ ";0.;!,'-"O-O"!-E"O'+,!C '+,!'.&!-$00 /',&'.!1'!-E .;$0!1"0.!O" '&! O'.! /,$/ ,6"0'0&!'0& _ r 9 Z 9èc«º $;.!C&"/'.!/$ 1'! -$0.', '5!_0!1;WWC, +O'!O'!/,$W;O +O! 1'! O"! P;& ;-"O'! 1"0.! O;.',!/$+,!1' e l’étude O+&;$0! 0$0! OUC-E'OO'!1 0.!O"!O"6'!-6'&!%;'0!1UC 6!1'!O"!.$+ 0!1'!-E"O'+, 0C,"O!1'!OU";, 1"0&!O"!V$+,0 se en compt ","-&C,;.C'!/ +,!/,'01!/O" -+O',!O"!P;&' CP"-+C'5! 0+!Z!/",&;,!1 E",3'!'&!'0!+ "!-"P;&C5! /,;C&C.! 1'! / &,'!O'.!1'+R! º¸èlé Ô c±¨² $+,!O"!6$1CO; ,P"&;$0! 1'! ,'0-;'!"O$,. O!1'!&'6/C," &'..'! 1U";,! 1 O"! O"6'! -$ '.!.$O+&;$0. /',6C"%O' U+0!COC6'0 -"O-+OC'!/", CP"O+',!O"!P +,-'!1'!-E"O ,!1"0.!O"!-" ,!1"0.!O"!-" 0C'!P',.!O"!O te de la per /",!."!/',6 "-'5!#$+.!/ '..'!6$a'0 1'!O"!,'O"&;$0 +&;O;."0&!O"!O /',6C"%;O;&C 6;O;'+R5! ²«èléé! ."&;$0!1'!O"!/ O"! 6"..')! !&,$;.!-E'6 "&+,'!1"0.!O 1"0.! O"! O"6 66'! 1"0.! .!1'!/,$&'-&; ')! O'! 6$1Y 0&!1U'0P'O$/ ,!O'!6$1YO'! P;&'..'!1U";,! '+,!*O'!WO+R "P;&C75!_0!,' "P;&C!X+;!/$ "6'!1U";,5! rméabilité 6C"%;O;&C!Z!OU ,$/$.$0.!;-00'!1UC-$+O' 0!8ååÒc Ö s 9 $;!1'!Q',0$ C! 1'! O"! .$O+ /,;.'!'0!-$6 $0! $%&;'0&! ;0.!1"0.!O'!6 '!6+,!/$+,! 6'! '&! 1'! O"! / O'! 6+,! '.& ;$0!.$O";,'!/ YO'! ;-;! /,C //'!1'!%"&;6 ";0.;!X+'!O" 1"0.!O"!-"P R!.$O";,'!;0-'6",X+'!/' $+,,";&!v&,'!O U";,5!H0!C-$ -;!+0!6$1YO '6'0&!1"0. \Ò! $+;OO;!1"0.!O +&;$0! /',6' 6/&'!! +0! 0$+P'" 6+,!.'O$0!/ -'.!E"+&'+, /,;.'! '0! -$ &! 1CP'O$//C /',6C"%O'5! C.'0&C! /',6 6'0&5!@"!-$ "!P;&'..'! P;&C!'&!'0! -;1'0&7!'&! '01"0&!O"! O;C!Z!+0'! $+O'6'0&! '!.;6/O'! .!O"!O"6'! O"!-"P;&C)! '&&'0&! 1'! *K7! ! "+! /,$W;O! /O+.;'+,.! ,.5! $6/&'! 1+! C! '&! .',"! 6'&! %;'0! ,,CO"&;$0!

(11)

+&;O;.C'! /$+,! 1C&',6;0',! O"! P;&'..'! 1UC-$+O'6'0&! 1"0.! O'! 6+,! '&! O"! -$0P'-&;$0! "..$-;C'! "! C&C! .'O'-&;$00C'!0$&"66'0&!/",-'!X+U'OO'!/',6'&!1'!,'&,$+P',!O'!/EC0$6Y0'!1U;0',&;'!"//$,&C!/",! O'! 6"&C,;"+! %$;.5! D$+,! 1'.! .$O+&;$0.! 1'! /,$&'-&;$0! .$O";,'! 1'! &a/'! &'R&;O')! O'! /,'6;',! &a/'! 1'! -$,,CO"&;$0!/$+,,";&!.+WW;,5!

@"! 6'.+,'! -$66'! O"! 6$1CO;."&;$0! O";..'! '0&'01,'! X+'! /$+,! O'! %",1"3'! %$;.)! $0! .'! ,"//,$-E'! 1U+0! -".! $u! O'! 6+,! 0U"+,";&! /".! 1U"//$,&! ,"1;"&;W)! 6";.! +0'! -$0P'-&;$0! /O+.! W$,&'! "P'-!OU";,!'R&C,;'+,!'&!+0'!&'6/C,"&+,'!'R&C,;'+,'!OZ!"+..;!.+/C,;'+,'5!S'.!P",;"&;$0.!/'+P'0&! v&,'! &,"1+;&'.! /",! +0'! "+36'0&"&;$0! 1+! -$'WW;-;'0&! 1'! -$0P'-&;$0! E)! '&! 1'! O"! &'6/C,"&+,'! 'R&C,;'+,'! "O$,.! X+'! O'! WO+R! ,"1;"&;W! ;0-;1'0&! .',";&! "O$,.! -$0.;1C,C! -$66'! 0+O5! >;0.;! O"! .$O+&;$0!'0P;."3C'!'.&!+0!6$1+O'!/',6'&&"0&!1'!-"O-+O',!-'.!P",;"&;$0.!1'!&'6/C,"&+,'.!'&!1'! -$'WW;-;'0&! 1'! -$0P'-&;$0! '0! W$0-&;$0! 1'.! /,$/,;C&C.! 1'! O"! /,$&'-&;$0! .$O";,'! '&! 1'.! .$OO;-;&"&;$0.!'R&C,;'+,'.!/$+,!"6CO;$,',!O"!/,;.'!'0!-$6/&'!1'!-'.!COC6'0&.!/",!+0'!/O"&'W$,6'! 1'!.;6+O"&;$0!&E',6;X+'!1a0"6;X+'5!

\'! 0$+P'OO'.! .C,;'.! 1'! 6'.+,'! .',$0&! ,C"O;.C'.! "+! /,;0&'6/.! G=[G)! "P'-! -'&&'! W$;.! 1'.! .$O+&;$0.!&'R&;O'.!";0.;!X+'!1'.!/,$&'-&;$0.!PC3C&"O'.5!

Références

l[m I$1,;3+'k)!w+O;$!*G==87!xDéshydratation par effet de serre d'un produit emballé dans un film polymère perméable aux molécules d'eau: approche expérimentale et de modélisation »5! \$-&$,"&!?C0;'!'0',3C&;X+')!D",;.&'-E!y!A#T>:!G==8A#>:===G5! lGm S$O')!I5!w5)!"01!#5!T5!T&+,,$-(5![K995!BE'!S$0P'-&;P'!^'"&!AR-E"03'!"&!&E'!AR&',0"O!T+,W"-'!$W! Q+;O1;03.5!Q+;O1;03!"01!A0P;,$06'0&)!e$O5![G)!/5!G=95! lNm _03)!z5!x>!6"&E'6"&;-"O!6$1'O!$W!"!.$O",!-E;60'a5{!Renewable Energy!Gh)!0$5!9!*w+0'!G==N72! [=<9M[=8=5!! l<m >+03)!]5)!@T!LO'&-E',)!"01!e5!T',0".5!x\'P'O$/;03!O"6;0",!W,''!-$0P'-&;$0!%'&d''0!P',&;-"O! WO"&!/O"&'.!d;&E!".a66'&,;-!E'"&;035{!International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer![J)!0$5! [[!*[K9G72!GGKNrGN=<5!

lJm ?"0)!?+$E+;5!x?'0',"O!'R/,'..;$0.!W$,!&E'!-"O-+O"&;$0!$W!";,!WO$d!"01!E'"&!&,"0.W',!,"&'.!;0!&"OO! P'0&;O"&;$0!-"P;&;'.5{!Building and Environment!<8)!0$5![=!*>/,;O!G=[[72!G=8KMG=h=5!!

l8m Q$+a',)! w+O;'05! x:$1CO;."&;$0! '&! .;6+O"&;$0! 1'.! 6;-,$-O;6"&.! +,%";0.5! A&+1'! 1'! OU;6/"-&! 1'! Oj"6C0"3'6'0&! +,%";0! .+,! O'.! -$0.$66"&;$0.! C0',3C&;X+'.! 1'.! %f&;6'0&.5{! >,-E;&'-&+,'5! SAI:>)!G==K5!

Références

Documents relatifs

Notre ´ etude s’applique ` a la mod´ elisation du processus des casses de conduites dans un r´ eseau d’eau, dont l’intensit´ e est sujette ` a des fluctuations temporelles qui

par un modble mixte, associant modble de Bean en profondeur et Ioi de London dans une couche superficielle, et on fera ensuite tendre I'Apaisseur de celle-ci vers 0 en mAme temps que

sous l’effet combine d’un fort éclairement et d’une tension de 20 volts que nous avons adopt6 ce

A partir de ces résultats, de nouveaux chemins de modélisations ont été ajoutés en complément de ceux précédemment définis dans la pyramide améliorée afin

For that, we interpret hematopoiesis mechanisms from a different perspective: we consider the hematopoietic system as a possibly switching one, in the sense that

Afin d’obtenir un modèle plus réaliste, nous avons pris en compte dans cette thèse le fait qu’une fraction seulement des cellules filles entre dans la phase de repos et

إ ن ا اهل ضرعتي يتلا ةيسفنلا طوغضلا لأ ىلع رثؤت دق دارف لإا يحاونلا نم ريثكلا يف كولسلا ةيلاعفن امك، ةيصخشلاو أ اهن لإا نم ريثكلا ببست دق ،سابع(ةيتاموسوكيسلا تابارطض

réseau social actuellement le plus populaire, Facebook, montrent que la logique du partage et du lien social l'emporte sur celle de la prise en compte des