Integrated production and protection in the Mediterranean region under protected cultivation Papasolomontos A. in

protected cultivation

Papasolomontos A.

in

Choukr-Allah R. (ed.).

Protected cultivation in the Mediterranean region Paris : CIHEAM / IAV Hassan II

Cahiers Options Méditerranéennes; n. 31 1999

pages 413-424

Article available on lin e / Article dispon ible en lign e à l’adresse :

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--- Papasolomontos A. In tegrated produ ction an d protection in th e Mediterran ean region u n der protected cu ltivation . In : Choukr-Allah R. (ed.). Protected cultivation in the Mediterranean region . Paris : CIHEAM / IAV Hassan II, 1999. p. 413-424 (Cahiers Options Méditerranéennes; n. 31)

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T

A.

Constantinou 14,Wicosia2121.

Abstract: have reached 186

ha in 1994. A wide range of crops are grown, but production is facing increasing difficulties primarily due to environmental degradation, a built up of pests and diseases well insect resistance to pesticides. These factors have been accentuated through intensive cultivation over time, absence of adequate rotation or fallow and increased use of pesticides, often higher than recommended rates. The prevailing situation globally assessed and the impact on production of healthy crops the adoption of

approach is discussed. The potential use and constraints in the adoption of P P in the are evaluated and a for its wider adoption outlined.

as envisaged

h

this the the

Very often

the to

the

this 123 O00 ha in 1984/&5 (FAO, 1990), to estimated 186 O00 in

A used out of

to low tunnels (FAO

tunnels, which the to the to

the is

out of the the

in to the ,high costs of as well

the to

the to meet

in the to focus in maximizing yields, at

at is

believed that as

a package, although individual components may be in in assist meeting this objective.

the the well

of the

the well suitable soils key components. Whilst it is not the this to dwell in any length on these specific issues it cm be

that within the a whole, the the

to at a cost,

individual components that may not be up to the be the

the

individually can be effected and on the assumption that they can

be economically justifia be the

k such that in the

cultivation on a sustainable basis. Thus it may not be possible to develop sites if

to be if the site to

winds, if the light intensities the

of inputs is absent.

sustainable be the selection of sites which

so that can be

be viewed in the

the and funding

the of well

the

size and single span the

i

is significant in that the

the is conducive to the development of pests and

can the as soon as

planted. The extent that these pests can be kept out of the on many

including the the the

the well as the skills and technical knowledge

of et al., 1996. 1994). Usually these the

that to the

be isolated "closed" and expensive the At the same time, and because of the

on a at five

suitable 1992). the soil pests, and

well the to the as

limiting to the

.

Crop Production

The ultimate aim of the to the

that utilized.

fiom the selection of the itself, the it is soil

of

the limitations that soils and assuming

Cahiers vol. 31 414

at the

of the d u c d the 1990).

often used in the in pots,

often combined

with

of the often available at low cost in the

leaf mou14 wood sand well

is also widely used.

the its sitting to

well as the the

well as optimum pollination. usually with black plastic will keep the of w

as well the (FAO, 1990).

Crop Protection

the it is to highlight that the seedlings used

be that to specific

pests and diseases but that these actually of

the this is not the m e and diseased seedlings (FAO,

that may subsequently be taken to limit the of these pests and diseases.

that

on within the s d the

f i s , that in the the

usually be

the use of soil in

can infat susceptible hosts within the is the

well manipulation of the the

to delay last

could be that mites.

These constitute the all those that

by man, implements and insects be the

application of the use of the use of insect

of the the use of pesticides, in the case of insects,

all the suitable

may be possible, the application of that may act hosts to

that of

implements as well the use

do, act as to the of

1994).

the options that at

pets and d i s m a bem

the use side effects of such a

Cahiers Qptìons vol. 31

to

available pesticides. As to at

the it is not unusual

20

-

30 pesticide applications to be

to the to the pesticide and the the insect's

the in keeping

the (FAO, 1992. FAO, 1990).

The in the

insect pests noted as

the

of the to be followed

by the this these

eficient in a time

to the

use commencd.

in the (

to the of

complexity but also because of the need to A pest management

miniial use of selected pesticides, and the application of all that lead to the of pests is by to be acceptable to

the of

is the a that

use to economically justified levels.

the of a the to human health and to the

developed and applied by FAO emphasizes the

also involved in to the development

of solutions.

as the FAO U.W. Agencies in

the the

to a of insecticides. As of implementation, Asian

a rice

by a substantial (FAO, 1994). This has led also to health and the

the sustainable basis, i.e., at a cost that

a

implementing a successful need to the

the conditions that

well those A to optimizing

that of and is intended to

in an of the name implies, is the

416

( )

be that this to the fact that the

including the to

so to to insect

the the the

to manipulate conditions that to disease development insect multiplication thus

the the of the

the basis, as well a good

knowledge of of the conditions that

knowledge is the of

development, density etc., need to be made to allow the to and timely decisions on

actions that need to the the yield of the

the use of

Tables 1 and 2, that to

the health of the the to

to the of these actions can assist in the elimination,

avoidance delay in disease development of infwtion

be noted that of pests and diseases is only one of these manipulations. The Tables

the that well as

in the of healthy plants

-

that

in the past with the advent of efficient pesticides that initially easily

the the passage of time, the the

well the to

of well as as well

to of A typical

example is that of the that infests a

and outside the case of the a typical

example of the damage that this insect can cause to the

it (Abdullah et et al., 1995). The white the to host plants by sucking the plant sap, thus weakening the

the exudation of honey dew, and subsequent black soot development, well

( C m ) two the cultivation

the host plants leading to the stage of the plant's infestation. The white fly

to at

the white fly has now come to substantially on the use of

of the fitted so to exclude the

well spot so to

the is in the initial the

establishment to the the

of the V. and

Schunemann 1995). A the white@ is in

in the (FAO, 1992).

vol. 31 417

vol. 31 418

Cahiers Options vol. 31 ₄₁₉

f

T

l

Cahiers Options VOL 31 ₄₂₀

t

/I

^U

Fuqi

i-

T

Cahiers Optiom VOL 31 421

is the the

is not the to

the the

the last the

use of the the

the is both on

the of the benefits that may be the application of a

successful such a

-

to type seed

-

seedlings (a

-

at an at all diseased diseased looking

- -

The adoption of

-

-

the immediate of the a

-

^.

-

desinfectation, the of

-

The use of high seed seedling benches - Use of

-

a a

-

the

-

the ^{the to}

the also enable the

-

To the extent possible, adjusting sowing dates to take insect pest populations

-

of the to establish themselves and

to multiply

-

of insect as well spot to e l i i a t e isolated pockets of pest and disease development

-

The application of the

at the

intensity of be

maintenance of good the

-

The of management and

vol. 31 ₄₂₂

TO

The in the it may be, is facing substantial

the

of insect’s pests,

in difficulties in

the adaptation of to the

also liiting

in the the situation is

is now, on onehand, the need the local fauna, (

et al., 1993. ), and the technology is slowly becoming available to beneficial insects at 1994. Whipps, 1994).

of a that the

inadequate-extension to the adoption of this management package.

A OF

As indicated in the the

to be can be widely adopted the

the is any

to be followed by the of all aspects of

to be focussed on components of

to specific diseases etc. A vital component of such a to be the

of the well the of a

to implementation by the ifthey have not done so,

should also use of highly toxic pesticides that

known to be to the well to beneficial insects.

the management will

components of can the

leading to m i n i i g pesticide applications. These

sanitation the use of

includig the

the use of needed, the

wide use of soil at the well the use

be

in

the to in the

vol. 31 ₄₂₃

Abdullah, Al Nazer, Naim S.

xii (6). pp. 101

-

109.

Batarseh F. Sami, Jaddau S.

of whiteflies

-

in vegetable and

to the UnitedNations 37 p.

-

State of the Art of

19 (1). 3 p.

Boukadida S., 1994.

Applied Entomology 118 (2). pp. 203

-

208.

Castilla N.

Elad Y., Guillino Shtienberg Aloi C., 1995.

the 14 (2). pp. 105

-

109. ^..

FAO (1994),

the 3-7 Oct. 1994, 14 p.

FAO (1992), the

114,148 p.

FAO (1991), 109,396 p.

FAO (1990), 90,3 13 p.

IMH, 1993. Les (2). pp. 50

-

53.

P., 1995.

-

communication).

Schmidt, J., 1994.

-

in 17 (3).

12

-

15.

Trottin Caudal Y., P., 1994. la tomate sous

106. pp. 24 -28.

Ann.

-

269.

Whipps, in

3. pp. 1 259 -1 264.

Cahiers Options vol. 31 ₄₂₄