واقع التلوث البيئي في الوسط الحضري

(1)

ﻤﺤ ﺩﻴﻬﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﻪ ﺭﻀﺨﻝ

ﻻﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻜ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠ ﻡﺴﻗ : ﻻﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠ

ﺓﺭﻜﺫﻤ

ﻝ ﺔﻠﻤﻜﻤ

ﺭﺘﺴﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻬﺸ لﻴﻨ

LMD

ﻲﻓ

ﻡﻠﻋ

ﻻﺍ

ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺠ

ﺹﺼﺨﺘ

:

ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ

ﻝﺍ

ﻱﺭﻀﺤ

ﻋﺇ ـ ﺒﻝﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺩ ـ ﻥﺎ : ﻑﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ : ﻲﺴﺒﺎﺒﻋ ﺩﺍﺯﺭﻬﺸ ﻁ ـــ ﻴﺴ ﻪ ــ ﺩ ﻡﺴﻻﺍ ﺏﻘﻠﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﺼﻝﺍ ﺃ / ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﻲﻠﻋ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﺩﻴﻬﺸﻝﺍ ﻪﻤﺤ ﺭﻀﺨﻝ -ﻱﺩﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﺴﻴﺌﺭ ﺃ / ﺭﻭﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﻑﺴﻭﻴ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﺩﻴﻬﺸﻝﺍ ﻪﻤﺤ ﺭﻀﺨﻝ -ﻱﺩﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻓﺭﺸﻤ ﺍﺭﺭﻘﻤﻭ ﺃ / ﻲﻜﺭﺘ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﺩﻤﺤﺃ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﺩﻴﻬﺸﻝﺍ ﻪﻤﺤ ﺭﻀﺨﻝ -ﻱﺩﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤ ﹰﺎ ةيعماجلا ةنسلا : 2017/2016 ﺭﻭﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﻑﺴﻭﻴ

ﻱﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻁﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ

ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺩﻴﻤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻝ ﻲﺤ 19 ﺱﺭﺎﻤ ﻱﺩﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﺒ

(2)

ﹾﺫﹺﺇﻭ

ﹶﻥّﹶﺫﹶﺄﺗ

ﻢﹸﻜّﺑﺭ

ﻦﺌﹶﻟ

ﻢﺗﺮﹶﻜﺷ

ﻢﹸﻜّﻧﺪﻳﹺﺯﹶﺄﹶﻟ

ﻦﺌﹶﻟﻭ

ﻢﺗﺮﹶﻔﹶﻛ

ّﹶﻥﹺﺇ

ﻲﹺﺑﺍﹶﺬﻋ

ﺪﻳﺪﺸﹶﻟ

ﻢﻴﻫﺍﺮﺑﺇ

ﺔﻳﻵﺍ

07 .

(3)

ﻥﺎﻓﺮﻋﻭ ﺮﻜﺷ

ﺭﻜﺸﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻴﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﷲ ﻪﻨﺎﺤﺒﺴ ﻰﻝﺎﻌﺘﻭ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﻘﻓﻭ ﺯﺎﺠﻨﻹ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻻﻭﺃ ، ﻡﺜ ﻪﺠﻭﺘﻨ ﺭﻜﺸﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻴﺩﻘﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻨﻓﺭﺸﻤ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ لﻀﺎﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﻑﺴﻭﻴ ، ﺎﻤﻝ ﻪﻤﺩﻗ ﺎﻨﻝ ﻥﻤ ﺢﺼﻨ ﻪﻴﺠﻭﺘﻭ ، ﻪﻝﺫﺒﻭ ﺩﻬﺠﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﺘﻗﺍﻭ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻪﺘﻗﻭ ﺔﻌﺒﺎﺘﻤﻝ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ، ﺎﻤﻜﻭ ﻡﺩﻘﺘﻨ ﻥﺎﻓﺭﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻜﺸﻝﺍﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺫﺘﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺀﺍﺯﻋﻷﺍ لﻜﻭ ﺀﻼﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻗﺩﺼﻷﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﻭﺩﻨﺎﺴ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜﻭ ﺭﻴﺨ ﺩﻨﺎﺴﻤ ﻡﻋﺍﺩﻭ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻹ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ، ﺎﻤﻜ ﻻ ﻰﺴﻨﻨ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻥﺃ ﻡﺩﻘﺘﻨ ﺹﻝﺎﺨﺒ ﺭﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻜ ﻥﻤ ﻡﺩﻗ ﺎﻨﻝ ﹰﺎﻨﻭﻋ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻨﺩﻤﺃ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺕﺎﻁﻁﺨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﺯﻼﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻹ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ، لﺄﺴﻨﻭ ﷲﺍ ﺯﻋ لﺠﻭ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻓﺭﻝ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻭ ﻡﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ، ﻥﺃﻭ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺍﺯﻴﻤ ﺎﻨﺘﺎﻨﺴﺤ ﻡﻭﻴ ﻻ ﻊﻔﻨﻴ لﺎﻤ ﻻﻭ ﻥﻭﻨﺒ ﻻﺇ ﻥﻤ ﻰﺘﺃ ﷲﺍ ﺏﻠﻘﺒ ﻡﻴﻠﺴ .

ﲔﳌﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺭ ﷲ ﺪﻤﳊﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻧﺍﻮﻋﺩ ﺮﺧﺃﻭ

.

ﺪـــــﻴﺳ ﻪﻃ

..

ﻲﺴﺑﺎﺒﻋ ﺩﺍﺯﺮﻬﺷ

..

ﺹﺨﻠﻤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ :

(4)

ﻝﺍ ﻑﺩﻬ ﻥﻤ ﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺎﻨﺘ ﻥﺎﻜﻤ لﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﻨﻴﺒ ﺕﺭﺸﺘﻨﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﻜﻔﺒ ﻡﺩﻘﺘﻨ ﻥﺃ ﻭﻫ , ﻲﻫﻭ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﺒ ﻱﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻁﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻱﺩﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻭ , ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﺇﻭ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ لﻭﻠﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻭ ﺔﻤﻴﻠﺴ ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤ ﺔﺌﻴﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍ ﺓﻭﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ , ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ لﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﻹﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ : -ﻱﺩﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﺒ ﻱﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻁﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤ ؟ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﻜ ﺎﻬﺼﻨ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍﻭ : -ﻋ ﻎﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﺜﺃ ﻪﻝ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻱﺩﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﺒ ﻱﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻁﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠ . ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺹﺤﻓ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ : ﺃ -ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺜﻤﺘﻴ ﻱﺩﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﺒ ﻱﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻁﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﺯﺭﺒﺃ . ﺏ -ﻱﺩﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﺒ ﻁﻴﺤﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﺠ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﺒﻠﺴ ﺭﺜﺃ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻠﻝ . ﺝ -ﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻠﻝ ﻱﺩﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﺒ ﺭﺍﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﺒﻠﺴ ﺭﺜﺃ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤ . ﻡﺘ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻝﻭ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻲﻔﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻓﺎﺸﻜﺘﺴﻻﺍ , ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺠﺈﺒ ﺎﻨﻤﻗﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ . ﻡﺘﻭ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻨﻭﻜﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝ ﺔﻠﺜﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﻭﺸﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ 61 ﻲﺤﺒ ﻥﻜﺎﺴ 19 ﺱﺭﺎﻤ ﺒ ﻱﺩﺍﻭﻝﺎ , ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺘﺍﺩﺃ ﻝ ﺕﻨﻤﻀﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺠ 4 ﺔﻠﺌﺴﺃ . ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺓﺍﺩﻷﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ﻥﺎﻴﺒﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻭ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﻴ 4 ﺤﻤ ﻭﺎ لﻭﻷﺍ ﺭ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﻤ 06 ﺔﻠﺌﺴﺃ . ﺎﻤﺃ ﺹﺼﺨﻤ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺭﺎﺸﺘﻨﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻠﻝ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﻤ ﺭﻭﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ 09 لﺍﺅﺴ , ﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﻪﻴﻠﻴﻭ ﻤ ﻝﺍ ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺤ لﺎﻤﺠﻭ ﻲﺤﻝﺍ ﺹﺨﻴ ﻱﺫ ﻥﻤﻀﺘ ﻁﻴﺤﻤﻝﺍ 07 ﺔﻠﺌﺴﺃ , ﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻥﻤﻀﺘﻭ ﺭﺍﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝ ﻩﺎﻨﺼﺼﺨ ﻊﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺭﻴﺨﺃﻭ 06 ﺔﻠﺌﺴﺃ . ﺔﻴﺘﻵﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺼﻠﺨﻭ : -ﻕﻘﺤﺘ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ : ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﺒ ﻱﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻁﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﺯﺭﺒﺃ لﺜﻤﺘﻴ ﻱﺩﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ . -ﻕﻘﺤﺘ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ : ﻱﺩﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﺒ ﻁﻴﺤﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﺠ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﺒﻠﺴ ﺭﺜﺃ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻠﻝ . -ﺔﺤﺼ ﻡﺩﻋ ﺔﺜﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ : ﻱﺩﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﺒ ﺭﺍﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﺒﻠﺴ ﺭﺜﺃ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻠﻝ . Study Resume

(5)

The aim of this study is to present a general idea phenomena or an issue has been recently spreaderbetween us everywhere, which is environmental pollution in the urbansociety in the city of Oued Souf, especially household wastes, and the possibility to find solutions to this issue for the sake of having urban environment and toachieve these goals, we start from answering these questions:

What is the situation of environmental pollution in the urban society in el Oued city? Where the general hypothesis was like below:

The environmental pollution has deep impact on the urban society of el Oued city. And also, starting from the procedural hypothesis:

A - the main pollution in the urban society is related to the household wastes. B -the household waste has negative touch on the esthetic of the urban society

c- The household waste has negative impact on the relationship between the residents in the city.

In order to achieve these goals, we follow exploratory descriptive method, then we preform the main study. the samples were chosen randomly, which contain 61 residents from 19 march City, el oued, and we use two tools: face to face data collection which has 4 questions. And the other tool was a survey contain 4 sections, the first section is about the personal information, based on 6 statements. The second section was on dedicated to the household wastes and the diseasespreadingbased on 09 statements. And the other section concerns about the esthetic side of the neighborhood. And finally we dedicate the fourth section to the relationship between the residents, contain 6 statements.

This study come out this point:

First hypothesis approved: most of the environmental pollution is refer back to the household waste.

Second hypothesis approved: to the household wastes negative impact on the esthetic side of the environment.

Third hypothesis disapproved: the household wasteshave negative impact on the relationship between the residents.

ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﻬﻓ

(6)

ﻥﺍﻭﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﻔﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻓﺭﻋﻭ ﺭﻜﺸ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺹﺨﻠﻤ ﺔﻴﺯﻴﻠﺠﻨﻹﺎﺒ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺹﺨﻠﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﻬﻓ لﻭﺍﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﻬﻓ لﺎﻜﺸﻷﺍ لﻭﺍﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﻬﻓ ﻕﺤﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﻬﻓ ﺔﻤﺎﻋ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ ﺃ ﻱﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ لﻭﻷﺍ : لﺨﺩﻤ ﻲﻤﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻭ ﻲﻝﺎﻜﺸﺘﺴﺍ -1 ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍ 4 -2 ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ 5 -3 ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ 6 4 -ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ 6 -5 ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ 7 6 -ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ 9 ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﻅﻨ لﺨﺩﻤ ﺩﻴﻬﻤﺘ : 15 ﻻﻭﺃ : ﺭﻀﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻤ 16

(7)

-1 ﺭﻀﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ 16 -2 ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﻭ لﺤﺍﺭﻤ ﺕﺎﺴﺎﻜﻌﻨﺍﻭ ﺭﻀﺤﺘﻝﺍ 17 -21 -3 ﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺯ 22 -4 ﺭﻀﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨ 23 ﺎﻴﻨﺎﺜ : ﺭﺩﻠﻝ لﺎﺠﻤﻜ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺴﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﺴ 32 -1 ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ 32 -2 ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺩﻤﻝﺍ 33 -3 ﻥﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻨﺼﺘ 35 -4 ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨ 38 ﺔﺼﻼﺨ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ 41 ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻬﻤﺘ : 43 ﻻﻭﺃ : ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ لﻭﺤ لﺌﺎﺴﻤ 44 -1 ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ 44 -2 ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤﻝﺍ لﺤﻤ 46 -3 ﻊﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺱﺴﺃ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ 47 -4 ﻱﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻅﺎﻅﺘﻜﻻﺍ ﻩﺭﺎﺜﺁﻭ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ 48 ﺎﻴﻨﺎﺜ : ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ 49 -1 ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ 49 -2 ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ لﺎﻜﺸﺃ 50 -3 ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ 59

(8)

-4 ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ 61 ﺔﺼﻼﺨ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ 63 ﻊﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : ﻹﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠ ﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔ ﺩﻴﻬﻤﺘ 65 ﻻﻭﺃ : ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤ 66 ﺎﻴﻨﺎﺜ : ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤ 67 ﺎﺜﻝﺎﺜ : ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺠ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃ 68 ﺱﻤﺎﺨﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : ﻭ ﺽﺭﻋ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﺩﻴﻬﻤﺘ 71 ﻻﻭﺃ : ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘﻭ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ 72 -ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘﻭ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﻷﺍ 72 -ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘﻭ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ لﻭﻷﺍ ﺭﻭﺤﻤﻝﺍ 76 -ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘﻭ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺤﻤﻝﺍ 83 -ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘﻭ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺤﻤﻝﺍ 87 ﺎﻴﻨﺎﺜ : ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤ 90 ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﻼﺨ 94 -ﺕﺎﺤﺭﺘﻘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺼﻭﺘﻝﺍ 95 ﻊﺠﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺌﺎﻗ 97 ﻕﺤﻼﻤﻝﺍ 106 لﻭﺍﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﻬﻓ

(9)

لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ﻥﺍﻭﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﻔﺼﻝﺍ لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 1 ( ﺢﻀﻭﻴ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﺤ ﺱﻨﺠﻝﺍ 71 لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 2 ( ﺢﻀﻭﻴ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﺏﺴﺤ ﻥﺴﻝﺍ 71 لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 3 ( ﺢﻀﻭﻴ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﺤ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ 72 لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 4 ( ﺢﻀﻭﻴ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﺤ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ 73 لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 5 ( ﺢﻀﻭﻴ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﺤ لﺼﺃ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ 74 لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 6 ( ﺢﻀﻭﻴ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﺤ ﺓﺩﻤ ﺔﻤﺎﻗﻹﺍ ﻲﺤﻝﺎﺒ 74 لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 7 ( ﺢﻀﻭﻴ ﺩﺩﻋ ﺕﺍﺭﻤ ﻊﻤﺠﺘ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ 75 لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 8 ( ﺢﻀﻭﻴ ﺩﺩﻋ ﺕﺍﺭﻤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﺄﺘ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺔﻨﺤﺎﺸ ﺔﻤﺎﻤﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻉﻭﺒﺴﻷﺍ 76 لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 9 ( ﺢﻀﻭﻴ ﻥﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﺼﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﺭﻝ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻝﺍ 77 لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 10 ( ﺢﻀﻭﻴ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜ ﻲﻤﺭ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻝﺍ 78 لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 11 ( ﻥﻴﺒﻴ ﻯﺩﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺙﻭﻠﺘ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ 79 لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 12 ( ﺢﻀﻭﻴ ﻯﺩﻤ ﺭﻭﻬﻅ ﺽﺍﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﺭﺎﺸﺘﻨﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻝﺍ 79 لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 13 ( ﺢﻀﻭﻴ ﻯﺩﻤ ﺭﻭﻌﺸ ﻥﺎﻜﺴ ﻲﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺨﺒ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ 80 لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 14 ( ﻥﻴﺒﻴ ﻉﺯﻭﺘ ﺽﺍﺭﻤﺃ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﺤ لﻭﺼﻔﻝﺍ 80 لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 15 ( ﺢﻀﻭﻴ ﻕﺭﻁ ﻱﺩﺎﻔﺘ ﺔﺒﺎﺼﻹﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻤﻷﺎﺒ ﺔﺠﺘﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ 81 لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 16 ( ﻥﻴﺒﻴ ﻯﺩﻤ ﻕﻓﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺭﻭﺭﻤ ﺔﻨﺤﺎﺸ ﺔﻤﺎﻤﻘﻝﺍ 82 لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 17 ( ﻥﻴﺒﻴ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﺤﺒ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﻨﻷﺍ ﺹﻠﺨﺘﻠﻝ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﺎﻤﻘﻝﺍ 82 لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 18 ( ﻥﻴﺒﻴ ﻱﺃﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺎﻤﻋ ﺔﻓﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ 83 لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 19 ( ﻥﻴﺒﻴ ﻱﺃﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺔﻴﺩﻠﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻼﻤﺤ ﻑﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﺤﻝﺎﺒ 83 لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 20 ( ﻥﻴﺒﻴ ﻱﺃﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﻡﺎﻅﺘﻨﺇ ﺕﻴﻗﺍﻭﻤ لﺎﻤﻋ ﺔﻓﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﺤﻝﺎﺒ 84

(10)

لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 21 ( ﻥﻴﺒﻴ ﻱﺃﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﺤﺒ ﺭﻫﺎﻅﻤ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺘﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻠﻝ 85 لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 22 ( ﻥﻴﺒﻴ ﻱﺃﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺘﺭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ 84 لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 23 ( ﻥﻴﺒﻴ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﺓﺭﻴﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﺎﻜﺴ ﻲﺤﻝﺍ 86 لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 24 ( ﻥﻴﺒﻴ ﻱﺃﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻯﺩﻤ لﻴﻀﻔﺘ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﻲﺤﻝﺎﺒ . 86 لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 25 ( ﻥﻴﺒﻴ ﻱﺃﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻯﺩﻤ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤ ﻲﺤﻝﺎﺒ 87 لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 26 ( ﻥﻴﺒﻴ ﻯﺩﻤ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻼﻤﺤ ﻑﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﺤﻝﺎﺒ . 87 لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 27 ( ﻥﻴﺒﻴ ﻯﺩﻤ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﺕﺎﺤﺍﺭﺘﻘﻤﻝﺍ لﺤﻝ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤ ﻲﺤﻝﺍ 88 لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 28 ( ﻥﻴﺒﻴ ﻱﺩﻤ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﺘ ﺔﻴﺤﺼ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺕﺎﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺤﻝﺍ . 88 لﺎﻜﺸﻷﺍ ﺱﺭﻬﻓ

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لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ﻥﺍﻭﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﻔﺼﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 01 ( ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻘﻓﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝ ﺱﺠﺭﻴﺒ 25 لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 02 ( ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻘﻓﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝ ﺭﻤﻭﻫ ﺕﻴﺍﻭﻫ 27 لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 03 ( ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ لﻜﻝ ﻥﻤ ﺱﻴﺭﺎﻫ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻤﻝﻭﺃ 29 لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 04 ( ﺢﻀﻭﻴ ﺕﺍﺭﻤ ﺩﺩﻋ ﻊﻤﺠﺘ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ 75 لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 05 ( ﺢﻀﻭﻴ ﺩﺩﻋ ﺕﺍﺭﻤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﺄﺘ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺔﻨﺤﺎﺸ ﺔﻤﺎﻤﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻉﻭﺒﺴﻷﺍ 76 لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 06 ( ﺢﻀﻭﻴ ﻥﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﺼﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﺭﻝ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻝﺍ 78 ﻕﺤﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﺤﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ﻥﺍﻭﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﻕﺤﻠﻤ ﻡﻗﺭ : 01 ﺍ ﻥﺎﻴﺒﺘﺴ ﻕﺤﻠﻤ ﻡﻗﺭ : 02 ﺓﺭﺎﻤﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﺤﻠﻤ ﻡﻗﺭ : 03 ﻲﺤ 19 ﺱﺭﺎﻤ , ﺔﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﺌﻭ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻭﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﻝ ﺔﻓﺎﻴﻀﻝﺍ ﻕﺤﻠﻤ ﻡﻗﺭ : 04 ﻲﺤ 19 ﺱﺭﺎﻤ ﺀﺍﺭﻭ ﺭﺍﺩ ﺔﻓﺎﻴﻀﻝﺍ , ﻕﻴﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﻱﺩﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺸﺭﻸﻝ ﻕﺤﻠﻤ ﻡﻗﺭ : 05 ﺢﻀﻭﻴ ﺭﺎﺸﺘﻨﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻤﻘﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻭﺸﺘﻭ ﻁﻴﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﺤﻝ 19 ﺱﺭﺎﻤ 1962 ﻕﺤﻠﻤ ﻡﻗﺭ : 06 ﺢﻀﻭﻴ ﻊﻀﻭ ﺱﺎﻴﻜﺃ ﺔﻤﺎﻤﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺃ لﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺤﺒ 19 ﺱﺭﺎﻤ 1962 ﻕﺤﻠﻤ ﻡﻗﺭ : 07 ﺢﻀﻭﻴ ﺔﻨﺤﺎﺸ ﻊﻤﺠ ﺔﻤﺎﻤﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﺤﺒ 19 ﺱﺭﺎﻤ 1962

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ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ

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أ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺩﻤ ﺵﻴﻌﺘ ﻔﺒ ﺎﻌﺴﺍﻭ ﺎﻴﺭﻀﺤ ﺍﻭﻤﻨ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯﻝﺍ لﻌ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺩﻤﻝﺍ ، ﺘﺩﺍﺯ ﻥﻴﺘﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺘﺎﻫ ﺎ ﺭﺎﺸﺘﻨﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤ ﻡﻗﺎﻔﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻠﺨﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻴﺤﻷﺍ ﻔ ﻥﻋ ﺞﺘﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﻤ لﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺎﻤﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﻭﻜﺃ ﻡﻜﺍﺭﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺸﺘﻨﺍﻭ ﺔ ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻋ ﺩﺎﻴﺩﺯﺍ ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﺍﻭ ﻡﺩﻘﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺸﻴﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻋﻭ ﻉﺎﺒﺘﺇ ﻕﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺌﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﻤﻼﺴﻭ ﻪﺘﺤﺼ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﺩﺩﻬﺘ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤﻭ لﻘﻨﻭ ﻊﻤﺠ ﻲﻓ . ﻻ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻠﻝ ﻥﺇ ﺓﺭﺸﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻠﻫﺎﺠﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ، ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻭ ﺓﺎﻓﻭﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﺩﺤﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻭ ﺔﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺌﺎﻜﻠﻝ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺼﻝﺍ ، ﻲﻫﻭ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﺘ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺢﻤﻼﻤﻠﻝ ﺎﻌﺒﺘ ﺎﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤ ﻥﻴﺎﺒﺘ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻠﻝ ، ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﻗ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝ ﺎﻌﺒﺘ ﺎﻴﻨﻤﺯﻭ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺱﻜﻌﻨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺵﻴﻌﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻠﻝ ﻪﺜﻴﻭﻠﺘ ﺕﺎﺠﺭﺩﻭ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺤﻓﺎﻜﻤ . ﺭﻬﻅ ﺎﻌﻴﻨﺼﺘ ﺭﺜﻜﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻔﻓ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻘﺒ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻠﻝ ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻌﻠﻝ ﻁﺭﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺩﺎﻬﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﻌﻤ ﻰﺼﻗﺃ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ل ﻭﻤﻨﻠﻝ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺹﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻱﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺜﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ . ﺓﺭﻭﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﺩﺤﻝ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨﻭ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻭ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻉﺭﺎﺴﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﺎﻤﻴﻜﻝﺍ ﺍﻭ ﺔﻌﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝ ﺔﻗﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻝﻭﺘ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ﻑﺍﺯﻨﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﺍﻭﻤﻠﻝ ﺭﺌﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﺙﺭﺍﻭﻜﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﺩﺤﻭ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺩﺭ ، ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﻯﺩﺃ ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ لﻜﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻬﻅ ﻪﻨﻋ ﺞﺘﻨ ﺎﻤﻤ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﺯﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻠﺨ ﺙﻭﺩﺤ ﻰﻝﺇ . ﻡﺎﻤﺃﻭ ﺭﺎﻁﺨﻷﺍ لﻜ ﺕﺎﺌﻴﻬﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﻋﺭﺎﺴ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻪﺠﺍﻭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ، ﺕﺎﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻫﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﺩﺤ ﻊﻀﻭﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ . ﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺒﺘﻌﻤ ﺕﺍﺩﻭﻬﺠﻤ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﻝﺫﺒ ﺩﻘﻝﻭ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻭﻫﺩﺘ ، لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺠ ﺔﺤﻓﺎﻜﻤﻝ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﻤ ﻓ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻲ ﻱﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻁﺴﻭﻝﺍ . ﻲﻨﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﻭﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻱﺩﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘﻭ ﻱﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻁﺴﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻴﺒﻠﺴ ﺕﺭﺜﺃ ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒ ﺭﺎﺜﺁ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺩﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻊﺴﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ .

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ب ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻓﻭ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺴﻝ ﺔﻁﺨ ﻊﻀﻭﺒ ﺎﻨﻤﻗ ﺙﻴﺤ : ﻻﻭﺃ : ﻱﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﺴﻘﻝﺍ ، ﻡﻀﻴﻭ لﻭﺼﻓ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ . لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : ﻤﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻭ ﻲﻝﺎﻜﺸﺘﺴﺇ لﺨﺩﻤ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺎﻨﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﺩﻗ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺜ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ ﻲ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺇ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﺢﻴﻀﻭﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ، ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃﻭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ، ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ، ﺍﺭﻴﺨﺃﻭ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻋ . ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﻅﻨ لﺨﺩﻤ ﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺎﻨﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ، لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻭ ﺕﺎﺴﺎﻜﻌﻨﻹﺍﻭ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻀﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺃ ﺩﺭﺴ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺯﻷﺍ ﺭﻀﺤﺘﻝﺍ ، ﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻔﻴﻨﺼﺘ ﻡﻫﺃﻭ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺍﺫ . ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : ﺎﻬﻌﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺱﺴﺃﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺎﻨﻗﺭﻁﺘ ، ﺎﻤﺃ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻨﺯﻜﺭ ﻲﻝﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻩﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤﻭ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ لﺎﻜﺸﺃﻭ ﻑ ﻪﺒﺎﺒﺴﺃﻭ . ﺎﻴﻨﺎﺜ : ﺎﻤ ﺎﻨﻤﻀﺘﻭ ﻥﻴﻠﺼﻓ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﺘﺸﺎﻓ ﻲﻨﺍﺩﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ﻲﻠﻴ : ﺱﻤﺎﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﻊﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺙﺤﺒﻠﻝ ﻲﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﺎﻤﻬﻴﻓ ﺎﻨﻀﺭﻋ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻱﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻨﺎﻤﺯﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻨﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺎﻤﺒ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻭ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃﻭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝ ﻕﺭﻁﺘﻝﺍ ، ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤﻭ ﺽﺭﻋﻭ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺠ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃ ﺎﻨﺠﺭﺩﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ، ﻭ ﺽﺭﻋ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺎﻬﺘﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤﻭ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻭ . ﻘﺘ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻤﺘﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺼﻨﻝ ﺕﺎﺤﺍﺭﺘﻗﻹﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻡﻴﺩ ﺕﺎﻴﺼﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ .

(15)

لﺼﻔﻝﺍ

لﻭﻷﺍ

:

لﺨﺩﻤ

ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ

1 -ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ

ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍ

2 -ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ

ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ

ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ

3 -ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ

ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ

4 -ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ

ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ

5 -ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ

ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ

6 -ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ

ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ

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4 1 -ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ : ﺕﻌﻓﺩ ﺕﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﻻﺍ ﻀﺤﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲ ﺎﻴﺯ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻠﺜﻤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺩ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻫﺩﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻫﺩﺩﻋﻭ ﻥﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺠﺤ ﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺎﻔﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻀ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻫﺎﻅﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺎﻤﺒ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻁﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ، ﺎﻤﺒﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺜﺁ ﺞﺘﻨﺘ ﺕﺃﺩﺒ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ﺫﺇ ﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﺭﻬﻅ ﻲﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻌﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﻊﻴﻨﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺤ لﻼﺨ ، ﻰﻝﺇ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻩﺩﻬﺸ ﺎﻤ ﺃﻭﺴﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﺽﺨﻤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺤ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻁﺎﻁﺤﻨﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ، ﺁ ﺩﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﻥﻭﻜﻴﺴﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻯﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﻌﺒ ﺭﺎﺜ ﺽﺭﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻅﻓﺎﺤﻤﻠﻝ ﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺤ ﺓ ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻭﺯﺘ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﺒ ﻥﻭﺠﺎﺘﺤﻴ ﺎﻤ ، ﻙﻝﺫﺒﻭ ﻓ لﻠﺨ ﺙﺩﺤﺃ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻭﻫﺩﺘﻭ ، ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ﺙﻴﺤﺒ ﻁﺨ ﺔﻗﺎﻁ ﻕﻭﻓ ﺵﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺭ لﺎﻤﺘﺤﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ، ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﻁﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺯﻭﺭﺒ لﻼﺨ ﻱﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ . ﻌﺘﻭ ﺭﺒ ﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻴﺔ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺤﺄﺒ ﻕﺤﻠﻴ ﻲﻔﻴﻜ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻤﻜ ﺭﻴﻐﺘ لﻜ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺍ لﻌﻔﺒ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﺯﻴﻔﻝﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺤﺃ ﻭﺃ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹ ﻪﺘﺎﻔﺼ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﻐﺘ ﻭﺃ ﻪﺼﻘﻨﺒ ، لﺨﻴ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺠﺭﺩﺒ ﻪﻨﺯﺍﻭﺘ ﺎﻴﺒﻠﺴ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺜﺅﺘ ﺔ ، ﻤﺯﻷﺍﻭ ﺭﺎﻁﺨﻷﺍ لﻤﺠﻤ ﻥﺇ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﺕﺎ ﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﻤﻌﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺤ ﻼﻋ لﻴﻠ ﺔﻗ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺴﻝﺍ ، ﺎﺴﺎﺴﺃ لﻤﺤﺘ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﻤ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ، ﻴﺒﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺙﺩﺤﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻀ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺎﺒ ﺔ ﻴﺔ ﻱﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻁﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺫ . ﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺎﻓ ﻲ ﻥﺫﺇ لﻭﺤﺘ ﻭﻫ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺼﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬ ﺘﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤﻝ ﺎﻬ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ، ﺎﺒﻠﺴ ﺭﺜﺅﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺌﺎﻜﻝ ﺔﻴﺤﻝﺍ ) ﻹﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﻥﺎﺴﻨ ﻡﺃ ﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺎﻤﺒ ﺽﺭﻷﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻡﺃ ﺀﺎﻁﻏ ﺘﺎﺒﻨ ﺕﺎﺤﻁﺴﻤﻭ ﻲ ﺎﻤ ﺔﻴﺌ ﻭ ﺀﺍﻭﻫ .... ﺦﻝﺇ . ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤ ﻥﻤﻭ ، ﻼﺜﻤ ﺩﺠﻨ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ ، ﻕﺭﺅﺘ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺩﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ، ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺎﻤﺒ ، ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺫﺸﺘ ﻻ ﻱﺩﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻭ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻘﻝﺍ ، ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻭ ﻪﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻊﺴﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻭﻤﻨﻝﺍ ، ﻭ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺘﻴ ﻥﻤﺍﺯ ﻊﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﻌﻗﺭ ﻲﻓ ﻊﺴﻭﺘ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ، ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺀﻲﺸﻝﺍ ﻠﻋ ﻱﻭﻁﻨﻴ ﻰ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﺩﺩﻬﺘ ﺕﺘﺎﺒ ﻁﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻴﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﺔ.

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5 ﻷ ﺭﻅﻨﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻫ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﺘﺭﻭﻁﺨﻭ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ، ﻥﺤﻨ ﺎﻨﻤﻗ ﺒ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻝﺎﺘ ﻜﺭ ﻴ ﻱﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻁﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯ ، ﻩﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﻻﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﺎﻀﺭﻌﺘ ﺕ – ﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺒ ﺎﻨﻤﻗ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ لﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍ ﺡﺭﻁ : ﺎﻤ ؟ﻱﺩﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝ ﻱﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻁﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﻭﻫ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺅﺎﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﺯﺭﺒﺘ ﻪﻝﻼﺨ ﻥﻤﻭ : -ﺎﻤ ﻲﻫ ﻱﺩﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ؟ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﻯﺩﻤ ﺎﻤ ﻁﻴﺤﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﺠ ؟ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﻯﺩﻤ ﺎﻤ ﺭﺍﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ؟ ﻭ ﺕﻻﺅﺎﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﻹ ﻤﻗ ﺎﻨ ﺒ ﺔﻏﺎﻴﺼ ﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﺎ ﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺔ : ﺔﻴﺴﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ : ﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﻲ ﻱﺩﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝ ﻱﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻁﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻎﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﺜﺃ ﻪﻝ . ﻨﺘﻭ ﺭﺩ ﺔﻴﺌﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﺤﺘ ﺝ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ : ﺯﺭﺒﺃ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺜﻤﺘﻴ ﻱﺩﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﺒ ﻱﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻁﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ . ﻁﻴﺤﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﺠ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﺒﻠﺴ ﺭﺜﺃ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻠﻝ . ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻠﻝ ﺭﺍﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﺒﻠﺴ ﺭﺜﺃ ﺒ ﻱﺩﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤ . -2 ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ : ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﻤﺠ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ، ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺎﻫﺩﺩﺤﻨ : -ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﺼﺼﺨﺘ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺝﺭﺩﻨﻴ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ، ﺎﻨﺒ ﺭﺩﺠﻴ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﻗﻼﻋﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺴﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺽﻭﺨﻝﺍ ، ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﺯﺭﺒﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺜﺅﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ . -ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻝﺍ ، ﺔﻤﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻠﻝ ﻥﻴﺭﻴﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻝﻭﺌﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﺭﺅﺘ .

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6 ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﺕﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻗ ﺎﻤﻭ ﺏﺘﺭﺘﻴ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺎﺜﺁ ﺔﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻁﺴﻭﻝﺍﻭ . -3 ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ : ﻥﻤﻭ لﻼﺨ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﺜﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻥﻤﻜﺘ ﺭﻜﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷﺍ " ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺒ ﻱﺩﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺩﻤ ، ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺸﺘﻨﺍ لﻜﺸﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻴﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻴﺤﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺸﻤﺎﻬﻝﺍ ﻨﻴ ﺔ ، ﻭ ﺯﺭﺒﺘ ﺍﺫﻝ ﻱﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻁﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺩﻭ ﺔﻔﻴﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ، ﻙﻝﺫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺘﺭﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﺒﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﺩﻭﺩﺭﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ . -4 ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ : ﻑﺩﻬﺘ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﻭﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺜﺤﺒ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺎﻨ ، ﻥﻜﻤﺘﻨ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻤ ﺹﻴﺨﺸﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻪﺘﻼﻜﺸﻤﻭ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ . ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﺒﺒﺴﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ . -ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﺔﺒﻠﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺠﺘﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺜﻵﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ، ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺃ ﻲﺌﻴﺒ ﻲﻋﻭ ﻕﻠﺨ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺎﻓﻹﺍ لﺠ ، لﻗﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺜﺁ ﻥﻤ لﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍﻭ . ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﻕﺭﻁ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻠﻝ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ . ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻝ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﺤﻝﺍ ، ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﻡﺜ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻴﺤﻷﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﺴ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺦﻴﺴﺭﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﺴﺤﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ . ﺽﻌﺒﻝ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺍ ﺕﺎﺤ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺩﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ .

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7 -5 ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ : ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ : ﻭﺃ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻤ ﻁﺴﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺜﻭﻠﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝ ﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻭﺃ ﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﺨﺩﻹﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺏﺒﺴﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﺴ ﻭﺃ ﺔﺒﻠﺼ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺯﺎﻏ ﺕﺎﺒﻜﺭﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﻕﻼﻁﺇ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻬﻤﺎﻅﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﻐﺘ 1 . ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ : ﻲﻤﻜ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘ ﻭﻫ ﺔﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻔﻴﻜ ﻭﺃ ﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻭﺃ ﺭﺩﻘﺘ ﻻﻭ ﺔ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻷﺍ ﺍ ﺘﺴ ﻴ ﻪﺒﺎﻌ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﺙﺩﺤﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺯﺍﻭﺘ لﺘﺨﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻭﺩ 2 . ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ : ﻡﺎﻋ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻤﻠﻜ ، ﺭﻭﻬﻅ ﻲﻨﻌﺘ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺀﻲﺸ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﺎﻜﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤ ﺏﺴﺎﻨﻤ ، ﻥﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺎﺒﻭﻏﺭﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻻﻭ 3 . ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ : ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺏﻭﻏﺭﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺓﺭﻭﺼﺒ ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ لﺍﻭﺤﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ لﻜ ﻭﻫ ، ﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻗﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ لﻌﻔﺒ ﺎﻴﻠﻜ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻴﺌﺯﺠ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﺯﻴﻔﻝﺍ لﺍﻭﺤﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻋﺎﻌﺸﻹﺍ .... ﺇ ﺦﻝ 4 . ﻲﺌﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ : ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻭﻫ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ لﺨﺩﺘ ﻥﻋ ﺞﺘﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻔﻴﻜﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻤﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ، ﻜ ﺀﺍﻭﻬﻝﺎ ، ﺀﺎﻤﻝﺍ ، ﺔﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ . ﺎﻨﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺩﺼﻘﻨﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺠﺍﻭﺘﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﺤ 19 ﺱﺭﺎﻤ ﻱﺩﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﻴﺩﻤﺒ . 1 لﺎﻁﻋ ﺓﺩﻭﻌﺴﻤ : ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤﺒ ﻪﺘﻗﻼﻋﻭ ﻱﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻭﻤﻨﻝﺍ ، ﺔﻨﺘﺎﺒ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﺒ ﺔﻠﻤﺤ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻲﺤﺒ ﺔﻴﺍﺩﻴﻤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ، ﻤ ﻱﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺠﻹﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﺹﺼﺨﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺘﺴﺠﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻬﺸ لﻴﻨﻝ ﺔﻠﻤﻜﻤ ﺓﺭﻜﺫ ، ﺭﻀﺨﻝ ﺝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ‘ ﺔﻨﺘﺎﺒ ، 2009/2008 ، ﺹ 58 . 2 ﺔﻨﻭﻤﻜ ﺭﺩﻴﺤ : ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻁﻁﺨ ﺩﻴﺸﺭﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ لﻜﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ، ﺔﻤﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﻴﺒ ﻥﻋ ﺭﺩﺼﺘ ﺔﻴﺭﻬﺸ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻗ ﺔﻴﺭﻜﻓ ﺔﻠﺠﻤ ، ﺩﺩﻌﻝﺍ 22 ، ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻜ ، 2002 ، ﺹ 116 . 3 ﻡﻼﺴﺇ ﺕﺤﺩﻤ ﺩﻤﺤﺃ : ﺭﺼﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ، ﻁ ﺏ ، ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻠﻝ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺩﺼﻴ ﺔﻴﺭﻬﺸ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜ ﺏﺘﻜ ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺴ ﻥﻭﻨﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﺍﺩﻵﺍﻭ ، ﺕﻴﻭﻜﻝﺍ ، 1990 ، ﺹ 17 . 4 ﻥﺎﺤﺭﺴ ﺩﻭﻤﺤﻤ ﺩﻤﺤﺃ ﺔﻤﻴﻅﻨ : ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤﻝ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻹﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﺝﺎﻬﻨﻤ ، ﻁ 1 ، ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ، ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺍ ، 2005 ، ﺹ 15 .

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8 ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ لﻤﺸﻴ لﻤﺎﻜﺘﻤ لﻜ ﻲﻫ ، ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺭﺜﺅﻴ ﺎﻤﻭ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺏﻜﻭﻜ ﻲﻫﻭ ﻥﻭﻜﻠﻝ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ... 1 ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ : ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻜﻴﻹﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻓﺭﻌﻴ : ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻨﻤ لﺼﺤﻴﻝ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺵﻴﻌﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﻪﺒ ﺭﺜﺄﺘﻴﻭ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻪﺘﺎﺠﺎﺤ ﻉﺎﺒﺸﻹ ﺔﻤﺯﻼﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ 2 . ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ : لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻀﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﺌﺎﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﻁﻴﺤﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ لﻜﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ لﻜﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﺩﻴﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻥﻷ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺎﺒ ﻁﻴﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﺤﺍﻭﻨﺒ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤ ﺎﻤﻫﻼﻜ 3 . ﻲﺌﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﺤ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺎﺒ ﻁﻴﺤﻴ ﺎﻤ لﻜ ﻲﻫ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻴﻭﺘﺤﺘ ﺎﻤﻭ ﺕﺎﺒﻨﻝﺎﻜ ﺩﺍﻭﻤ ، ﻥﺍﻭﻴﺤﻝﺍ ... ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ : ﻊﻤ ﺏﻨﺠ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﺒﻨﺠ لﻤﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻋﻭﻨﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ لﺜﻤﺘ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺒ ، ﺎﻬﻝ ﺔﺌﻴﺒ لﺜﻤﺘ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒﻭ ، ﻥﻤ ﺩﺩﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻔﻝﺅﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﻬﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﺼﻭﺼﺨ ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻷﺍ ، ﺃﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﺎﻜﺴ ﺔﺸﻴﻌﻤ ﺏﻭﻠﺴﻷ ﺔﻝﺍﺩﻜ لﻤﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻫﺩﻴﻝﺎﻘﺘﻭ ﻡﻫﺭﺎﻜﻓ ﺔﻴﺯﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻓﺍﺭﻋﺃﻭ 4 ﻪﻨﻤ لﺼﺤﻴﻭ ﺭﻀﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺵﻴﻌﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻁﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﻑﺭﻌﺘ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻪﺘﺎﻴﺤ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻘﻤﻭ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ، ﺕﺎﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺱﺭﺎﻤﻴﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍﻭ ، ﻪﺒ ﺭﺜﺄﺘﻴﻭ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺭﺜﺅﻴ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ 5 . ﻑﺭﻌﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ : ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﻥﺎﻜﺴ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﻷ ﺎﻘﻓﻭ ﻡﻬﺘﺎﻴﺤ ﻥﻭﻤﻅﻨﻴ ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﻊﻗﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻑﺜﺎﻜﺘﻴ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻨ 1 ﻲﻨﻴﺭﺒﺎﺼ ﺩﻌﺴ ﺩﻤﺤﻤﻭ ﺩﻤﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺸﺭ : ﺎﻬﺘﻼﻜﺸﻤﻭ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ، ﻁ ﺏ ، ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺩﺼﻴ ﺔﻴﺭﻬﺸ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜ ﺏﺘﻜ ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺴ ﺏﺍﺩﻵﺍﻭ ﻥﻭﻨﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻠﻝ ، ﺕﻴﻭﻜﻝﺍ ، 1979 ، ﺹ 26 . 2 -ﺔﻴﻁﻋ ﻲﻗﻭﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺍﺭﺒﺇ ﻕﺭﺎﻁ : ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤﻝ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻷﺍ ، ﻁ ﺏ ، ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ، ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺍ ، 2009 ، ﺹ 104 . 3 ﻲﻤﻴﻫﺍﺭﺒ ﻑﺒﺭﺸ : ﻱﺭﺸﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ لﻅ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺇ ﺭﻭﻅﻨﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ (2011-2001) ، ﺔﻠﺠﻤ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ، ﺩﺩﻋ 12 ، ﻲﻠﻋﻭﺒ ﻥﺒ ﺔﺒﻴﺴﺤ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ، ﻑﻠﺸﻝﺍ ، ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ، 2013 ، ﺹ 96 . 4 ﻲﺴﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺒﻋ ﻡﺸﺎﻫ ﺏﻭﻘﻌﻴ ﺡﻼﺼ ﺭﺩﺒ : ﻱﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻤﺼﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻁﻴﻁﺨﺘﻝﺍ ، لﻜﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺤ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﺔﺴﺒﺭﺩ ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ، ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺸﻨﻠﻝ ﺹﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ، ﻥﺩﺭﻷﺍ ، 2006 ، ﺹ 93 . 5 ﺏﺎﺠﺤ ﺭﻴﻨﻤ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ : ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤﻭ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ، ﻲﻤﻼﺴﺇ ﺭﻭﻅﻨﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻗ ، ﻁ 1 ، ﺭﺠﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ، ﺭﺼﻤ ، 1999 ، ﺹ 23 .

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9 ﻑﻴﺭﻝﺍ ، ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﺎﻤﺭﻤﺯﻭ ﻥﻴﻜﺭﻭﺴ لﺜﻤ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻰﻬﺘﻨﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻑﻴﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻫﺯﻴﻤﺘﻭ 1 . ﻲﺌﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ : ﺔﻓﺎﺜﻜ ﻥﻤ لﻜﺸﺘﻴ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺇ ﻕﺴﻨ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻲﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻋ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﻤﺠ ﻥﻭﺴﺭﺎﻤﻴﻭ ﻡﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﺔﻜﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻝ ﻥﻭﻌﺴﻴ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﺓﺩﻭﺩﺤﻤ ﺔﻴﻓﺍﺭﻐﺠ ﺩﻭﺩﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ . -6 ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ : -1-6 ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ : -1-1-6 ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ : ﻊﺒﻀﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺅﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﺏﻝﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ ﻥﻤ ، ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﻭﻨﻋ ﺕﺤﺘ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﻱﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﺨﺃ 2 . ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻑﺩﻬﺘ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﺨﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻭﻌﻤ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺯﺭﺒﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﺨﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤﻝ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺩ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ، ﺩﻭﻬﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ لﻋﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﻴﺒ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍ ﺩﻭﻬﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻀﻗ ﻊﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ . ﺙﻴﺤ ﺭﺎﺘﺨﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﺩﻋ ﻎﻠﺒ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﻭﺸﻋ ﺔﻨﻴﻋ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ 442 ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺭﺃ ﻥﻭﻠﺜﻤﻴ ﺙﻭﺤﺒﻤ ، ﺔﻔﻴﺤﺼ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺠ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﻴﺒﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺔﻠﺌﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺕﻨﻤﻀﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ . ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﻠﺼﻭﺘﻭ : ﺢﻔﻁﻭ ﺔﻤﺎﻤﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﺢﻁﺴﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘ ﻲﻫ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻫﺎﻅﻤ ﺯﺭﺒﺃ ﻥﺃ ﻉﺭﺍﻭﺸﻝﺍ ﻑﺼﺭ ﻡﺩﻋﺯ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ، لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺍﻭﻬﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤﻝ ﺓﺭﻭﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﻤﺴﻹﺍ ﻊﻨﺎﺼﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺞﺘﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﻐﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺒﺭﺘﻷﺍ ﺭﻴﺎﻁﺘﻭ . ﺕﻨﻴﺒ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﺄﺒ ﺎﻴﺒﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﺎﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﺇ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﻴ ﻱﺎﺼﺘﻗﻹﺍﻭ ﻲﻨﻬﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ 1 -ﻲﻁﻭﻝﺎﻤﺴﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﻨ : ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺠﻹﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ، ﻁ 2 ، ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻠﻝ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﻬﻝﺍ ، ﺔﻴﺭﺩﻨﻜﺴﻹﺍ ، 1978 ، ﺹ ﺹ 242 - 241 . 2 ﻊﺒﻀﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺅﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ : ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻗﻭ ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺠﻹﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ، ﺭﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﻨﺩﻝ ﺀﺎﻓﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ، ﺔﻴﺭﺩﻨﻜﺴﻹﺍ ، 2006 .

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10 ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺜﺁ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻅﻨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻅﻓﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ، ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﻠﺼﻭﺘﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﺎﻬﺴﺇﻭ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ لﺎﻌﻓ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻭ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ﻲﻨﻘﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻤﻴﺩﺎﻜﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺩﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﺨﺄﺒ ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﺘﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ . ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻝﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺯﺍﺭﺒﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﻔﻠﺘﺨﺇ ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻬﺠﻝﺍ لﻋﺎﻔﺘ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﺠ . ﺕﺎﺴﺎﻜﻌﻨﺃ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺎﻤﺎﻫ ﺎﺒﻨﺎﺠ ﺕﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻊﻤ ﺕﻘﻔﺘﺍﻭ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻫﺎﻅﻤ ، ﺍ ﺭﺜﺎﻜﺘﻭ ﺔﺌﺒﻭﻷﺍﻭ ﺽﺍﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺭﺎﺸﺘﻨﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺩﺴﺠﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺎﻀﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺸﺤﻝ . ﻲﻓ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺠ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺎﻨﺘﺩﻋﺎﺴ ﺩﻘﻓ ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ ﺔﻠﺌﺴﺃ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻥﺎﻴﺒﺘﺴﻝﺍ ، ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ﻊﻀﻭﻭ . -2-6 ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ : -1-2-6 ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ : ﺏﻝﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ ﻥﻤ ﻑﺍﺩﺭ ﻥﺎﻤﻘﻝ ، ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤ ﻥﺍﻭﻨﻋ ﺕﺤﺘ ﺔﻨﻴﻁﻨﺴﻗ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﺒ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ، ﻤ ﺭﻴﺘﺴﺠﺎﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻬﺸﻝ ﺔﻠﻤﻜﻤ ﺓﺭﻜﺫ ، ﻱﺭﻭﺘﻨﻤ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ، ﺔﻨﻴﻁﻨﺴﻗ ، ﺔﻨﺴ 2007/2006 . 1 ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻑﺩﻬﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻝﺎﺒ ، ﺭﺎﺜﻵﺍﻭ ﻪﺘﺎﺒﺒﺴﻤﻭ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻓﻹﺍ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﺘﺭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺩ ﻥﻤ لﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺌﻴﺒ ﻲﻋﻭ ﻕﻠﺨ ﻲﻓ ﺓ لﻗﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺜﺁ ، ﺎﺤﻴ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ لﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ لﺨﺍﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻯﺩﺤﺇ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺢﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺩﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﺼﻭﻝﺍ ، ﻲﻔﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﺃ ﻯﺩﺤﺇﻭ . ﺔﻴﻘﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﻭﺸﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺩﻤﺘﻋﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﻅﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ . ﺕﻼﺠﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﻕﺌﺎﺜﻭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺠ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍﻭ ، ﺔﻨﻨﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ، ﺔﻅﺤﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﻴﺴﺒﻝﺍ ، ﺓﺭﺎﻤﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﻫ ﺕﻠﺼﻭﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫ : 1 ﻑﺍﺩﺭ ﻥﺎﻤﻘﻝ : ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤ ، ﺭﻴﺘﺴﺠﺎﻤ ﺔﻝﺎﺴﺭ ، ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺠﻹﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﺹﺼﺨﺘ ﻱﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ، ﻱﺭﻭﺘﻨﻤ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ، ﺔﻨﻴﻁﻨﺴﻗ ، 2007/2006 .

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11 ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻫﺩﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻯﺩﺃ ﺎﻬﺘﻻﺩﻌﻤ ﺩﻴﺍﺯﺘﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺸﺘﻨﺍ ، ﻁﺒﺘﺭﻴ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘ ﺀﻭﺴﻭ ﻭ ﺔﻤﺎﻤﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺸﺘﻨﺍ ﻥﺃﻭ ﻁﻴﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻭﺸﺘﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻠﻝ ﻥﺴﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻗﺭﻌﺒ ﺍﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﺎﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﺍ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻥﻭﺸﻴﻌﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﻙﻭﻠﺴ ﺱﻜﻌﻴ ﺔﻴﻨﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻅﺎﻅﺘﻜﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻠﻝ ﻥﺴﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻗﺭﻋ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻜﻭﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻱﺩﺅﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺤﻴ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻋ ﻕﺭﻁﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺹﻠﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺸﺘﻨﺍ ﻭ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺓﺩﺎﻔﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻭ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺎﻬﻨﻭﻜﻝ لﻜﺸﺘ ﺩﺌﺎﻋ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻡﺎﻫ . -2-2-6 ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ : ﺔﺒﻝﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ ﻥﻤ : لﺎﻁﻋ ﺓﺩﻭﻌﺴﻤ ، ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤﺒ ﻪﺘﻗﻼﻋﻭ ﻱﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻭﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﻭﻨﻋ ﺕﺤﺘ ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ،ﻤ ﻱﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﺹﺼﺨﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺘﺴﺠﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻬﺸ لﻴﻨﻝ ﺔﻠﻤﻜﻤ ﺓﺭﻜﺫ ، ﺭﻀﺨﻝ ﺝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ، ﺔﻨﺘﺎﺒ ، ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ 2009/2008 . 1 ﻲﻔﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺩﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ، ﻲﺌﺎﺼﺤﻹﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ . ﺕﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻤﻅﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﻭﺸﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﻭﻠﺴﺃ . ﺔﻅﺤﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺠ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺩﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺎﻤﻜ ، ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ) ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ، ﺔﻬﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ( ، ﺓﺭﺎﻤﺘﺴﻻﺍ . ﻫ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﺕﻠﺼﻭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﻩﺫ ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺕﻠﺜﻤﺘ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ : ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﻷﺍ ﻡﺴﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻀﺘﻴ : ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻡﻜﺤﺘﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻭ ﻪﺠﻭﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻱﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻭﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤ ﺭﻭﻬﻅﺒ . ﻫ ﺔﺤﺼ ﻕﻘﺤﺘ ﺩﻘﻝ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﻨﻴﺒ ﺎﻤ لﻅ ﻲﻓ ﺽﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺍﺫ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻲﻨﺩﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺩﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺩﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻓﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ . ﻪﻝ ﺔﻁﻁﺨﻤ ﺭﻴﻐﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻴﺤﻷﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﺴ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻡﺴﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻀﺘﻴ ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ لﺼﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺒﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ :. 1 لﺎﻁﻋ ﺓﺩﻭﻌﺴﻤ : ﺭﻜﺫﻝﺍ ﻕﺒﺎﺴ ﻊﺠﺭﻤ .

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12 ﻱﺃ ﺍﻭﺭﻴﻌﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺤﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻫﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻥﺎﻜﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻭ ﺭﻤﻷ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺠﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺤﺎﺸﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺭﻤ ﻥﻴﺤﻝ ﺏﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺃ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻭ ﺔﻓﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋ ﺔﻤﻬﻤ لﻴﻬﺴﺘ لﺠﺃ . * ﻩﺎﺠﺘ ﻡﻬﺒﺠﺍﻭﺒ ﻥﻭﻤﻭﻘﻴ ﻻ ﺔﻓﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻭﻌﻤﺠﻴ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻡﻅﻌﻤ ﻥﺇ ﻪﻔﻴﻅﻨﺘ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺤﻝﺍ . * ﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﺠ ﺭﻓﻭﺘ ﻡﺩﻋ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻅﺎﻔﺤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ل ﻥﻤ ﺄﺸﻨﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﺤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺍﻭﺯ لﻤﺎﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺸﺘﻨﺍ . * ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻓ ﻑﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻤﺤﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﺔﻴﺩﻠﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻤ لﻅ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺽﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻕﻘﺤﺘ ﺩﻘﻝ ﻥﻭﻤﻭﻘﻴ ﻻ ﺔﻓﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋ ﻥﺃ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺴﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻡﻅﻌﻤ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺠﺇ ﻲﺤﻝﺎﺒ ﻑﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻤﺤﺒ ﻲﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻜﺍﺭﺘﻝ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ . ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺎﺒﻨﺎﺠ ﺎﺘﺠﻝﺎﻋ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻤ لﻜ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻨﻅﺤﻻ ﻥﻴﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ ﺎﻨﺼﺤﻔﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ،ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻭ ﺔﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﺘﺩﺎﻓﺃﻭ ، لﻜﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﻴﺨﺸﺘﻭ ﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺽﺭﻋﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺜﺁ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤﻝ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻑ ، لﻜﻝ ﻕﻴﻗﺩﻝﺍ ﺹﻴﺨﺸﺘ ﻥﻷ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﺎﻬﻠﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺯﺠ ﻭﻫ لﻜﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ، ﺎﻬﻘﻴﻘﺤﺘ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻨﻴﻌﺴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﻩﺫﻫﻭ -3-2-6 ﺔﺴﺭﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﺜﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ : ﺭﻭﺩﺘ لﻭﺤ ﺕﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤ ،ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻰﻔﻁﺼﻤﻝ ،ﺽﻭﻋ . 1991 1 ﺩﻌﺘ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺘﻬﺘ ﺏﺎﺒﺸﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻭ ﻡﻬﺘﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﺍ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺎﺠﻴﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ . ﺙﻴﺤ لﻭﺎﺤﺘ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﻭﺤﻨ ،ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﻴﻁﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﻹﺍ ﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻌﺒﺎﺘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺞﻤﺍﺭﺒﻝ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﺭﺸﻤ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ . ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻊﺒﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺢﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ،ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻯﺭﻴ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﺎﻨﻤ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﻷ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﻴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ 1 ﻰﻔﻁﺼﻤ ﺽﻭﻋ : ﺕﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻤﺘﺅﻤ ﺏﺎﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ،ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﻬﻌﻤ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺙﻭﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ، ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﻥﻴﻋ ﻥﻤﺸ 1991 .

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13 ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﺅﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﻻﺍ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤ ،ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺓﺍﺩﺃ ﺔﻴﺜﺤﺒ . ﺕﻬﺘﻨﺍﻭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﻫﺃ ﺎﻤ ﻲﻠﻴ : - ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻔﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻋﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ : ﺱﻴﻝ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺔﺤﻀﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﺴﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺴﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺎﻘﺘﻝ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ . - ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻋﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ : ﺱﻴﻝ ﻙ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻕﺭﻓ ﺭﻜﺫﻴ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺭﻭﻜﺫﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺙﺎﻨﻹﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﻻﺍ ﻭ ﻁﻴﻁﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻠﻝ – ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ ﺩﺠﻨ ﻥﺍ ﺭﻭﻜﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﻜﺍ ﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﺍ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺙﺎﻨﻻﺍ – ﻭ ﺭﺜﻜﺍ ﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﺍ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺔﻌﺒﺎﺘﻤﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﻋ . - ﺎﻤﻴﻓ لﺼﺘﻴ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻋﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﺜﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ : ﺱﻴﻝ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻕﺭﻓ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺏﻼﻁ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻼﻁ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻬﺘﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﺍ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤﺒ ﺎﻫﺩﺎﻌﺒﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺎﻘﺘﻝ ﻲﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ) ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﺍ 47.6 % ﻥﻤ ﺔﻨﻴﻋ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺏﻼﻁ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻝﺎﺒ ،ﺔﻴﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ 52.4 % ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺱﻭﻴﺭﻭﻝﺎﻜﺒﻝﺍ . - ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺹﺨﻴ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ : ﺱﻴﻝ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺔﻝﺍﺩ ﻯﻭﺴ ﻥﻴﺒ لﻫﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻩﺎﺠﺘﻻﺍ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘﻝﺎﺒ . - ﺎﻤ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﻴ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻋﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﻤﺎﺨﻝﺍ : ﺕﻬﺘﻨﺍ ﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝ ﻰﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﺎﻫﺩﺎﻔﻤ ﻥﺍ ﻭﺫ لﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﻊﻔﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﻜﺍ ﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﺍ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻭ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺠﻭﺒ ﻡﺎﻋ . ﻭﺩﺒﻴ ﻥﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﻑﻭﻗﻭﻝﺎﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﺍ ﺔﺤﻴﺭﺸ ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺢﺌﺍﺭﺸ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺏﺎﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ . ﻭ ﻡﻝ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﺘ ﻲﻗﺎﺒﻝ ﺢﺌﺍﺭﺸ ،ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺕﻀﺭﻋ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ﺔﻤﺎﻫ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺕﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﻻﺍ – ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ – ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺕﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ . ﺕﻘﻔﺘﺍﻭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻫﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻨﻭﻜ ﺕﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﺒ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ . ﺕﻔﻠﺘﺨﺍﻭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﺼﺒ ﺎﻫﺯﺎﺠﻨﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻨﻭﻜ ﺕﺭﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺎﺒﺸﻝﺍ ،ﻁﻘﻓ ﻲﻓﻭ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻨﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺙﺤﺒﻠﻝ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻻﺎﺒ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﻼﻝ ﻲﻓ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻻﺍ ﻭ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﻭﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ . ﻭ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺓﺩﺎﻔﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺕﺎﻴﺼﻭﺘﻝﺍ .

(26)

لﺼﻔﻝﺍ

ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ

:

لﺨﺩﻤ

ﻱﺭﻅﻨ

ﻲﻓ

لﺌﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ

ﺩﻴﻬﻤﺘ

ﻻﻭﺃ

:

ﺭﻀﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻤ

-1

ﺭﻀﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ

-2

لﺤﺍﺭﻤﻭ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨ

ﻭ

ﺭﻀﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺎﻜﻌﻨﺍ

-3

ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺯﻷﺍ

-4

ﺭﻀﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨ

ﺎﻴﻨﺎﺜ

:

ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺴﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ لﺎﺠﻤﻜ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ

-1

ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ

-2

ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺄﺸﻨ

-3

ﻥﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻨﺼﺘ

-4

ﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨ

ﻝ

ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤ

لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﻼﺨ

(27)

15 ﺩﻴﻬﻤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻜﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼ ﻲﻓ لﺜﻤﺘﻴ ﻡﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻬﺠﺍﻭﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﻱﺩﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﻭﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﺩﺠﻨ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻨﻋ ﺔﺒﺘﺭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ لﺤ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺭﻀﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻭ ﻉﺭﺎﺴﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﺎﻤ ،ﻲﻨﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺞﻴﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻭﻤﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻌﺒﺘﻴ ﻻ ﻥﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻑﻭﺭﻌﻤ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤﻜﻭ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻔﺌﺎﻅﻭ ﺎﻬﺼﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺜﺅﺘ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻭ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﺒ ﺭﺜﺄﺘﺘﻭ ﻭﻤﻨﺘ ﺎﻤﻨﺇﻭ ﻍﺍﺭﻓ ﻥﻤ ﻭﻤﻨﺘ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻲﻫ ﻥﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻥﻷ ،ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻜﻴﻹﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻕﺭﻁﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻌﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻜﺤﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻜﻴﻻﺍ ﻁﺒﺍﻭﻀﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺩﺩﺤﻴﻭ ﻪﻁﺎﺸﻨﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻪﻜﻭﻠﺴ .

(28)

16 ﻻﻭﺃ : ﺭﻀﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻤ 1 -ﺭﻀﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ : -ﺔﻐﻝ ﺭﻀﺤﺘﻝﺍ : ﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻕﻼﺨﺄﺒ ﻪﺒﺸﺘ ﻱﺃ ﻱﻭﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﻀﺤﺘﻭ ﺍﺭﻀﺤﺘ ﻭﻫ . ) 1 ( -ﺭﻀﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﺤﻼﻁﺼﺍ : ﻭﻫ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻥﻤ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻠﻝ ﻲﻠﻜﻝﺍ لﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﺕﺎﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ، ﺭﺎﺜﺁ ﻥﻤ لﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺘﺭﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ، ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻭ . ) 2 ( -ﺭﻀﺤﺘﻝﺍ : ﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﺴ ﺩﺩﻋ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻡﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻥﻋ ﻥﺩﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻐﺘ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻑﻴﺭﻝﺍ . ) 3 ( ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ لﻤﺍﻭﻋ ﺓﺩﻋ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻭﺃ ﺹﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﻌﺘﻴ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺌﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻑﻴﻜﺘﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻋﺎﻤﺠ . ) 4 ( -ﻪﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻀﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ لﺸﺘﻴﻤ ﺩﺭﻭﺃ ﺩﻗﻭ : ﻡﺘﻴﻭ ﻱﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻁﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻡﻬﺘﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋﻭ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺤ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻕﻁ . ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻨﻌﻴﻭ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺅﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻡﻬﻝﺎﻤﻋﺃ لﻭﺤﺘﻭ ﺭﻴﻐﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩ لﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﺵﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﻤﻨﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﻐﺘ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺏﺘﺭﺘﻴﻭ ﻥﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺩﺠﻨ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ . ) 5 ( ﻭﻸﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺠﻫ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﻰﻝ ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﺯﻜﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ، ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺏﺤﺎﺼﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻊﻤ ﻡﻴﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺸﻴﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﻤﻨﺃ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻷﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍﻭ . ) 6 ( 1 -ﺔﻨﺘﻴﻋ ﻭﺒﺃ ﻲﺤﺘﻓ : ﻥﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺍﺭﻐﺠ ، ﻁﺒ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻀﻬﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ : ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ، 1999 ، ﺹ 50 . 2 -ﺎﻴﻤ ﺩﻤﺤﺃ ﻻﻭﺭ : ﺔﻤﺍﺩﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺓﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻬﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺴ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻁﻴﻁﺨﺘﻝﺍ ، ﺔﻠﺠﻤ ﻕﺸﻤﺩ ﺔىﻌﻤﺎﺠ ، 2010 ، ﺹ 275 . 3 -ﻲﻗﻭﺸ ﻡﻌﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ : ﻱﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺠﻹﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤ ، ﺭﺸﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻁﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻀﻬﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ، ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ، 1981 ، ﺹ 23 . 4 -ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻴﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺫﺘﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﺒﺨﻨ ، ﺭﻀﺤﺘﻝﺍ ، ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻹﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﺠﻌﻤ ، ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﺘﻜﻠﻝ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﻬﻝﺍ ، 1975 ، ﺹ 124 . 5 -ﻉﺍﺭﺩﻭﺒ ﺩﻤﺤﺃ : ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍ ، ﺭﺸﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﻊﺒﻁﻠﻝ ﻯﺩﻬﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ، ﻁ ﺏ ، ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ، 2005 ، ﺹ 136 . 6 -ﻲﻠﻋ ﺩﻤﺎﺤ ﺩﻴﺭﻐﺘ : ﻥﺩﻤﻠﻝ ﻊﻴﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﻀﺤﺘﻝﺍ ، ﺔﻴﻗﺍﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ، ﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻁﻁﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺠ ، ﺩﺩﻌﻝﺍ ) 21 (، ﺩﺍﺩﻐﺒ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ، 2009 ، ﺹ 48 .