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HAL Id: jpa-00221970

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00221970

Submitted on 1 Jan 1982

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

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PHASE STABILITY AND MARTENSITIC TRANSFORMATION ONSET IN TRANSITION METAL AND NOBLE METAL ß -PHASE ALLOYS

P. Ossi, F. Rossitto

To cite this version:

P. Ossi, F. Rossitto. PHASE STABILITY AND MARTENSITIC TRANSFORMATION ONSET IN

TRANSITION METAL AND NOBLE METAL ß -PHASE ALLOYS. Journal de Physique Colloques,

1982, 43 (C4), pp.C4-127-C4-132. �10.1051/jphyscol:1982412�. �jpa-00221970�

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JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE

Colloque C4, supplement au n o 72, Tome 43, de'cembre 1982 page C4-127

PHASE S T A B I L I T Y AND M A R T E N S I T I C TRANSFORMATION ONSET I N T R A N S I T I O N M E T A L AND NOBLE M E T A L 6 -PHASE A L L O Y S

P.M. 0 s s i + a n d F. R o s s i t t o +

+

+ l s t i t u t o d i Tngegneria Nucleare, CESNZF, Politecnico d i Milano, v i a Ponzio

3 4 / 3 , 20133 Yilano, ItaZg

* ~ r n ~ ~ o Nazionale d i S t m - t f u r a d e l l a ,Materia, GNSb!, del ConsigZio Nazionale deZle Ricerehe, U H 7 , J t a i y

(Accepted 9 August 1982)

A b s t r a c t . - A u n i f i e d a p p r o a c h , a b l e t o t a k e i n t o a c c o u n t t h e mar=

t e n s i t i c p h a s e t r a n s i t i o n o n s e t i n t r a n s i t i o n m e t a l a n d n o b l e m e = t a l I ) - p h a s e a l l o y s e x h i b i t i n g shape-memory e f f e c t , i s p r e s e n t e d . The c e n t r a l c o n c e p t o f t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i v e model i s t h e v a r i a t i o n o f a p h e n o m e n o l o g i c a l p a r a m e t e r , t h e " V a l e n c e E l e c t r o n s L o c a l i z a = t i o n D e g r e e " (VELD), c o r r e l a t e d w i t h t h e c h a n g e s o f t h e e l e c t r o n d e n s i t y o f s t a t e s n e a r t h e F e r m i e n e r g y . The e f f e c t s o f t h e conpo=

s i t i o n v a r i a t i o n o f t h e a l l o y a l l o w f o r q u a l i f y i n g t h e s u b s t i t u = e n t e l e m e n t s a s e l e c t r o n d o n o r s o r a c c e p t o r s . S u c h a b e h a v i o u r i s t e s t e d by e x a m i n i n g t h e t r a n s i t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e t r e n d s . The r e s u l t s a r e i n v e r y good a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e a v a i l a b l e e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a .

I n t r o d u c t i o n . - T r a n s i t i o n M e t a l (TM) and Noble M e t a l ( N M ) P - p h a s e o r d e r e d a l l o y s e x h i b i t SME phenomenology ( l ) , i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h a m a r t e n s i t i c p h a s e t r a n s i t i o n . I n t h i s work t h e p h a s e s t a b i l i t y c o n d i t i o n s o f b o t h c l a s s e s o f a l l o y s a r e s t u d i e d . The m a r t e n s i t i c p h a s e t r a n s i t i o n tempe=

r a t u r e T s t r o n g l y d e p e n d s o n t h e c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e a l l o y . A mechanism i s p r e s e g t e d t o e x p l a i n s u c h a d e p e n d e n c e a n d a c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h a v a i = l a b l e e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a on a number o f a l l o y s i s worked o u t .

The t h e o r e t i c a l a n a l y s i s h a s t o b e f o c u s s e d o n t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e e l e c t r o n i c a n d v i b r a t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e s o f t h e c o n s t i t u e n t e l e m e n t s : t h e d b a n d s l a r g e l y i n f l u e n c e t h e o n s e t o f t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n .

C r y s t a l l i n e p h a s e s t a b i l i t y was l i n k e d , s i n c e t h e e a r l y g e o m e t r i c ap=

p r o a c h ( 2 ) t o some l i m i t i n g v a l u e o f t h e e / a r a t i o . F o r a n y s t r u c t u r e , s u c h a v a l u e is c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e t r a n s i t i o n , b e i n g i n d e p e n d e n t o f t h e s p e c i f i c c o n s t i t u e n t s o f t h e a l l o y .

R e c e n t l y i t was shown ( 3 ) t h a t CuZn s t a b i l i t y i s s t r i c t l y r e l a t e d t o t h e f r e e e l e c t r o n ( F E ) d e n s i t y r e s p o n s e f u n c t i o n and i t s v a r i a t i o n s n e a r 2KF. By p s e u d o p o t e n t i a l s c a l c u l a t i o n s , t h e m o s t s t r u c t u r e s e n s i = t i v e c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e f r e e e n e r g y o f a random b i n a r y a l l o y , i s t h e o n e - e l e c t r o n t e r m e v a l u a t e d f o r a v i r t u a l c r y s t a l o f n e u t r a l p s e u d o - a = t o m s .

I n t h e s t u d y o f t h e e l e c t r o n i c s t r u c t u r e i n t e r a c t i o n w i t h phonon ano=

m a l i e s t o c a u s e p h a s e t r a n s i t i o n s ( 4 ) , c o r r e s p o n d e n c e s w e r e f o u n d b e = tween p e a k s o f t h e g e n e r a l i s e d r e s p o n s e f u n c t i o n

X(q)

f o r non i n t e = r a c t i n g e l e c t r o n s and Kohn a n o m a l i e s ( 5 ) .

A d i f f e r e n t a p p r o a c h ( 6 ) c o r r e l a t e s t h e e l e c t r o n i c d e n s i t y o f s t a t e s (DOS) v a r i a t i o n n e a r E w i t h t h e p h a s e s t a b i l i t y o f t h e f o u r t h g r o u p TM by i n t r o d u c i n g t h e F l f a ~ e n c e E l e c t r o n s L o c a l i z a t i o n D e g r e e " (VELD) c o n c e p t . VELD is a p h e n o m e n o l o g i c a l p a r a m e t e r , a b l e t o t a k e i n t o a c = c o u n t t h e s t r o n g d e p e n d e n c e o f t h e t r a n s i t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e Tc o n compo=

s i t i o n ( 7 ) .

Article published online by EDP Sciences and available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:1982412

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C 4 - 1 2 8 J O U R X A L DE PHYSTQUE

The U n i f i e d Approach.- R e c e n t l y , t h e A u t h o r s ( 8 ) , ( 9 ) , e x t e n d e d t h e VELD c o n c e p t a n d a p p l i e d i t t o t h e a s s e s s m e n t o f t h e s t a b i l i t y o f TM and NM b i n a r y a l l o y s . The c e n t r a l i d e a i s t h a t v a r y i n g t h e c o m p o s i t i o n o f a n a l l o y i s e q u i v a l e n t t o r e p l a c i n g a t o m s o f a component w i t h d i f = f e r e n t e l e m e n t s . The VELD t a k e s i n t o a c c o u n t t h e v a l e n c e e l e c t r o n s r e d i s t r i b u t i o n . T h i s p a r a m e t e r c a n r e a c h i n a more o r less c o m p o s i t i o n f a v o u r e d way a c r i t i c a l v a l u e and T i s v a r i e d a c c o r d i n g l y . The s u b = s t i t u e n t a t o m s e x h i b i t a d y n a m i c t r g n d t o w a r d s a n e l e c t r o n i c c o n f i g u = r a t i o n a s a l i k e a s p o s s i b l e t o t h a t o f t h e s u b s t i t u t e d o n e s , s o q u a l i = f y i n g t h e m s e l v e s a s e l e c t r o n d o n o r s o r a c c e p t o r s . The l o c a l FE d e n s i t y o f t h e a l l o y i s v a r i e d a n d , a s t h e s o l i d t e n d s t o a c h i e v e o v e r a l l c h a r = g e n e u t r a l i t y , a v a r i a t i o n a r i s e s i n t h e FE d e n s i t y r e s p o n s e f u n c t i o n . I n t h i s s e n s e o u r a p p r o a c h i s a n e x t e n s i o n o f a p r e v i o u s o n e ( 3 ) . P r e - m a r t e n s i t i c i n s t a b i l i t i e s a r e s u c c e s s f u l l y t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t : t h e o b s e r v e d s o f t e n i n g o f t h e e l a s t i c s h e a r mode C 1 = 1 / 2 (C, , - C I Z ) w i t h c o m p o s i t i o n v a r i a t i o n i s e x p l a i n e d . C ' d e c r e a s e s when t h e c o m p o s i t i o n i s m o d i f i e d t o i n c r e a s e T a n d i t s s l o p e v a r i a t i o n i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h

c

'

e / a . A c t u a l l y , t h e i n d u c e d VELD v a r i a t i o n c a u s e s C ' t o s o f t e n a t Tc d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h a t o f t h e undoped a l l o y a n d t h e C ' v e r s u s c o m p o s i t i o n t r e n d t u r n s o u t t o b e c o r r e c t .

The p h a s e t r a n s i t i o n s t a r t s f r o m s e l e c t i v e n u c l e a t i o n s j u s t a r o u n d t h e a t o m i c s i t e s w h e r e t h e g u e s t a t o m s a r e l o c a l i s e d . F i n a l l y , t h e r e s p o n = se f u n c t i o n l o c a l v a r i a t i o n , i n d u c e d by t h e VELD v a r i a t i o n o n t h e n e i g = h b o u r i n g a t o m s , o p e r a t e s a C h a r g e D e n s i t y Wave (CDW) mechanism w h i c h i n t u r n d r i v e s t h e p h a s e t r a n s i t i o n . S u c h a mechanism i s e f f e c t i v e i n s y s t e m s e x h i b i t i n g e l e c t r o n - p h o n o n c o u p l i n g ( 1 0 ) . F o r t h e s a k e o f c l a = r i t y a f l o w d i a g r a m i s p r e s e n t e d i n f i g u r e 1 , s h o w i n g t h e main l i n e s a l o n g w h i c h t h e model h a s b e e n c o n s t r u c t e d .

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C h a r a c t e r i s a t i o n o f E l e c t r o n i c D o n o r s a n d A c c e p t o r s . - W e i n v e s t i g a t e t h e c h a r a c t e r o f a l l o y a n d g u e s t a t o m s t o assess t h e i r e l e c t r o n i c b e = h a v i o u r , f o l l o w i n q some c r i t e r i a w h i c h c o n c e r n b o t h t h e i n t r i n s i c p r o p e r t i e s a n d t h e i n t e r a c t i o n d y n a m i c s .

A ) E n e r g i e s o f e l e c t r o n s i n t h e o u t e r s h e l l s o f t h e v a r i o u s a t o m s a r e c o n s i d e r e d (1 1 )

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B) By t h e a t o m i c s p e c t r u m c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s (1 2 )

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i s o e l e c t r o n i c a t o m s a r e c o m p a r e d t o l o o k f o r t h e r e l a t i o n s e x i s t i n g b e t w e e n c h e m i c a l v a l e n c y a n d i n n e r s h e l l d e t e r m i n e d p r o p e r t i e s .

C ) The e n e r g i e s o f t h e e l e c t r o n i c c o n f i g u r a t i o n s a c h i e v a b l e b y i n t e = r a c t i o n are c o m p a r e d o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e f i r s t i o n i s a t i o n p o t e n t i a l s

( 1 2 ) o f t h e n e u t r a l a t o m s c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e e f f e c t i v e o n e s o b = t a i n e d b y i n t e r a c t i o n .

I i i g h e r t o t a l e n e r g y i m p l i e s a more s t a b l e a n d l o c a l i s e d c o n f i g u r a = t i o n , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e VELD c o n c e p t . M o r e o v e r , c o m p a r i n g t h e e n e r = g i e s o f t h e p o s i t i v e i o n s o b t a i n e d b y i n t e r a c t i o n , t h e h i g h e r t h e y a r e , t h e more c l o s e d t h e e l e c t r o n i c s t r u c t u r e .

D ) From t h e VELD a n d i t s c r i t i c a l l i m i t , a " s e l e c t i o n r u l e " o u t c o m e s . T h e i n t e r a c t i o n o f t w o a d j a c e n t a t o m s i n t h e P e r i o d i c T a b l e , w h i c h r e s u l t s j u s t i n t h e i n t e r c h a n g e b e t w e e n t h e m , d o e s n o t l e a d t o a n y e s s e n t i a l o v e r a l l VELD v a r i a t i o n . I n t h i s s e n s e , t h e i n t e r a c t i o n i s n o t a l l o w e d . T h e " r u l e " a p p e a r s t o b e v a l i d f o r a t o m s b e l o n g i n g t o a d j a c e n t p e r i o d s . I n t h e o t h e r c a s e s t h i s r e s t r i c t i o n d o e s n o t h o l d (see t h e c a s e o f T!4 a l l o y s ) , a s r e m a r k a b l e d i f f e r e n c e s e x i s t i n t h e g r o u n d s t a t e e l e c t r o n i c c o n f i g u r a t i o n s , e v e n among i s o e l e c = t r o n i c s p e c i e s . T e r n a r y a d d i t i o n s d o n o t a f f e c t t h e v a l i d i t y o f t h e " s e l e c t i o n r u l e " .

T h e a t o m s a r e c o n s i d e r e d t o k e e p u n i f o r m b e h a v i o u r i n t h e a l l o y s w i t h i n t h e same o r a d j a c e n t p e r i o d s .

I t m u s t b e s t r e s s e d t h a t t h e v e r y o b s e r v a t i o n o f t h e i o n i s a t i o n p o t e n = t i a l s o f t h e e l e m e n t s i n v o l v e d i n t h e i n t e r a c t i o n , b y w h i c h l o w v a l u e s s h o u l d i n d i c a t e d o n o r b e h a v i o u r , i s c o m p l e t e l y i n s u f f i c i e n t t o c o m p a r e w i t h e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a , a s i t d o e s n o t r e f l e c t i n a n y way t h e d y n a m i c c h a r a c t e r o f t h e p r o c e s s .

C o m p a r i s o n w i t h E x p e r i m e n t a l R e s u l t s . - T h e l o c a l c h a n g e o f t h e e l e c = t r o n i c c o n f i g u r a t i o n f o r i n t e r a c t i n g a t o m s , e x p r e s s e d b y t h e VELD v a = r i a t i o n , i s t h e p h y s i c a l o r i g i n o f t h e m a r t e n s i t i c p h a s e t r a n s i t i o n . T h e e l e c t r o n i c s t r u c t u r e o f t h e s o l i d , t h r o u g h e l e c t r o n - p h o n o n c o u = p l i n g , d r i v e s t h e s t r u c t u r a l c h a n g e a t a c r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e T c , s t r o n = g l y d e p e n d e n t o n t h e VELD. E x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a o n t h e T d e p e n d e n c e o n c o m p o s i t i o n C a r e r e p o r t e d i n t a b l e 1 a n d t a b l e 2 f o r C ~ i ~ i a l l o y s a n d some XM a l l o y s r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e d o n o r / a c c e p t o r b e h a v i o u r i s shown b y t h e p o s i t i v e / n e g a t i v e s i g n o f A T / & c .

A c o r r e l a t i o n e x i s t s b e t w e e n

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a n d t h e e n e r g y v a r i a t i o n a s s o c i a = t e d w i t h t h e l o c a l i n t e r a c t i o n . Making u s e o f t h e o u t e r s h e l l s e l e c t r o n e n e r g y d a t a ( 1 1 ) o f t h e i n i t i a l a s w e l l a s t h e e f f e c t i v e a t o m s r e s u l = t i n g a f t e r i n t e r a c t i o n , t h e s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d l i n e a r r e l a t i o n s i n f i g u = res 2 a n d 3 a r e o b t a i n e d . E x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a f a l l w i t h i n t h e f i r s t a n d t h i r d q u a d r a n t s , i n a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e d o n o r / a c c e p t o r b e h a v i o u r r e s p e c = t i v e l y . T h e s e c o n d a n d f o u r t h q u a d r a n t s r e p r e s e n t f o r b i d d e n r e g i o n s . Even i f , a t t h i s s t a g e , f u r t h e r r e f i n e m e n t i s n o t c o n v e n i e n t d u e t o t h e u n c e r t a i n t y i n t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a , t h e o b t a i n e d c o r r e l a t i o n s h o w s t h a t b o t h t h e a c c e p t o r / d o n o r b e h a v i o u r a n d t h e VELD r o l e t o t h e p h a s e t r a n s i t i o n o n s e t a r e c o r r e c t l y i d e n t i f i e d .

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C4-130 JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE

ALLOY S J ? A T , / A c C S ~ : D O S I ' T I O S RE:'.

( K p e r % ) RANGE N i T i CO t o r N i - 2 8

N i T i C r f o r N i - 6 4 N i T i Cu f o r N i - 1 4 N i T i F c f o r N i - 4 0 N i T i Mn f o r N i - 5 3 N i T i T i f o r N i + 1 5 N i T i V f o r N i - 5 4 N i T i A1 f o r T i - 2 4 N i T i Mn f o r T i - 37 N i T i Z r f o r T i + 4 2

T a b l e .- 1 : E f f e c t s of c o m p o s i t i o n v a r i a t i o n o n t h e t r a n s i t i o n t c n p e r a : : t u r e i n n e a r l y e q u i a t o m i c N i T i a l l o y s

ALI.OY SUBSTITUTION & T c / A C COM!'OS 11'1OS R E F .

( K P C ~ 8 ) RANGE AgCd

AuCd AuZn AuZn AuZn AuZn AuZn A u % r ~ AuZn Au Zn

C d f o r A g - 3 5 CL' f o r A u - 2 5 Zn f o r Au + 1 8

Cu f o r Au + 1

Ga f o r Au + 3 3 I n f o r Au + 2 3 S i f o r Au .4- 9

Kg f o r Au - 9

A? f o r Au - 2 0 Ccl f o r Au - 2 1

P a S l r 2 : E f f e c t s o f c o i r p o s i t . i o n v d r - l a t l o n o n t h e t r d n s l t i o r , t c x ? c r a = L u r e i n n r d r l y c q u i a t o r n l c NH has(:~!

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F'ig.2 : Correlation between experimental data on &T~/&C for NiTi alloys and calculated energy variations AE relative to the local interactions : @Ni substitutions;

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T i substitutions

(6)

Fig.3 : Correlation between experimental data on A T / A C for NM based alloys and calculated energy variations A E refative to the local interactions ( Q indicate ternary additions to AuZn)

Acknowledgment.- The support of the National Council for Research (CNR) under Contract No SAS 80-0158 is gratefully acknowledged.

References

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