Case study Cankuzo-Mosso area, Burundi

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lJ1HTED Nb.'riONS

AFRICAN INSTITUTE FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING

D A K A R

-7 OCT. 1871

CASE STUDY CANKUZO-MOSSO AREA, BURUNDI

by

Mr. H. MORSINK

I.ùEP/ET/Co/2122·· : 7

NOVEMBER 1968

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CASE STUDY CANKUZO-MOSSO AREA, BURUNDI

_ ExampleUf. bread o.a :~~~r-~~-~- _o~ ~tudy suggested for prepara ti on of an "integrated" Regional Plan •

. -1. ECONOMie AFFAIRS (REGIONAL PLANNING):

(a) the raie of the Cankuzo and Mosso areas in national economie development;

(b) the selection of "growth peles" for the development of these areas; ---" --·-· ·--{c} .pr-oblems of infrastructural development in these .areas.

2. HOUSING, BUILDING, and PLANNING:

(a) physical planning aspects of the development of villages; (b) solutions to improve the conditions of housing;

(c) urban infrastructure in the area.

3. PUBLIC ADMllTISTRATION:

(a) overall structure and functioning of public administration in the area, at different levels of Government;

(b) exteri.t to which~Government machinery .... exis..t.s. .. a:nd,_:P.E;::!rsonnel is avail- able to cope with the tasks suggested by the.PAG Mission.

4• SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT:

(a) rationally planned and integrated provisïon of services in health, educa.tion, .. .h.oueing, .etc •.. at different geographical saales;

(b) family and child welfare;

(c) prevailing social structures and technological innovations;

(d) participation of the local population in the development efforts initiated under the projects;

(e) social aspects of land settlement and area planning.

Attached are: 1. Para.2, containing a further specification of the tapies relating to "Social Structure"

2. Para.3, containing an analytical checklist (12 pages) identifying those social aspects of future resettlement and settlement projects in the Cankuzo and Mosso areas on which social research and action would be required in the

contexts both of immediate field operations and of the pre- paration of a longterm integrated Regional plan.

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.. . CASE S'I'UDY·-CANKUzo..:.MOSSO AREA, BURUNDI.:

·sp-ecification .. .o:f !;!W __

q.y_

1;.9p_ic "Social Structure"

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1. Social Structure in settlement areas. Solutions to the·integration of new settlers with the already established populations, e.g. integration of Rwandese and Burundi in Cakuzo and of Barundi and Bamosso in Mosso

2. Prevailing social structure as an obstacle to technological change~ e.g. ,

(a) adaptation of Rwandese pastoralists to cultivating land;

(b) adaptation of Rwandese pastoralists to rational exploitation of cattle;

(c) possibility of introducing new· farming practices and new tools;

(d) prevailing division of agricultural labour between men and women as an obstacle to higher production;

·(e) impact of traditional land tenure system on proposed technological changes.

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Motivation and incentives for work, especially among the male population.

4. Prevailing social relations, in particular >-Ti thin the family and the ir impact on consumption habits. Focus on deficiencies in food -vrhich cannet be explained and failure to consume certain foodstuffs ^whi~h are readily available, and resulting diseases.

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Possibility of creating new functional groups such as cooperatives, marketing groups, village councils.

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IDEPjETjCS/ 2~~2-1

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Analytical framo~ork for use in specifying data needed on the social aspects of lanC. settlement and area planning

In c.:>.?der to define nthe social as~ects" more clearly in relation to land settlement and resettlement in Cankuzo and Mosso, the following pages have bean Jivid.ed into four c:0lu:m.1s:

(2,) the fil~st cohunn indicates the stages of the settlement process, :i.t.s planning, field preparations, implementation and follmv-up;

(b) the second column indicates alternative choices for problems to be faced at each stage; in particular as regards problems which are of great significance for the social structure of the future

settlement~

(c) t.he third colu~n indicates what activities are going on in the fieJ.d? ei the:;~ in the area of origin of the prospective settlers or in the settlement area;

(d) the fourth column tries to indicate what contribution a social actio11 specialist oan make at eaoh stage, either to the general planning of t.he settlGment and its operation (column b) or to the activities in the field (column c).

The indic3tions given under each oolumn are only given as a lead for fl1.rther thought₉ addi ~ions or impro,rements₉ and certainly not as a rigid

classificat~on of all component pa:'.:'ts or steps in a land settlement project.

Only t;,_e second and fou:>:>-th columns are actually the immediate subject of research on "social aspects" required for the project. The first and third columns only provide the general framework of tasks to be achieved, solutions to be c::msidered₉ and fiel(l activi ties to be performed under a land settlement scheme. These constitute the elements to which the ¹¹social aspects" should be rela ted.

A distinction has been made (for purpose of presentation only) between the twr:- major aspects of any land settlement project: (A) problems related to _the preparation of !he_~~d to be settled and of the physical infra-

structure; and (:B) problems direotl~r involving the movement and installation o:f _t_pe peop~~. and the organiza t i on of the ir economie, social and cultural life, as individuals a:nd as rneinbers of the communi ty.

IDEP/ET/CS/ 2122-17 Page 4·

1 Stage of preparation

I. 1. Collection of informat~on on physical conditions in the ~rea

to be settled.

2 2. Preliminary classification of the land for agricul tural l"Je to find to ilhat use i t is sui- ted

PART A: THE LAND

2 3

Alternative choices ac regards e.g. Related Ac~ivity

in . .J.he ~'ield e. g.

1 Survcy t earos 1

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a-~se to which the land should be soil study tcams Iut; type of aGriculture tc be

followed: size and distribution cf farms. Decision to permit or forbid shifting cultivation b-tow much forest must be left for

exploitation and for wind breaks end as shade for grazing ani- nals

e-the manner in which land should le worked; conservation measures,

etc.

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Contribution of social action at this stage

social research en "hu;nan aspects" of farm size, farm- ing practices, landtenure, division of labour between men and vlomen, etc.

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Staie of ,Ere,Earation Alternative choices as re~ards e. ~·

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}. Drinking water availability: -whcle pattern of settlement;

assessing in what locations

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number and distribution of drinking water is-or can be cattle and/or working ani-

available. l ^mals.

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4· Prevailing pests and

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^{-•·1.at sub-areas} are possibly ' diseases e. g. malaria not suitable for immediate

1 settlement.

II. Reclamation of marshes

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-to ••ha t extent should this and clearance of wooded work be done by a central

land; etc. agency with heavy machinery,

1 o:r by settlers thernselves wi th

l small implementa in manual labour

III. Detailed ,Ere,Earations, to -decision on the scope and make land ready for the

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extent of these prepara- settle:rs. Tbese prepa~;..;.- ti ons.

tiens may caver the follow- ing major areas:

A.Physical infrastructure -e. g. construction of roads wc:terways, works of agricul- tt:ral engineering, by a cen-

l~al government agency, or by ocntractors, etc.

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Related Activit~ in the field e. g.

survey teams

medical teams

e. g. in wood.ed area clearing of land (plus seasoning, storing and.

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Contribution of social action at this stage e. g.

e. g. possibility of using sorne at least of the pros- ₁ working useful timber),

pective settlers; if so: 1 also provision for tern- and e. g. in marshes porary housing and main- . digging of canals tenance supervision by

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leaders if possible ,

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e. g. specifie ways to ^'·

communicate information about prospective settle:rs ^., to the project planners ¹ construction of :roads, e. g. pcssibility of using wa terways, md worlcs of sorne, at least, of the ^..

agricultu:ral engineer- prospective settlers; if

ing. so: also provision for

housing and maintenance; i possible supervision by

own leaders

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Stage of Ere:12aration

:B. Organization of economie production

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Basic Public and l-rivate Services

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Alternative choie es as regards e. g.

-.Decision on pattern of settlement:

( 1 ) type of farming and farms; (2)

grouping or dispersion of bouses;

( 3) location of villages or service-centres

-Decision on what extent farms and bouses will be constructed before

the settlers arrive and to what extent by the settlers themselves.

-Decision on Placement of settler (ingroups or inter-mingled) on independant, cooperative or collective farms; centralized pools for machinery, organization of purchase and sale of materials and produce.

-General preliminary decision on the actual crops to be planted and the type of equipment to be used.

-Construction of schools, medical facilities, post and telegraph;

registration offices; electrici ty;

piped water; buildings for exten- sion services

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Related Activit~ Contribution of social action at in the field e. g. this stage e. g.

e. g. (a) close consultation with representatives of the prospec- tive settlers. (b) social research on social impact of dispersed,

linear or compact settlement.

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e. g. specifie ways to communicate

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information about traditions and '

attituJes of prospective settlers to the project planners.

e. g. specifie ways to communicate information about traditions and attitudes of prospective settlers to the project planners.

e. g. possibility of using at least sorne of the prospective settlers las an "advance party" for construc-

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tion work.

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st!:se· Of

PART B: THE PEOPLE

IDEP/~T/CS/2122-17 Page 7.

~: Part :B has teen divided into three sections, each covering one of the three major stagEs in land settlement where the people are most directly involved:

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Stage 1: Pl~ARATION, including the selection of settlers, the assessment of the extent to which the prospective settlers need additional training, the preliminary organization of the prospective settlers before their movement to thè settlement area and the actual movement to the new area.

Stae,e II: INSTALLATION, including the arrangemen-ts for the reception of the settlers, the allotment of

holdin~z and construction or completion of farms, the organization of basic services and exten- sion services.

STAGE IIJ:CONTINUATION AND DEVELOFI~T, the stage after the individual farms are sufficiently developed and attention focuses increasingly on the further development and integration of the settlement as a whcle.

SECTION I: PREPARATION

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J!reJ!a~a ti OE,

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^!}-ternative choices as regards e. g. !Related

Activit~

Contribution of social action at

1in the field e.g. this stage e. g.

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11) ^Selection of set tl ers

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from where?

-districts adjoining are a to be settled!

or from elsewhcre?

2) criteria for selection attention to criteria affecting

(a) nationality or ethnie group whole social structure e.g.

(b) age

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demographie structure

(c) landlessness b) social cohesion

( d) good health {c) leadership from among the

{ e) marital statua ^{l 1} settlers.

(f) number of children (g) farming experience

(h) sound morals ¹

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Stage of prep~r~ti~~

1) Selection of s&ttJers (continued)

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Alternative choices as reg~rds

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3) s~lection by whom?

4) selection procedure

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Related Activity in the field e.g.

filling in forms (in recruitment area) by selec- tion agency

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Contribution of social acticn at this stage e.g.

social research on best method for seldcting set- tlers.

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e.g. local agents can help fill in forms; and can mean while identify possible leaders and possible mis- fits. Local agents can also formulate conclusions

regarding lavel of com- petence of prospective set- tlers and the resulting neeùs that will have to be

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2) Defining the ~eeded

scope and exter.t of general measure~ for settlers, s·~.ch as training.

3) Preliminary train- ing before trans!er

4) Prelimin~r;) :>rp<mi- zation of sett~~rs

into body with sorre inspiration an~

discipline.

Decision on what specifie measures to be taken

Content of training (agri~

culture, hygiene, home economies)

What form of informa! or formal organ

Preliminary tru.ining ( agri- culture, hygiene home economies) in recruitment are a

Stimulating or creating some organization of prospective set- tlers

e.g. sociologist can com-

munic~te information about the prospactive settlers to the projaot ~lanners on the basis of a social survey.

e.g. social aspects of the process of training; also further identification of possible leaders and pos- sible misfits during the training pariod

e.g. specifie methods of social action that have been developed to this end elsewhere in africa.

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Stage of prenaration

5) Prelimina.r;y pro.ctiual advice to prospective settlers.

6) Transfer to new a:~a

1) krrangements ivr re- ception of.settl~~s.

Shelter fo~ t~ansi­

tional perioë..

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Alternative choices ^GS regards

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-Prelimin~ry choice of future crcps and livestock

-what possessions the settler should take with him (house- hold goods; clothing, agri- cutural equipmant, adapted to new ar·aa and to habits of farmers)

-Decision whether an ~dvance

party of possible le~ders

should go first, in order to a-return later to give leader-

ship during mass transfer and installation

b-to help indicate rough demurcation of 1he new land and sites of housee and farms

c-to prepare details of recep- tion for following settlers

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Related activity in tha field e.g.

Advice to pros- pective settlers;

possible also by membars from the advance working party (worked on clearing new arGa)

Advance party of possible le~ders

going first to work on these tasks

SECTION II: INSTALLATION OF THE SETTLERS -Decision on construction of

temporary shelter

-Provision of food during first period, at least until first main crop

Should be reu.dy before arrival of settlers

Distribution of food. Arrange- ments for pre- paring meals and eating meals.

IDEP /ET /CS/2 122-17 Page

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Contribution of social 4

action at this stage e.g.

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e.g. specifie methods of social action that have baen developed to ihis end alsewhere in Àtrica.

e.g. methode to s0lect the members of the ad vance party.

e.g.

(a) organize settlers to construct shelter

(b) adapt set~up of shelter to the needs and possibili-

ti~s of settlers.

e.g. internal organization of food distribution

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IDEP/~T/CS/2122-17 Page 10

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Stage of pre~>raticn

2) Housi"--6

3) Organiz~tion of basic services

4) Training

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Alternative choices as regards

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-Decision on work tasks for men, women and children, during the transitional period.

-Scope and extent of:

1) import into area of côn-

s~er goods, agric.

material and equipment 2) bankin₆ and financial

facili ties

3) agricultural extension 4) marketing arrangements -Decision whether some in-

dividuals be trained on . "pilot farms" and others

be trained on newly estab- lished farms aa "apprenticea"

Related 3 Activity in the field e.g.

Sharper demarca- tion of farms.

Construction of farms or comple- tion of ^~-ns~raw­

tion of partly constructed farms Men, wcmen older children working on installation tasks (construc- tion, fencing, etc. etc.)

Development of individual farms for economie production

Training of new farmers

Contribution of social 4 action at this·stage e.g.

e.g. ways of farm and

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house construction on

self-help basis or on basis of "matching contributions"

e.g. selecting natural leaders for distributing work tasks; also setting up provisional form of re- presentative settlers

organization. (See also A-II-column 4)

e.g. social activities that will facilitate the creation of co-operatives.

e.g. sociological back- ground information rele- vmt for training of new

s3ttlers.

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The stage cf "Installati< n" can be considered as compl13ted when the individual farms are suf- ficiently developed to pJovide subsistance of the settlers enga.ged on the farms, ai.ld their fa.milies. This stage g:l adually leads to the next stage: III. CONTINUi~TION .tlU DEVELOPMENT, in which the activities 'oncentrate on: 1) further development of each individu~l farm;

2) devel~~mdnt snd inteération of the settlement as a whole; 3) implementation of measures stimulatil18 ... o integrr.tion of the new settlement into the economie i.1lld social lif21 of the wider country.

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Staga of prepz.ration

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1) Further development of individual farms as economie and eocial units

2) Devalopment of ~he

settlemclnt as a wtol~

3) Integrating the set- tlement into the economie and souial life of the country

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Alter~~tive cho~ces as regards

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Related Activity in the field e.g.

SECTION III: COl~TINU .. ù.TIOl'f .a.ND DEVELOPMENT 1) Procedures and deadline to

arrive at normal farm financing

~) Prccessing, storing, mar- keting of product

3) Improved farms of economie organization (such ~s cc-

op~ratives)

1) Consideration of: whether the preliminary sizes and distribution of furms were right.

2) Increasing distribut~on of tasks in economie field may have its parallel in in- creasing social integration 3) Direct stimuli to social

integration (clubs; councils activities for youth and women); developing leaders stimulating own representa- tive government of settlers 1) Decisions on how tight the

group ~hould be kept as a group ~e.g. whether or not admission of outsiders tc settle among the settlers) 2) Decisions on relations with

rest of the people of the wider country (full integra- tion probably beat policy, with increasingly free

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Contrib~tion of soui~l

action at this ste.ge e .·5_ •.

whole range of social research and action

social research and action

social research and action.

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