-تحليل الخطاب و الإجراء العربي - قراءة في القراءة

(1)

ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﻭ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ

- ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻗ -

ﺃ/

ﺔﻴﺩﻌﺴ ﺔﻤﻴﻌﻨ – ﺓﺭﻜﺴﺒ - ) ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ (

.I ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ....

؟ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤ

ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ )

discours annalysis (

ﺕﻻﺎﻤﻌﺘـﺴﺍ ﺍﺫ ﻊﻤﺎـﺠ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ

ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻌﺴﺍﻭ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﺘﺸﻴ ، ﺓﺩﻴﺩﻋ :

ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ - ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻝﺍ –

ﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎ

– ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨ – ﺔﻴﺒﻭﻠﺴﺃ ...

ﺦﻝﺍ . ﺔﻤﺌﺍﺩ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻨﺇ :

، ﺎـﻤﻠﻋ ، ﻻﺎـﺠﻤ ، ﺎﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤ

لـﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ،ﻪﻨﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﻲﻓ لﺎﻌﻓ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺎﺘﻤﻫﺎﺴ ﻥﺎﺘﻠﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﺘﻴﺌﺯﺠ ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻰﻌﺴﻴ ، ﺎﺠﻬﻨﻤ ﻪﻋﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﻪﻤﻬﻓ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻔﺸ ﻙﻓﻭ ) :

ﻲﺒﺩﺃ / ﻱﺭﻌﺸ / ﻱﺭﺜﻨ (

ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ، ﻱﺭﺎﻬﺸﺇ ،ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴ ، –

ﻨ ﻲﻤﻠﻋ ، ﻲﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘ ، ﻲﺴﻔ ...

ﺦﻝﺍ . ﺩﻨﻋ ﻑﻘﻨ ﻻ ﻰﺘﺤ

ﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ )

ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ( ﺓﺭﺩـﻗ ﻻ ﻭ ، لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻝﺁ ﻙﻠﻤﻨ ﻻ ﻥﻴﺯﺠﺎﻋ ﻭ ﻱﺩﻴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓﻭﺘﻜﻤ

ﻙﺒﺎﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺩﻴﻘﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺎﻏ ،ﺎﻜﺴﺎﻤﺘﻤ ﺎﺒﺎﻁﺨ ﻩﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ، لﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ .

ﺵﻭﻠﻋ ﺩﻴﻌﺴ لﻭﻘﻴ " :

ﻠﻏﺭﻴﻫ ﻲﻨﻴـﺼ ﺹـﻨ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺒﺎـﻋ ﺔﻔﻗﻭ ﻥﺇ ﻴ

، ﻲـﻔ

ﺴ ﻻ ، ﺯﻭـﻨﻜ ﻡﺎـﻤﺃ ﻥﻴﺸﻭﻫﺩﻤ ، ﺔﺤﻠﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻋﻭﺯﻨﻤ ﻥﻴﺒﺭﺎﺤﻤﻜ ﻑﻘﻨ ﺎﻨﻠﻌﺠﺘﻝ ﻲﺘﻴﺭﻜﺴﻨﺎ ﻭﺃ ، ﻡﺎـﺴﺭ ﻱﺩﻴ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺕﻌﻀﻭ ، ﺔﻴﻘﻴﺴﻭﻤ ﺕﺎﺘﻭﻨ ﻡﺎﻤﺃ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﻭ ، ﺎﻬﺤﻴﺘﺎﻔﻤ ﻙﻠﺘﻤﻨ

ﻰﻤﻋﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻡﻜﺒﺃ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﺇ

"

) (1

لﺌﺎﺴﺘﻨ ، ﺔﻝﻭﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﺜﻤ ﻡﺎﻤﺃ :

؟ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﺒ ﺩﻴﺭﻨ ﺍﺫﺎﻤ

ﺃ – ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ : ﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻜﻴ ﻡﻝ ﺔﻴﺩﻘﻨ ، ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻀﺤ ﺭﻓﻭﺃ ﺢﻠﻁﺼ

ﻥﻴﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ، ﺓﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤ :

ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ –

، ﺓﺩﺩـﻌﺘﻤ ﺕﺎـﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘﺒ ﻲﻀﺤ ﺩﻘﻓ ؛ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ

، ﻪﻬﻨﻜ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻨﺩﺎﻌﺘﺒﺎﺒ ﺭﻌﺸﻨ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺫﺇ ؛ ﺎﻴﺅﺭﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺍﻭﺯ ﻭ ﺕﺎﺼﺼﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﺘﺒ ﻭﻜﻭﻓ لﺎﺸﻴﻤ لﻭﻘﻴ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ، ﻪﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﻭ ﻪﻨﻤ ﺏﺍﺭﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺎﻨﻝﻭﺎﺤ ﺎﻤﻠﻜ )

micheal voco (

" :"

ﺏﺎـﻁﺨ ﺔﻤﻠﻜ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻴﺠﻴﺭﺩﺘ ﺹﻠﻗﺃ ﻥﺃ لﺩﺒ )

discours (

ﻥـﻤ ﺎـﻬﻝ ﺎـﻤ ﻭ

(2)

ﺎﻨﺎﻴﺤﺃ ﺎﻬﺘﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤﺒ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻥﺎﻌﻤ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺕﻔﻀﺃ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤ ﻲﻗ ﻲﻨﻨﺃ ﺩﻘﺘﻋﺃ ﺏﻠﻘﺘ ﻭ ﺏﺍﺭﻁﻀﺍ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺎﻨﺎﻴﺤﺃ ﻭ ، ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻜ ﺎﻨﺎﻴﺤﺃ ﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﻌﻝﺍ لﻜﻝ ﻡﺎﻋ لﺎﺠﻤﻜ ﺭﺴﻔﺘ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤ ﺔﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤﻜ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺭﺒﺘ ﻭ

"

2 )

ﺍﺫـﻫ ﻩﺩـﻜﺅﻴ ﻱﺫـﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ،(

ﺕـﺤﺘ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻭ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼ ﻭﻫ ؛ﻭﻜﻭﻓ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺍﺭﻁﻀﻻﺍ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ لﻌﺠ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ،ﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺀﺍﻭﻝ –

، ﻪـﻝ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﺔﻴﻨ ﻲﻓ

ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤﺒ ﻪﺘﻠﺒﺎﻘﻤ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﻋ

: ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ، ﻅﻭﻔﻠﻤﻝﺍ ، ﻡﻼﻜﻝﺍ ﻠﻝﺍ ،

ﺔﻐ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ، ﺩﺼﻘﻝﺍ ،

...

ﻪﻠﺨﺍﺩ ﻭ ، ﻪﻁﺎﻘﻨ ﺝﺭﺎﺨ ﻊﻘﺘ ﺔﻴﻌﺠﺭﻤ ﻁﺎﻘﻨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﻴ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺫﺇ ؛ ﺦﻝﺇ .

ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻌﺒﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺏﻫﺫﻴ ﺕﺭﻭﺸ لﻜﻴ ﺎﻤ لﻌﺠ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻭ .

ﻪـﻝﻭﻘﺒ

" : ﺏﺎـﻁﺨﻝﺍ

ﻑﻗﻭﺘﺘ ﻭ ، ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﻻﺩﺎﺒﺘﻤ ﺎﻁﺎﺸﻨ ، ﻊﻤﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻡﻠﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻘﻔﺼ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ، ﻱﻭﻐﻝ لﺎﺼﺘﺍ ﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻪﻀﺭﻏ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﺘﻐﻴﺼ

، ؛ﻲﻋ

) (3

ﻑﺍﺭـﻁﺃ ﺎـﻬﻴﻓ ﻡﻫﺎﺴﺘ ﺔﻴﻤﺎﻨﻴﺩ ﺔﺒﺭﺠﺘ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺎﻓ

ﺭﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ،لﻋﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤ :

، ﺉﺭﺎـﻗ ، ﺏﺎـﻁﺨ ، ﻑـﻝﺅﻤ

) ﻊﻤﺘﺴﻤ ( ﺎﻤﺌﺍﺩ ﻰﻌﺴﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ؛ –

ﻪﺒ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ

ﺴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻯﺅﺭﻝﺍ لﻜ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻓﻭﻗﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﻭﺭﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻜﻤﻤ ﺩﺤ ﻰﺼﻗﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲـﻓ ﺕﻤﻫﺎ

ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ /

ﻉﻭﻨﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻠﺼﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ) :

، ﻡﻴـﻗ ، ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤ ، ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ، ﺙﺍﺭﺘ ، ﻥﻴﺩ

ﺩﺎﻌﺒﺃ ، ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤ ﻥ ﺏﻫﺍﺫﻤ ...

ﺦﻝﺍ . (

ﺏ – لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ :

ﺔﻐﻝ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﻭ –

ﺢﺘﻔﻝﺍ – ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﺠ "

ﻼﺤ ﺎﻬﻠﺤﻴ ﺓﺩﻘﻌﻝﺍ لﺤ :

ﺎﻬﻀﻘﻨ ﻭ ﺎﻬﺤﺘﻓ

ﺕﻠﺤﻨﺎﻓ

"

) (4

ﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺎﻓ ؛ ﺎﻬﻜﻜﻓ ﻱﺃ ، ﺔـﻴﺌﺯﺠ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺀﻲﺸﻝﺍ ﻙﻴﻜﻔﺘ ؛ ﻙﻴ

ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺎﻴﻨﺒ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﺎﻨﻝ ﺢﻴﺘﺘ )

ﻯﺭﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻯﺭﻐﺼﻝﺍ (

لﻋﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒ ﻭ ، ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻭ ،

ﺭﻠﺘﺎﺒ لﻴﻭﻤﺎﺼ لﻭﻘﻴ ، ﻡﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ )

samewal . bateler ": (

لـﻜ ﺱﺭﺩـﻨ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ

ﻪﺴﺭﺩﻨ ﻥﺃ ﻭ ، ﻥﺎﻜﻤﻹﺍ ﺭﺩﻗ ﻪﺘﺍﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺀﻲﺸ –

ﻙﻝﺫﻜ – ﺤ ﺍﺫﺈﻓ ؛ ﻪﺘﻗﻼﻋ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺎـﻨﻝﻭﺎ

ﺎﺌﻴـﺸﻓ ﺎﺌﻴﺸ ﺎﻨﺴﻔﻨﺃ ﺩﺠﻨﺴ ﺎﻨﻨﺈﻓ ، ﻪﺘﻗﻼﻋ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻊﻁﻘﺒ ﻭ ، ﺎﻘﻠﻁﻤ ﻪﺘﺍﺫ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻑﺸﻜﻨﺴﻓ ، ﻁﻘﻓ ﻪﺘﺎﻗﻼﻋ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﻝﻭﺎﺤ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻭ ، ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺎﻤﻬﻓ ﻩﺎﻨﺫﻔﻨﺘﺴﺍ ﺩﻗ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻪﻨﺎﻜﻤ لﺘﺤﺍ ﺩﻗ ﻭ ﻻﺇ ﻥﻭﻜﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻭﺍﺯ ﺩﺠﻭﺘ ﻻ ﻪﻨﺃ "

) (5

ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ،

ﺴﻴ ﻊﻤﺎﺠ ﺎـﻤ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻁﺎﻘـﺴﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻪﺌﺍﺭﺠﺈﺒ ، ﺓﺩﻴﺩﻋ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﻪﺘﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻋﺩﺘ

ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻰﻤﺴﻴ ))

discours (

ﻙﻭـﺒﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺎـﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻙﻴﻜﻔﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰﻌﺴﺘ ﺫﺇ ؛

ﻙﺴﺎﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ )

ﺔﻝﻻﺩ ﻭ ﻼﻜﺸ (

ﺔﻠﻋﺎﻔﺘﻤ ﻭ ﺔﻠﻋﺎﻓ ﺔﻴﺌﺯﺠ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻉﻭﻤﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺏﻭﺘﻜﻤﻝﺍ ،

(3)

: ﺎﻴﻌﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ، ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩ ﺔﻴﺒﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺕ

) ﺔﻴﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﺴﻷﺍ

ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﻷﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺨﻝﺍ ﻭ (

ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﺒ ،ﻪﻠﻜﺸﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻤﻫﺎﺴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ، :

ﻪﻨﻴﻤﺎـﻀﻤ

- ﻪﺘﺎﻴﻭﺘﺤﻤ – ﻪﺘﺎﻴﺎﻏ – ﻩﺭﻴﻴﺎﻌﻤ – ﻪﺌﺎﻀﻓ – ﻪـﺘﺎﻴﻨﺒ – ﻪـﺴﻨﺠ ....

ﻕـﻘﺤﺘﻴﻝ ،ﺦـﻝﺍ

ﻡﻜﺤﺘﻝﺍ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﺘ ،ﺩﻴﻘﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻙﺒﺎﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺎﻏ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ لﻌﺠﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ؛لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻓ ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ ، ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻩﺩﻓﺍﺭ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﻤ ﺎﻬﻓﻭﺤﺘ ﺹﺼﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻘﻴﻤﻋ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﺴﻭﻤ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ، ﺎﻬﻴ

ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﺎﻨﺩﻭﻘﻴ ، ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺔﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻜﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ؛ "

لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ "

– ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻜ

ﻊﻤﺎﺠ – ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ

-1

ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ : ﻲـﻓ ﻲﻝﺎـﻐﻤ ﺩﻘﻌﻤ لﻌﻓ ،ﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ

ﻙﺒﺎﺸﺘﻝﺍ . لﺎﻘﻴ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻭ

" : ﺎﻜﺴﺎﻨ ﺎﺌﺭﺎﻗ ﺕﺭﺼ ﻱﺃ ﺕﺃﺭﻗ .

ﺃﺭﻘﺘ : ﻪـﻘﻔﺘ : ﺕﺃﺭـﻗ :

ﺕﻬﻘﻔﺘ "

6)

ﻰـﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﻴ ؛ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ، ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﺇ ، ﺹﻨﻠﻝ ﻙﻠﻬﺘﺴﻤ ﺩﺭﺠﻤ ﺩﻌﻴ ﻡﻝ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻝﺎﻓ ؛ (

ﺔﻠﻋﺎﻔﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻨﻤﺎﻀﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻨﻴﺎﺒﺘﻤﻝﺍ ، ﺱﻭﻘﺼﻝﺍ ﺍﺫ ، ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺝﺍﺭﺨﺇ :

، ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻔﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﺤﻭﺭﻝﺍ ، ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ، ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ، ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ...

ﺦﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻋ ﻰﻝﺇ .

، ﻪﺘﻴﻝﺎﻌﻓ ﻭ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻑﺼﻭ ﻥﻤ ﻩﺎﻨﻌﻤ ﻭ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻜﺭﺘ ﻕﺜﺒﻨﻴ ﻭﺤﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭ ﺍﺩﻴﺩﺒﺘ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ، ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻴﻘﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻕﻤﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺹﻭﺼﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﻴﺴ ﻻ ﺔـﻨﻁﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﻻﺍ ﻙﺭﺘﺘ ﺫﺇ ؛ﻙﺍﺭﺩﺍﻭ ﻲﻋﻭﺒ ﻻﺇ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﺄﺘﻴ ﻻ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﺎﺠﺘﻤﻝ ﺍﺭﺸﻨ ﻭ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻝﺍ لﺎﻴﺨﻝ ﺎـﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺎﺼﻨ ﺉﺭﺎﻗ لﻜ ﺏﻜﺭﻴ ، ﺕﺎﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﻻﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻋﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻭ ،

ﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﻥﻋ

) (7

ﺏﺎـﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻷ ، ﺓﺭﻴﺎﻐﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺤﺘﻔﻨﺍ ﻙﻝﺫﺒﻓ ؛

ﻭ ، ﻪـﻤﻝﺎﻋ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﺝﻭـﻝﻭﻝﺍ ﻪﺌﺭﺎﻘﻝ ﺢﻴﺘﺘ ﻪﺘﺀﺍﺭﻗ ﻭ ، ﺔﺤﻭﺘﻔﻤ ﺔﺤﺎﺴﻤ ﻭ ﺏﻭﻘﺜ ﻭ ﺀﺎﻀﻓ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ، ﻪﺘﺎﺠﺭﻌﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻩﺯﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻪﻠﻘﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺏﻴﺭﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻗﻭﻤ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﺍﻭ ، ﻪﺴﻴﺭﺎﻀﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ

ﺎﻫﺫﻭﻔﻨ ﻕﻁﻨﻤ ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻗ لﻜﻓ ، ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ لﻤﺘﺤﻴ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻭ ، ﻪﺘﻁﺭﺎﺨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻤ ﺢﻤـﺴﺘ ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻘﻝﺎـﻓ ، ، ﻪـﺘﺀﺍﺭﻗ ﺀﺍﺭﻭ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ ﺉﺭﺎﻗ لﻜﻝﻭ ، ﺹﻨﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺏﺍﺭﺘﻏﻻﺍ ﻭ لﺎﺤﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﻻﺎﺒ

) (8

ﺕﺎـﻅﺤﻝ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻘﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻌﺴﻴ ﺎﻤﻝ ﺎﻘﺒﻁ

ﻑﺸﻜﻝﺍ ﺊﺒﺘﺨﻴ ﺎﻘﻤﻋ ﻭﺃ ، ﺎﻫﺎﻨﻌﻤ ﻥﻋ ﻑﺸﺘ ﺔﺤﻁﺴﻤ ﺔﺤﺎﺴﻤ ﺱﻴﻝ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻭ ،ﺎﻴﺅﺭﻝﺍ ﻭ ، ﻪـﻴﻓ ﺭﺍﺭﻗ ﻻ ﻭ ، ﻪﻝ ﺭﺍﺭﻗ ﻻ ﻕﻤﻋ ﻭ ، ﻪﺤﻭﻁﺴ ﺩﺩﻌﺘﺘ ﺯﻴﺤ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤﻨﺇ ﻭ ، ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻓ

ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻝﺍ لﻭﺎﺤﻴ –

ﻕـﻓﻭ ﻪـﻴﻋﻭ ﻲـﻓ ﻪﻠﻴﻜﺸﺘ ﻭ ﻩﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘ ، ﻪﻝ ﻲﻋﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺙﺭﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻩﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ

ﺍ ﻭ ، ﻡﻬﻔﻝﺍ لﻭﺃ ﻲﻫ ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻭ ، ﻩﺍﺅﺭﻭ ﻪﺘﺎﻴﻌﺠﺭﻤ ﻡﻬﻔﻝ

"

ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺇ "

ﻩﺩﺠﻨ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ

ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻠﻝ ﻕﺒﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ، ﺏﺘﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻊﻀﻭﻤﺘ .

(4)

ﺡﺭﺸﻝﺍ2 ﺔﻝﺄـﺴﻤ ﺡﺭﺸﻭ ، ﻪﺤﻀﻭﺃ ﻱﺃ ﻩﺭﻤﺃ ﻥﻼﻓ ﺡﺭﺸ لﺎﻘﻴ ،ﻑﺸﻜﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻭ :

ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ : ﺀﻲﺸﻝﺍ ﺡﺭﺸ ﻭ ، ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺒ :

ﻪﻔـﺸﻜ ﻭ ﻪﻨﻴﺒﻭ ﻪﺤﺘﻓ ...

ﺍﺫﺇ ﺽﻤﺎـﻐﻝﺍ ﺕﺤﺭـﺸﻭ

ﻪﺘﺭﺴﻓ

) (9

ﻠﻤﻋ ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺫ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺩﻌﺘ ﺡﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤﻓ ؛ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻏﺭ لﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴ

.

ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘﻝﺍ3 : ﻭ ﻥﻴﻴﺒﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺡﺎﻀﻴﻹﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﺒ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻅﻔﻝ ﻭ ﻑﺸﻜﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻨﺎﺒﻹﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻭ

، ﻩﺯﺎﺠﻋﺇ ﻥﺎﻴﺒ ﻭ ﻡﻴﺭﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﺁﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺡﺭﺸﺒ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻅﻔﻝ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺍ ﺡﻼﻁﺼﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻭ ، لﻴﺼﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ؛ ﻩﻭﺭﺴ ﺏﻴﺘﺭﺘ ﻭ ، ﻪﺘﺎﻴﺁ لﻭﺯﻨ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﻭ ﻪﻤﺎﻜﺤﺃ ﻭ )

ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘﻝﺍ ( ﻼﻤﻋ

ﺩﺠﻭﻴ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﺜﻴﺤ ﻭ ، ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅﻝﺎﺒ ﺏﺠﺘﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻔﺸ ﻙﻓ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ، ﺭﻜﻔﻠﻝ ؛ ﻑﺸﻜﺘﺘ ﻭ ﻰﻠﺠﺘﺘ ﺓﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﻌﺠﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ،ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘﻝﺍ

10 )

ﺕـﺴﻴﻝ ﺔـﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﻷ (

ﻴـﻴﻠﺠﺘﻤ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺇ لﺒ ، ﻲﻨﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﺤﻴ ﺀﺎﻋﻭ ﻭﺃ ، ﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﺱﻜﻌﺘ ﺓﺁﺭﻤ ﺩﺭﺠﻤ ﻥ

ﺎﻓ ، ﻑﻴﺎﻀﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﻘﻴﻘﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻐﻠﻝ

– ﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﻕﺎﺴﺘﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘ .

ﻱﺫـﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎـﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺎﻨﻜﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﻀﺘﻘﻴ ﺫﺇ ؛ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﺭﻀ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘﻝﺍﻭ ، ﻉﺩﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺼﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ، ﻪﺒﻠﺼ ﻲﻓ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻭﺤﻴ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺴﻜﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﻴ ﺹﻨﻠﻝ ﺎﻌﻀﻭ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻥﺇ ﻭ ، ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻷ ﺭﺴﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﻭﻠﺠﻴ ﻭ ﺒﺩﺃ ﻻ ﻭ ، ﺹﻨـﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﺘﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻻﺇ ، ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﺢﺼﻔﻴ ﻻ ﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﻤﻀﺘﻴ ﺔﻴ

ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﻠﻓ ؛ ﻡﻬﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻻﺇ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻘﺤﺘﻴ –

ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ –

ﺎـﻤﻝ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻯﻭﺴ

ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ

11)

ﻥـﻜﻤﻴ ﻼﻓ ؛ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻀﺤﺘﺴﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ، ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﺩﺘﺴﻴ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﻭ (

ﻴ ﻪﻨﺇ ، ﺽﺎﻴﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺠﻭﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘﻠﻝ ﻰﺘﻤ ﻻﺇ ﺹﻨﻠﻝ ﻪﻨﺎﻜﻤ ﻻ ﻭ ، ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻀﺤﺒ ﺭﻀﺤ

ﺔﻴﺩﺼﻘﻤ ﻥﺃ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ؛ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺡﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻕﺭﻓ ﻻ ﻥﺃ ﺽﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﻯﺭﻴ ﻭ ، ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻜﺄﺘ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺼﻘﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺫ ﻲﻫ ﺡﺭﺸﻝﺍ .

-4 لﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ : ﻪﻝﻭﺄﺘ ﻭ ﻪﻝﻭﺃ ﻭ ، ﻉﻭﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ لﻭﻷﺍ :

ﻩﺭﺴﻓ . ﻥﺎـﺴﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﺠ

ﺍ ﻡﻼﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘ ﻭ لﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ لﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﺎﻴﺒﺒ ﻻﺇ ﺢﺼﻴ ﻻ ﻭ ، ﻪﻴﻨﺎﻌﻤ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﺘ ﻱﺫﻝ

لـﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ، ﻰـﻨﻌﻤﺒ ﻼﻴﻭﺄﺘ ﻪﺘﻝﻭﺃ ﺩﻗ ﻭ ، ﺀﻲﺸﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ لﻭﺅﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘ ﻪﺘﻝﻭﺃ ﻭ ، ﻪﻅﻔﻝ ﺭﻴﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ .

ﻪﻝﻭﺄﺘ ﻭ ) ﻪﻝﻭﺃ : ( ﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ لﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻩﺭﺴﻓ

)

(12

ﻼﺠ ﻭ ﻪﺤﻭﻀﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺩﻬﺘﺴﻴ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺽﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﻯﺭﻴ ﻭ ، لـﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻪـﺌ

، ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻁﻌﻤ ﺩﻭﺩﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻭ ، ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺄﺒ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻤﺇ ﻪﺘﻴﺎﻏ ﺩﺎﻬﺘﺠﺍ

) (13

ﺍﺫﻫ ،

لﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ لﻌﺠﻴ ﺎﻤ –

ﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ –

ﺩﻴـﺼﺭ ﻥـﻤ ﻪـﻜﻠﻤﻨ ﺎﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻤﺌﺎﻗ

ﺩﻭـﻴﻗ ﻥـﻤ ﺭﺭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﺼ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﻠﺴ ﺀﺎﻁﻋﻹ ﺔﺒﺭﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﺎﻴﺴ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺘﺭﻭﻠﺒ ﻭ ﻲﺘﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﻨﻻﺍ ﺯﻔﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ، ﺭﻭﺼﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﺨ لﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝ ﻲﻜﺍﺭﺩﻹﺍ ﺱﺎﻜﻌ

. ﻰﻌـﺴﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻪﻨﺇ

(5)

ﻑﺸﻜﻝﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﻥﻤ ﻊﺒﺎﻨﻝﺍ ،ﺏﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺱﺤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻔﻝﺍ ﺍﺫ ؛ ﻕﺫﺤﻝﺍ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﻙﺍﺭﺩﻹﺍﻭ ﻡﻬﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ .

لﺀﺎﺴﺘﻨ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ﻲﻨﻌﺴﻴ ﻻ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻜ ﻡﺎﻤﺃ :

ﻪﻤﻬﻓ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻰﻌﺴﻨ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺎﻤ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ

ﻭﺎﺤﻨ ﻡﺃ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻔﻨ لﻫ ؟ ﺃﺭﻘﻨ ﻥﺤﻨ ﻭ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻔﻨ لﻫ ﻭ ؟ ﺎﻨﺴﻔﻨﺃ ﻡﻬﻔﻨ ﻥﺃ ل

لـﻫ ؟ لﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻗﺫﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ لﺼﻨ ﺎﻴﻝﺎﻌﺘﻤ ﺎﻤ ﻻﻭﻬﺠﻤ ﻡﻬﻔﻨ ﻡﺃ ﺃﺭﻘﻨ ؟ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤ ﻥﺫﺇ ؟ ﻼﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻡﺩﻘﻨ لﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺡﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻘﻝﺎﺒ

ﻥﻭﺍﺭﺒ ﻥﺎﻴﻝﻭﺠ لﻭﺎﺤﻴ )

Jullian Brown (

لﻭـﻴ ﺝﺭﻭـﺠ ﻭ )

George

(yule لﺼﺍﻭﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ لﻤﻌﺘﺴﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜﻠﻝ ﺭﻭﺼﺘ ﻊﻀﻭ ، –

ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻲﻓ

ـﻝ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ "

ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ

"

- ؛ ﺔﻁـﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﻋ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤ لﻤﺸﻴ ﻻﺎﺠﻤ ﻪﻨﻭﺭﻴ ﺫﺇ

ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻓ –

ﺎﻤﻫﺩﻨﻋ – ﻥﻴـﺒ ﺱﺎﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻁﺨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﻘﺘ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﺃ ﻥﻋ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻠﻝ لﻤﻌﺘﺴﻴ

ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ .

ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺎﻜ ، ﺔﻴﻔﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﻭ ، ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴ

ﻡﻬﺜـﺤﺒ ﻥﻭﺯـﻜﺭﻴ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﺜﻤﺒ ﻥﻭﻤﺘﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ، ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻰﺘﺸ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻌﻴﻤﺠ .

ﺩﻤﻌﻴ ﻭ ﺍ ﺎﻤﻬﻝﻭﻘﺒ ﻊﻴﺴﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺩﻌﺒ " :

لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝ ﺎﻨﺘﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻓ ﻥﺤﻨ ﺎﻤﺃ

ﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺞﻝﺎﻌﻨ ﻥﺤﻨﻓ ،ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻝ ﺔﺒ

، ﻲﻘﻠﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﻬﺠﻭﻴ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻝ لﺌﺎﺴﺭ ﻡﻠﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻝﺅﻴ ﻑﻴﻜ ﻭ ، لﺼﺍﻭﺘﻠﻝ ﺓﺍﺩﺁ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘﻝ ﺹﺎﺨ ﻭﺤﻨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻴﻭﻐﻝ ﺎﻬﺘﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤﺒ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻡﻭﻘﻴﻓ "

) (14

لـﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﺞﻬﻨـﻤ ﺭﺎـﻁﺇ ﻲﻓ

ﻡـﻠﻋ لـﻜ ﻲﻓ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒ ﻕﺭﻁ ﻡﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺏﺠﻭﺘ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ،ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻪـﺘﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﺯﺍﺭـﺒﺇ ﻭ

ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺤﻤﻝﺍ

:

-

لـﻋﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﻨﺒﺒ ﻡﺎـﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻓ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ –

ﺔﺼﺎﺨ – ﺭﺍﻭﺤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﻫﺃ لﺌﺎﺴﻭﺒ ﺔﻘﻘﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ .

- ﻡﻬﻤﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﻪﺠﺘﻴ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﻭ –

ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ –

ﺎﻴﺎـﻀﻗ ﻰـﻝﺇ

ﻙﺍﺭﺩﻹﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺎﺒ لﺼﺘﺘ .

– ﻭ ﺕﺎـﻗﻼﻌﻝﺎﺒ ،ﺔـﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﺴﻼﻓ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻭﻠﻠﺤﻤ ﻡﺘﻬﻴ ﻭ

لﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻭ ، ﺔﻴﻤﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺼﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﻭ ، لﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﺃ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻤﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﺎﻬﻤﻴﻴﻘﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻡﺎﻜﺤﺃ ﺭﻴﺭﻘﺘﻝ ﺓﺍﺩﺃ لﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻤ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻭ ؛ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﻥﻭﺴﺭﺩﻴ ﻡﻬﻓ،ﺏﺫﻜﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻕﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﺎﻌﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻠﺴ لﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝ

ﺔـﻴﺠﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻴﺴ ﻲﻓ ، ﻥﻴﻴﺠﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﻥﻴﻘﻠﺘﻤ ﺔﺒﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝ ، ﻥﻴﺠﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﻥﻭﻤﻠﻜﺘﻤ ﺎﻬﻠﻤﻌﺘﺴﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻗ

) .

(15

(6)

- ﻥﻭـﻤﺘﻬﻴ ، ﺏﺎـﻁﺨﻝﺍ لـﻴﻠﺤﺘ لﺎـﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﻴ ﻥﻤﻤ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋﻭ

ﺍﺩﺠ ﺓﺩﺩﺤﻤ ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻴﺴ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻠﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺎﻁﺨ ﺝﺫﺎﻤﻨ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤﺒ .

ﺭﺒ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻓ ﻲﻓ لﻭﻴ ﻭ ﻥﻭﺍ

"

ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ "

ﻡـﻜ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺍﻭﺒﻷﺍ ﺕﺤﺘﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ

ﻰﻤﺴﻴ لﺎﺠﻤﻝ ﺕﺎﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﺌﺎﻫ "

ﻡـﺴﻻ لﻤﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﻊﻁﺘﺴﻴ ﻡﻝ

ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺹﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺎﻫﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ، ﻊﺴﺍﻭﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ .

لﻬـﺴﻴ لﻜﺸﺒ ، ﺎﻬﺤﻴﻀﻭﺘ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻻ ﻭ

ﺎﻬﻤﻬﻓ . ﻥﺎﻜ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺸﺇ ﺝﺍﺭﺩﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﺎﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻋﺩ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺎـﻬﻨﻤ ﺩـﺒ ﻻ

. ﺭـﺨﺁ ﻲـﻓ

ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﺎﻤﻬﻀﺭﻋ :

− ﺎﻬﻝﻭﺃ : ﺕﺀﺎـﻀﺃ ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ، ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻭﻬﺠﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻔﺘﺴﻻﺍ

ﺍﺩﺩﺤ ﺩﻗ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﺇ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ، ﻪﻴﻓ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﻭ ، ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻬﻝ ﺎﻤﻬﻠﻤﻋ لﺎﺠﻤ .

لﺼﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻭ ﻻﺃ .

− ﺎﻬﻴﻨﺎﺜ : ﻥﺃ ﺔﺤﺭﺘﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﻷﺍ لﻜ –

ﺎﻤﻬﻠﺒﻗ ﻥﻤ –

ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﺍﺩﺩﻋ لﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺤﺘﻓ ﺩﻗ

ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻷ ؛ ﻡﻬﻔﻝﺍ ﻕﺎﻁﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻠﻅﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ "

ﺔـﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺔـﻴﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅ

ﺔﺒﻜﺭﻤ "

) (16

ﻙﺍﺭﺩﻹﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻋﻭـﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻥﺎـﺴﻨﻹﺎﺒ ﺔـﻗﻼﻋ ﻪﻝﺎﻤ لﻜ ﺱﻤﺘ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ .

ﻭ

ﺭﻫﺎﻅﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺱﻴﺭﺎﻀﺘﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻨﺘﻤ ﺔﺒﺼﺨ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﺃ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ .

− ﺎﻫﺭﺨﺁ : ﺎﻤﻬﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ .

ﻭ ، ﺔـﻝﺎﺤﻹﺎﺒ ﺔﻠـﺼ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﺎﻜ

ﻡﺩـﻋ ﻲـﻨﻌﻴ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻭ ، ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﻭ ﺏﺴﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ، ﻱﻭﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﺴﺎﻤﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻠﺼﺘﻤ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻗ ﻥﻴـﺒ ﻡﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ لﻋﺎﻔﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻴﻤﺘﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﺭﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻨﻌﺒ ﻰﻅﺤﺘ ، ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻗ ﺓﺩﻋ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻕﺭﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﻠﻋ /

ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻗ ، ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ :

، ﺔﺌﻴﻬﻝﺍ ، ﺔـﻴﻤﻜﻝﺍ ﺩـﻴﺩﺤﺘ ، لﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻴﺼ ، ﻥﻤﺯﻝﺍ

ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻓ ﻭ ﺯﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻗ ﻭ ، ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﻑﺼﻭﻝﺍ ، ﻲﻔﻨﻝﺍ ...

ﺦﻝﺍ .

ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺏﺎﻌﻴﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﻋﺯﻋﺯ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺩﺍﺯ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺸﺇ ﻲﻫ ﻭ "

ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻝ ،

ﺩﺤﺍﻭ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ لﺎﺠﻤ ﺭﺼﺤ ﺏﻁﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻔﻝﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺩﻌﺒﺃ .

ﻪـﻠﻌﺠ ﻭ

ﺎﺠﻤ ﻱﻷ ﺎﻴﻭﺎﺴﻤ ﺭﺨﺁ ل

. ﺩﻭﺭﺎـﺸ ﻙـﻴﺭﺘﺎﺒ ﻪـﻴﻝﺇ لﺼﻭﺘ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﻭ )

patrich

charaudeau (

ﻪﻝﻭﻗ ﻲﻓ " : ، ﻥﻵﺍ ﻪﺒ ﺩﺠﻭﺃ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ، ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ لﺎﺠﻤﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ

ﻲـﻓ ﺔـﺼﺎﺨﺒ ﺔـﺒﻭﺘﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﻭﺼﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺕﻴﻨﻋ ﺩﻘﻝ ؛ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻴﺩﺠ ﺀﻲﺸ لﻜ ﻯﺭﺃ ﻲﻨﺎﻓ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻝﺍ .

ﺍ ﻥﻴـﺒ ﺏﻁﺎﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻫﺍﻭﻅﺒ لﺍﺯﻻ ﺓ ﺕﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺍﺫـﻫ ﻭ ، ﺱﺎـﻨﻝ

ﺔـﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍ ﺩـﻴﺩﺤﺘﺒ ﻰـﻨﻋﺃ ﻥﻵﺍ ، ﺔـﺒﻭﺘﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﻁﺨﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺓﺍﺯﺍﻭﻤﻝﺎﺒ ) (rôles langagiers ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ لﺼﻔﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﻘﻨ ﻲﻫ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ

– ﺔـﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ "

) (17

.

(7)

ﺭـﺨﺁ لﺎـﺠﻤ ﻊﻤ ﻯﻭﺎﺴﺘﻴ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ لﻌﺠ ﻰﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﺏﻫﺫ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺎﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﻪﺌﺎﻁﻋﺇﻭ ،ﺎﻨﺎﻴﺤﺃ ﺵﺘﺎﻫ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﻡﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ،ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻤ

) hatch " : ( لـﻴﻠﺤﺘ

ﺔﻴﻭﺘﻜﻤ ﻡﺃ ﺔﻴﻜﺤﻤ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﺃ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ لﺼﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻝ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﻫ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ "

18)

(

ﺎـﻤ لﺍﺅﺴﻝﺍ ﻭ

ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻨﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘ لﻫ ؟ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ .

؟ ﻑﻝﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺃ، ﺹﻨﻝﺍ

ﺱﺒﻭﺘﻴﺴ ﻪﻓﺭﻌﻴ ﻭ )

stubbs ( ﻪﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ "

ﻥﺎﻜﺃ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻠﻝ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ

ﻜﺤﻤ ﻯﻭﺘـﺴﻤ ﻯﺩـﻌﺘﻴ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻑﺩﻬﻴ ﻭ ، ﺎﺒﻭﺘﻜﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻴ ﺔـﺴﺍﺭﺩﺒ ﻡﺘـﻬﻴ ﻭ ، ﻪﻤﺠﺤ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻬﻤ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺭﺍﻭﺤﻝﺍ لﺜﻤ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻝﺍ

ﺎﻬﻗﺎﻴﺴ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ "

) (19

لـﻴﻠﺤﺘﻓ ؛ ﻪﻓﻼﺘﺨﺍ ﺔﻌﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻕﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻱﺃ ،

ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺩﺤﺃ ﻭﻫ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ لﻭﺎﺤﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ،

ﻭ ﻪـﻝﻭﻁ ﻎﻠﺒ ﺎﻤﻬﻤ ﺏﻭﺘﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ لﻤﺸﻴﻝ ، ﻕﻁﻨﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺯﻭﺎﺠﺘﻴ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻝﺎﻜﺸﺄﺒ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻱﻭﻔﺸﻝﺍ ﺏﻁﺎﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ،ﻪﻋﻭﻨ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﺍ :

ﺙﻴﺩﺤ ، ﺔﻴﻔﺘﺎﻫ ﺔﻤﻝﺎﻜﻤ

ﻝﺍ ﻥﻴـﺒ ﺭﻭﺩـﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ، ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻑﻗﺍﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻭﺃ ، ﺀﺎـﺒﺭﻐ

ﺏﺎﻴﻏ لﻭﻁ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻴﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻘﻴﺩﺼ ...

ﺦﻝﺍ . ﺔﻴﻅﻔﻠﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻋﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ

ﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺙﺩﺤﺘ .

ﻥﺴﻨﻔﻴﻝ لﻌﺠﻴ ﻭ )

levinson (

ﺭﻭـﻅﻨﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻐﻠﻝ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻥﻤ

لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ،ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭ "

ﻭ ﺹﻨﻝﺎﻜ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻝ ﺭﻴﻏ لﻤﺍﻭﻋ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﻹﺎﺒ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ

ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻕﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻭ

"

) .(20

ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺭﺨﺁ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺸﻨ ﻭ

ﺀﺍﺭﻵﺍ ﻭ ﻑﻴﺭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ، –

ﺎﻬﻓﻼﺘﺨﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ -

لـﻴﻠﺤﺘ لﺎـﺠﻤ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﺕﺒﺴﻨ ﺏﺘﻜ ﻥﻤ

ﻲﺒﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺍﻭﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻘﺒ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ .

، ﻡﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺔﻴﻋﺭﺸﺒ ﻡﻠﺴﻨ ﺎﻨﻠﻌﺠﺘ

ﻷﺍ لﻜ ﻥﻤ ﻩﺩﺍﻭﻤ ﻊﻤﺠﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻪﻘﺤ ﻥﻤ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ، لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻭﺃ ﺽﺭـﻐﺒ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻴﺸ

ﺎﻴﻨﺎﺜ ﻪﻋﺍﻭﻨﺄﺒ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ، ﻻﻭﺃ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ .

ﺭﻤﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺭﺨﺁ ﺽﺭﻏ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﺒ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻭﻝ ﻭ

ﺔـﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻭ ، ﻪﻠﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ لﻤﻌﺘﺴﺘ ﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﺯﻠﻤ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻠﺤﻤ ﻥﻷ ؛ ﻕﺒﺴﺃ ﻭ ﺔﺒﺭﺎـﻀﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔـﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﻤﺃ ﻭ ﺎﻬﺒﻌﺸﺘﺒ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤ لﻜﻝ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘﻭ لﺼﺍﻭﺘ ﺓﺍﺩﺁ ﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻋﺎﻔ . ﺔﻠـﺼﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﻻﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻓﻼﺘﺨﻻﺍ لﻜﺒ ﻪﻀﺭﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻥﻋ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻭـﻠﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻭﺜﺤﺎـﺒﻝﺍ لﻤﺎﻌﺘ ﻑﻴﻜﻓ ،ﻪﻝﺎﺠﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻬﺘﻗﻻ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﻌﺼﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻪﻴﻓ

؟ﻼﻴﻠﺤﺘﻭ ﺍﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻊﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻊﻤ ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ

(8)

– II ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝ ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ )

ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻋ ﺩﻭﻬﺠ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻔﻗﻭ : (

ﻭ ، ﺎﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻭ ﺎﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ لﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺎﻬﺴﻹﺍ ﺕﺒﺭﺎﻀﺘ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻁـﺼﻤ ﻊﻤ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﻠﺨﺒ ﻡﺎﻗ ﻥﻤ ﻙﺎﻨﻬﻓ ؛ﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﻭ ﺎﺠﻬﻨﻤ ﻭ ﻼـﺠﻤ ﻪﻌﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍﻭ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﺒ ﻯﻭﺎﺴﺘﻴ ﻪﻠﻌﺠ ﻭ ؛ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺎﻬﻌﻤ ﺏﺭﻁﻀﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ "

ﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﺏ

"

ﺹﻨـﻝﺍ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ "

ﺫﺇ ؛

ﺏﺍﺭﻁﻀﻻﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻕﻓﻭ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻋ -

ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﻭﻬﻓ ، ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﻕﺭﻓ ﻻ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﻪﻠﺤﺍﺭﻤ ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒ ﻲﻓ )

ﻱﻭﻔﺸﻝﺍ ﻪﻌﺒﺎﻁ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺃ (

ﻲﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻊﺴﻭﺃ ﻭﻫﻭ ،

ﻭﻫ ﺫﺇ ؛ ﺭﺨﺁ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻥﻤ ، "

ﻰـﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﻝﺎﺼﻴﺇ ﺩﺍﺭﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ، ﺔﻴﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ

ﻤ ﺹﻭﺼﻨ ﺭﺒﻋ ﻕﻠﺘﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻴﻝﻭﻤـﺸ ﺎـﻔﻗﻭﻤ ﻡﺩـﻘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ، ﺔﻴﺌﺭﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺴﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺔﺒﻭﺘﻜ

ﺭﻅﻨ ﺔﻬﺠﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﺩﻘﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻱﺃ ، ﺔﻀﺭﺘﻔﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻤﺌﺎﻗ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻀﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻴﺌﺯﺠ ﺎﻤ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ لﻭﺤ

" .

) (21

ﻭﻬﻓ ؛ - ﻙﻝﺫﺒ - لﺎـﺠﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﻁﺒﺭﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺹﻭﺼﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ

ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻋ ﻥﻤ ﻊﺴﻭﺃ ﻪﻤﻝﺎﻋ ، ﻲﻓﺭﻌﻤ .

ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭ –

ﺭﻁﻀﺍ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﺏ "

ﺏﺎـﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ "

ﻥـﻤ ﻩﺭـﻴﻐﺒ

لﻀﻓ ﺡﻼﺼ لﻭﻘﻴ ،ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ :

ﻭ "

ﺍﺫـﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻌﺒﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﻘﻋ ﻲﻓ ،ـ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﻝ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺭﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﺩﻗ

ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺎﺒ ﻰﻤﺴﻴ ﻭﻫ ﻭ ، ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ )

SCIENCE DU TEXTE (

ﻲﻓ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻕﻠﻁﻴ ﻭ ،

ﺔﻴﺯﻴﻠﺠﻨﻻﺍ )

DIXOURSE ANALYSIS (

ﺍ ﻥﻴﺫﻫ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺝﺭﺨﻴ ﻻ ﻭ ، ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝ

ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﺘﻤﺠﺭﺘ لﻌﺠﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ، ﺔﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻘﺒ ﻲﻓ –

ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ –

ﻻﻭﺒﻘﻤ ﺍﺭﻤﺃ

"

.22 ﺭﻴـﺸﻴ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨ ﻥﻤ ﻭﻬﻓ ؛ ﻻﻭﻤﺸ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻤﻋ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺀﻲﺸ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺢﻤﻁﻴ ﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﻪﻠﻌﺠ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻥـﻤ ﺔـﻠﻤﺠ ﻥﻤﻀﺘﻴ ﻭ ، ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻁﺎﻤﻨﺃ ﻭ ﺹﻭﺼﻨﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻰﻝﺇ

ﺔﻴﻔﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﺔـﻴﺤﺎﻨ ﻥـﻤ ،ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻊﺒﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ

ﻯﺭﺨﺃ . ﻲـﻓ ﻊـﻗﻭ ﺩـﻗ لﻀﻓ ﺡﻼﺼ ﻥﺃ ، ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻗ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻪﺘﻅﺤﻼﻤ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻭ

ﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻠﻌﺠ ﻭ ، ﺓﺩﻋ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺏﺍﺭﻁﻀﺍ )

، ﺹﻨـﻝﺍ ﻡـﻠﻋ

ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻝ ، ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ . (

ﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻭ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻨﻝ ﺔﺒﺼﺨ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﺃ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻭ ﻪﻝﺎﺠﻤ ﻭ ﻪ

. ﻱﺫـﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ

ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻋﺩﺘﺴﻴ –

ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ، ﻩﺩﻭﺩﺤ لﻜ ﻭ ، ﻪﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻭ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ

ﻥﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﻭ ﻥﻤ ﻙﺎﻜﻔﻨﻻﺍ ﺕﻝﻭﺎﺤ ، ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﺕﺎﻤﺎﻬﺴﺇ ﺕﻤﺎﻨﺘ )

(9)

ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜ ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤﺭﺨﺁ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻭﺃ ﻡﻠﻌﺒ ﻪﺘﺍﻭﺎﺴﻤ ﻭ ،ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﺒ ﺔﻁﻠﺨ (

ﻭ ،

ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻭﻬﺠﻝﺍ :

-1 ﻱﺭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ )

ﺹﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ (

ﺡﺎﺘﻔﻤ ﺩﻤﺤﻤﻝ :

ﺍﺫﻫ ﻪﻤﺎﻬﺴﺇ ﺡﺎﺘﻔﻤ ﺉﺩﺘﺒﻴ –

ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ –

ﺔـﻜﻨﺤ ﻥﻋ ﻡﻨﺘ ﺔﻝﻭﻘﻤﺒ

ﻡﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻓ ، لﻠﺤﻤ ,

ﻪﻴﻓ ﻭ ﻪﻌﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼ ﻙﺭﺩﺃ ﻭ " :

ﻻ ﻯﺃﺭ ﻪـﻴﻓ ﻥﺤﻨ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ

ﺒﻗ ﺩﺤﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺠﻴ لﻭﻘﻨ ﻻ ﻭ ، ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺍﺩﺤﺃ ﺭﺒﺠﻨ ﻪﺘﻴﻫﺍﺭﻜ ﻭ ﻪﻝﻭ

"

23 )

ﻻ ﺍﺫـﻫ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﻭ(

ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀ ﻱﺃ ﻯﺭﻴ –

ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﻴﺤﻼﺼ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻋﺎﻓﺩ ﺞﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻁﻋﺇ ﻭ ﻑﻭﻗﻭﻠﻝ ﻪﻌﻓﺩﺘ

ﻱﺭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝ ، ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ .

ﻥﻴﻤﺴﻘﺒ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺠ ﻙﻝﺫﺒ ﻭ :

لﻭﻷﺍ : ، ﻱﺭﻅﻨ

ﻲﻨﺎﻤﺜ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻤﺩﻗ ﻭ ، ﺓﺭﺎﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﺯﺍﺭﺒﺇ ﻪﻝﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ لﻭﺎﺤ ﻓ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻌﻠﻝ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ لﻭﺤ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﺕﺭﺍﺩ ، لﻭﺼ :

، ﺕﺍﻭـﺼﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺩﺼﻘﻝﺍ

ﻭ ﺔﻴﺼﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻏﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻷﺎﺒ ﻉﺎﻨﻗﻹﺍ ﻪﻴﺩﺼﻘﻤ ﺯﺍﺭﺒﺇﻭ ، ﻱﻭﺤﻨﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻡﺠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﻜﻝﺍ لﺎﻌﻓﻷﺍ ...

ﺦﻝﺍ .

ﺕﺭـﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﺫﺇ لﻭﺼﻓ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﺠ ﻭ ، ﺹﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹ ﺹﺼﺨ ، ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻡﺴﻘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺒ لﻜ ﻼﺼﻓ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘ )

ﺭﺘﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒ –

ﻡﻼﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒ –

ﺀﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒ )

ﺔـﺒﻫﺭﻝﺍ ( (

ﻥﻴﺎﺒﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ لﻜﺎﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝ ﺭﻤﺜﻤ لﻼﻐﺘﺴﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻡﺘ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺩﺒﻋ ﻥﺒﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺼﻗ ﻲﻓ . .

ﻩﻭﻨﻴ ﻭ "

ﺡﺎﺘﻔﻤ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ "

ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﻭ ﺀﺍﺭﺁ ﻡﻬﻓ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼ ﻰﻝﺇ –

ﻙﻴﻫﺎﻨ -

ﻓ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻋ ﺱﺭﺍﺩﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺏﻴﺼﺘ ﻻ ، ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺔﻓﺁ ﻥﻻ ؛ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲ

ﻭ ﺔـﻴﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺭـﻅﻠﻝ ﻥﻁﻔﺘـﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺃﺭﻘﻴ ﺎﻤﺒ ﻰﻤﻋﺃ ﺎﻨﺎﻤﻴﺇ ﺎﻨﻤﺅﻤ ﺎﺠﺫﺎﺴ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻥﻤ ﻻﺇ ﺕﺍﺭـﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺒﺍﻭﺜﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺕﺄﺸﻨ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﺘﺴﺒﻻﺍ ﻕﺭﺘﻔﺘ ﻭ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻊﻤﺠﺘ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭ ، ﺎﻬﻨﻤ لﻜ ﻲﻓ

) .

(24

ﺭﺎﺸﺃ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺎﻨﻫ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ

– ﺭﻤﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ

، ﻥﻴـﻠﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎـﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﻪﻜﻠﻤﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ، ﻰﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﻴﻹﺍ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺎﻏ ﻁـﻠﺨﻝﺍ ﻡـﺜ ﻥـﻤﻭ ، ﻡﻴﻫﺎـﻔﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻁـﺼﻤﻠﻝ ﻲﺌﺍﻭﺸﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻬﻌﻗﻭﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍﻭ ﺢﻀﺍﻭﻼﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻁﻋﺇ ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﺏﺍﺭﻁﻀﻻﺍﻭ /

ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻠﻝ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻤﻼﻝﺍ .

ﻨ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﺯﺭﻔﺒ ﺡﺎﺘﻔﻤ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﻡﺎﻗ ﻡﺠﺴﻨﻤ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﻼﻝ ﺔﺤﻝﺎﺼ ﺎﻫﺁﺭ ﺔﻴﺭﻅ

لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻴ :

* ﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻔﺸ ﺔﺌﻴﺭﺒ ﺓﺩﻴﺎﺤﻤ ﺔﻐﻠ /

ﻲﻔﺨﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺭﻬﻅﺘ ﺔﻠﻠﻀﻤ ﺔﻋﺩﺎﺨﻤ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ

) ﻪﻋﺎﺒﺘﺃﻭ ﻲﻜﺴﻤﻭﺸﺘ ﺩﻨﻋ (

)

ﻪﻋﺎﺒﺘﺃﻭ ﺙﺭﺎﺒ ﺩﻨﻋ (

(10)

* ﻪﺴﻜﻌﺘﻭ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻑﺼﺘ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ

/ ﺍﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺎﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﻕﻠﺨﺘ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ

) ﻥﻭﻴﻌﻀﻭﻝﺍ (

* ــﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔــﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻲــﻫ ﺔــﻤﻠﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺫــﻝﺍ ﻰ

ﻭ ﺏﺎــﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩــﺼﺇ ﻲــﻓ ﺓﺭــﻴﺨﻷﺍ

) ﻥﻭﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﺴﻝﺍ (

* ﻪﻨﻴﻭﻜﺘﻭ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﻭﺩ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺔﻴﻘﻠﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺄﻴﻬﻝﺍ

) ﺔﻴﺩﺼﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ) (

لﻋﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ (

* ﺔﻘﻴﻀﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜﻝﺍ )

ﺔﻘﻁﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ / ( ﺔﻌﺴﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜﻝﺍ

) ﻥﻭﻴﻝﺎﻤﺘﺤﻹﺍ (

ﺍ لﻌﺠﻭ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﻕﻠﺨ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﻥـﻤ ﺭـﻴﺜﻜﺒ ﻑﻭﻔﺤﻤ ﺭﻤﺃ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻊﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝ

ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ . لـﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﻑﻗﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺎﻨﺯﻭﺎﺠﺘ ﺍﺫﺇﻭ

ﺡﺎﺘﻔﻤ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﻱﺃﺭ ﺏﺴﺤ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ –

ﻥﻤ ﺎﻤ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﻭﻀﻝﺍ ﻲﻘﻠﻴ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻼﻜ ﻥ ﺃ ﺩﺠﻨﻓ

ﻝﺍ ﺀﻲﺸﻝﺍ ، ﺽﻗﺎﻨﺘﺘ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ لﻤﺎﻜﺘﺘ ﻲﻬﻓ ﻙﻝﺫﻝﻭ ، ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﻫﺍﻭﻅﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻠﻝ ﺢﻴﺘﻴ ﻱﺫ

ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻴﺌﺯﺠ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺏﻜﺭﻴ –

ﺹﻴﺤﻤﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻠﺒﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ –

ﺎـﻤ ﺏﺎـﻁﺨ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﻍﻭﺼﻴﻝ

ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺜﻼﺜﻝﺍ ﻑﻗﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ،

:

-1 ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻨﻭ ، ﻊﻁﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ لﺜﻤ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻉﺎﻤﺠﻹﺍ ﺕﺒﺜ ﺎﻤ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ..

ﺦﻝﺍ

-2 ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺍﻭ ﻑﺫﺤﻝﺍ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤ ﻕﻓﻭ ﻪﻔﻴﻨﺼﺘ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﻹ ،ﻪﺘﺍﺭﻐﺜ ﻥﻴﻴﺒﺘﻝ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤ

ﻝﺍﻭ لﻴﺼﺄﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻕﻴﺴﻨﺘ .

-3 ، لﻜﺎﺸﺘﻝﺍ ، ﺭﻅﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ لﺜﻤ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺔﻴﻨﺒ ﻪﻨﻋ ﺞﺘﻨﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ، لﻜﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻏﺎﻴﺼ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ

لﻋﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ...

ﺦﻝﺍ

) .

(25

ﺱـﻤﺘ ﺔـﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﻊـﻀﻭ ﺩﻴﺭﻴ ﺙﺤﺎﺒ ﻱﻸﻝ ﻭﺃ ، ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻠﺤﻤﻝ ﺡﺎﺘﻔﻤ ﺎﻫﺩﺩﺤ ﻡﺎﻬﻤ ﻲﻫ ﺕﺎـﻴﻁﻌﻤ لـﻜ لﻤﺸﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺕﺩﺍﺭﺃ ﺀﺍﺭﺁ ﻲﻫﻭ ، ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﻲﺒﺩﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﺎﻋ ﻲﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻓ ، ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺎﻴﺼﻭﺼﺨ ﻙﺍﺭﺩﺇ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﻭﻁﺨ ﺎﻨﺘﺒﺭﻘ

. ﺕﺎﻴﺼﻭﺼﺨﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﺔﻴﺩﺼﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﺤﺒ ﻕﻘﺤﺘﺘ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﺘﺤﺍ /

ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺩﺠ ﻱﺃ ،لﻋﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ -

ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ - ﻥﻷ ، ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ

ﻪﻴﻬﺠﻭ ﺩﻨﻋ ﻑﻭﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺒ ﻻ ﻱﻭﻐﻝ ﺏﻌﻝ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ :

لـﻴﺤﻴ ﻻ ﻭﻬﻓ ،ﻥﻭﻤﻀﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘﻝﺍ

ﺹﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻪﻤﻝﺎﻋ ﻕﻓﻭ ،ﻪﻗﺭﺨﻴﻝ ﻻﺇ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ .

ﻬﺠ ﻥﺇ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺡﺎﺘﻔﻤ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﺩ )

ﻱﺭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ (

ﻥﻭﺩﺒﻋ ﻥﺒﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺼﻗ ﻊﻤ .

ﻰـﻝﺇ ﺎـﻬﻋﺎﺠﺭﺈﺒ ، ﺓﺩﻴﺼﻘﻝﺍ ﻁﻭﻴﺨ ﻙﺒﺤﻭ ، ﻁﺒﺭﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﻌﺴ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ :

ﺔـﻴﺘﺍﺫﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻝﺍ - ﻰـﻝﺇ ﺹﻨـﻝﺍ ﻙﻴﻜﻔﺘ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ،ﻉﺍﺭﺼﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻤﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﺯﻨﻝﺍﻭ

(11)

ﺎﻴﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﻴﻨﺒﻝ ﻡﻴﻠﺴ ﻙﺍﺭﺩﺇ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺕﺍﺩﺤﻭ )

ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ .(

ﺎﻴﺭﻭﺭـﻀ ﺎﻁﺭﺸ ﺩﻌﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ

ﻪﺼﺍﻭﺨ ﻁﺒﻀﻭ ﻪﺘﺎﻗﻼﻋ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝ .

-2 ﺽﺎﺘﺭﻤ ﻙﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻌﻝ ،ﻱﺭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻠﻝ ﻲﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ :

ﻲﺒﺩﻷﺍ ﺹﻨﻠﻝ ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻜﺤﺇ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼﺒ ﺽﺎﺘﺭﻤ ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒ ﻩﻭﻨﻴ -

ﺎﻤﻴﺴ ﻻﻭ – ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻝﺍ .

ﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺫﺇ ، لـﻴﻠﺤﺘﻠﻝ ﺔـﻤﺎﻋ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃ ﺀﺎـﻁﻋﺇ لﻭﺎﺤﻴﺴ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻻﺇ ﻲـﺘ

ﺱﺴﺃ ﺩﺩﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺎﻤ ﻭﺤﻨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻠﻴﻭﺄﺘ لﺜﻤﺘ ،ﻪﺘﺀﺍﺭﻗ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻌﻨﻁﺼﻴ ﻩﺎﻌﺴﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺄﺸﻨﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ

26 )

ﻲﺒﺩﻷﺍ(

.

ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻌﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﺩﺸﺎﻨﻴ ﻩﺩﺠﻨ ، ﻙﻝﺫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻭ "

ﻲـﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ "

ﻥﻷ

ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺩﺎﺤﺃ ﺀﺍﺭﺠﺈﺒ لﺒﻘﺘ ﻻ ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ )

ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ( ﻭ ﺞﻫﺎـﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﻐﺘﺴﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻯﺭﻴ

لﻼﻐﺘﺴﺍ ﻰﺼﻗﺃ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ .

ﺓﺩـﻴﺩﺠ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺇ لﺒ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺩﻘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﻝﺎﺒ

ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻠﻝ . ﺔـﻴﻨﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻑﺸﻜﻝﺍ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻭﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﻀﺤﺘﺴﻴﻓ ؛ﻙﻜﻓ ﺎﻤ ﺽﺎﻘﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ

،ﻪﺠـﺴﻨ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻭ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﺠ ﻥﻋ ﻑﺸﻜﻝﺍ لﺠﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ، ﺹﻨﻠﻝ ﻤ لﺼﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤﻭ ﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﺡﺎﺘﻔﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﻨ

) (27

ﻪﻝ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻠﻝ .

ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴـﺴﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﺎﻤﺃﻭ

ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﻥﻋ ﻑﺸﻜﻠﻝ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴﻓ ، لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇ ,

ﺹﻨـﻝﺍ ﺍﺫـﻫ ﻲـﻓ

) ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ( ﺔـﻴﺭﻌﺘﺒ ﻙـﻝﺫﻭ ،ﻲﺜﺒﻋ ﻁﻴﺴﻭ ﺩﺭﺠﻤ ﻻ ، ﻪﻴﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺫﺒ ﺔﻤﺌﺎﻗ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﻝﺍﻭ لﻜﺎﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﺘﻭﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺭﻬﺼﺒ ، ﻪﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺎﻘﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺹﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺎﺒﺘ

) لﺜﺎﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ (

ﺎﻴﺯﻨﻻﺍﻭ ﺡ ﺔﻴـﺼﻭﺼﺨ ﺎـﻬﺤﻨﻤﻴﻭ ،ﻪﻴﻓ ﺕﻌﻀﻭ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻌﻀﻭﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﺢﻴﺯﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ،

ﺤﺸﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺔﻴﻝﻻﺩ ﻥ

ﻪﺘﻐﻝ ﻉﺩﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ .

ﺭـﻴﺠﻔﺘﻭ ، ﺏﻭﻠـﺴﻷﺍ ﺭﻴﺘﻭـﺘﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ

ﺎﻬﺠﻭﺴﻨ ﺏﻴﺼﺨﺘﻭ ﺏﻫﺫﻤ لﻜ ﺎﻫﺭﺼﺎﻨﻌﺒ ﺏﻌﻠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺎﻫﺫﻝﺍﻭ ، ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﻤ

) .

(28

ﻡﻭﻘﺘﻭ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝ ﺽﺎﺘﺭﻤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ "

ﻲﺒﻠﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺒﺍ لﻴﺸﺎﻨﺸ "

ﺏﺎﻴـﺴ ﺭﻜﺎـﺸ ﺭﺩﺒﻝ

ﻲـﻀﺘﻘﺘ ﺫﺇ ؛ﻪـﻠﺜﺎﻤﺘ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﺠﺘﻭ ، ﻪﻨﻴﺎﺒﺘ ﺭﺍﻭﻁﺃﻭ ﻪﻠﻜﺎﺸﺘ لﺍﻭﺤﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺹﻨﻠﻝ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭﺃ ﺹﻨـﻝﺍ ﺭﻫﻭـﺠ ﻥﻋ ﻑﺸﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﺎﻬﻨﻭﺩﺒ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ، ﺕﻻﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﻤﺠ ﻪﻴﺃﺭ ﺏﺴﺤ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﺔﻌﺒﺭﺄﺒ ﻕﻘﺤﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻩﺎﻴﺎﻔﺨ "

لﻜﺎـﺸﺘﻝﺍ /

ﻥﻴﺎـﺒﺘﻝﺍ / لـﺜﺎﻤﺘﻝﺍ /

ﺯﻴﺎﺤﺘﻝﺍ . "

ﻡـﻜﺤﺒ لـﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﺔـﻴﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﺌﻴﺸ ﻲﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﺢﻨﻤﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ

ﻲـﻓ ﻪـﺘﺀﺍﺭﻗ ﻊﻀﻴ لﻠﺤﻤ ﻪﻨﺇ ،ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﺯﺍﻭﺘ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺞﻫﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺩﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫـﻫ ﻲﻋﺍﺭﺘ ﺫﺇ ؛ﺔﻴﺒﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻤﻴﻗ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ،ﻲﺒﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻌﻗﻭﻤ ﻲﻋﺍﺭﻴﻭ ،ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﻗ لﺒﺎﻘﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺩـﻨﻋ ﺭﺍﺩـﺤﻨﻻﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﻘﺘﺭﻼﻝ ﻡﺍﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻋﻭﻀﺨﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻔﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺴﻨ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ

ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺙﻼﺜ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﻤﺎﻗ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ،ﺀﺎﺒﺩﻷﺍ :

(12)

-1 ﺓﺩﻴﺼﻘﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﻜﺎﺸ ﺭﺩﺒ ﺔﻐﻝ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺎﺒﺘﻝﺍﻭ لﻜﺎﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﻤﺘﻝﺍ .

-2 ﺔﻨﻴﺭﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻠﺜﺎﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺠﺈﺒ ﻱﺭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ :

ﺢﻨﻤﺘ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻓ ﺔﻴﺅﺭﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ

ﺔﺒﺼﺨ ﺔﻴﻝﻻﺩ ﺍﺩﺎﻌﺒﺃ .

ﻼﻜﺸ ﻱﺭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺢﻨﻤﻝ ،ﺔﻴﺯﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﺔﻴﺭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻭﻘﺘ ﺎﻤ ﻊﻤ ﺔﺒﺼﺎﺨﺘﻤ ﺔﺒﻭﺎﺠﺘﻤ ﺔﻠﻋﺎﻔﺘﻤ ﺔﻴﺤ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺩﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﻝﻻﺩ ﻥﻤ ﻪﺒ ﺏﺜﻴ ﺎﻴﺌﺎﻤﻴﺴ

ﻥﻷ ؛ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻥﺄﺸ ﻪﻝ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻭﺃ ، ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺎﺠﻴ "

ﺔﻴﻠﻋﺎﻔﺘ ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻴﺴ ﻭﻫ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺩﻷﺍ

ﺔﺒﺭﺠﺘ ﻭﻫ ،ﺢﺼﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭﺃ ،ﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺭﻴﻏ ـﻴﻜﻤﺎﻨﻴﺩ

ﺔ ﺎـﻬﻴﻓ ﻡﻫﺎـﺴﺘ

لـﻋﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ﺔﻤﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻤﻴﻬﻝﺍﻭ ، ﻡﻜﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﻻ ، ﺓﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤ ﻑﺍﺭﻁﺃ "

29)

(

ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺽﺎﺘﺭﻤ ﺭﻴﺸﻴﻭ .

ﻰﻝﺇ "

لـﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝ ﻡﻴﺩـﻗ لﻜـﺸ ﺔـﻏﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ

ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ

"؛

) (30

ﻠﺤﺘﻝ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ ﺫﺇ لـﺜﻤ ﺏﺎـﻁﺨﻝﺍ لـﻴ

: ﻪﻴﺒـﺸﺘﻝﺍ -

ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ - ﺔﻴﺎﻨﻜﻝﺍ – ﻊﻴﺩﺒﻝﺍ ...

ﺦﻝﺍ . ﺎﻴﺯﻨﻻﺍ لﺎﺨﺩﺇ ﺯﻴﺠﻴ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﺡ

ﺎﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴـﺴ ﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇ

ﺓﺩﻴﺼﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ .

ﻥﻭﺭﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻭﻠﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺠﻴﻭ ﻥﻴﻴﺒﻭﻠﺴﻷﺍ

ﺔﻴﺒﻭﻠﺴﺃ ﺔﻴﻝﺁ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ /

ﺔﻴﻏﻼﺒ

لﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺴﺤﻴ ﻲﺘﺎﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﺏﺍﺭﻁﻀﺍ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ،ﺔﺘﺤﺒ .

ﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻕﺭﻔﻴ ﻻ ﻪﻨﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ،لﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍﻭ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍﻭ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺴ

ﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻜ ﺎﻬﻠﻜ ﺎﻬﻠﻤﻌﺘﺴﻴ .

ﻡﺎـﻤﺃ ، ﺓﺩﻴـﺼﻘﻠﻝ ﻲﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻪﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘﺒ ﺎﻨﻌﻀﻴ ﻪﻨﺃ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ

؛ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﺇ ﻪﺜﺍﺩﺤﺈﺒ

ﺎﻫﺍﺭﻴ ،ﺕﺎﻌﺴﻭﺘ "

ﻥﻜﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ، ﺱﺭﻴﺒ ﺩﻠﺨﺒ ﺭﻁﺨﺘ ﻡﻝ

ﻭ ﺎﻴﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﺍﺭﻅﻨﻤ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻪﻨﻜﻝﻭ ، ﻱﺭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻠﻝ ﻼﻠﺤﻤ ﺎﺒﻴﺩﺃ ﺭـﻜﻔﻤ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﻻﻭ ،ﺎﻴﻀﺎﻴﺭ

ﺹﻨـﻝﺍ ﻊـﻗﺍﻭﺒ ﻙﺘﺤﻴ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻤ ﺱﺭﺎﻤﻤﻭ ، ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺍﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻭﻤﻷﺍ لﺜﻤﺘﻴ ﺫﺎـﻔﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺱﻴﻝ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻴﺯﻨﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺍﺀﺎﻁﻋﻭ

"

) ،

(31

ﺎﻨﻌـﻀﻴﻓ -

ﻙﻝﺫﺒ - لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺴﻨ ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ ،لﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺴﻨﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺴﻨ ﻡﺎﻤﺃ .

- 3 ﺩﻷﺍ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻲﺒ

) ﺔﻴﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ (

ﻱﻭﺍﺭﺤﺼ ﻡﻴﻫﺍﺭﺒﻹ :

لﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﺩﻴ -

ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ -

ﻥﺍﺩﻴﺯ ﻲﺠﺭﻭﺠ ﺔﻴﺍﻭﺭ " .

ﻥﻴـﺒﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺎـﻬﺠ "

ﺔﻴﺎﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻭﻴﻨﺒ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ –

ﺔﺼﻘﻝﺍ – ﻥﺎﻤﺯﻝﺍ – ﻥﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍ – ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ –

(13)

ﺔﻴﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺕﻤﺴﻗ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﻁﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ .

ﻑـﻝﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﺝﺍﺭﺩﺇ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﺍﺩﺒﻭ )

ﻲﺠﺭﻭـﺠ

ﻥﺍﺩﻴﺯ ( ﻩﺭﺎﺜﺁﻭ . ؟ ﻱﻭﻴﻨﺒ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻫﻭ

،لـﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻕـﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﻻﺇ ﺹﻠﺨﺘﺴﺘ ﻻ ﺔﻴﺒﺩﻷﺍ ﻥﺃ ، ﺃﺩﺒﻤ ﻥﻤ ،ﺎﻫﺩﻌﺒ، ﻕﻠﻁﻨﻴﻭ ﻪﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺍﺩﺤﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ لﻜﻝ ، ﺓﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺘﻴ ﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ

) (32

ﻲـﺘﻝﺍﻭ ،

، ﺽﻌﺒ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺒ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ لﺼﻓ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﻻ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ،لﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﺩﺘﺴﺘ ﻻ ﺫﺇ ﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﻥﻋ لﺯﻌﻤﺒ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻱﻷ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ .

، ﻩﺩـﺤﻭﻝ ﺫﺨﺃ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻩﺎﻨﻌﻤ ﺩﻘﻔﻴﺴ ﻪﻨﻷ

ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ لﺼﻔﻝﺎﻓ -

ﻪـﻓﺩﻫ،ﻲﻨﻘﺘ ﺀﺍﺭـﺠﺇ ﻻﺇ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤ ﺭﻜﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ

ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ لﻴﻬﺴﺘ .

ﺔﻴﺎﻏ ﺱﻴﻝﻭ لﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﺓﺍﺩﺃ ﻪﻨﺇ

) .

(33

ﻱﺩﺭـﺴﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘـﺴﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﺸﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ ، ﻲﺼﺼﻘﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻯﺭﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺠﻤﻜ لﻤـﺸﻴ ﺎـﻤﻜ ، ﻪـﻝﻭﻘﻤ ﺎﻬﻝﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻅﻨﻴ ، ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻘﺘ ﺏﻴﺩﻷﺍ ﻪﻴﻓ لﻤﻌﺘﺴﻴ لﺎ ﺭﻭـﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﺒﺘﺘ ﺩﺭﺠﻤ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﻻ ﺎﻤ ﺔﺼﻗ ﻡﻬﻓ ﻥﻷ ، ﻲﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺒﻭﻠﺴﻷﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺎـﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ لﺨﺍﺩﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﺒﻁ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ لﺒ ، ﺔﻴﺎﻜﺤﻠﻝ ﻲﺜﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻭ ، ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻴﻜﺸﺘﻝ ﺩﺤﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﻷﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ

. ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍﻭ

ﻥﺎﻋﻭﻨ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ :

ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺯﻭﺘ : ﺔﻴﻘﻓﺃ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻤ ﺫﺇ .

ﺔﻴﻠﻤﺎﻜﺘ ﻭ :

ﻻﺃ ﺎﻬﻜﺍﺭﺩﺇ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻡﻝ ﺫﺇ

ﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺎﺒ ل ﺭﺨﺁ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻥﻤ .

ﺙﺭﺎـﺒ ﻥﻻﻭﺭـﻓ ؛ ﺭـﺨﺁ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﺙـﺤﺎﺒ ﻥـﻤ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﺘ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫﻭ (R-

BARTHES) ﺔـﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﻴ

) : ﻑﺌﺎـﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘـﺴﻤ -

ﻯﻭﺘـﺴﻤ

لﺎﻌﻓﻷﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍ –

ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ (

ﺽﻌﺒﺒ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺒ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﻴ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻲﻫﻭ

ﻊﻤ ﺎﻴﺠﻴﺭﺩﺘ لﻜﺸﺘﻴ لﺒ ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻻﻭ ، ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻤﻜﻴ ﻻ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺎﻓ ؛ ﺎﻴﺠﻴﺭﺩﺘ لﻤﺎﻜﺘﺘﻭ ﻡـﻝ ﺎـﻤ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﻻ ، ﺎﻤ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ، ﺔﺼﻘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺎﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﺝﺭﺩﺘ ﻓ ﺝﺭﺩﻨﺘ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻅﻭ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ لﻜ ﻥﻷ ؛ﻰﻠﻋﺃ ﺭﺨﺁ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻥﻤ لﺒﺎﻘﻤ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻲ -

ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﺒ

ﺎـﻬﺒ ﻡﻭـﻘﺘ ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ لﺎﻌﻓﻷﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺤﻠﻝ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻕﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺨﺩﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺎﻤ ﺎﻫﺎﻨﻌﻤ ﺏﺴﺘﻜﺘ ﻥﻝ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸ

) .

(34

.

ﻑﻭﺭﻭﺩﻭـﺘ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﻴ ﻭ )

t .todorouv (

ﻥﻴﻝﺎـﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﻭﺘـﺴﻤﻝﺍ -

ـﺴﺤ ﻱﺃﺭ ﺏ

ﻱﻭﺍﺭﺤﺼ ) .

ﺔﻴﺎﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ –

ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ( ﻕﻴﺍﺭ لﺎﻴﻨﺍﺩ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ )

(d.

ﺏﻫﺫﻴ

لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝ ﻪﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ، ﻑﻋﺎﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺌﺎﻨﺜﻝﺍ ﻉﺭﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﺤ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻙﺍﺭﺩﺇ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻝﻻﺩ ﻱﺫ ﻡﺎﻀﻨ لﻜ :

ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ )

ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ - ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘﻝﺍ ( ﻥﻭﻤﻀﻤﻝﺍﻭ )

ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘﻝﺍ - ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ .(

(14)

لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ -

ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ -

ﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻨﺎﺒﻹﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻰﻝﻭﺃ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻑﺩﻬﻴ ﺕﺎـﻨﻭﻜ

ﻩﺫـﻫ ﻥﻴـﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻜﻤﺘﻠﻝ ﺎﻬﻝﺯﻋ ﻭ ،ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺍﺩﺤﻭﻭ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﺭـﺜﺇ ﻲﺘﺄﺘﻝ ، ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﺒ ﻙﺎﺴﻤﻹﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻜﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ، ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ لﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺩﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﻁﺒﺭـﻝ ، ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺩﻌﺒﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ،ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤﺒ ﻪﻁﺒﺭﻭ ﻪﻠﻴﻭﺄﺘ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺍ ﺔﻴﻘﺒﺒ ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﻠﺤﺭﻤﻭ ﻲﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻪﻠﻘﺤ ﻭﺃ ﻪﻋﻭﻨ ﻥﻤﻀ ﺹﻭﺼﻨﻝ

ﺎﻫﺩﺩﻌﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺝﺍﺭﺩﺇ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﺇ ﺎﻤﻓ ، ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻭ –

ﺍﺫـﻫ ﺕﺎـﻋﺭﻔﺘ ﻥﻤـﻀ

ﺔـﻝﻻﺩ ﻭﺃ ﻰـﻨﻌﻤ ﺯﺍﺭﺒﺇ ﻭﻫ ﻭ ﺓ، ﺍﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺎﻓﺩﻫ ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺩﺅﺘﻝ لﺨﺍﺩﺘﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ؛ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻬﻤ ﺭﺨﺁ ﺹﻨ ﻱﺃ ﻭﺃ ، ﻲﺒﺩﻷﺍ ﺭﺜﻷﺍ

) (35

ﻱﺃﺭ ﻭﻫ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﻵﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻊﻤ ﺏﺍﺭﻁﻀﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍ

ﺎﻬﻠﺨﺍﺩﺘﻝ ﺍﺭﻅﻨ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ .

ﺎﻬﻤﻫﺃ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺩﻌﻝ ﻙﺒﺭﻤ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﻊﻤ ) :

لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ –

ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ – ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ( ﻭﺃ ) لﻭﻘﻤﻝﺍ - ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ – ﺹﻨﻝﺍ – ﺔﻴﺎﻜﺤﻝﺍ .(

ﺓﺀﺍﺭـﻗ ﺔـﻴﺎﻬﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻭ

ﺔﻨﻭﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ "

ﻲﺒﺩﻷﺍ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ "

ﻝﺍ ﻭ ، ﻭ ﺹﻨـﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺍﻭﺒ ﻥﺍﻭﻨﻌ

ﻥﻋ ﺯﺠﺎﻋ ﻥﺍﻭﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺃﻭ، ﻊﺒﺘﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻥﻋ ﺍﺯﺠﺎﻋ ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﺠﻴﺴ ،ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍ لﻠﺤﻴﺴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ .

-4 ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺒﻭﻠﺴﻷﺍ –

ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ .

ﻱﻭﺩـﺒ ﻥﺎـﺤﺭﻔﻝ

ﻲﺒﺭﺤﻝﺍ : ﻥﺃ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﻑﻝﺅﻤ ﻯﺭﻴ "

ﺄﺘ ﻁﻭﺭـﺸﻭ ﺔـﻴﻓﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺎـﺸﻹﺍﻭ ، ﺔـﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ لـﻴﻭ

ﺔـﻴﻌﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭﻝﺍﻭ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ، ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﻤﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﺩﻷﺍ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﺔﻤﻬﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﻼﺴﺒ ﺎﻬﻠﻜ ﺕﺠﻤﺩﻨﺍ ﺩﻗ "

36)

ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻡﻬﻔﻴﻓ ،(

– ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ –

ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻘﺴﺘﻤ ﺔﻤﻭﻅﻨﻤﻝ ﻼﻤﺎﺸ ﺎﻨﺍﻭﻨﻋ .

ﺘﻌﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻩﺭﻴﻐﻜ ﺭﺒ "

، ﺀﺎﻴﻤﻴـﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﻭـﻬﻅ لﺒﻗ ﻊﻀﻭ ﺎﻤﻠﻋ

ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﺒ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﺘﺸﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻭﻬﻓ ، ﺔﻏﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻥﻤﻀ ﺎـﻤﻠﻋ ﻪﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺏﻭﻠﺴﻷﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﺭﻬﻅ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋﻭ ، ﻪﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘﻭ ﻪﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻥﻋ ﻼﻀﻓ ﻪﺠﺎﺘﻨﺇﻭ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ، ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﺒ ﻡﺘﻬﻴ

) (37

ﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺒﻭﻠﺴﻷﺎﻓ ﺔـﻐﻠﻝ ﺔـﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺔـﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺴﻴﻝ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫ

ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ لﻌﻝﻭ ، ﻙﻝﺫﻜ، ﻪﺘﻐﻝ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻪﻨﻤ ﻑﻗﻭﻤ ﻲﻫ لﺒ ،ﺏﺴﺤﻓ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺏﻭﻠﺴﻸﻝ ﺕﺒﺴﻨ )

ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻝ (

ﻭﻬﻓ ، "

ﻪﺘﻅﺤﻼﻤ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺙﺩﺤ :

ﺓﺍﺩﺃ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﻷ ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻝ ﻪﻨﺇ

ﺓﺭﻭﺭـﻀ ﺭـﺨﻵﺍ ﻥﻷ ، ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﻭﻫﻭ ، ﻪﺜﻭﺩﺤ ﺔﻴﺎﻏ ﺭﺜﻷﺍ ﻥﻷ ﻲﺴﻔﻨ ﻭﻫﻭ ، ﻪﻨﺎﻴﺒ

(15)

ﺠﻭ ﻩﺩﻭ

"

) (38

ﺎﻤﻬﻴﻓ ﺏﻗﺎﻌﺘﻴ ﻥﻴﻝﺎﺘﺘﻤ ﻥﻴﻨﻤﺯ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻜﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺎﻓ ،ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ

ﻊﻘﺘ ﺫﺇ ،ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤﻭ ﻉﻭﺭﻓ ﺩﺤﺃ ﺔﻴﺒﻭﻠﺴﻷﺍﻭ ، ﻑﻘﺜﻤ ﺉﺭﺎﻗﻭ ﻕﻼﺨ ﻉﺩﺒﻤ ، ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ ﺩﻘﻓ ، ﻲﻘﻓﻷﺍ ﻩﺍﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻲﻓ –

ﻩﺭﻅﻨ ﻲﻓ –

ﺭـﻴﺒﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻁﺎـﻤﻨﺃ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤﻝ ﻼﻫﺅﻤ ﺎﺜﺤﺒﻤ

ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﺎﻬﺜﻭﺤﺒ ﻥﺃﻭ ، لﺼﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻴﺌﺭ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ ﺀﺍﺯﺠﺃ

: ﻱﻭﻐﻝ ﺀﺯﺠ /

ﻲﻤﻠﻋ ﺀﺯﺠ /

ﻲﻝﺎﻤﺠ ﺀﺯﺠ .

لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻋﻭﻴﺸ ﺭﺜﻜﻷﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺤ ﻑﻝﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻱﺃﺭ ﺏﺭﻁﻀﻴﻭ "

ﺓﺭﺎﺘﻓ

ﺭـﺒﻋ ﺍﺩـﺤﻭﻤ ﻼﻜ ﻪﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻨﻫﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﻤﻬﻤﻭ ، ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺍﺯﺠﺃ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻁﺒﺭﻝﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻭﺒ ﺎﻤﺘﻬﻤ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺍﺭﺎﺸﺇﻭ ﻪﺘﺍﻭﺩﺃ ﺩﺼﺭ لﺎﻜـﺸﺃ ﺔـﻌﺒﺎﺘﻤﻭ ، ﻪﺌ

ﻡﺎﺠﺴﻨﻻﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻕﺎﺴﺘﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺠﻭﻤ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﻴﻓ ، ﻪﻴﻓ ﻉﺍﺩﺒﻹﺍ .

ﺕﺎـﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻑـﺼﻭﻭ ، ﺭـﻴﺒﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﻤﻨﺃ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤ ﻪﺘﻤﻬﻤﻭ ، ﻲﺒﻭﻠﺴﻷﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺓﺭﺎﺘﻭ ﺹﺍﻭـﺨﻝﺍ ﻥـﻋ ﻑﺸﻜﻠﻝ ، ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺔﻴﺒﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻠﻝ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻨﻝﺍ لﺎﺼﻴﻹﺍﻭ لﺼﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﺎﻁﻨ

. ﻭـﻫ ﻯﺭـﺨﺃ ﺓﺭﺎﺘﻭ

ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺭﺜﻜﻷﺍ ﻩﺭﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ، ﻲﺌﺎﻴﻤﺴﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ –

ﻪﻋﻭﻴﺸ ﻥﻋ ﻼﻀﻓ

ﻊﺴﺍﻭﻝﺍ – ﻪـﻝ ﺎﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺫﺨﺘﻴ ﺫﺇ ؛ ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻕﻠﻁﻨﻴ ﻭﻫﻭ

ﺏﺎـﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻎﻴﺭﻔﺘ ﻁﺭﺘﺸﻴ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ، ﺎﻴﻭﻐﻝ ﻲﻁﻌﻤ ﻪﻔﺼﻭﺒ )

ﺔـﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻉﻭـﻀﻭﻤ (

ﻥـﻤ

ﻬﻨﻴﻤﺎﻀﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻜﻤﺘﻴﻝ ﺎ .

ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤـﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻔـﺼﻝﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﻭ ﻥﻤ ﻪﺘﻴﺎﻏﻭ

ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻉﻭﻨ لﻜﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ :

ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ –

ﻲﻨﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ

… . ، ﺦـﻝﺍ

ﺕﺎـﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺽـﻌﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻴﺩﺸﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻴﻜﺭﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ، ﺕﺎﻏﺎﻴﺼﻝﺍﻭ -

ﺹﻭﺼﺨﻝﺍ ﻪﺠﻭ –

ﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﺘﺒﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﻭ ﺏﺎ

) لﻼﻬﺘﺴﻻﺍ (

ﻪﺘﻴﺎﻬﻨﻭ

،

… ﺦﻝﺍ . ﻩﺭﺎـﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﻥ ﻉﻭﺭـﻓ ﻪﻝ ﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ لﻌﺠ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ

ﺔﻏﻼﺒﻠﻝ ﺎﻀﻭﻌﻤ :

ﺔﻴﺩﻭﻤﻋ ﻉﻭﺭﻓ - :

ﺏﺩﻷﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﻲﺒﺎﻁﺨ ﻑﻨﺼﺒ ﻡﺘﻬﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺭﻌﺸﻝﺎﻜ

ﺔﻴﻘﻓﺃ ﻉﻭﺭﻓ - :

ﺔـﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺎـﻀﻘﻝﺍ لﻜ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻑﻝﺄﺘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺒﻭﻠﺴﻷﺍ لﺜﻤ

ﺔﻓﺎﻜ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﻁﺨﻝﺎﺒ

) (39

ﻰـﻠﻋ ﻪﻗﻼﻁﺇ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ،ﻕﺒﺴ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ

، ﺔـﻠﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻝ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﻑﺼﻭﻠﻝ ﺎﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺫﺨﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ، ﺔﻴﺩﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩـﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﺴﻴﺴﺄﺘ ﻰﻨﺒﻴ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻤﻀ ﺕﺎﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻨﺼﺘﻓ ، ﺔﻤﺎﻋ ﺔﻔﺼﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﻑﻴﻨﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﺇ ﻡﺜ ،ﺎﻬﻤﺠﺤﻭ ﺔﻠﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ، ﺎـﻀﻴﺃ ﺔـﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ

ﻲﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻴﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ "

لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ "

ﻥﺃ ﻥـﻜﻤﻴ لـﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺎﻓ ؛