Notes on the Colloidal and Associated Properties of Clays

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Technical Note (National Research Council of Canada. Division of Building Research), 1948-08-01

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Notes on the Colloidal and Associated Properties of Clays Sutherland, H. B.

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•

TECHNICAL NOTE NO.

98

NOTES ON THE COLLOIDAL AND ASSOCIATED PROPERTIES OF CLAYS

(3)

/ /

'.

e

h • ut 1

Soil Mechanic. &eotion

D1v. ot BUilding R•• earch

Bational aeaearCh Council

Ottawa, Ontario Augu.t, 1948

(4)

CONTENTS

1. Prerace

S. The Co1101dal State ot Matter

z.

Chemioal Composition, Structure ..ullh..., • •

Clay ll1neral.

t. Plaatio it7

e

5. 'fhixotrop7 and Dilatancy

e

6.

Hheop.x,-7. »etin1t10 na

(5)

(5) (6)

•

e

1.

fEe"o,

!be rollow1ng note. on col1014&1 Ch. .1atrJ thixotropy. dilatancy

anA . . .001at.4 aubj.ota wert proapt.4 by a 01Tl1 .ng1Deer.

ｴｲ｡Ｑｮ･ｾ

. . auoh, beIng oontront.4 by th•••

D'"

naru. .hen explanatioD

Or

s.l1

ph.nOla.D. Wei" b.1Dg pr.sent•• to hta. Alema with thes. _ . a anA _

-,lanatlona

wt11'

a Tory Yagu. un4trstan41J'lg or th.u . .anina . . .

sig-Dltlaano., an und.r.tancl1ng that ••• mort comforting thaD concr,t., an• • tr. . .ly lnautfio1mt to stand up to any Ｑｮｴ･ｬｾＧｬｧ･ｮｴ qu ••tloD!q

oo.ing fro. hi.elr or oth.r••. These Dote. ue, theretore, wrltten

ho. the engine.ring point of T1e., .1th the hope that the,. will b. or

us. to ao.. other engineer who ma,. find him.elr in • a1ll11ar quandarT.

The intormation pre.ented haa bauD ｣ｯｬｬ･ｾｴＮ､ trom Tartou. louroe.,

. .ong thoa. beingI

(1) OolloldAl Pheno••Da B. At Hau!.r 1I0Gr.w B1110o.19a,.

(2) Coll01d Chemlstr,. 01' Cla7' B. At HauI.r OheJa1oal

R'Yl'•• , Vol. 37, 19.6

(Z) ••41aentat1oD Volume, Dl1.tanc7,_ Thixotropio

an.

P1astl0 Propertle. 01' Ooncentrate4 Buap.naiona. II, lPreuncU14h and A. D. Ion... loUZ'. Phya. Chela.

Vol, 40, 1217,

ＱＹｾＶ

ObltWU"J' notl., ot B. Fr.undlich,. Ob1tuar7 not10e. of

Fello•• 01' the 1t07&1 80clet7' JfwBber II, Vol • •,

10Tember, 19•••

8011 MeGhan1.. In Engineerlng Pra.tI.. teral&QL 8B4 'e.k, John Wl1.,. and Sona Ino., 1148

aed1aentatloD Voluaea an4 Anomalou. Flow 1n Lyophobio

lu.pen.lona \It G!Al!X

If

.L..Jf

i::AAJ.as.HA

GaD, Journal of Re••arab-S.

1m. , ,

ｉｾ

('1) !he Bydr.tlon ot Starch Belo. the Gel.t1n1s.t1oJl 'emperature W. G!}l.,x and

*,

Bt ｬｐ､､ｴｦｴｾＡｬｃ｡ｮＬ

Journal of ae.earoh -B.

I i

171.181. 1 61.

*

Denote. that a 4etlD1tlon ot thi. word 1. glTen 1D. 'he 4tt1rl1tIona

at the end 01' the not•••

a.

fh! Co.to1fal

St.te

ot

!!t,er

!he tera ·0011014· 1. otten ml.interpreted In ･ｮｳＱｄ･･ｾＱｮｧ eirol.s.

!he DaIl. . . 001ne4 in 1861 b7 'lhoaa. Graham and mean. -like Blu,- u4

the .olen.e of coll014.1 ohe.l.tr,. deal. with the exceptional r.aotlvlt7

and ph_noaena exhiblted

bJ

matter 1t _pre.ent til the 41aen.lonal range

(6)

•

B

-•

For example, If the r

mide i8 carried out with

ai1ver lona w111 be adao

of th c posl

P t 1 1 in

th 11 ult

pot ai t

itr te with potuslUJa

bro-rate, then the residual

looated on the eurtao.

ill reeult. U

ion wIll be adaorbed on

g d particl••, with the

ｾ

I t the counter 10n. are ••• i17 aolvated, 1 ••• 8.8117 broUBh' into

• state ot collold.l 8olution, lik. sodium, the oolloldal aio.ll. wl11,

when plac.el in water, build. up a dlt'fu.. double 1..,..1' du. to the euptao.

dieloelatlon 01' the counter 10n.. It Ie thie phenomenon 01' adaorptloB

of 10n. and the properti•• 01' the relultant d1ttue. double la7.1", whlo11

1. mo.t re.ponsible tor ••veral ot the unlque properties di.pla7.4 b7

oolloldal e1&,.I.

(7)

e

(8)

-•

e

(9)

a.

condition ean be adyan.eA 1D

ouble dittuse 1..,..1'. In &n'f

per-U' r oe bet.een the charges arisins

to t • particle surta.e an4 the Obarge.

(co ｾ er lona) which coneent.at. arom.

charse. I t the partlcle .tl11

UllU)er of counter 10ns auat be

in-particle ot a oolloi481 01&7

ot the oppo.ite .ign 1D. the 41s.

are

al.o eX8l"ted b7 the outelt

co t 10 on ot 1 1'0 ,. cl0 to al d1

'lbe toregoing oan b. .WII11ul••d brief171

Cla7'41sper.iona exhibiting th

distributions ot ions in their ditt'

w11l, it lett undisturbed, take on •

di.turb.d, the 801vated hull. are el1.8

readl17 mov. around.

e

alo

o

•

Galla,. and Puddington state that the propen,. 18 contin." to

au.-pen.lona of e.sentially equ1-dbnensional partiol•• , In which the

par-tiel.. are independent of eaoh other.

Pr.uncU1ch .xplains the ph.noJllenon thual When the 878t- i . at re.t, tho

other th1a re.ulting in olosel,. pa

ｴＮｲｮｾ toro. i . applied to .uoh a sJr t fI, i t c

of the particl.. and e.entuall,. agglo 0 t •

(10)

- 6 •

•

_{unit'orm moi.t or} o ,

ap;earanoe.

Th1a phenomenon has been utilised by civil engtneer. . . a field

te.t tor _{id.ntifioation ot' .oila containing a predominance} ot' _.ilt

.ia8 particl•• (.05 ••

m.

to 0.005

m.m.)

of a rock flour origin, i.e.

particl•• whioh are ••••ntially equi-dimensional.

.lLl.LL...- U ·

... vu. ""... " ...t

u

in tio 0 0 tion.

particl.. of a thixotropic suapenslo 1ate4 to a certain degree, sticking ｴｮＢＬＮｾｾＬＮＢ

I t brOUght into .uspen.ion in the lJ.

form clu.ter.. This behaviour givo

obtain.d with thixotropic or di1at c.ntrate4 iron oxid. aol thizotrop

an .!Dount much 1... than that requ

tropic 8tat. then is often con.ide

lation.

AU substano •• causing a cart

the formation ot' thixotropio aystem •

or di.perling ｡ｧ･ｮｴｾ making the par

can transform a thixotropic sy.tem ('Iua.'.. -LI,...

into a dilatant on••

-Horn Kem· (a teChnioal diape high conoentration in aqueous solu

strongly di1atant suspenaion. With p

atiff paat. with no dilatancy. If ｏＮｍＧｾｾ

dilute Horn Kem ia added, the pa.t • 0

dl1atant. paate can be transformed a certain d.gree of coagulation ot

6. .eopep;

e

•

Freundlich and Julius Burger showed that the sett1n8 ti•• ot

thixotropio luapenaiona of oolloi4&l gyp.wa and Yanadiwa pentoxide

c u e 1y ｲＮｾｬＮｬｏＮｾ the test tube containing the ao1 . . .

1 en the palm. of the hand.. The .aBle

tube on a table at regular

inter-1 by .winging it in • circular plane.

Th. phenomenon known a. rheopexy hu ao

rar

only been obaened

(11)

• ?

ｾｾ

c... "... ｾｏＧｦＺＺＭ｟ｌＮＮＮＭ｟ＮＮＮｉＮＭ｟ｾＮＮＮＮＡＮｉ｟ＭＭｬＮ I _ . J L _ l _ l . . . . _ l -.... 0 '0 10 30 ... tn ａｖｅＮｒｾＨ［ｅＮｅｑｕｉｖａｬＮｅｾｲ SPHERICAL mAME11.R ,,. M_r III W

...

;:).Ｌｾ z

f

l

\0 ...

r

-t- \.0 ｾ 2

-e

e

Ｑ｡ｴＱｾ

Or

;1ar\lcl• •1•• on '1. . . 0.86 P4N"

_.t

bctronlte; 5

millimoles potassium hydroxide per litre; temperature, 250C.

, After Hauser, Chemical rleviews,

Volume 37, 1945

ｾ _{. . . . • ft ..,}

e.n

be obtained by adding to the negatively

ite, a positively charged collo d

dd

(12)

•

e

•

'1. De1'1n1tiona Thixotropy: I Sols Colloidal Micellea Coll01dal Electrolyte: Stoichiometry: Dispersion Agent: Disperse Phaa.l Feptizing Agent: Lyosorption: I Solvationl . Hydroxyl IonI - 8

-Phenomenon shown by gela v1z., that

of becoming liquid on stirring and resolidifying on standing.

A general term tor colloidal diapersiona

aa distinct from true solutions.

Particl.a consi8ting of molecular

ag-gregatea 04curring in colloidal

solu-tlons.

An agent, compatible with the solvent,

whieh holds very finely divided matter 1n

a diaper.ed atate in that solvent.

Oonstituent of a diaperse phaae correa- I

ponding to the di8solved subatance in a

!'

solution.

A aubatance which promote. colloidal

dispersion.

i t

•••lling.

Characteristic component ot alkaline

solutions being a negative17 charged ion

and ia a combinatlon ot one oxygen and