IAEA-TECDOC-1094
XA9951887-2^0?Marine pollution
Proceedings of a symposium held in Monaco, 5-9 October 1998 organized by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) co-sponsored by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the International Maritime Organization (IMO) in co-operation with the Commission Internationale pour {'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee (CIESM)
INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY /A
July 1999
3 0 - 4 1
The originating Section of this publication in the IAEA was:
Radiometrics Section International Atomic Energy Agency
Marine Environment Laboratory B.P. 800
MC 98012 Monaco Cedex
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MARINE POLLUTION IAEA, VIENNA, 1999 IAEA-TECDOC-1094
ISSN 1011-4289
©IAEA, 1999
Printed by the IAEA in Austria
FOREWORD
The marine environment - understanding and protecting for the future were at the forefront of the International Symposium on Marine Pollution convened in Monaco from 5 to 9 October 1998, as one of the major events of the UN International Year of the Oceans. The symposium was hosted by the Principality of Monaco on the occasion of the 150th anniversary of the birth of Prince Albert 1st of Monaco, "the Navigator Prince", one of the world's leading pioneers in oceanographic studies. The symposium was organized by the International Atomic Energy Agency, co-sponsored by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the Commission Internationale pour 1'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee (CIESM). The new premises of the Marine Environment Laboratory in Monaco were officially inaugurated during the week of the symposium. Over 400 international experts from 61 Member States and 8 international organizations delivered 114 oral presentations in plenary and parallel sessions and made 215 poster presentations.
New achievements were reported in identifying the sources of pollution, on the behaviour and fate of contaminants in seawater, biota and sediments, on the use of radioactive and non-radioactive tracers for studies of transport and circulation processes in the world's oceans and seas, on studies of radioactive waste dumping sites and nuclear weapons test sites, on local, regional and global computer modelling of the transport of contaminants and on many other topics in marine pollution.
New developments in high sensitivity analytical measurements of contaminants with emphasis on nuclear and isotopic methods were also presented. Information on global and regional marine pollution studies programmes was given and participants had the chance to interact with leading experts in the field and to discuss future trends in marine pollution studies.
A ministerial meeting of the Black Sea countries organized in the framework of the IAEA TC Regional Project RER/2/003 — Marine Environmental Assessment of the Black Sea Region — was also held during the first three days of the symposium. Environmental ministers signed the Black Sea Declaration, an important document for future collaboration in the region. The Declaration stresses the important role the IAEA plays in assisting Member States in the Black Sea region by upgrading their capabilities for the assessment of the marine environment.
This TECDOC contains some of the papers submitted on issues falling within the thematic scope of the symposium which were presented in oral and poster presentations. The papers are in one of the two working languages, English or French. Several papers presented orally at the symposium have been submitted by the authors for publication in a Special Issue of the journal "The Science of the Total Environment", published by Elsevier.
EDITORIAL NOTE
In preparing this publication for press, staff of the IAEA have made up the pages from the original manuscripts as submitted by the authors. The views expressed do not necessarily reflect those of the IAEA, the governments of the nominating Member States or the nominating organizations.
Throughout the text names of Member States are retained as they were when the text -was compiled.
The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and
institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries.
The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA.
CONTENTS
Temporal variations in plutonium and americium inventories in the northwestern
Mediterranean Sea and their relation to vertical particulate flux (IAEA-SM-354/7)... 1 S.W. Fowler, V.E. Noshkin, J. La Rosa, J. Gastaud
Radioactive tracers in the Black Sea: An overview (IAEA-SM-354/8)... 8 K.O. Buesseler
Teneurs en metaux traces des sediments de surface du Lac Sud de Tunis avant
restauration(IAEA-SM-354/14) ... 13 J. Ben Souissi, J. Zaouali, S. Aouij, E. Orlando, M. Mazghouni, M. Rezig
Long-term loss rates of radioisotopes of cobalt, zinc, ruthenium, caesium and silver by
Mytilus edulis under field conditions (IAEA-SM-354/17)... 19 H. Dahlgaard, C. Nolan
Temporal and spatial responses of the bioindicator Fucus to discharges of 99Tc in the
eastern Irish Sea (IAEA-SM-354/18)... 25 P. McDonald, RG. Busby, M. McCartney
Shells ofNerita gastropod bio-monitors of heavy metal pollution around the
Indian Ocean (IAEA-SM-354/20)... 31 ML Badran
Effects of nuclear and non-nuclear pollutants on marine ecosystems (IAEA-SM-3 54/22)... _... 38 G.G. Polikarpov
Riverine transport of Cs-137 and Sr-90 into the Black Sea after Chernobyl accident
(data analysis and methodological aspects of monitoring) (IAEA-SM-354/23)... 44 V. V. Kanivets, O. V. Voitsekhovitch, B.F. Khrystyk
Application of the spectrometric and radiochemical techniques in analyzing
environmental samples from the Bulgarian Black Sea region (IAEA-SM-354/25)... 52 B.S. Veleva, G. Mungov, N. Galabov, K. Kolarova, T. Guenchev
Present level of contaminants in the Romanian Black Sea sector (IAEA-SM-3 54/26)... 58 A.S. Bologa, M. Apas, A. Cociasu, E. Cuingioglu, V. Patrascu, I. Pecheanu,
V. Piescu, L. Popa
Oxygen-18, deuterium and tritium in the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara
(IAEA-SM-354/27)...64 E. Ozsoy, I. Salihoglu, D. Rank
Chronic oil pollution in the Bosphorus, Sea of Marmara and Dardanelles
(IAEA-SM-354/28)...73 K.C. Guven, S. Unlii, E. Okus, E. Dogan
The dynamics of nutrient enrichment and primary production related to the recent
changes in the ecosystem of the Black Sea (IAEA-SM-3 54/29)... 78 A. Yilmaz, M. Yayla, I. Salihoglu, E. Morkoc
LAEA-MEL's AQCS programme for marine radioactivity measurements (IAEA-SM-354/31)... 87 P.P. Povinec, J. Gastaud, M.K. Pham
Analytical quality control for Spanish environmental laboratories using the
ISO/IUPAC/AOAC protocol (IAEA-SM-354/32)...94 L. Romero, L. Ramos, R Salas, R Bojanowsky, R Dekner, Z. Radecki
Fresh biological reference materials - use in inter-laboratory studies and as CRMs
(IAEA-SM-354/33) ..„...„...„..„„.„...„...„„„„....„...„.„„...„„..„...„... 100 J. De Boer
Historical levels of "Tc in the Irish Sea (IAEA-SM-354/44)... 105 M. McCartney, K. Rajendran
Cadmium, lead and organic matter distribution in coastal sediment from the
Adriatic Sea (IAEA-SM-354/49) „...„....„..„„„...„...„„...„„...„...„..„.„„„„.„„.„ Ill I. Ujevic, D. Bogner, A. Baric
Accumulation of heavy metals in sediments of marine environments along the
southwest coast of India (IAEA-SM-354/51)... 117 B.R Manjunatha, P.A. Yeats, J.N. Smith, R Shankar, A.C. Narayana, T.N. Prakash
Determination of 240Pu/239Pu isotope ratios in Kara Sea andNovaya Zemlya sediments
using accelerator mass spectrometry (IAEA-SM-3 54/59)... . . . 123 D.H. Oughton, L. Skippenid, B. Salbu, L.K. Fifield, R.C. Cresswefl, J.P. Day
Organochlorine pollutants level in teleost fish and bivalve from Egyptian
Mediterranean coast and Nile estuary (IAEA-SM-354/61)... 129 A.M.A. Abd-Allah
Persistent organochlorine pollutants (POPs) in coastal environments of
southeast Gulf of Mexico (IAEA-SM-354/63)... 135 A. Vazquez-Botello, G. Diaz-Gonzalez, L. Rueda-Quintana
Fate of 14C-labelled compounds in marine environment (IAEA-SM-354/64)... 139 S.P. Kale, K Raghn, P.D. Sherkhane, N.B.K. Murthy
An integrated strategy for biological effects monitoring in Scottish coastal waters
(IAEA-SM-354/70)... 145 R,A. Park, J. Dobson, L. Richardson, A. Hill
Metallothionein as biomarker of mussel exposure to heavy metals (IAEA-SM-3 54/71)... 151 B. Raspor, M. Erk, J. Pavicic, D. Juric, Z. Kwokal, N. Odzak
Ecotoxicity studies in Jamaican environment I. Toxiciry, bioaccumulation,
elimination and tissue partitioning of ethoprophos by the fish Tilapia in brackish
water microcosm (IAEA-SM-354/73)... 157 D.E. Robinson, A. Mansingh
Lagoon sediment radioactivity in Polynesian French nuclear test sites
(IAEA-SM-354/78)... 161 J.C. Millies-Lacroix, R. Chiappini, G. Le Petit
The production and dissolution of nuclear explosive melt glasses at underground
test sites in the Pacific region (IAEA-SM-354/81)... 169 D.K Smith, W.L Bourcier
Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mussels and sediments from
the northern Adriatic Sea (IAEA-SM-354/84)... 175 M. Notar, H. Leskovsek, J. Faganeli
Responding to the Sea Empress oil spill (IAEA-SM-354/86)... 177 D.RP. Leonard, RJ. Law, C.A. Kelly
Assessment of phenols and oil pollution in the eastern Levantine (winter 1992)
(IAEA-SM-354/87)... 183 S. Noureddin, A.K. Youssef, F. Abousamra, H. Youssef
Modelling the transport of sediments and plutonium from the Mururoa lagoon
(IAEA-SM-354/89)... 187 R. Rajar, D. Zagar
Long range transport of 129I and 137Cs in the Nordic Seas and the Arctic Ocean
(IAEA-SM-354/91)... 193 M.J. Karcher, I.E. Harms, J.N. Smith
Three dimensional simulation of radionuclides dispersion in the stratified estuaries
(IAEA-SM-354/93)... 199 L. Koziy, N. Margvelashvili, V. Maderich, M. Zheleznyak
MEAD—The development of a long-term dispersion model for shelf seas
(LAEA-SM-354/94)...205 S. Clarke, J.A. Goshawk
A Monte Carlo approach in quality assurance of gamma spectrometric measurements
of marine samples (IAEA-SM-354/96)...211 C. Dovlete, P.P. Povinec
Marineoligotrophy and element biogeochemistry (IAEA-SM-3 54/97)... ... 221 RA. Jeffree, R. Szymczak
The use of natural 14C as a tracer to identify the incorporation of younger material into the organic component of sediments from the Carpentaria Basin, Australia
Worldwide redistribution of 129Iodine from nuclear fuel reprocessing facilities:
Results from meteoric, river, and seawater tracer studies (IAEA-SM-3 54/101)... 231 J.E. Moron, S. Oktay, P.H. Santschi, D.R. Schink, U. Fehn, G. Snyder
Carbon isotopes in SOM, POM and DOM from Dutch coastal waters and estuaries
(IAEA-SM-354/103)...237 L. Megens, J. van der Plicht, J. W. de Leenw
The AMS analysis of 129I and 135Cs: Development of tools for oceanographic
tracing and pollution source identification (IAEA-SM-354/105)... 243 X-L. Zhao, W.E. Kieser, A.E. Litherland, J.N. Smith, S.W. Fowler, J-C. Miquel
Measurements of radiocarbon in the NW Pacific Ocean and its marginal seas
(IAEA-SM-3 54/107)...249 A.J.T. Jull, G.S. Burr, C. Courtney, P.P. Povinec, O. Togawa
Plutonium isotope ratios in environmental samples from Thule (Greenland) and the
Techa River (Russia) measured by ICPMS and a-spectrometry (IAEA-SM-354/109)... 254 H. Dahlgaard, Q.J. Chen, S. Stiirup, M. Eriksson, S.P. Nielsen, A. Aarkrog
Radioecological assessment of the consequences of contamination of Arctic waters —
Update on the progress of the EC-supported Armara project (IAEA-SM-3 54/112)... 260 P.I. Mitchell
Marine radioactivity studies in the world oceans (MARS) (IAEA-SM-354/114)... 262 P.P. Povinec, O. Togawa
The global ocean observing system (GOOS): New developments (IAEA-SM-354/116)... 268 C.P. Summerhayes
"Mussel Watch" and chemical contamination of the coasts by polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (IAEA-SM-354/117)...273 J. W. Farrington
Global assessments of the state of the marine environment: Contemporary initiatives
(IAEA-SM-354/119)...279 J.M. Bewers, R.G. F. Boelens
Modelling the distribution of 90Sr and 137Cs in the Mediterranean Sea
(MTPH-MATER)(IAEA-SM-354/120)...285 J.A. Sanchez-Cabeza, M. Ortega, F. Fernandez, J. Tintore, A. Monaco
90Sr, 137Cs, 238Pu, 239+240pu and 24IAm in matrices of the Terra Nova Bay ecosystem (Antarctica) (IAEA-SM-354/lP)...291 F. Nonnis Marzano, C. Triulzi, G. Jia, D. Capra
High scavenging rates in the western Arctic Ocean revealed by TIMS measurements of natural radionuclides (IAEA-SM-3 54/2P)...294 H.N. Edmonds, S.B. Moron, H. Cheng, J.A. Hoff, R.L. Edwards, J.N. Smith
Radioecological studies in the Barents Sea (IAEA-SM-354/4P)... 296 H.-J. Kettermann, G. Kanisch, A. Kruger, M. Vobach
239'240Pu, 137Cs and 90Sr in bottom sediments of the Kara Sea. The attempt to reconstruct rate of the radionuclides supply to bottom sediment in the past (IAEA-SM-354/6P)... 298 Y.U.V. Kuznetsov, V.K. Legin, A.V. Stepanov, V.N. Strukov, A.E. Shishlov, Yu.V. Savitsky
Real and alleged hazard of radioactive contamination of seas caused by activities of Russian
nuclear fleets (IAEA-SM-354/7P)... 301 S.A. Lavkovsky
Physico-chemical speciation of plutonium in Arctic shelf waters at Thule, NW Greenland
(IAEA-SM-354/8P)... 303 C.A. McMahon, L. Leon Vintro, P.I. Mitchell, H. Dahlgaard
The use of 59Ni, 99Tc and 236U to monitor the release of radionuclides from objects containing spent nuclear fuel dumped in the Kara Sea (IAEA-SM-354/9P)... 305 M.E. Mount, D. W. Layton, T.F. Hamilton, M. Lynn
Radioactive contamination of the seas washing the territory of Russia (1961-1966)
(IAEA-SM-3 54/1 OP)...307 S.M. Vakulovsky, A.I. Nikitin, V.B. Chumichev
The IAEA inventory databases related to radioactive material entering the marine environment (IAEA-SM-354/11P)... 309 R.C. Rastogi, K.-L. Sjoblom
Radioactive cesium, cobalt and plutonium in biota, algae and sediments in the
nonrestricted areas of the Russian Arctic Seas (IAEA-SM-354/12P)... 311 K. Rissanen, T.K. Ikaheimonen, D.G. Matishov, G.G. Matishov
Does benthic community structure influence radionuclide incorporation into the food web?
(IAEA-SM-354/15P)... 313 J. Carroll, S. Cochrane, M. Carroll, S. Dahle, M. losjpe, P. Strand
Peuplement des sables fins des cotes algeriennes: Amphipodes et pollution
(IAEA-SM-354/16P)... 315 A. Bakalem
2IOPo uptake by zooplankton during a one year cycle in relation to trophic conditions
in Monaco Bay (IAEA-SM-354/18P)... 318 J. Fdrber-Lorda, R.A. Jeffree, S. W. Fowler, F. Carvalho
Distribution of heavy metals in sediments of the Venice Lagoon: The role of the industrial
area (IAEA-SM-354/19P)... 320 M. Frignani, L. Giorgio Bellucci, M. Ravanelli, D. Paolucci
Reponse quantitative des communautes de nematodes soumises a 1'instabilite spatio-temporelle d'une lagune polluee: Le lac Sud de Tunis (IAEA-SM-354/20P)... 321 M. Hermi, P. Aissa
Modelling of I37Cs concentration change in organisms of the Japanese coastal food chains
(IAEA-SM-354/21P)... 323 Y. Tateda, M. Nakahara, R. Nakamura
The effects of s-triazines on selected marine microalgae (IAEA-SM-354/22P)... 325 S.A. Lewey, E.G. Nummela
Oxidative drug metabolizing enzymes in North Sea dab (Limanda limanda)
(biological effects of pollutants) (IAEA-SM-354/24P)... 328 M. Vobach, H.-J. Kellermann
Uptake and metabolism of 14C chlorpyrifos by marine bivalves (IAEA-SM-354/25P) ...330 C.-G. Zhong, S. Chen, X. Zhao, J. Shi, P.P. Carvalho
Numerical modeling of dispersion of pollutant in the coastal zone of the western Black Sea
(IAEA-SM-354/27P)... 332 P. Daniel, G. Mungov, G. Kortchev
Technogenic and natural radionuclides in Black Sea sediments and algae
(IAEA-SM-354/29P)... 334 A. Strezov, T. Stoilova, N. Petkov, M. Hristoskova
Modelling of migration of radionuclides and trace elements between the components
of the Black Sea ecosystems (IAEA-SM-354/3 IP)... 336 V.N. Egorov
Radiological background of the Georgian part of the Black Sea (IAEA-SM-354/33P)... 338 M. Avtandilashvili, A. Burchuladze, S. Pagava, Z. Robakidze, V. Rusetski, G. Togonidze
Damage to the testes of a marine fish, the plaice (Pleuronectes platessa), induced by chronic
exposure to low dose rate radiation (IAEA-SM-354/35P)... 340 J.F. Knowles
Assessment of heavy metals pollution in bottom sediments of the Arabian Gulf after the
Gulf War oil spill 1991 (IAEA-SM-354/36P)...342 S.M. Nasr, M.H. Ahmed, M. El-Raey, O.E. Frihy, A. Abdel Motti
Neutron-induced prompt gamma-ray analysis of Gulf marine environmental samples
(IAEA-SM-354/37P) „..„...„„...„„„„.„...„..„...„...„.„„....„„...„...„.„... 344 C. Yonezawa, H. Matsue, T. Adachi, M. Hoshi, E. Tachikawa, P.P. Povinec,
S. W. Fowler, M.S. Baxter
Determination of 237Np in sediments and seawater (IAEA-SM-354/38P)... 346
Enhancement of 2IOPo and 210Pb arising from phosphate industry in the Syrian coast M.S. Al-Masri, S. Mamish, Y. Budeir
Natural and man-made radionuclide concentrations in marine sediments of Gokova Bay,
Aegean Turkish coast (IAEA-SM-354/41P) ... .350 A. U. Tanbay, G. Yener, S. Mulsow, S. W. Fowler, M. Duman
Heavy metal pollution in the sediments from the northern shelf of the Sea of Marmara
(IAEA-SM-354/42P)... ... ..352 O. Algan, N. Qagatay, N. Balkis, E. Sari, N. Kiratli, N. Gtingor, E. Gtingor
Biomagnification and bioaccumulation of mercury in two fish species from different trophic levels in the Bahia de Cartagena and the Cienaga Grande de Santa Marta,
Colombian Caribbean (IAEA-SM-354/44P) ... 354 D. Alonso, N. Campos
Study of bioaccumulation of mercury in shellfish (Tapes decussatus) from Tunisian coast
(IAEA-SM-354/45P) ... ....356 L Chouba, N. Zamouri-Langar, A. El Abed
Vertical fluxes of particulate metals in a northern Adriatic coastal area
(IAEA-SM-354/47P)... ... ..358 M. Giani, M. Gismondi, S. Righi, F. Savelli
Coral reefs and eutrophication (IAEA-SM-354/48P) ... 360 N. Stambler
Effects of heavy metals on the bioluminescence of the ophiuroid Amphipholis squamata:
A field study (IAEA-SM-354/50P) ... 362 D. Deheyn, M. Jangoux, M. Warnau
Marine radioactivity studies in the Suez Canal: Modelling hydrodynamics and dispersion
(IAEA-SM-354/52P)... ... .364 J.M. Abril, MM. Abdel-Aal
Influence of time and space resolution on dispersion of radionuclides and radioecological
assessment in the marine environment (IAEA-SM-354/54P) ... 366 M. Osjpe, P. Strand
Reconstruction and outlook of the radionuclide transport in the Mediterranean Seas chain
(IAEA-SM-354/55P)... ... ...368 V. Maderich
A radiological assessment of the nuclear reactors with spent fuel which have been scuttled in
the Kara Sea (IAEA-SM-354/58P) ... 370 S.P. Niels en, V. Maderich, V. Zheleznyak, L.M.C. Dutton, Y. Sivintsev, V. Lystsov,
E.I. Yefimov, T. Sazykina
Dispersion of radionuclides potentially released from the atolls of Mururoa and Fangataufa to neighbouring archipelagos (IAEA-SM-354/60P)... 372 /. Osvath
Predictions of radionuclide dispersion in seawater around the Mururoa and Fangataufa
atolls (IAEA-SM-354/61P) ... 374 O. Togawa
Plutonium-241 in seawater of the northwestern European Shelf Seas 1989-1993
(IAEA-SM-354/63P)... ... ...376 J. Herrmann, I. Goroncy
Caesium-137 in Baltic Sea sediments since the Chernobyl accident (1AEA-SM-354/64P) ... 379 E. Ilus, J. Mattila, H. Kankaanpda, A. Laine
239+24opu in settjjng particles on the East China Sea continental margin (IAEA-SM-354/65P) ... 381 M. Yamada, T. Aono
2iopo/2iopb disequiiibria in the Shelf edge of the East China Sea (IAEA-SM-354/66P) ... 383 T. Aono, M. Yamada, J. Zhang
Radium discharge due to oil off-shore production — case study: Bacia de Campos, Brazil
(IAEA-SM-354/67P)... ... .385 J.M. Godoy, N. Miekeley, S.F.J. Vegueria
Preliminary results on laboratory simulations of the decomposition of the
green algae Ulva rigida (IAEA-SM-354/68P)... 387 S. Karavoltsos, M. Scouttos, H. Kaberi
The behaviour of 99Tc in UK waters 1995-1996 (IAEA-SM-354/69P)... 389 K.S. Leonard, D. McCubbin, H.S. Emerson, R.A. Bonfield
Origin and behaviour of radiocaesium, plutonium and americium in the sediment-water-biota
system of Strangford Lough (IAEA-SM-354/70P)... 391 P.I. Mitchell, R. W. Ryan, L. Lean Vintro, F.K. Ledgerwood, R.A. Larmour
Effet de la pollution sur la composition specifique et 1'abondance du zooplankton
dans les eaux cotieres syriennes (IAEA-SM-354/72P)... 393 M. Baker, H. Durgham
The fate of nutrients and phosphates in Akrotiri Bay, Cyprus Basin (eastern Mediterranean
Levantine Basin) (IAEA-SM-354/74P)... 395 G. Zodiatis, A. Demetropoulos, L. Loizides, M. Hadjichristoforou
Studies on plutonium and americium in coastal environment of Bombay Harbour Bay
(IAEA-SM-354/75P)... 397 V.M. Matkar, N. Us ha, K. Rudran
The IAEA '97 Pacific Ocean expedition (IAEA-SM-354/78P)... 399 P.P. Povinec, L. Htiynh-Ngoc, L. Liong Wee Kwong, S. Mulsow, B. Oregioni,
O. Togawa, I. Goroncy, H.H. Uhde, R. Rengarajan, K. Hirose, Y. Ikeuchi, T. Ito, S. Shima, M. Fukasawa, H. Moriya, T. Kazama, S. Ozawa, A. So, S. Yasuzumi, S.H. Lee, S.K. Park, H.B.L. Pettersson
Caprella watch: A new approach for monitoring butyltin residues in the ocean
(IAEA-SM-354/79P)... 401 /. Takeuchi, N. Miyazaki, S. Takahashi, S. Tanabe
Environmental pollutants in the Kara Sea and estuaries of Ob and Yenisey
(IAEA-SM-354/81P)...403 S. Dahle, A. Evenset, S. Cochrane, D. Loring, K. Nces
Environmental behaviour of pesticides in rice field drainage water. Impact on
the coastal zone (IAEA-SM-354/83P)... 405 G.F. Dierksmeier, P.L. Moreno, K. Martinez, R. Hernandez, C. Linares
Interaction between pesticides and humic substances from tropical coastal lagoons
(IAEA-SM-354/84P)...407 F. Gonzalez-Farias, P.P. Carvalho, S. W. Fowler, O. Cotret
Organochlorine residues in some dolphin specimens stranded on southern
Adriatic coasts (Italy) (IAEA-SM-354/85P)... 409 MM Storelli, R. Giacominelli Stuffier, E. Ceci, G.O. Marcotrigiano
Recent nordic intercomparison exercises on radioanalytical QA/QC (IAEA-SM-354/87P) 411 S.P. Nielsen, S.E. Palsson
Quality assurance programme for environmental radioactivity measurements at
the Hong Kong Observatory (IAEA-SM-354/91P)...„.„„„„.„..„.„...„...„„„.. 413 M.C. Wong,H.Y.Mok
Recent results in modeling Ge-gamma ray spectrometry measurements (IAEA-SM-354/92P)... 415 O. Sima
Development of an underwater Cherenkov detector to reveal sources of technogenic
radionuclides(IAEA-SM-354/93P)...417 AM. Chernyaev, LA. Gaponov, L. V. Lapushkina
Herbicides from the Charente river and the estuarine zone (Marennes-Oleron)
to the coastal seawater (IAEA-SM-354/94P)... 419 P. Scribe, S. Chouakri, S. Dupas, J.F. Dubernet
Intercomparison study of sampling methods for the determination of polychlorinated
biphenyl (PCB) in seawater (IAEA-SM-354/96P)... 421 D.E. Schulz-Bull
Contaminants and nutrients in variable sea areas (CANVAS) — application of automatic
monitoring stations in the German marine environment (IAEA-SM-354/97P) 423 H. Nies, B. Brugge, D. Sterzenbach, H.D. Knauth, F. Schroder
Parametrisation and empirical model for bedload movement in the multibar coastal zone
on the base of field radiotracer study (IAEA-SM-354/98P)... ... 425 A. Owczarczyk, R. Wierzchnicki, Z. Pruszak
Accumulation of petroleum hydrocarbons in zooplankton of Banyas coastal waters (Syria)
(IAEA-SM-354/101P) ... 427 A.K. Youssef, H. Durgham, M. Baker, S. Noureddin
Vertical transport of suspended particulate trace elements in the north Atlantic Ocean
(IAEA-SM-354/103P). ... ....429 J. Kuss, K. Kremling, J. Scholten
Geochemical processes in the aquatic system on land and their influence on radionuclide
transfer to the oceans (IAEA-SM-354/104P)... 431 A. Albrecht, J. Beer, J-J. Geering, J-F. Valley
Chemocline chemistry (IAEA-SM-354/105P) ... 433 D. W. Dyrssen
Validation of a marine dispersion model for the calculation of doses to the European
population (IAEA-SM-354/107P) ... 435 T. Cabianca, A.P. Bexon
Information management system for environmental protection in the coastal area of Japan
(IAEA-SM-354/109P) ... 437 H. Hasegawa, T. Ajiro, N. Baba, Y. Michida, MTorigai
A comparison of doses from 137Cs and 210Po in surroundings of nuclear power plant
Juragua due to ingestion of marine food (IAEA-SM-354/1 1 IP) ... 440 CM Alonso Hernandez, R. Avila Moreno, M. Dias Asencio, A. Mimoz Caravaca,
E. Suarez Morell
Degradation, release and bioavailability of DDT/DDE residues to oysters using
radiolabelled techniques (IAEA-SM-354/1 16P) ... 442 CM Bajet, L.M. Varca, M.P. Navarro
River transport of radionuclides to the Arctic Seas, the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea
(IAEA-SM-354/118P) ... 444 M. Krosshavn, T. Nylen, G. Rusza, S.M. Vakulovsky, T. Walderhaug
Preventing pollution from US Navy ships (IAEA-SM-354/121P) ... 446 R. Bentley, V.E. Edgar
Distribution of some organochloride pesticides in the All Saints Bay, Bahia, Brazil
(IAEA-SM-354/122P) ... 448 M. Beretta, M.A. Costa, T.M. Tavares
Manganese kinetics in the shore crab Carcinus Maenas exposed via food and water
(IAEA-SM-354/123P) ... .450 P. Bjerregaard, M. Hastrup
Comparative bioaccumulation and toxicity of silver in different populations of the intra-sedimentary clam Macoma balthica exposed or not to metal contamination in
their natural medium (IAEA-SM-354/124P) ... 452 C. Amiard-Triquet, F. Boisson, C. Ballan-Dufrangais, B. Berthet, A. Geffard,
A-Y. Jeantet, C. Mouneyrac
Bioavailability of particles and low molecular mass species to the mussel Mytilus edulis P. B0rretzen, B. Salbu
Concentration des metaux lourds chez la palourde Ruditapes decussatus (L.) d'un milieu
lagunaire : le lac Mellah (el Kala) /Algerie (IAEA-SM-354/126P) ... 456 B. Boudjellal, W. Refes, B. Sellali, F. Ounadi, M. Azzouz, N. Eddalia, S. Benchikh
Determination of radionuclides produced by Angra I nuclear power plant in marine samples collected in the bay "Saco de Piraquara de Fora" — Angra dos Reis City —
Rio de Janeiro (IAEA-SM-354/1 SOP)... 460 S.N.M. Cardoso, M.D.N. Santoro
The flow of radionuclides through the Canadian archipelago (IAEA-SM-3 54/134P)... 462 K. Ellis, J.N. Smith
Radiological study of Bardawill Lake in Egypt (IAEA-SM-354/135P)... 464 MS. El-Tahawy, A.E. Khater
Pu-239+240 and Pu-238 distribution among dissolved, colloidal and particulate phases
in the Rhone River (France) (IAEA-SM-354/137P)... ... 466 F. Eyrolle, F. Goutelard, D. Calmet
Marine pollution in Cameroon (Gulf of Guinea): State and remedies for successful
control and monitoring (IAEA-SM-354/138P)... 468 J. Folack
The Barents Sea, distribution and fate of radioactive contaminants (IAEA-SM-354/139P)... 471 L. F0yn, H.E. Heldal, I. Sv&ren
Produced water from off-shore oil and gas production, a new challenge in marine pollution
monitoring (IAEA-SM-354/140P)... 474 L. F0yn
Assessment of the Adriatic sea-water mean residence time using fallout 90Sr as radioactive
tracer (IAEA-SM-3 54/14 IP)...477 Z. Franic
History of mercury migration from Minamata Bay to the Yatsushiro Sea— the beginning of the migration, effect of reclamation and recent tendency
(IAEA-SM-354/142P)...479 Y. Fujikawa, H. Takigami, A. Kudo, M. Mitui, M. Sugahara, S. Miyahara,
T. Muramutsu
Global marine radioactivity database (GLOMARD) (IAEA-SM-354/143P)... 481 P.P. Povinec, J. Gayol, O. Togawa
Uptake and release of 65Zn and I24Sb on Biomphalaria Alexandrina and Cleopatra Bulimoides snails and their effects on the ultrastructure of the
hermaphrodite gland (IAEA-SM-354/147P)... 483 H. Moloukhia, A. Allan
Aliphatic hydrocarbons and hopanes as biomarkers of the past 120 years sediment
inputs in a coral reef lagoon (Tahiti, French Polynesia) (IAEA-SM-3 54/148P)... 485 P.A. Harris, R. Fichez, J-M. Fernandez, A. Saliot
Organotins and osmoregulation: Quantifying the effects on the European flounder
PlatichthysJlesus(IAEA-SM-354/l49?)...487 M.G.J. Hartl, S. Hutchinson, L.E. Hawking
Biogeochemical studies of selenium in the Indian Ocean (IAEA-SM-3 54/1 SOP) 489 H. Hattori, Y. Nakaguchi, K. Hiraki, M. Kimura, Y. Koike
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in seawater from the northern Aegean Sea,
Greece (IAEA-SM-354/151P)... 491 J. Hatzianestis, E. Sklivagou, V. Zervakis, D. Georgopoulos
Specific accumulation of iodine by the operculum of the strawberry conch Strombus
/w/ma«Hs(IAEA-SM-354/155P)... 493 T. Ishii, T. Miyazaki, M. Nakahara, R. Nakamura, T. Watabe
AMS measurement of 36C1,129I and 14C in waters from Mururoa and Fangataufa Atolls
(IAEA-SM-354/156P) ... 495 G.E. Jacobsen, M.A.C. Hotchkis, D. Fink, D. Levins, D.P. Child, C. Tuniz, E. Sacchi
Radiocaesium in Fucus vesiculosis along the Swedish coast between 1986-1995
(IAEA-SM-354/158P)...497 E. Holm, D. Josefsson, P. Roos, M. Eriksson
Development of a submersible Ge gamma-ray detector system (IAEA-SM-354/161P) 501 Y. Kobayashi, R. Takahashi, S. Shima, M. Katagiri, K. Takahashi
A preliminary investigation on the pollutant distribution in the south eastern Black Sea
coast (IAEA-SM-354/162P)... 503 E. Kose, B. Sonaiez, S. Ozcoban, F. Ozer, C. Erliz, K. Seyhan, A.C. Dincer, Y. Malkoc
Trace metal concentrations in marine organisms from the eastern Aegean, Turkey
(IAEA-SM-354/163P) ...„...„„„.„..„„.„„...„.„„„... 506 F. Kucuksezgin
Radiocaesium, plutonium and americium partitioning and solid speciation in sized,
inter-tidal sediments from Strangford Lough (IAEA-SM-354/164P)... 509 F.K. Ledgerwood, R.A. Larmour, P.I. Mitchell, L Lean Vintro, R. W. Ryan
An operational oil spill model for the Levantine Basin (eastern Mediterranean Sea)
(IAEA-SM-354/166P) ... 511 R. W. Lardner, G. Zodiatis, L. Loizides, A. Demetropoulos
The activity and the development of radioecology marine laboratory in Indonesia
(IAEA-SM-354/167P)... 513 E. Lubis, H. Umbara, S. Yarbaini, G. Unandjar
The red alga Gracilaria verrucosa (Huds.) Papens. as an indicator for metal pollution in
Thermaikos Gulf (Greece) (IAEA-SM-354/169P)... 515 P. Malea, S. Haritonidis, T. Kevrekidis
Time dependent phase associations of iron and other trace elements elucidated by
234Th/238U inventories in tropical coastal waters (IAEA-SM-354/171P)... 517 R. Szymczak, M. Zaw
Impact of a coal fired power plant on 226Ra activity level in sea water
(IAEA-SM-354/172P)... 519 G. Marovic, J. Sencar
Environmental impact of the minero-metallurgic industry on the marine ecosystem in Moa,
Cuba (TAEA-SM-354/173P)... 521 M. Martinez Canals, L. Pedro Garcia
Distribution of I29I: Evidence for world-wide influence of nuclear fuel reprocessing
(IAEA-SM-354/174P)... 524 U. Fehn, G. Snyder, J.E. Moron
Geographic and vertical distribution of global fallout americium 241, plutonium isotopes
and cesium 137 in lake sediments (IAEA-SM-354/177P)... 526 H. Michel, G. Barci-Funel, J. Dalmasso, G. Ardisson
Using stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios for understanding trophic structure in the
Seto Inland Sea, Japan (IAEA-SM-354/178P)... 528 Y. Mishima, A. Hoshika, T. Tanimoto, S. Uye
Results and analysis of the Amara sea water intercomparison for 137Cs, 238Pu and
239'240Pu(IAEA-SM-354/179P)... 530 P.I. Mitchell, E. Holm, H. Dahlgaard, S.P. Nielsen, D. Boust, K.S. Leonard,
C. Papucci,B. Salbu, P. Strand, J.A. Sanchez-Cabeza, K. Rissanen, D. Pollard, C. Gasco, G.C. Christensen, L. Lean Vintro, C.A. McMahon, J. Herrmann, H. Nies Distribution and transfer of dissolved trace metals in the north Aegean Sea
(IAEA-SM-354/181P)... 532 A. Moriki, C. Zeri, V. Zervakis, D. Georgopoulos
Coprecipitate mechanism of trace elements in coastal environment formation and structure
of plural hydroxide (IAEA-SM-354/184P)... 534 T. Nishimura, Y. Nakaguchi, Y. Suzuki, K. Hiraki
Applications of artificial radiotracers in studies of sediment and contaminant transport in the
coastal zone (IAEA-SM-354/185P)... 536 R. Szymczak, P. Airey, J.Y. Tu
Radioactivity of some alpha, beta and gamma emitting radionuclides in surface marine
sediments of different bays in Algeria (IAEA-SM-354/186P)... 538 A. Noureddine, B. Baggoura
Distribution of 137Cs in surface and deep water in the central part of Algerian littoral
(IAEA-SM-354/187P)...„...„....„.„..„„„„„...„..„...„....„.„....„... 540 A. Gheddou, A. Noureddine, M. Menacer, R. Boudjenoun, A. Hammadi, M. Benkrid,
A. Bourezak
Distribution of 137Cs in sediments in Xiangshan, Xiamen and Yangpu harbours, China
(IAEA-SM-354/191P)... 542 S.Pan, Q.Xu
Transfer! des radionucleides 60Co, 65Zn et 134Cs aux sediments et aux mollusques
marins en conditions de laboratoire (IAEA-SM-354/I93P)... 544 V. Patrascu
Techniques nucleaires et resultats du monitoring roumain de la Mer Noire dans le Laboratoire Radioecologique de 1'Institut Roumain de Recherches
Marines (IAEA-SM-354/194P) ..„....„...„„„...546 V. Patrascu
Monte Carlo modelling of the dispersion of radionuclides from the Mururoa test site
(IAEA-SM-354/195P)... 548 J. Masarik, P.P. Povinec
Radioactive contamination of the Guatemalan marine environment (IAEA-SM-354/197P) 550 J.F. Perez-Sabino, B.E. Oliva de Sandoval, R.M. Orozco-Chilel, E. Aguilar-Sandoval
Distribution of particulate trace metals along Visakhapatnam coast (Bay of Bengal)
(IAEA-SM-354/199P)... 553 D. Satyanarayana, P. V.S. Prabhakara Murty
Natural and artificial radionuclides in southern Gulf of Mexico marine sediments
(IAEA-SM-354/203P)... 555 P.P. Rodriguez-Espinosa, V.M. V. Vidal-Lorandi, F. V. Vidal- Lorandi
Time-trend in the deposition of Sellafield derived plutonium in the northeastern
Skagerrak high sediment accumulation rate area (IAEA-SM-354/204P) ...557 P. Roos, E. Holm, P. Hall
Modelling receiving water quality responses to brackishwater shrimp aquaculture farm effluents (IAEA-SM-354/205P)... 559 R.K. Roy Chaudhury, V, Ramana Murty, M. Ravindran
Contexte mediterraneen de la circulation des eaux le long des cotes tunisiennes
(IAEA-SM-354/209P)... 561 C. Sammari
Distribution of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon in dated sediment cores of the Gulf of
Thailand (IAEA-SM-354/210P) ... 563 C. Sarin, K. Srisuksawad
Release and transport of artificial radionuclides from nuclear weapons related activities
in the Ob River, Siberia over the course of the nuclear age (IAEA-SM-354/21 IP) 565 F.L Sayles, T.C. Kenna, H.D. Livingston
Radiocaesium-137 in some marine species in coastal zone of Libya (Sirt Gulf)
(IAEA-SM-354/213P)... 568 M.A. Shenber, E.E. Elshamis, A.T. Elkikli, M.N. Elayan
Radionuclides and heavy metals as tracers of the eastern Black Sea contamination history
(IAEA-SM-354/214P)... 570 KM. Shimkus, J.M. Grebmeier, L. W. Cooper
Dynamics of distribution coefficients in estuarine systems (IAEA-SM-354/216P)... 572 M. Sickel, P. B0rretzen, B. Salbu
Trace metals in Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis (L.I758) and in
surficial sediments from Urla-Yskele/Turkey (IAEA-SM-354/22IP)... 573 U. Sunlit, 6. Egemen, A. Kaymakty
Distribution of pollutants in the Russian sector of the Black Sea coastal zone
(IAEA-SM-354/222P)... 576
Effect of environmental conditions on Cs-137 accumulations in Japanese seabass
(LateolabraxJaponicus)(IAEA-SM-354/224P)... 578 Y. Suzuki, Y. Ishikawa, F. Kasamatsu, Y. Nagaya, S. Sakamoto, M Nakahara,
R Nakamura
Effect of terrestrial fluorescent substances on dissolved organic matter in the coastal
environment (IAEA-SM-354/225P)... 580 Y. Suzuki, Y. Nakaguchi, T. Nishimura, E. Kawakami, K. Hiraki, M Aihara
A survey of marine and aquatic oil spills in the Philippines from 1975-1997
(IAEA-SM-354/227P)... 582 T.P.N. Talorete
A biomonitoring program of the coastal area of the Principality of Monaco
(IAEA-SM-354/228P)... 584 S. Tambutte, E. Tambutte, P. Rolland, M-C. van Klaveren
Radiotracer studies on radionuclide and trace element cycling in corals
(IAEA-SM-354/230P)...587 S. W. Fowler, J-L Teyssie, A. Acosta, J-P. Gattuso, J. Jaubert
Influence of food quality on the assimilation, retention and distribution of selected trace elements and radionuclides in the Mediterranean crab Pachygrapsus
warmo/ato (IAEA-SM-354/23IP)... 589 J-L. Teyssie, S. W. Fowler, G. Schonbeck
Hazardous chemicals in marine mammals from the western North Pacific
(IAEA-SM-354/232P) ...„„„...„.„.„...„.„...„„...„....„..„.„....„....„.„„...591 N. Miyazaki, S. Tanabe, R. Tatsukawa
A survey of heavy metals in mussels (Monaco, 1989-1996) (IAEA-SM-3 54/23 7P)... 593 A. Veglia
Monte Carlo modelling of background characteristics of HPGe detectors for marine
radioactivity measurements (IAEA-SM-354/238P)... 595 P. Vojtyla, P.P. Povinec, C. Dovlete
Trace elements, pesticides and PCBs levels in sediments of a bay influenced by
anthropogenic activities (Thermaikos Bay, N.W. Aegean Sea) (IAEA-SM-354/239P)... 597 .P. Voutsinou-Taliadouri, J. Hatzianestis, E. Georgakopoulou-Gregoriadou
Uptake and loss of heavy metals and radionuclides in the common NE Atlantic starfish
Asterias rubens: Seawater and food exposures (IAEA-SM-354/240P)... 599 M. Warnau, S. W. Fowler, J-L. Teyssie
The fate of 137Cs in the coastal seas of Japan and resultant dose from intake through
fishery products (IAEA-SM-354/24IP)... 601 T. Watabe, T. Miyazaki, M. Matsuba, S. Yokosuka
Occurrence of chlorinated pesticides in mussels of Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
(IAEA-SM-354/242P)... 603 A.P. Xavier de Brito, I.M.R. de Andrade Bruning, I. Moreira, I. Loureiro
Changes in marine fish community under influence of Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant and other human activities in the watershed of Koporskaya Bay
(Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea) (IAEA-SM-354/247P)... 605 V.L. Zimin
The fate of nutrients and phosphates in Akrotiri Bay, Cyprus Basin (eastern Mediterranean
Levantine Basin) (IAEA-SM-354/248P)... 607 G. Zodiatis, A. Demetropoulos, L. Loizides, M. Hadjichristoforou
Distribution of Cs-137 and Pu-239+240 in marine sediments from Brazilian southern coast
(IAEA-SM-354/250P)...„..„...„....„„„„..„.„.„„...„...;...„....„...„...„ 609 R.C.L. Figueira, ILL. Cunha, V.V. Furtado
Present and potential contamination of the river system at Mayak "PA"
(IAEA-SM-354/254P)... 612 /. Amundsen, P. Strand, S. V. Malyshev, E.G. Drozhko, G.N. Romanov, Y. V. Glagolenko,
Y.G. Mokrov, B. Salbu, D.HOughton, G. Christensen, T.D.S. Bergan
Organochlorine residues in sediments from selected tributaries to Manila Bay, Philippines
(IAEA-SM-354/255P) ... ... 614 C.M. Bajet, L.M. Varca, M.P. Navarro
Avoiding pollution in scientific ocean drilling (IAEA-SM-354/258P). ... 616 T-J.G. Francis
Euro Chlor risk assessment for the marine environment Osparcom region — North Sea
(IAEA-SM-354/259P)...618 V. Garny, J-C. Boutonnet, A. Lecloux, R. Papp, C. de Rooij,
R.S. Thompson, D. Van Wijk
Plutonium and polonium concentrations in the different water masses crossing
the Strait of Gibraltar (IAEA-SM-354/260P)... ... 620 C. Gasco, M.P. Anton
Transport of radionuclides in the Kara Sea and eastern Barents Sea (IAEA-SM-3 54/26 IP) 622 M. Krosshavn, T. Eng0y, J. Can-oil, D. Johnson, S.E. King, P. Varskog
The flux of particles and contaminants in the Skagerrak (IAEA-SM-3 54/263 P) ... 624 T. Noji, C. Noji, LA. Miller, J. Klungs0yr, L. F0yn
The lessons learnt from a series of radioactivity measurement intercomparison
exercises (IAEA-SM-3 54/264P) ... ..626 S.M. Jerome, M.J. Woods
Dynamics of particle sedimentation in the open NW Mediterranean Sea
(IAEA-SM-3 54/266P) . ... 627 J-C. Miquel, S. W. Fowler, J. La Rosa, L. Stemmann, J. Chiaverini, Y. Chaabeni,
J-C. Marty
Artificial radioactivity in Carlingford Lough, Ireland (IAEA-SM-3 54/270P)... ... 629 S. Long, E. Hoyden, V. Smith, M. Fegan, A. Dowdall, D. Pollard, R. Larmour,
K. Ledgerwood, L. Peake
Characterization, impact and fate of atmospheric inputs in the water column V. Sandroni, C. Migon
Assessment of the risk created by the objects with spent nuclear fuel dumped in
the Kara Sea and instrumental possibilities of the early warning about radionuclides
discharges from these objects (IAEA-SM-3 54/276P) ... 634 V. Lystsov, N. Mwzin, G. Nezhdanov
Long range transport of hydrocarbons in the southern ocean (IAEA-SM-354/277P) 636 L. Pinturier, J. Laureillard, M. Arnold, N. Tisnerat, J-J. Pichon, J. Gireaudau
Alterations in the organic carbon pool recorded in sediments of Guanabara Bay, Brazil,
a fertilized tropical estuary (IAEA-SM-354/278P) ... 638 R.S. Carreira, F.A. Kalas, E.S. Santos, A.L. Lima, J.M. Godoy, A.L.R. Wagener
Monitoring and measurements of radioactivity around the valley of Madjerdah River
in Tunisia (IAEA-SM-354/279P) ... 640 N. Reguigui, H, Ben Kraiem, H. Latrons
Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn biogeochemical behaviour and biological transfer processes in the
northwestern Mediterranean (IAEA-SM-3 54/280P) ... 644 E. Nicolas, J-C. Marty, J-C. Miquel, S.W. Fowler
The DYFAMED time-series station: A reference site for environmental studies in the north
western Mediterranean Sea (IAEA-SM-3 54/28 IP) ... 646 J-C. Marty, I. Vescovali, K. Oubelkheir, A. Stock, J. Chiaverini, M-D. Pizay
Monitoring of radionuclides in the air of Monaco during 1997-1998
(IAEA-SM-354/282P) ... 648 M.K. Pham, P.P. Povinec, L. Huynh-Ngoc
Assessment of algeciras fallout distribution over the southern part of France
(IAEA-SM-354/283P) ... ... 650 D. Calmet, E. Barker, J.P. Melquiond, P. Cedrola, P. Bouisset, O. Masson, M. Arnaud,
Marine radioactivity measurements with liquid scintillation spectrometers
(IAEA-SM-354/285P)... 652
L Liong Wee Kwong, P.P. Povinec Chairmen of Sessions... 655
Secretariat of the Symposium ... 656
List of Participants.. ... 657
Index of Paper Numbers by Thematic Area... 692
IAEA-SM-354/7 TEMPORAL VARIATIONS IN PLUTONIUM AND AMERICIUM INVENTORIES IN THE NORTHWESTERN MEDITERRANEAN SEA AND THEIR RELATION TO VERTICAL PARTICULATE FLUX
FOWLER, S.W., V.E. NOSHKIN*, J. LA ROSA, J. GASTAUD XA9951888 International Atomic Energy Agency
Marine Environment Laboratory, Monaco
Abstract
Temporal changes in 239+240pu and 241Am inventories in the western Mediterranean have been examined by making high resolution water column sampling and direct measurements of the vertical flux of particle-bound transuranics using time-series sediment traps. Water column profiles of both radionuclides showed well-defined sub-surface maxima (239+240pu between 100-400 m; ^'Am at 100- 200 rn and 800 m). Time-series measurements of 239+240pu indicated a shift in the depth of the sub- surface maxima which appeared to be related to a change in depth of the core of low-salinity Levantine Intermediate Water. Total water column inventories for the western basin compared with total fallout inventories for the same area show that by 1990, approximately 56% of the 239+240pu and 20% of the 241 Am deposited in the basin still resided in the water column. Time-series measurements of the downward flux of paniculate 239+240pu and ^Am compared with transuranic removal rates derived from observed total water column inventory differences over time, show that particles sinking out of deep waters (1000-2000 m) could account for 26-72% of the computed total annual 239+240pu
loss and virtually all of the 241 Am removal from the water column. Computed upper water column (0- 200) residence times were 20-30 y for 239+240pu and 5-10 y for M1Am in the open waters of the northwestern Mediterranean. A comparison with data for the north Pacific Ocean indicate that 239+240pu residence times are shorter and those for 241Am much longer in open waters of the northeast Pacific. 241Am/239+240Pu activity ratios in unfiltered sea water from the western Mediterranean which are six times lower than those in the north Pacific indicate the existence of a mechanism for enhanced scavenging and removal of ^Am from Mediterranean waters. It is proposed that frequent atmospheric inputs of aluminosilicate particles transported by Saharan dust events could enhance geochemical scavenging and removal of ulAm to the sediments of the western Mediterranean basin.
1. INTRODUCTION
One of the main objectives of oceanic flux studies is to examine spatial and temporal variability of the downward vertical transport of key elements and radionuclides involved in marine biogeochemical cycles. Two long-lived transuranic elements, plutonium and americium, have entered the marine environment as contaminants primarily via fallout from atmospheric weapons testing. The different chemical behaviours of these artificial radionuclides in sea water have made them unique tools for studying various particle-related processes in the ocean [1-4].
As a result of increasing interest in such anthropogenic tracers, a substantial database has accrued on the distribution and behaviour of plutonium and americium in sea water, suspended particulates and sediments. However, direct measurements of the particle-associated vertical flux of plutonium and americium remain rare, even though such information is essential for quantifying their residence times and removal rates in the water column [3-5]. Another method for deriving the downward
^Present address: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Univ. of California, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
movements of surface-introduced transuranic elements is to compare sea water radionuclide inventories for given depth intervals over different periods of time. Based solely on sea water profiles measured in the mid-1970s and early 1980s, it has been postulated that the association of transuranics with sinking particles is responsible for the slow downward displacement of dissolved plutonium and americium reported for Mediterranean waters [2]. In order to refine such critical comparisons, we have measured high resolution depth profiles of plutonium and americium in the northwestern Mediterranean basin during a series of cruises in 1989-90. The profiles were taken at two offshore stations where time-series sediment trap experiments were also underway to quantify the present downward vertical flux of transuranium nuclides and other elements.
2. METHODS AND MATERIALS 2.1 Sea water profiles
Unfiltered sea water samples were collected during three separate cruises at two locations in the northwestern Mediterranean basin. During May and November 1989, two sampling cruises were undertaken at the French DYFAMED station (43°25'N, 07°53'E) located approximately 30 nautical miles southeast of Cap Ferrat, France. On each occasion sea water was collected at 17 depths by casts employing 30 1 Niskin bottles mounted on a Rosette sampler. Approximately 60 1 of sea water was taken at each depth to a maximum depth of 2250 m. In May 1990 during the 'CYBELLE' cruise, 19 depths were sampled by taking similar casts down to a depth of 2470 m at the EROS-2000 'ETRO' station (41°57'N, 05°56'E) in the Gulf of Lions approximately 60 nautical miles south of Toulon, France.
2.2 Particle fluxes
Automated time-series sediment traps were used to collect sinking particles at both stations during various periods between June 1988 and July 1990. At the DYFAMED station from June 1988 to December 1989, traps moored at 100, 200, 1000 and 2000 m collected material for time intervals ranging from 14 to 27 days. In spring-summer of 1990 sediment traps were moored at the EROS 2000 'ETRO' station in the Gulf of Lions at depths of 200, 500, 1000 and 2000 m. Each of the six collection cups sampled a consecutive 13-day period between 14 April and 1 July 1990. Trap design, sample preservation methodology and protocols for treatment and preparation of the paniculate samples are described in detail elsewhere [7].
2.3 Radionuclide analysis
Unfiltered sea water samples were acidified with HNO3 to pH 1, spiked with appropriate yield determinants (M2Pu and 243Am), and the transuranium nuclides carried down by an Fe(OH)3
precipitation. The precipitate was subsequently dissolved and 239+240pu and 241Am chemically separated and purified by methodologies described previously [1,6]
Freeze-dried particulate samples from the sediment traps (20-110 mg dry) were ground to a fine powder in an agate mortar. Aliquots were then spiked with yield determinants, digested in a concentrated HNO3-HC1O4 mixture and evaporated to dryness. Any siliceous residue remaining after the initial dissolution was further treated with HF until a clear solution was obtained. All samples were subsequently taken to dryness, brought to volume with dilute HNO3 and co-precipitated with Fe(OH)3. The separated and purified 239+240pu and 241Am from the particulates were electrodeposited onto stainless steel discs and measured by alpha spectrometry using silicon barrier detectors.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Transuranium profiles and inventories
Concentration profiles for the radionuclides are shown along with the 241Am/239+240Pu activity ratios in Figure 1. All three high resolution profiles of 239+240pu show a distinct sub-surface maximum in concentration. The DYFAMED Nov. 1989 and EROS plutonium profiles are quite similar in shape with sub-surface maxima evident between 100-400 m. The May 1989 profile at the DYFAMED site was somewhat different from that taken at the same station six months later in that during May the sharp sub-surface maximum was centered at 100 m, whereas in November 1989 it had shifted to a depth of 400 m. The sub-surface plutonium maximum in November was observed at the same depth as the salinity maximum (38.57 PSU; Fig. 1) which closely reflects the depth of the core of Levantine Intermediate Water in this region. During May of the same year, the salinity at 100 m (38.49 PSU; Fig. 1) was much higher than that measured during November (38.13 PSU) and most likely was responsible for the maximum 239+240pu levels observed at the same depth in May. This feature, which has been observed previously, is generally attributed to the downward vertical transport and subsequent mineralization of plutonium-enriched organic particulates which release the radionuclide back into the water column. While such a biogeochemical mechanism is probably of primary importance in maintaining the presence of this feature in the upper water column, the temporal data from the DYFAMED station indicate that hydrodynamic changes in water mass distribution in the northwestern Mediterranean may influence its exact positioning in the upper 400 m.
The ^'Am profile shows two sub-surface maxima, a smaller one between 100-200 m that corresponds to the Pu sub-surface maximum and a much sharper maximum centered at 800 m depth (Fig. 1). The significance of the deep sub-surface maximum is not clear but may be related to enhanced scavenging of 241Am by particles at this depth; however, whatever the process involved, it does not affect the corresponding vertical distribution of 239+240Pu.
Interpretation of these profiles would be greatly facilitated by knowledge of how the concentrations have changed at various depths in the water column over time. To do this, historical data prior to 1989 from the entire western Mediterranean were assembled and inventories for various depth intervals computed. Most of the earlier profiles were comprised of very few sampling depths, which limits the accuracy of determining water column inventories; therefore, only two deep water column profiles, which were taken very near our 1989-90 stations and included at least 7 sample depths, were selected for purposes of detailed inventory comparisons.
The 239+240pu inventories based on measurements made to at least a depth of 2000 m show that very little decrease in total inventory (~2 Bq m"2) had occurred during roughly the decade over which the measurements were made. However, 239+240pu inventories in the lower 1000-2000 m depth interval of the 2000 m water column have clearly increased over that time interval. Computations indicate whereas in the 1976-82 time frame only 33% of the 239+240pu water column inventory resided within the lower 1000 m depth interval, by 1989-90 the percentage had increased to 46%. With the increase in deep water plutonium inventories, there was a concomitant decrease of approximately 35% in the upper mixed layer (0-200 m) during this time. These data show that plutonium is slowly being removed from the surface layers and accumulating in the deeper waters of the western Mediterranean.
Inventories in different depth intervals were constructed and compared with a detailed 241Am profile taken in the northwestern basin nearly 14 years earlier [1]. The data show that the depth distributions of 241Am are more complex than those of plutonium. Except in the upper mixed layer (0-200 m), there has been a clear decrease in the inventories over time. The entire 2000 m water column inventories indicate that there was roughly a 24% decrease in 241Am during the period 1976-
90. Nevertheless, the fraction of that inventory residing in the deeper 1000-2000 m depth interval was the same (-56%) at both times. Thus, whereas 239+240pu has shown a slow increase in the amount retained in the lower half of the 2000 m water column over this time period, the corresponding 24!Am data suggest a rapid transfer from the water column, most probably into the sediments.
These transuranic inventories deal only with the measured concentrations within the upper 2000 m of the water column in the western Mediterranean. However, nearly one half of the surface area of this region is represented by depths greater than 2000 [8], thus, any realistic computation of total transuranic inventories for the western Mediterranean must include inventories for these depths. In order to estimate inventories at depths greater than 2000 m, the cumulative inventories for 239+240pu
and 241Am at each station were plotted and were found to increase linearly with depth; therefore, inventories below this depth were derived by extrapolation of this relationship.
239+240pu inven£0rjes to depth were determined in this fashion for three separate time periods, i.e.
1976, 1981-82 and 1989-90. The cumulative inventories in different depth intervals were then multiplied by the areas of those depth intervals in the western Mediterranean basin to arrive at estimates of the total water column transuranic inventory for each time period. In the case of ^'Am, profile data for the western basin are fewer, hence, a comparison of total water column inventories has only been made using the measured inventories from only two stations. The differences in total water column inventories of 239+240pu and ^'Am over time and the computed mean annual loss of these radionuclides from the water column are given in Table 1. From this assessment it is evident that a greater fraction of the 24lAm inventory has been removed from the water column over the years than for 239+240Pu.
From known deposition rates in the northern hemisphere and observed 241Am/239+240Pu ratios in soil samples [9,10], it can be calculated that total integrated 239+240pu and 241Am delivery by 1990 was 54.3 and 20.1 TBq, respectively. Comparing the total water column inventories for 1989-90 with the total delivery values indicates that 56% and 20% of the deposited 239+240pu and ^Am, respectively, were still present in the water column at that time.
3.2 Vertical Fluxes
Concentration of both radionuclides in the sinking particulate matter were similar at the two stations ranging from approximately 0.3 to 8 Bq kg"1. The 24!Am/239'f240Pu ratios in the particles were all higher than were observed in bulk sea water, and some very high ratios (1.9 - 2.4), more typical of Mediterranean sediments [11] were recorded in particles fluxing through 2000 m.
During the course of the 2Vz month EROS experiment from April to July, the 239+240pu
concentrations in particles at 200 m steadily increased from 1.92 - 8.45 Bq kg"1. Corresponding
241 Am levels varied by a factor of 10 throughout this period but did not follow the same increasing trend as 239+240Pu. Both 241Am concentration and flux increased with depth suggesting enhanced scavenging of the radionuclide throughout the water column. Preferential scavenging of 24!Am relative to 239-i'240pu is aiso reflected in the increasing 241Am/239+240Pu ratio in the sinking particles with depth. The maximum fluxes of both 239+240pu and ^Am coincided with the period of maximum sedimentation indicating that mass flux was the main factor controlling transuranic flux. These fluxes measured at both stations were similar to those recorded in the same region off Corsica during spring 1986 [3] but they were an order of magnitude lower than 239+240pu and 241Am fluxes measured in the high sedimentation regime of the Lacaze-Duthiers Canyon in the Gulf of Lions [4]. Clearly, variations in the flux of these radionuclides largely depend on the sedimentation rate.
DYFAMED, MAY 1989 mBq m"
10 20 30 40 50
Depth (m)
DYFAMED, NOV. 1989 mBq m""' 10 20 30
DePth1500 (m)
40
EROS 2000, ETR-0 Station mBq m"
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 1
EROS 2000, ETR-0 Station mBq m"
2 3 4
Depth
EROS 2000, ETR-0 Station (Am/Pu activity ratio)
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Depth (m)
SALINITY (psu)
38.00 38.20 38.40 38.60 38.80
500 • 05/1990 1000 - • 5/1989
Depth
FIG. 1. Vertical profiles of239+240Pu (DYFAMED & EROS 2000 stations), 24!Am (EROS 2000) and
The degree to which large particle transport is responsible for the removal of 239+240pu and 241Am from the water column can be examined by comparing measurements of mean annual transuranic fluxes, particularly those in deep waters, with the estimates of changes in total water column plutonium and americium inventories over time (Table 1). Comparing these deep water (1000-2000 m) paniculate transuranic fluxes in the open waters of the western basin (0.10 - 0.28 for 239+240Pu;
0.10 - 0.22 for ^Am) with the derived annual loss rates suggests that from 26-72% of the estimated plutonium loss can be accounted for by the sinking out of large particles, whereas virtually all of the
241 Am removed could have occurred by this mechanism.
TABLE I. SUMMARY OF WATER COLUMN INVENTORIES (TBq) FOR TRANSURANICS IN THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN SEA AND MEAN ANNUAL TRANSURANIC LOSS (Bq m V') DERIVED FOR DIFFERENT TIME INTERVALS
____ ___
Inventory for years
1976 (T,) 198 1-82 (T2) 1989-90 (T3)
34.1 TBq 33.2 TBq 30.3 TBq
5. 19 TBq 3.95 TBq Inventory decrease
between years
T2-Tj 0.9 TBq
T3-T2 2.9 TBq
T3-T, 3.8 TBq 1.24 TBq
*Mean loss per year for different time intervals
T2-T, 0.24 Bq m'V1
T3-T2 0.53 Bq m V1
TS-T, 0.41 Bq m'V ____ O.BBqm'V Overall mean loss ___________________ 0.39 Bq m'V ____ O.lSBqm'V1
The difference in inventories between any two-year intervals is computed as the inventory decrease divided by the total surface area of the western Mediterranean basin (681xl09m2) divided by the average time interval between the years when measurements were made (i.e. 5.5, 8 or 13.5 years).
The average 239+240pu and ^'Am flux through 200 m during the two-and-a-half month EROS- 2000 study was 0.688 and 0.273 mBq m'M"1, respectively. Transuranic concentration profiles in sea water measured at this site during early May resulted in corresponding radionuclide inventories above 200 m of 5.9 and 0.53 Bq m"2. Such fluxes would result in a residence time for 239+240pu anci 241 Am in the upper mixed layers of approximately 24 and 5.3 y, respectively. These residence times are considerably longer than those (2.5 and 0.14 y, respectively) reported for a 17-day deployment in the Lacaze-Duthiers Canyon [4] and are therefore more representative of average transuranic flux in open waters of the northwestern Mediterranean. Mean upper layer (0-200 m) residence times of 239+240pu
and 241Am have been computed for various areas in the northwestern Mediterranean and were found to be approximately 5-10 years for ^Am and 20-30 years for 239+240Pu.
Comparison of transuranic residence times in the Mediterranean with those derived from north Pacific Ocean data shows that the residence times for 239+240pu in the Pacific were shorter than those measured at the open Mediterranean stations. Comparable data for ^'Am are fewer; nevertheless, in oligotrophic waters of the north Pacific gyre station, the ^Am residence time (37 y) is roughly twice as long as that of 239+240pu which is the opposite of that observed in the western Mediterranean. Thus, it appears that the biogeochemical behaviour of these fallout radionuclides in the upper water column of oligotrophic waters from these two open ocean regions is quite different. An examination of
24IAm/239+240Pu ratios measured in a variety of unfiltered sea water samples from the two oceans
demonstrates that ratios in western Mediterranean waters are on average some six times lower than those in the north Pacific. Such a large impoverishment of ^Am relative to 239+240pu in Mediterranean sea water points to a mechanism for effecting much more rapid removal of 241 Am from Mediterranean waters. It is proposed that the frequent atmospheric inputs of massive amounts of aluminosilicate particles to the Mediterranean via Saharan dust storms furnishes a particle type for which ^'Am has a greater binding affinity than 239+240pu which, in turn, leads to higher vertical transport rates relative to 239+240pu jn the Mediterranean, and higher 241Am transport in general compared to that in the open north Pacific.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported in part by the French JGOFS Programme "DYFAMED", and the CEC Marine Science and Technology Programme under contract MAST-0016-C (EBD) as part of the EROS-2000 project. We thank the crews of the R/V Marion Dufresne, Georges Petit, Korotneff and Catherine Laurence for their assistance in deploying and recovering the sediment trap moorings. The IAEA Marine Environment Laboratory operates under an agreement between the International Atomic Energy Agency and the Government of the Principality of Monaco.
References
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