HAL Id: hal-00119923
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00119923
Submitted on 13 Dec 2006
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Nonlinear synchronization in open flows
Benoît Pier, Patrick Huerre
To cite this version:
Benoît Pier, Patrick Huerre. Nonlinear synchronization in open flows. Journal of Fluids and Struc- tures, Elsevier, 2001, 15, pp.471-480. �10.1006/jfls.2000.0349�. �hal-00119923�
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