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Amazon, the secret of the rains
Newton Silva de Lima, Alan dos Santos Ferreira, Lilian Greicy, Eriberto Façanha, Aldemir Malveira, Alcides Castro Amorin Neto, Jose C. Cavalcante,
Alfredo Tadeu Coimbra, Daniel Mansur, Roseilson Souza Do Vale, et al.
To cite this version:
Newton Silva de Lima, Alan dos Santos Ferreira, Lilian Greicy, Eriberto Façanha, Aldemir Malveira, et al.. Amazon, the secret of the rains. [Research Report] Manaus Lutheran University Center; Ulbra Manaus Brazil. In press. �hal-03130887�
ULBRA Manaus | SEDUC-AM
Amazon, the secret of the rains
Newton Silva de Lima et al.
Angelim - Stone
(Hymenolobíum excelsum Ducke) Over 600 years old and 52 m tall Adolpho Ducke Forest Reserve
Summary
1. FRACTUS-Experiment ……… ..3
2. Introduction ……… 3
3. Research Scenarios in the Amazon Basin (SITES) ………...7
4. Project (Summary) ……….……… 9
5. Material and Methods ………..………. 14
6. Project Scope - Field Instrumentation ……….... 16
7. ANNEX - STUDY I - Climatology of the Amazon (Parameters)………19
8. Chronology ………....20
9. Financial Costs ……… 20
10. References ……….… 21
11. Institutions and researchers' e-mail ………....23
12. Visual Identification of the Project ………. 24
MANAUS LUTHERAN UNIVERSITY CENTER - ULBRA MANAUS-BRAZIL
Experiment: FRACTUS-Expedition (Amazon-Morocco)
(FRACTUS: Fraction Aerosol – Climate – Temperature Usable)
Amazon, the secret of the rains
(Hypothesis)
African aerosols fertilize the trees of the Adolpho Ducke Forest Reserve (Manaus-Brazil), of the Peruvian city of Iquitos, of the Pará city of Santarém (Brazil), and of the forest of the upper Black River border between Colombia and Brazil.
●
Fig. 1 - SAHEL – (a) Geodesic strip between Senegal-Eritrea (Africa) with an approximate length of 5,400 km and a width between 500 km and 700 km, (b) on the right the RESERVA DUCKE Forest an area of 100 km2 in the north of Manaus (Brazil). Credit Photo on the left: Felix Koenig - Map_sahel.jpg).Introduction
he greatest contribution to the rains in the Amazon is in the humid tropical forest, whose trees are the links of the subsoil-atmosphere connection in the transport of water and volatile organic compost that transform into rain aerosols that also mix with other aerosols that arrive in the Amazon. (LIMA, 2019).
The analyzes show that the trajectories of air masses departing from the Sahara (Fig 1a) between the months of January and June, between 9 days before aerosols were identified in the Amazon (Fig. 1b), carrying elements associated with the soil dust.
T
There are also studies that show that in addition to phosphorus (P) (which contributes to the soil fertilization process), iron (Fe) and other minerals present in the dust, are beneficial for vegetation (RIZZOLO et al. 2017), and the Sahara dust can also provide both macronutrients and micronutrients for plants and it is concluded that the spread of dust and the burning plume of biomass advances over the Atlantic and reaches the Amazon Basin (Figs. 2, 3 and 6) in approximately 8 to 12 days, (SANTOS, 2018).
In Yu, H., et al. (2015), The fertilizing role of African dust in the Amazon rainforest: A first multiyear assessment based on data from Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 1984–1991, doi: 10.1002 / 2015GL063040, dust deposition and the associated P (phosphorus - in phosphate) intake are not well quantified.
he Amazon holds several adjectives of greatness about its tropical forest in having the largest river in the world, having the greatest biodiversity of both plant and animal species, being the largest contributor in capturing atmospheric CO2, and also favoring rainfall in throughout South America and to influence the global circulation of the atmosphere by balancing the temperature of the planet. With all this "status quo" it is always the object of research and it will always be, according to Lima, N., et al. (2016).
The absorption by trees is approximately 17% greenhouse gas emissions, (BETTS et al., 2011). However, it should not be forgotten that the role of the forest in maintaining the climate of South America due to the hydrological cycle of interaction and regulation of humidity within the rainforest basin, which after the rains, produces intense evaporation and recycling of moisture returns to the forest in the form of rain again, which for researchers (SALATI, MOLION, and MARQUES, 1978 and SELLERS, 1985), a percentage between 30% to 50% of the rains in the Amazon are due to the recycling of evaporation.
T
● Fig. 3 - The Europe-Africa expedition route in the North Equatorial Atlantic (Google- Map | NASA).
● Fig. 5 - Portugal affected by dust from the Sahara Desert.
Photo: Nuno Alfarrobinha. CMJournal.
Portugal, February 2017.
● Fig. 6 - Artistic representation of the FRACTUS Experiment work scenario (Author, 2020)
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Research Scenarios in the Amazon Basin - (SITES)
Adolpho Ducke Forest Reserve | Manaus- Brazil (Museum of the Amazon | MUSA - 40 m Observation Tower)
Image of a Mosaic (90m X 200m) near the Observation Tower 40 m Observation Tower
Adolpho Ducke Forest Reserve
400 L/day
(10m X 10m)
Gas Exchange Process and Photosynthetic Active Radiation -PAR VOC – (CCN) - Rain
Water – O2 -Solar Light
Tapajós Forest - Santarém/Brazil
Iquitos - Peru, Peruvian Amazon. Black River upper (Brazil/Colombia)
● Fig. 7 - Scenario Panel: MANAUS - ADOLPHO DUCKE Forest Reserve - Santarém - Tapajós Forest – Iquitos city in Peru – Upper Black River (BRAZIL-COLOMBIA).
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PROJECT
Theme: Rains in the Amazon
Title: FRACTUS - Experiment - Amazonia, the secret of rain
Cities involved: Manaus (Museum of the Amazon - MUSA)- São Gabriel da Cachoeira (Amazonas-Brazil) - Santarém (Pará-Brazil), Iquitos (Loreto - Peru), Quarzazate (Sahel-Morocco) (Fig. 7)
Keywords: Aerosol, Intertropical Convergence Zone, Africa, Amazon
(a) Summary
The experiment will be carried out around Manaus in the Adolpho Ducke Forest Reserve - Museum of the Amazon, MUSA - Brazil (site 1), in the central region of the basin, and will continue to collect biogeochemical samples in the Tapajós Forest (site 2) in Santarém - Brazil interface of the central-eastern part of the Amazon basin. In the Peruvian city of Iquitos (site 3) the western most part and in the upper Black River-Brazil in the city of São Gabriel da Cachoeira (site 4), in addition to the Moroccan city of Quarzazate (site 5) (Fig.3) the northernmost point of the Saara's desert. For Barry and Chorley (1968) it is the true Sahel, that is, the northernmost part of the Sahara, while the southernmost part is called Sudan, but everything was popularized by Sahel. The experiment focuses on the need to better understand regional descriptions of interactions and processes of precipitation and nutrients and their chemical substances brought to ecosystems in the Amazon basin by the General Circulation of the Atmosphere - GCA and how these scenarios respond and evolve on the space-time scale. The objective is to investigate the aerosol transport by GCA between the Sahel (Africa) to the Central Amazon (Brazil) (Figs. 6 and 7), in the Tapajós National Forest in Santarém in Pará / Brazil, in the Peruvian Amazon region of Iquitos and in the forest of the upper Black River on the Colombian-Brazilian border. Second, Yu, H., et al. (2015) the deposition of dust and the entry of phosphorus - associated with phosphate are still not well quantified. In Santos (2018) he says that there is presence of aerosols that come from the Sahel (Africa) in the Amazonian atmosphere is maximum in the atmosphere from February to April, coinciding with the humid season in the central region of the Amazon (MARTIN et al., 2010). The transport of this particulate material from Africa to the Central Amazon only occurs when the ITCZ (Intertropical Convergence Zone) is south of Manaus (ANSMANN et al., 2009; BEN-AMI et al., 2010; RIZZOLO et al., 2017).We
stipulate in two years periodic and intense field activities, for the collection of material to be obtained and georeferenced in situ, bringing it to the office and laboratory for further analysis and interpretation of the information. The analysis of the collected materials (soil, litter, rainwater, deposited dust on vegetation) will be biogeochemical in nature, particle-induced x-ray emission (PIXE), gravimetric analysis, analysis of concentration of associated elements and analysis in the field (pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, resistivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), oxidation and reduction potential (ORP) and turbidity; collection of water and filters).
(b) Objective:
Investigate aerosol transport by GCA (General Circulation of the Atmosphere) between the Sahel (Africa) to the Central Amazon (Brazil), in the Tapajós National Forest in Santarém in Pará / Brazil, in the Peruvian Amazon region of Iquitos and in the upper forest Black River between Colombia and Brazil.
(c) Specific objectives:
(a) Collect soil in the Western Sahara desert in Africa; In Iquitos in Peru; In the Tapajós National Forest; upper Black River / São Gabriel da Cachoeira; In Manaus at MUSA (In Brazil and Peru will be collected: rain, dust on the observed vegetation, plant, soil; surface water and litter in the period when the ITCZ is over the region, that is, between January and June. (All the points will be georeferenced)
(b) Analyze field samples (soil - Africa) in the Geochemistry Laboratory (points will be georeferenced)
(c) Analyze field samples (rain, soil, surface water, leaves and litter) from Manaus, Santarém, Iquitos and upper Black River in Geochemistry Laboratory (points will be georeferenced)
(d) Plot thematic maps with georeferencing of the locations observed in the continents of South America, Southern Western Europe and North West Africa.
(d) Expected results:
Show how and / or quantify the African aerosols that fertilize the trees of the Adolpho Ducke Forest Reserve (Manaus-Brazil), of the Peruvian city of Iquitos, of the Pará city of Santarém, and of the forest of the upper Black River border between Colombia and Brazil, brought by ITCZ.
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(e) Relevance and impact of the project for scientific, technological or innovation development:
The Amazon holds several adjectives of greatness about it’s tropical forest in having the largest river in the World, of having the greatest biodiversity of species both plant, as well as animal, be the biggest contributor in the capture of atmospheric CO2, also favoring rainfall throughout South America and influencing the global circulation of the atmosphere by balancing the temperature of the planet. With all this “status quo” it is always the object of research and it will certainly always be, according to Lima, N., et al., (2016). The absorption by trees is approximately 17%
greenhouse gas emissions, (BETTS et al., 2011). However, it should not be forgotten that the role of the forest in maintaining the climate of South America due to the hydrological cycle of interaction and regulation of humidity within the rainforest basin, which after the rains, produces intense evaporation and recycling of moisture returns to the forest in the form of rain again, which for researchers (SALATI, MOLION, and MARQUES, 1978 and SELLERS, 1985), a percentage between 30% to 50% of the rains in the Amazon are due to the recycling of evaporation. The nutrients deposited in the Region and their contributions to the maintenance of the forest alive for the continuation of life on Earth is the real motivation of this research.
f) Brief compilation of the research activities developed, considered by the applicant to be the most relevant, indicating the production generated by them until 2019.
Amazon River Project: River Expedition (Peru-Brazil). Field observation work involving the geoscience parameters in the superficial boundary layer on the river's surface from the Peruvian city of Iquitos, to the mouth of the river in the Atlantic Ocean during the dry season, is a recurring and interesting topic on the interaction of the biosphere - atmosphere in the Amazon, which we call the Present State.
Available in;
(https://sites.google.com/view/amazonriverexpedition)
- Book: AMAZON RIVER - FLUVIAL EXPEDITION - PERU / BRAZIL and Encarte (The Amazon River Markets), 2017: ISBN (BRAZIL) 978-85-649147-76-6 | ISBN (NETHERLANDS) 978-94-92633-00-2 (available in e-book) in the "browser" above.
- Thematic Map: Amazon River from Peru to the Atlantic in 54 georeferenced locations “in situ” with 27 analyzes of the quality of the River's water, temperature measurements at 3 points (edge, channel medium and environment), (in dimension A0 - available in pdf) in the “browser” above.
- Articles and Document:
LIMA, NEWTON SILVA DE; Malveira, A. ; Façanha, E. ; Braga, O. ; Figueiredo, R. ; Calazães, R. ; Quispe, W. ; Vale, R. ; Ferreira, A. . REDUCTION IN WATER LEVELS AND REGIONAL WARMING OF THE AMAZON RIVER FROM PERU TO THE ATLANTIC OCEAN IN BRAZIL DUE TO THE EFFECTS OF THE 2016 ENSO. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, v. 37(1), p. 1990-2002, 2019.
(available in: https://sbgf.org.br/revista/index.php/rbgf/article/view/1990) HAL Id: hal-02894340 (available in) https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02894340
LIMA, NEWTON SILVA DE; Façanha, E.; Calazães, R. M., Figueiredo R.; Quispe, W. D.;
Malveira, A.; Vale, R. GEOPROCESSING OF THE TRENDS OF THE ENSO PHENOMENON, FROM PERU TO THE ATLANTIC OCEAN IN BRAZIL. GEOProcessing 2019 : The Eleventh International Conference on Advanced Geographic Information Systems, Applications, and Services Copyright (c) IARIA, 2019. ISBN: 978-1-61208- 687-3. HAL Id: hal-02894347 (available in) https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal- 02894347. (available in: www.thingmind.org > download) use style: paper title – ThingMind
Newton Lima, Aldemir Malveira de Oliveira. Atmospheric conditions in the Amazon River region the dry season (July 2016). The Ninth International Conference on Advanced Geographic Information Systems, Applications, and Services GEOProcessing 2017, Mar 2017, Nice, France. ffhal-02895486f. HAL Id: hal-02895486 (available in) https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02895486
Newton Lima, Júlio Tóta, Mauricio Bolzan, Alan Ferreira, Matheus Pietzsch. A BRIEF OBSERVATION OF THE FORMATION OF COHERENT STRUCTURES AND TURBULENCE OVER A RAIN FOREST AREA IN CENTRAL AMAZONIA: THE ATTO-CLAIRE / IOP -1/2012 EXPERIMENT. Revista Brasileira de Geofísica, Sociedade Brasileira de Geofísica, 2017, 35 (3), pp.187-199. ff10.22564/rbgf.v35i3.882ff. ffhal-02893063f. HAL Id: hal-02893063 (available in) https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02893063
Newton Lima, (July, 2019) Forbush phenomenon and the rains in the Amazon. France.
2019. hal-02895544f. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02895544/document
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- Congresses, Training, Workshop and Seminars:
Presentation of the Amazon River Work.
1. DigitalWorld/The Eleventh International Conference on Advanced Geographic Information System, Application, and Services. DigitalWorld 2019 / GEOProcessing 2019 / (ATHENS-GREECE Congress).
2 3rd Integrated Monitoring Seminar with Orbital Radar (SIPAM / SAR - Ministry of Defense 2018. (Manaus-Brazil Seminar).
3 II Seminar on the Use of UAVs in Engineering (UEA). 2018. (Manaus-Brazil, Seminar).
4 4 Seminar on the Use and Practice of the Echo Sounder (UEA - Amaztop - 4th. CGEO).
Practical Bathymetry Workshop in Rio Negro - Manaus / AM (Brazil). 2018.
(Workshop).
5. Workshop Amazon (FAPESP – Wilson Foundation - INPA) Manaus (Brazil) / Washington (USA) 2018.
6. Workshop EDDY CORARIANCE (EMBRAPA - Rice and Beans) Goiás - Brazil. 2018.
(other).
7. 15th. International Congress of the Brazilian Geophysical Society & EXPOGEf.
Expedition - Amazon River (Peru-Brazil) in geosciences: reporting in dry season weather (Jul / Dec 2016), using geoprocessing and transformed into Morlet wavelet.
2017. (Rio de Janeiro, Congress).
8. IX Week of Mathematics (Amazonas State University - UEA). How to promote sustainability through interdisciplinary activities? 2017. (Manaus-Brazil).
9. The Ninth International Conference on Advanced Geographic Information Systems, Applications, and Services - GEOProcessing 2017.Atmospheric conditions in the Amazon River region during the dry season (July 2016). NICE- FRANCE 2017.
Research had a logistical and structured contribution (2016-2019) (a) Manaus Lutheran University Center - ULBRA Manaus
(b) State Secretariat of Education and Sport of the State of Amazonas (SEDUC-AM) (DEPPE - Department of Educational Policies and Programs)
(c) Amazon HONDA Motor (Clothing, individual case of field support) (d) FAPEAM (Scholarship for Biogeochemical Analysis - Robson Calazães)
(e) Max Planck Institute - Mauá Group | INPA: Instrumentation and Geochemical Analysis Laboratory (Dr. Eduardo Rios)
Material and Methods
CLIMATOLOGICAL MAPS OF THE FOUR “SITES” IN THE AMAZON BASIN Sample collection.
Field collection period in Brazil (Amazon): DJF - MAM Due to the ZCIT's position on the target in the Amazon (Brazil-Colombia - Peru)
● Fig. 8 - Map 1 - Average annual rainfall (mm); Map 2 - Synoptic Elements of Brazil, with location of the Sites; Map 3 -Fractions of rainfall per hour for the city of Belém (January and July). Source: Barry, Roger G, Atmosphere, Weather and Climate - CIRES / Colorado. (9th Ed.), P 369-371. 2013
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Sites (Amazon)
1 - MUSA [-3.0091569, -59.9419571] (Manaus-Brazil)
2 - Tapajós Forest [-3.4683717, -56.2105319] (Santarém-Brazil) 3 - IIAP [-3.7675888, -73.2767156] (City of Iquitos-Peru)
4 –Upper Black River [1.7261233, -69.4110463] (São Gabriel da Cachoeira-Brazil / Colombia)
Site (Africa)
5 - Quarzazate - [Guest House in Morocco] [30.9355035, -7.0026296]
ANALYSIS:
Geochemical analysis of materials from sample collection sites and physical-chemical measurements: pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, resistivity, total dissolved solids (STD), oxidation and reduction potential (ORP) and turbidity.
During collections at each site will be carried out:
• field analysis: pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, resistivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), oxidation and reduction potential (ORP) and turbidity;
• sample collection in 1,000 mL flasks to determine the levels of sulfate, alkalinity and chlorine;
• sample collection in 60 mL flasks for determination of main metals and traces by Atomic Emission Spectrometry, also going through the field through the filtration process and using a syringe and 0.45 μm pore filter membranes. Then it was acidified with concentrated nitric acid (HNO3 65%) at pH <2 (Greenberg et al. 1992);
• collection in containers suitable for microbiological analysis.
- Analysis by X-ray emission induced by particles (PIXE) (P, Fe, K).
- Gravimetric analysis to obtain the mass concentration of fine and coarse aerosol, fractions of fine (dp <2.0 μm) and coarse (2.0 <dp <15 μm) aerosol will be collected using stacked filter units, in four locations under the forest canopy (MUSA - FOREST TAPAJÓS - IQUITOS) and on three tower levels (MUSA) (FOREST TAPAJÓS) within the jungle and in the Upper Black River forest.
- Analysis of concentration of associated elements.
- Local georeferencing. Field survey with GPS / GLONASS, and Google Map. (Office work: Use of the ArqGIS software). Product: Thematic maps of the locations.
- Statistical analysis of the observed sites.
Project Scope (Field Instrumentation)
(Field equipment - Africa / Brazil)
● Fig. 9 - Field Instrumentation: GPS / GLONASS with Mach. Photographic - Photo Camera - Thermocouple - Portable Anemometer - Field Book - Geologist Magnifier - Thermometer (probe) - Bag and glass container (above). Field Instrumentation for Climate scenarios over rivers (below).
1. Phmeter 2. Oximeter 3. Conductivimeter 4. Digital thermometer 5. GPS
6. Digital Measuring Tape 7. Digital thermometer 8A. Cylinder "W"
8B. Secchi Disc 8C. Van Dorn bottle 9. Meteorological Station 10. Field Geology 11. Drone
17
LOGISTIC SUPPORT IN EUROPE-AFRICA Phase II - (Quarzazate-Morocco)
THEMATIC MAP OF THE RIO AMAZON EXPEDITION
● Fig. 10 - Thematic maps of route-logistics (Google-Map) and georeferencing of locations already studied of the scenarios in the Brazilian and Peruvian Amazon. (Lima, N. et al., 2016, 20).
Phase I - Site 4
Upper Black River *[1.7261233, -69,4110463] / São Gabriel da Cachoeira-AM.
● Fig. 11 - Geographic Information System - GIS of Site No. 4 in Içana River tributary of Black River (Colombia - Brazil). Courtesy: ISA (Socioambiental Institute) - Google- Map.
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ANNEX - STUDY I
- Climatology of the Amazon (Parameters)
Pluviometry Subscription of Sites
Site 1 - Average monthly precipitation amount for Manaus.
Site 4 - Precipitation in the Upper Black River.
Source: Barry, Roger G, Atmosphere, Weather and Climate - CIRES / Colorado. (9th Ed.), P 369. 2013.
YEAR 2018 RAIN ACCUMULATED MONTHLY X RAIN
(NORMAL CLIMATOLOGICAL 61-90) Fonte: INMET, 2019
Chronology
(**):
Activ/Month Dec Jan Fev Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Fieldwork BR X X X X X X
Fieldwork EU|AF X
Office X X X X X X X X X X X X X
articles I X X X X X X X X X X X
BOOK X X X X X X X X X X X X X
CONGRESS- PUBLICATION
(**) Fieldwork activities are related to travel. (Brazil | BR - Europe | EU - Africa | AF) Geochemical Analysis and Geoprocessing will be performed in the OFFICE citation.
Financial Costs
(***):
Activ/Month Dec Jan Fev Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Fieldwork BR
US$ US$ US$ US$ US$
Fieldwork EU|AF
US$
Office US$ US$ US$
Articles I US$
BOOK US$
CONGRESS US$
(***) Financial costs (US$) are related in the months mentioned. (Previous data, subject to adjustments during the period) Fieldwork: Travel + Accommodation + Food + Logistics
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References:
Ansmann, A. et al., (2009), Dust and smoke transport from Africa to South America:
Lidar profiling over Cape Verde and the Amazon rainforest. Geophysical Research Letters, [s. l.], v. 36, n. 11, p. 2–6.
Ben-Ami, Y. et al., (2010) Transport of North African dust from the Bodélé depression to the Amazon Basin: A case study. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, [s. l.], v. 10, n. 16, p. 7533–7544.
Barry, R. G., (2013) Atmosphere, Weather and Climate - CIRES/Colorado. (9a. Ed.), p 369-371.
Betts, R., Kay, G., Marengo, J. A., Nobre, C. A., Chou, S. C., Tomasella, J., Sampaio, G., Alves, L. M., Obregón, G. O., Soares, W. R. (2011). RISCOS DAS MUDANÇAS CLIMÁTICAS NO BRASIL BRAZIL-UNITED KINGDOM Analysis on the Impacts of Climate Change and Deforestation in the Amazon – INPE/CPTEC – Met Office Hadley Centre,. Available:
http://mudancasclimaticas.cptec.inpe.br/~rmclima/pdfs/destaques/relatorio_port.pdf
http://www.cprm.gov.br/publique/Hidrologia/ Presentation / Network- Hydrometeorological-National--RHN-304.html
http://www.cma.eb.mil.br/
https://www.cmjornal.pt/sociedade/detalhe/portugal-afetado-por-poeira-do-deserto- saara
http://www.revistapesquisa.fapesp.br (credit photo cover, p.20 – Number 285-2019 Nov 19).
http://www.funai.gov.br/
http://www.inmet.gov.br/sim/abre_graficos.php https://www.ipma.pt/pt/index.html
http://www.icmbio.gov.br/flonatapajos/
http://www.iiap.gob.pe/Inicio.aspx https://www.marinha.mil.br/cpes/node/67
http://www.ufopa.edu.br/ufopa/comunica/noticias/?tag=eventos
Lima, N. et al., (2016), RIO AMAZONAS - EXPEDIÇÃO FLUVIAL – PERU/ BRASIL - 1a Parte: Iquitos-Manaus/2a. Parte: Manaus-Macapá / Relatos Preliminares, Newton Silva de Lima, Ricardo Figueiredo, Robson Calazães e William Quispe – Manaus: AM, 2016/1-2, 94 f. Study carried out in Geosciences - Climatology. ISBN 978-85-64914-76-6 (BRAZIL), ISBN 978-94-92633-00-2 (NETHERLANDS).
Available: sites.google.com/view/amazonriverexpedition/
Lima, N.; Tota, J. ; Bolzam, M. ; Ferreira, A. ; Pietzsch, (2017). M . A BRIEF OBSERVATION OF THE FORMATION OF COHERENT STRUCTURES AND TURBULENCE OVER A RAIN FOREST AREA IN CENTRAL AMAZÔNIA: THE ATTO-CLAIRE/IOP - 1/2012 EXPERIMENT. Revista Brasileira de Geofísica (Impresso), v. 35, p. 187-199.
Lima, N.; Malveira, A. ; Façanha, E. ; Figueiredo, R. ; Calazães, R. ; Quispe, W. ; Vale, R. ; FERREIRA, A. (2019). REDUCTION IN WATER LEVELS AND REGIONAL WARMING OF THE AMAZON RIVER FROM PERU TO THE ATLANTIC OCEAN IN BRAZIL DUE TO THE EFFECTS OF THE 2016 Brazilian Journal of Geophysics (Impresso), v. 37(1), p.
1990-2002.
Martin, S. T. et al., (2010), Sources and properties of Amazonian aerosol particles.
Reviews of Geophysics, [s. l.], v. 48, n. 2, 2010 a.
NASA, https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/ Access: Mar 2019, Mar 2020,
Rizzolo, J. A. et al., (2017), Soluble iron nutrients in Saharan dust over the central Amazon rainforest. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, [s. l.], v. 17, n. 4, p. 2673–
2687.
Salati, E.; Molion, L.C.B. & Marques, J., (1978). Origin and distribution of rainfall in the Amazon.Interciência, 3 (4): 200-206.
Santos, R. M., (2018), The contribution of Sahara dust to aerosols in Central Amazonia determined with in situ measurements and remote sensing / Rayner Monteiro dos Santos. - Manaus: [s. n.], 2018. 114 f. : il. color. Thesis (Master's degree)- INPA, Manaus.
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Sellers, P. J., (1985). “Modeling Effects of Vegetation on Climate”, Chapter 16, THE GEOPHYSIOLOGY OF AMAZONIA, R.E. Dickinson Editor, JOHN WILEY & SONS, NY.
Yu, H., et al., (2015), The fertilizing role of African dust in the Amazon rainforest: A first multiyear assessment-based data from Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 1984–1991, doi:10.1002/2015GL063040.
Researchers' Institutions and e-mail:
1. 1. Manaus Lutheran University Center
2. Av. Carlos Drummond de Andrade, 1460 - Japiim, Manaus – AM-Brazil, 69077-730 - Phone: (92) 3616-9800 e-mail: newtonulbra@gmail.com / e-mail: alansferreira@gmail.com
2. State Secretariat for Education and Sport
Street: Waldomiro Lustoza, 250 - Japiim II, Manaus – AM-Brazil, 69076-830 e-mail: newton.lima@seduc.net
3. Amazon State University
Av. Djalma Batista, 2470 - Dez de Novembro Park, Manaus – AM-Brazil, 69050-010 – Phone: (92) 3878-7720 e-mail: acaneto@uea.edu.br
4. 4. Amazon Federal University
5. Av. Gal. Rodrigo Octavio Jordão Ramos, 1200 - Coroado I, Manaus – AM-Brazil, 69067-005 – Phone: (92) 3305-1480 e-mail: amoliveira@gmail.com
5. Western Pará Federal University
Street: Vera Paz – (no number), Campus da UFOPA-Santarém-Brazil - Phone: (93) 2101-4900 e-mail: roseilsondovale@gmail.com
6. Juiz de Fora Federal University
Street: José Lourenço Kelmer, (no number) - São Pedro, Juiz de Fora – MG-Brazil, 36036-900 - Phone: (32) 2102-3911 e-mail: danielmansur@gmail.com
7. Peruvian Amazon Research Institute
Av. Jose A. Km. 2.5 Ap.Postal 0784, Quinones, Iquitos, Peru – Phone: +51 (65) 265515 e-mail: lcamposba@gmail.com
8. Amazon Federal Institute
Av. Sete de Setembro, 1975, Manaus – AM-Brazil, 69020-120 - Phone: (92) 3621-6700 e-mail: psi.josecavalcante@gmail.com
9. Université de Genève – Faculté SCIENCES (https:www.unige.ch) e-mail: naiana.lopes@etu.unige.ch
Researchers and their institutions
* Opened
RESEARCHERS - SEDUC: Newton Lima; Alfredo Tadeu Coimbra, Aldemir Malveira; Eriberto Façanha; UEA:
Alcides Neto; IFAM: José Cavalcante; ULBRA: Newton Lima - Lilian Greice – Alan Ferreira; UFJF: Daniel Mansur;
UFOPA: Roseilson do Vale; INPA/MAX PLANCK: Eduardo Rios; IIAP: Luiz Campo Baca. Université de Genève (Faculté SCIENCES): Naiana Ramos Lopes
● Institutions where the author acts as a Professor / Researcher
● Visual Identification of the Project
● Cover and Back Cover
Cover: photo credit (Fire in Forest of MT-Brazil) Rogério Assis (FAPESP Magazine - Numb.285 | 2019)
ULBRA Manaus | SEDUC-AM / DEPPE
Amazon, the secret of the rains
Newton Silva de Lima et al. ULBRA Manaus | SEDUC-AM / DEPPE
Amazon, the secret of the rains .
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The Author
Graduated in Physics from the Federal University of Amazonas (1993), Post-Graduated in Energy Systems (UFAM / EFEI-1995), Master in Environmental Geology - Geosciences (UFAM - 2009) and Doctorate in Climate and Environment - Geosciences (INPA) / UEA - 2014). Effective member of the Brazilian Geophysical Society. He is currently a researcher and an undergraduate professor at the Lutheran University Center Manaus - ULBRA Manaus. He is also a researcher in the Department of Educational Policies and Programs at SEDUC-AM. Has experience in Physics, focusing on Mechanics and Fields.
Participates in the Research Group (UNIVAP- ULBRA), in ionospheric research on Manaus. He is the research leader on scenarios of the Amazon River (Hydrosphere- Biosphere-Atmosphere), see:
[https://sites.google.com/view/amazonriverexpediti on], with the research group (SEDUC-ULBRA).
ohe secret of the rains
