November 2005
Objectives and Orientations of the Energy Strategy
Consultation paper
Energy for Prosperity
in Québec
Energy for Prosperity in Québec
Objectives and Orientations of the Energy Strategy
Consultation paper
Energy for Prosperity in Québec : Objectives and Orientations of the Energy Strategy
2
Table of contents
Message from the Minister of Natural Resources and Wildlife . . . 3
1. The process . . . 4
2. Overview of the main points made at the parliamentary committee hearings . . . 6
3. Challenges . . . 8
4. Objectives . . . 10
5. Orientations . . . 13
• Reviving hydroelectric development . . . 14
• Developing the wind energy sector, a way of the future . . . 15
• Using energy more efficiently . . . 16
• Innovating in the energy field . . . 16
• Consolidating and diversifying oil and natural gas supplies . . . 17
• Adapting the regulatory framework . . . 18
6. A more prosperous Québec, a better use of energy . . . 19
Message from the Minister of Natural Resources and Wildlife
Energy for prosperity
Since April 2003, our government has pursued a clear objective. We want Quebecers in all regions to enjoy a more prosperous economy that meets the requirements of sustainable development, to benefit from a modernized State offering better services at lower cost, and to see their interests and identity defended effectively.
To achieve these goals, we must mobilize all the means at our disposal-including energy.
In the field of energy, Québec enjoys several key advantages, and it is more important than ever to use them to attain our objectives. This is the aim and underlying rationale of the energy strategy that the Government plans to adopt in a few weeks.
The energy strategy will be a lever for prosperity in Québec. It will be designed to ensure our energy security, while creating wealth. It will be a powerful tool for regional develop- ment. It will be resolutely turned towards a more efficient use of energy.
A strategy built on a solid foundation
The new strategy will be based on a careful reading of the challenges facing us.
It will take into account the many different suggestions and proposals that have been made by people concerned about Québec's energy future-whether experts, associations, businesses, citizens or the Régie de l'énergie. The debates over the Suroît project clearly demonstrated how much Quebecers value their energy security.
It will present a clear vision of what we can implement and achieve over the short and medium terms, in the coming months and over the next ten to fifteen years.
Openness and transparency
Our government believes in the values of consultation and dialogue with citizens.
During the past winter, the population of Québec was consulted about priorities in the field of energy. The hearings took place as part of the work of the National Assembly, and attracted a great deal of interest. After reports by six expert consultants had been tabled, 169 briefs were submitted, covering a wide range of energy-related topics.
We are now entering the last phase of the consultation process, which promises to be both demanding and rewarding.
For this step in the process I have chosen a user-friendly approach to consultation using the Internet.
The objectives and orientations selected by our Government to ensure that energy makes a maximum contribution to our future are now accessible online. The orientations are based on a careful examination of the challenges we must face, and on which we should all agree.
By making public the orientations of the future energy strategy, our Government is showing a transparency and openness to dialogue like no government before it.
I would like to invite any person who wishes to do so to make comments and proposals to enrich and improve what will become the energy strategy of all Quebecers.
Pierre Corbeil
Minister of Natural Resources and Wildlife
1.
The process
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Québec's energy strategy will be drafted in several stages, allowing citizens, businesses and local communities, as well an Indian and Inuit communities to be informed and to have their concerns taken into account.
• On November 17, 2004, the Government published an information document called The Energy Sector in Québec - Context, Issues and Questions.
– It described the current situation and key issues in Québec's energy sector.
– At the same time, it raised a number of questions designed to trigger thoughts on those issues.
• The first series of hearingswas organized on December 1 and 2, 2004, as part of the work of the Committee on Labour and the Economy at Québec's National Assembly.
During this initial series of hearings, reports commissioned by the Minister of Natural Resources and Wildlife from six different experts were presented.
• A second series of general hearingswas held from January 25 to April 7, 2005, again under the auspices of the Committee on Labour and the Economy.
– The committee received 169 briefs.
– A total of 138 individuals, businesses, organizations and groups presented their point of view to the committee members.
• The Government is now proceeding, as promised, with aconsultationbased on this document which sets out the Government's objectives and preferred orientations.
The Government has opted for an online consultation, so as to allow all individuals, organizations and groups who so wish to submit their comments and thoughts as well as new suggestions not presented at previous hearings.
• The Government will use the results of these three consulta- tions to publish a definitive energy strategy. All Quebecers will therefore have had an opportunity to contribute to the preparation of the strategy as part of an open and trans- parent process.
2.
Overview of the main points made at the parliamentary committee hearings
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Through its hearings, the Committee on Labour and the Economy was able to gather many different views on the elements to consider when preparing an energy strategy.
• The expertsheard in December 2004 highlighted the following issues:
– Québec must diversify its sources of energy supply to ensure energy security.
– The development of hydroelectric potential will not only help meet power needs in Québec, but will also create advantageous export opportunities.
– Power exports will also help improve the North American environmental balance sheet.
– Québec should concentrate on the potential of wind energy to diversify its sources of supply, since wind energy complements hydroelectric generation.
– It would be more appropriate for Québec, like many other countries, to rely more on natural gas for heating purposes.
– Québec's geological structure shows a significant potential for fossil fuel development.
– Energy efficiency is a key component in improving energy security, since it helps slow down the growth in demand.
– In order to optimize their impact, energy efficiency measures must take into account social and economic aspects, be the object of sustained efforts, and be supported by energy prices that better reflect production costs.
• The principal messages from the public hearingsheld from January to April 2005 were as follows:
– The energy strategy should ensure the energy security of all Quebecers.
– Energy efficiency should be one of the basic elements of the new energy strategy.
– Better pricing signals should be used to encourage greater energy efficiency.
– Québec should focus on the development of renewable energy sources, especially hydroelectricity and wind energy, to secure its energy supply.
– Environmental protection and efforts to mitigate the effects of climate change should be fundamental con- cerns in energy development.
– A vigorous energy sector is an essential element in the economic development of Québec in general and of outlying regions in particular.
– Once needs have been met in Québec, electricity may be exported for the benefit of all Quebecers, and for the benefit of environmental quality.
3.
Challenges
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Resolutely turned towards the future, the energy strategy will be designed to meet the challenges currently facing us in the energy field. In all, five challenges have been identified by the Government.
• Energy suppliesmust be made more secure.
– A secure energy supply is an essential condition for the proper functioning of a modern society. Our quality of life depends on it, and economic development, specially at the regional level, is directly linked to it.
– A secure energy supply depends on the physical availabil- ity of various forms of energy, the reliability of energy facilities, and the prices at which these forms of energy are available.
• Energy is a powerful lever for economic development and should be used to its full extent.
– Energy is one of Québec's main comparative advantages, due to the existence of hydroelectric resources, wind ener- gy potential, an advantageous geographical location that explains the interest in developing major liquefied natural gas terminals, and the probable presence of fossil fuel deposits in the sedimentary basins of Québec, particularly in the substrata of the St. Lawrence Estuary and Gulf, its estuary and the Gaspé peninsula.
– The future energy strategy must allow Québec to benefit fully from these advantages.
– The challenge is to achieve this by involving the communi- ties concerned in each project, by associating local and regional communities with the projects - including Indian and Inuit communities - and of course, by respecting the conditions of sustainable development.
• We must be able to use energy more efficiently.
– Because of its industrial structure, geography and climate, Québec is a major consumer of energy, and it is impor- tant for energy to be used more efficiently.
- The quantity of energy used for a given task must be reduced.
- The right energy must also be used in the right place - whether for heating, industrial production or transportation, whence the need to diversify and better secure our supply sources.
– Collectively, we have everything to gain from becoming more efficient and more knowledgeable users of energy.
- We must do this by improving the way in which we use energy.
- We must also change our behaviours, and the changes we make must be sustained.
• Québec can become a leader in the field of sustainable development.
– The characteristics of its energy resources place Québec in a stronger position than many industrialized nations for respecting all the dimensions of sustainable develop- ment and thus becoming a leader in the field.
– Québec has a special responsibility in this area, in that it needs to encourage the use of its clean and renewable energy to replace the more polluting sources of energy used by neighbouring jurisdictions.
• Québec must establish electricity pricesthat reflect its own interests and the demands of sound resource management.
– Thanks to hydroelectric generation, businesses and consumers enjoy advantageous electricity rates.
– The price of electricity in Québec must remain competitive.
- A large part of our industrial structure is founded on this price advantage.
- For consumers, affordable electricity is one of the ele- ments that make up quality of life in Québec, when compared to the prices charged in neighbouring areas.
– However, electricity prices must be compatible with proper use of the resource. If they are set too low, they encourage consumption, discourage energy savings and in the end lead to energy transformations that are gen- erally extremely costly and often less efficient. Beside, these transformations, whether done in the industrial or residential sectors, undermine the supply of electricity for all Quebecers.
– Defining a fair price for electricity is a particularly sensitive issue.
4.
Objectives
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The future energy strategy will aim to ensure energy security while creating wealth. It will make a powerful contribution to regional prosperity. It will also confirm Québec's commit- ment to sustainable development. The Government's actions will be structured around these three objectives.
• Ensuring greater energy security while creating wealth – In its new energy strategy, the Government will aim first
and foremost to secure energy suppliesat best possi- ble costs in order to remain competitive and maximize derived benefits.
It is clearly to our advantage to produce energy in Québec, where it is easily accessible, provided it can be produced at a competitive price. Concerning the energy that we have to import, we must diversify our sources of supply and reorient our trade to best suit our interests.
The development of new energy sources, including geot- hermal and solar energy, will help diversify sources and ensure energy security.
The new energy strategy will also include initiatives aimed at ensuring the correct operation of power trans- mission and distribution lines and the reliability of natural gas and petroleum distribution systems.
With respect to nuclear energy, the Government does not anticipate new nuclear power plants. The refurbish- ing of Gentilly II, the only such plant in operation in Québec, is being examined.
– In its new energy strategy, the Government intends to place greater emphasis on the creation of wealth.
Québec is a land of hydroelectricity, and hydro power has provided the foundation for much of Québec's develop- ment and transformation into a modern society. To devel- op and take advantage of this exceptional wealth, Quebecers can count on Hydro-Québec, one of the world's leading power companies, and the operator of the most extensive power transmission grid in North America.
Hydroelectricity constitutes a key asset for Québec, and it will become of even greater value as other resources are depleted and a greater effort is made to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Québec is becoming a North American leader in the field of wind energy. We also have an extensive and efficient network for the transportation and distribution of natural gas. Our geographic location explains the existence of several major investment projects involving the construction of liquefied natural gas terminals.
A great deal of hope is also placed on the presence of significant fossil fuel deposits in the sedimentary basins of Québec, particularly in the substrata of the Gulf of St. Lawrence Estuary and Gulf and the Gaspé peninsula.
Energy projects will generate investments and jobs.
The availability of energy at competitive prices and in various forms will help reinforce the industrial fabric in individual regions and in Québec as a whole. Increased energy exports will improve our trade balance and provide additional revenue, and could even justify the accelerated development of our energy resources.
Overall, energy will make a powerful contribution to ensuring our prosperity and that of future generations
• Giving a greater role to Indian, Inuit and local communities in the energy development process – In its new energy strategy, the Government intends to involve local and regional communities as well as Indian and Inuit communities in future developments.
New initiatives will be introduced for this purpose.
– The new energy strategy will also be a significant way of speeding up regionalization and decentralization.
It will once again confirm the Government's intention to be a government for the regions. The Government intends to use our energy advantage to build and rein- force a regional vision of development, in which each region will be more involved in determining the use and development of the resources within its territory.
• Using energy more efficiently
– Energy efficiency will be at the heart of the new energy strategy. Better use of energy will benefit society as a whole.
More efficient energy use will improve energy security.
It will also reduce the environmental impacts of energy use. From an economic standpoint, it will lower our energy costs, and clearly this will benefit both individual citizens and businesses.
– The importance ascribed by the Government to energy efficiency clearly illustrates the trend towards sustain- able development. Overall, the new energy strategy will confirm the priority given to sustainable development and the Government's concern for all its dimensions.
The orientations selected for the new energy strategy will confirm the Government's intention to develop its energy resources in an environmentally friendly way, taking social concerns into account and leaving future generations everything they will need to ensure their own development.
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5.
Orientations
Once Québec's energy security is assured, electricity exports offer opportunities for wealth creation to benefit the Québec population as a whole. Exports currently repre- sent a significant portion of Hydro-Québec's profits. Their importance is underlined by the fact that Hydro-Québec's profits make an important contribution to the financing of the public services used by all citizens. Increased exports could be used to pay down the public debt.
• The Government intends to promote the use of hydroelec- tricity from Québec, generated from a clean, renewable resource, as a substitute for electricity generated from coal and other fossil fuels.
The current data on greenhouse gas emissions reveal the positive contribution made by Québec to worldwide efforts to reduce emissions with a negative impact on climate.
This contribution will reach new heights, since almost all the new generating capacity scheduled to come on line by 2015 will be either water-powered or wind-powered. The benefits of this approach are felt beyond Québec's borders.
• The Government intends to work alongside regional authorities and First Nations to identify and develop sites for small hydroelectric facilities.
In addition to large-scale projects, small hydroelectric facilities are an important lever for economic development in several regions of Québec. This potential should also be developed for our collective benefit.
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Based on the objectives previously described, the future energy strategy will include a set of orientations that are outlined below.
Reviving hydroelectric development
• The Government intends to give priority to hydroelectric developmentto ensure energy security while creating wealth in the process.
In Québec, 96% of electricity is generated by major hydro- electric facilities. This is an exceptional result in worldwide terms, and one that is envied by many other jurisdictions.
However, between 1994 and 2001, project development was stalled, putting Québec in a more vulnerable position.
Since 2003, the citizens of Québec have been aware of the Government's desire to move forward and develop this source of clean, renewable energy to ensure Québec's energy security and create wealth. Several projects are cur- rently under construction, generating investments of over
$4.5 billion and the equivalent of 18,000 person-years of employment. They will add around 1,110 MW of installed capacity, that is scheduled to come on line by 2008.
Two other major projects, with a combined capacity of 2,400 MW, are currently being studied by Hydro-Québec and could come on line between 2008 and 2015.
The first project, known as Eastmain-1-A Powerhouse and Rupert Diversion, is essential to meet Québec's supply needs and ensure its energy security. An environmental impact study is currently under way. The construction cost of the project is estimated at $4 billion, and it could pro- duce 8.5 TWh annually. In keeping with the spirit of the agreement with the Cree (La Paix des braves), the Govern- ment plans to proceed once the results of the environmen- tal impact studies are known. The second project, known as La Romaine, would have an estimated construction cost of over $6 billion, and would produce 7.5 TWh annually from an installed capacity of 1,500 MW.
On the basis of current evaluations, Québec still has sub- stantial reserves of water power that are economically viable, and the Government intends to increase the pace of hydroelectric development. Each hydroelectric project must be cost-effective under current market conditions, be environmentally acceptable, and be accepted by the local communities concerned.
Increased involvement by regions and communities will allow these to play a more active role in development and to benefit from additional spin-offs in terms of the econo- my and employment. This orientation is in keeping with the principles of sustainable development.
The question of electricity rates Because of its hydroelectric resources, Québec is able to maintain advantageous electricity rates for consumers, industry, businesses and institutions. The Government hopes that the future energy strategy will provide an opportunity for an in-depth examination of these rates.
In particular, four questions must be raised:
– What pricing structure is most likely to encourage a more rational use of electricity?
– How should the value of our electricity allocated to major power-consuming industries at advantageous rates be bal- anced against the economic spin-offs that their activities generate within Québec?
– While not questioning existing contracts, one must ask if the low royalties paid for water power by industrial self- generators are adequately justified by the benefits gener- ated by their activities in Québec.
– Should electricity rates move closer to market rates in the best interest of all Quebecers, especially from an intergen- erational standpoint?
Developing the wind energy sector, a way of the future
• Québec intends to continue developing the wind energy sec- tor, thereby becoming a leader in the field in North America.
In 2003, Québec had slightly over 100 MW of installed wind generating capacity.
Over the coming years, the Government will pursue devel- opment in this area. The first call for bids to supply a block of 1,000 MW of wind energy gave promising results with respect to the objectives sought. It will be possible to devel- op a wind energy industry, mainly in the Gaspé peninsula.
A significant portion of the wind energy potential in the Gaspésie-Îles-de-la-Madeleine administrative region and in the Matane regional county municipality will be devel-
oped. Furthermore, the call for bids demonstrated that this potential can be harnessed at very competitive rates.
A second call for bids for the supply of an additional block of 2,000 MW was issued in June 2005. Although bids could be made for all regions of Québec, the approach was designed to continue the approach taken in the first call for bids, while consolidating its objectives.
Québec's installed wind generating capacity should increase to almost 3,500 MW by 2013, around 35 times the installed capacity in 2003. A survey by the engineering firm RSW identifies a total of 4,000 MW of wind energy potential that could be connected to the Hydro-Québec grid by 2015, using current technology. This installed capacity of 3,500 MW, once developed, will represent around 10% of peak demand. As technology and knowl- edge evolve, it is expected that wind energy will make up an even larger portion of Québec's energy profile.
• Hydro-Québec will continue its efforts to ensure the optimal development of wind energy to supply Québec's power grid.
It is important to note that wind energy fluctuates over time, depending on wind speed, and cannot be adjusted to respond to consumer demand like hydroelectricity, generat- ed from water stored in reservoirs. The intermittent nature of wind energy production must be compensated by elec- tricity from another, more easily controlled source, such as hydroelectricity, to maintain a steady supply. This means that wind energy should be considered as a complement to, rather than a substitute for, hydroelectricity.
Using energy more efficiently
• The Government intends to review the general orienta- tions and overall targets for energy efficiency and demand management.
The mandate of the Agence de l'efficacité énergétique will be broadened and its funding reviewed. Two principles will act as guidelines: the energy consumers, beneficiaries of energy savings, must pay for the investments required, and the Agence must account for the funding it receives.
• The Government will instruct the Agence to prepare an overall plan for energy efficiency and emerging forms of energy and energy technologies, in collaboration with other stakeholders. That plan must include precise and mesurable objectives.
During the public hearings held by the National Assembly's Committee on Labour and the Economy, a majority of partic- ipants stressed the need for a comprehensive energy effi- ciency plan covering all forms of energy, setting out long- term commitments and involving all the stakeholders.
Currently, energy efficiency initiatives are often implemented in isolation, without any coordinated or concerted actions.
• The Government will adopt a series of measures to reduce energy consumption within the governmental apparatus, acting on advice from the Agence de l'efficacité énergétique.
Like other consumers, the Government must become a more knowledgeable user of energy. In 2004, its bill for petroleum products alone amounted to $350 million.
• Appropriate mechanisms will be established to ensure the use of the right energy in the right place.
Our systematic reliance on electricity for space heating must be re-examined. The use of other forms of energy, such as natural gas, could help reduce the demand for electricity, especially at peak periods. This would delay the need to develop more costly new generating facilities, creating a benefit for all consumers.
Innovating in the energy field
• In addition to hydroelectricity and wind energy, the Govern- ment intends to promote the development of other renew- able forms of energy such as biomass, solar energy, geother- mal energy and biogas, as well as hydrogen technologies.
Its current reliance on these renewable energies, even if only marginal, makes Québec a leader in North America in terms of low greenhouse gas emissions. Québec will be able to maintain its position thanks to its ability to innovate in its selection of energy sources, as well as in its approaches, technologies and R&D activities.
• The Government will examine the possibility of authorizing the decentralized production of electricity. The establish- ment of a net metering mechanism for the owners of inde- pendent generating equipment will allow Hydro-Québec Distribution to purchase from these owners their surplus production, and will also help to reduce demand, especial- ly during peak winter periods.
• The Government intends to examine the potential of geot- hermal energy in Québec in more depth. It will examine various ways to develop geothermal technology.
Geothermal heating and cooling systems are considered to be the most energy-efficient and environmentally advanta- geous systems available, and they can reduce heating and cooling costs by up to two thirds. However, because of the high investments involved, the technology only becomes cost-effective after a relatively long period. Despite the con- siderable energy savings achieved, the initial cost of a geot- hermal system appears to be the main obstacle preventing wider penetration in the residential sector.
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• The Government will take steps to ensure that Québec can take advantage of the funding available under federal pro- grams for energy efficiency, innovation and technological development.
• The Government will promote research and development activities, from pre-feasibility studies to the implementa- tion of pre-commercial pilot projects. Research will also be conducted specifically on the integration of wind energy with the power transmission grid.
The focus on research and development activities involving emerging sources of energy, such as solar energy, is impor- tant for Québec. Such activities can help diversify sources of supply and contribute to economic growth.
Consolidating and diversifying oil and natural gas supplies
• The Government will make the necessary decisions concern- ing the proposed construction of liquefied natural gas termi- nals once the assessment process has been completed.
Québec is an attractive location for the installation of liq- uefied natural gas terminals because the sites selected are relatively close to major centres of consumption. The three projects currently under examination would involve major investments, encourage the development of new industrial poles, and provide an alternative in Québec to natural gas from Western Canada.
In the Government's view, the development of the oil and gas potential of the St. Lawrence Estuary and Gulf is of primary importance. The environmental requirements will be met, and an administrative agreement will be negotiated with the federal government. It will then be possible for Hydro-Québec Pétrole et gaz to attract the private investors needed to begin development work.
It is in Québec's interest to promote oil and gas exploration and development within its territory, and Hydro-Québec Pétrole et gaz has been instructed by the Government to assess this potential by doing geophysical surveys and drillings. Québec considers that it has full ownership over the offshore energy resources in part of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, but its position is not recognized by the
federal government. Offshore development also raises a number of environmental issues. The various challenges must be faced, if the necessary investment is to be mobilized.
• The Government intends to encourage the development of new fuels, such as ethanol-based fuel and biodiesel.
Appropriate initiatives will be launched in this area.
Renewable fuels-especially ethanol and biodiesel-have specific environmental, technological and strategic advan- tages. The introduction of a refundable tax credit for the production and marketing of ethanol in Québec was announced by the Minister of Finance in the 2005-2006 budget speech, as well as a full refund of the 16.2 ¢/litre fuel tax on biodiesel purchased by public transit corporations.
Adapting the regulatory framework
• The Government will ask the Régie de l'énergie and the Bureau d'audiences publiques sur l'environnement (BAPE) to define a global approach for the assessment of major energy projects that does not create new delays.
The assessment process for energy projects is a crucial step in ensuring that projects are completed with optimal results in economic, social and environmental terms.
It would be better if energy projects were subject to an assessment process covering all the dimensions of sus- tainable development.
• The Government will examine the regulations governing the biogas distribution market to facilitate the use of bio- gas for energy production.
Biogas is produced by the fermentation of organic materi- als, most often in municipal landfill sites. The use of biogas would help diversify energy sources, support development in various regions and provide better protection for the environment through the use of renewable resources.
However, the current regulations do not encourage market competition, and create upward pressure on prices.
• The Government intends to revise the Québec Construction Codeto authorize the application of additional energy effi- ciency measures.
Currently, the Québec Construction Codeis not fully applied, and some of its provisions are out of date. There is a need to review and provide for the application of certain specif- ic standards to increase energy efficiency.
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• With respect to the retail fuel market, the Government intends to revise the current regulations to ensure that operating costs are more subject to competition.
Since 1997, when the current controls came into force, the retail fuel market has undergone major changes.
Large chain stores are competing with other fuel retailers by installing high-volume service stations offering low fuel prices. In Québec, this type of competition is limited by the current regulations.
6.
A more prosperous
Québec, a better use
of energy
Public interest
The future energy strategy has sparked great public interest, as demonstrated by the number of briefs presented at the par- liamentary committee hearings.
By making its objectives and orientations available via the Website the Government has confirmed the importance it places on dialogue with the citizens, and its willingness to enrich its strategy with input from this last stage in the con- sultation process.
The last step allows all concerned individuals to submit, via the website, comments on the way in which the Government views the possibilities opened up by energy development, and what it proposes to take advantage of them.
The Government firmly believes that the future energy strategy will constitute a unique tool for the pursuit of Québec's best interests, a tool that will allow us to act now for the future, and to thus ensure our place in the 21stcentury.
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The future energy strategy is designed to make Québec more prosperous, by using our key advantages to their full extent.
The objectives defined by the Government are both ambitious and realistic; thanks to our key advantages, we can rely more than ever before on energy for wealth creation, regional development and the construction of a society that will lead the way in terms of sustainable development.
We can continue to develop an energy potential that is envied by many other countries, and at the same time use energy more effectively: we can both produce more and save more.
We can achieve all this while respecting the rights and priorities of First Nations and Inuit communities, while giving the citi- zens of the regions more say in the choices made, and while remaining attentive to the needs and wishes of the general population.
The text of this publication is available on the website of the ministère des Ressources naturelles et de la Faune : www.mrnf.gouv.qc.ca/energy
© Gouvernement du Québec
Ministère des Ressources naturelles et de la Faune, 2005 Legal Deposit - Bibliothèque nationale du Québec, 2005 ISBN: 2-550-45163-5 (PDF)
Distribution code: 2005-4002
