rtial tte

S1. John's

THE CERAMIC SEQUENCEFOR SOUTHWESTERNNOVASCOTIA:

A REF INEMENT OF THE PETERSEN/SANGERMODEL.

BY Helen Kristmanson,B.A.

A thesis submi tted to theSchool of Graduate Studies in partialfulfillmentof the

requtrenents for the degree of MasterofAr ts.

Departmentof Anthropology MemorialUniversityofNewfoundl and

August 1992

Newfoundland

.+.

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The author retains ownership of Ihe copyrighlin his/her Ihesis.

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ISBN '11-3 15-9Z654- 1

Canada

ABSTRACT

Archaeol ogists have longusedcera.ic s In estab l1st.lng cul tu n l chr onologies. JamesPet e r se n andDavidSangerrecently proposed aseven part chro nolog ical sequence, derivedfrollprehistor icceraet c nater ta l, whichlIlay ultllllatelyreplacethe tradit ionaltripar ttteCeramic Period charact erist ic of theHaine-HarttilllesRegionof theEastern Woodlands.

This thesispresentsthe resultsofadetailedst y Hsttc andI'lOr phologi ca l analysis ofceramicmaterialfromeleve n prehist or ic s ttesinsout hwest er n Nova Scotia whi chwas undertakenIn orderto eval uat.etheapplic ab i li t y of Peter senandSanger'smodelto that por t i on oftheHa t ~.e -MarU1me sregion.

The ceramiccoll ecti on central to thisresearch was frailtheEe lWe ir stt e , Kejll1kuj1k Nat iona l Park.which has producedthe largestin 1.11u.

assemblageavaila bl e for analysis. Attributeinformtlonrecoveredfro.

each vessel frollthis and othe r sttes In sout hweste r n Nova Scoti a recoveredfrOlleach vesse l was enteredinto a filestructurespecifica ll y des igned for thisprojec t using the dBaseJ11 PlusCOllputerprogn•. In addit iontothe personal exaetne t ten ofover20,000sher ds, aliteratu re searchpr oduced furthertnf orea ttcn relevant to thest udy. COIlpilr tsonof theacculIlUlateddata with Petersenand Sanger'sproposed chronological sequence indicat esthat theIIOdel is appli cab leto southwester n Nova Scot iaand poss iblyto ceramics frOlllsi t esexternalto the study region.

Accessto curat edcollecti onswithdccuaentcu provenience,aswell as the conti nuat ion of cont ro lled excavatio nsof CeramicPe ri od sites . impera ti veforfurthereval uati on and refineme nt of the model.

II

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This thesis could not have been completedwit hout thegenerous support andencouragement of variousindividuals and Institutions. My thesis supervisor, Dr. Michae l Deal, provided scholar ly direction, qutdanceand counselthroughout theproj ect inadditionto obtaininga Challenge '91grant which supplemented my regular incomeandhelpedto financethe practical analysis . He also acquired funcls from theInstitute of SocialandEconomic Research atMemori alUniver s it y that permitted me a few daysinHull,P.O. , attheCanadianMuseumofCivil ization's Asticou Cente r wher e I was ableto selecta range of ceramicsto includein the analysis . Iappreciatethe work ofMs.RoxanneHilla nattheInst it ute of Socialand EconomicResearchwho alwayssorted thingsout whenfinanc i ng became compHeated.

Iam grateful toDr.David Keenlyside who, amongothe rthi ngs, interrupted hisownschedule to arrangefor my accommodation anddaily transportationto theAsticouCenteraswell as takin9the time to discuss this project and offer muchappreciatedadvice. Chiefamong thosewho cheer full yhe lpedme InHull wereHs. LouiseRenaudand Mr.BobPanrnett, whowere generousin providi ngaccesstotherelevantcollections, and eventually loaningmethemater i als Irequir ed.

Without theEel Weir ceramicassembl agethisproject would nothave been attempte d. Specialthanks toHr. RobFergusonofEnvir onment Canada, Parks,Halifax,for agree ingtoloan methe Eel Wei r ceramics.

Theprivateceramic collec tionsof threeindividualswere graciously

iii

loaned to me and my supervisorfor inclusion In thisproject. Mr.Ellis Gertridge. Mrs.Marge Hirtle and Mr.JimLeggewillinglygave up their col l ectionstempor ar il y for ana1ysisanddocumentation,and were extreme 1y helpfu lin informingus as to wherethe cereatcshad been recovered.

Chief DaveThoma s , and the Fort FollyIndianBandare to be thanked for allowing me acces sto their officefaciliti esduringthe fina lst ages ofthesis preparation.

Andfinally,thanks to Maddi e, Berniceand Davidfortheirconst ant encouragementand support.

TAGLE OFCONTE NTS

litle litlePage Abst r act Acknowledgemen ts rable ofCont ents Li stofTables list of Figure s

= . u

INTlWOUCIlON

CurrentResear chObje ctives

lliRill...l

HISTORYOF CERAM IC RESEARCHIN THE MAINE·MARITIMESREGION Maritime Provinces(Pre-1980)

Maine and Adjacent Are asof New England(Pr e- 1980) Maine and the Maritimes(Post·1980)

Peter senandSanger' s Chronological Hodel

IJlilliLl

CURRENT RESEARCHIN SOUTHWESTERN NOVA SCOTIA Methodology

Study Collections

Page

1i t t t

viii tx

10 13 I.

24 2.

39

l. Eel Wefr (BbOh-6) 2. Turnip Island(AlOk-8) 3. Melanson (BgOb-2,3,4,5.7 ) 4. St.Croix (SfOa-I) 5. Tusket Falls (AlOl-l) 6. Clamtcve (BhOc·5) 7. Bear River (BdOk-1) 8. Port Houton (AlOf-I.3)

s.

Port Joli (AlDf·2) 10.Batn 11. Brown (Bees-3) 12.Cellar Cove (BdCx-l) 13.Rafter lake (BeCx-3) 14.landing Site (BfDd-14)

Sites External to the Study Region

40 50 51 52 53 53 54 55 55 56 56 51 58 58

58

~

PETERSEN AND SANGER'SHODEL REViSITED 61

Chronological Comparisons 61

Fabric-ImpressedVessels 64

Drag Stamp1nn 64

Vessel Thicknessin Ceramic Period3 64

Rocked Dentate as the Preferred Decorative Application Uuring

Ceramic Period 3 66

Spatial Significance of Sandl Twist 68

vi

ShellTemper:

Spal ia l and Temporal Significance Vessel H.icknessin Cerami cPeriod 6 Inl eri or Channell 1ng

~ CONCLUSIONS REFERENCESCITED

AppendixA~Comput er Data EntryAttributeCnde AppendixB-RawpateonIndi vidual Vesse ls1n

StudyCollectIon

vii

73 74 76

80 85 98

103

LIST OF TABLES

1.1 Temporal Equivalent sfor Ceramic Period Subdivi si ons '.1 SelectedMorphologica1Attributes

FromPetersenand Sanger'sModel 16

3.1 Chronol ogical Arrangementof Dated

Samples from theStudy Collection 41

4.1 CeramicPeriodsand Dated Vessels 63

4.' Tempora 1 Significanceof MetricAttributes 66 4.3 Frequencyof RockedDentate in

Ceramic Period 3 67

4.4 GeographicSignificance ofSandZTwist 69 U RelationshipBetween TemperType ,

and SandZ Twist 71

4.6 Tempora lSigni ficanceof Shell Temper 72 4. 7 TemporalSignifica nceof Temper Type 74

4.8 VesselThickness in CeramicPeriod6 76

4.9 FrequencyofInteriorChannelling 78

viii

LISTOF FIGURES

1.1MapofStudyRegionIncludingSitesMent ioned inText

3.1 StandardizedAttrib uteRecordingForm 26

3.1 dBase Fil estructure 17

3.3 Standardized Ves c;c.l Illustration Form 18

3.' li p,Body and BaseMorphol ogy 33

3.' Examples ofSandZ CordTwist 36

3.6 MapofEel Weir Sites Along Mersey River 41

Cultural chronologies,basedonabsoluteand/orrelativedates. add historical perspective to archaeology (Shepard 1965:341) . Considereda se ns it ive indicator ofst yli st i c trends,and useful in tracingcultura l changeandint er act ion throughttee and space(Rice1987:435-4::16;Sinapoli 1991:74- 81),ceramics have longbeen usedin conjunctionwithchronometric techniques for seriationandcross-dating purposes (Adams 1979; Rlce 1987:436). Ceramics have also been used recentty to supplement glo ttochr ono10gica l data inresearchexaminingpopulat ion expansioninthe Northeast(Ffedel 1990 ).

Principles of seriation,thetime-orderi ngofdata (e.g. ,typesor attributes),werefirstapplied to ceramicsin the American southwestby A.L.Kroeber (1916). However,broad regional sequencesfor eastern North America were not estab lishedunt il between1940 and1960,and eventhese werebasedon small samples , somemixed as semblages, andre li ed on relativedating techniques (Petersen1985:6) . Althoughceramic sequences cont inue to be of wide Intere st to archaeo logists in the Nor t hea st a region-Wide chrono logy is st ill insufficient ly developed (Ritchie 1985:416). Inparticular, the absence of an objective andstandardized te r mi nol ogy has hampered ceramic analysi s , and, in particular, the development of accurate :.er ami c based chr onolog ies inthe Nor t heast (petersen 1985) .

In a recent article, Petersen and Sanger (1991) presented a preltntnary sevenpart ceramicsequence,or chronological'lIodel,forMa i ne and theMar it ime Provinces (Table1.1) des i gned. in par t , to stimulate

further research . thts chronological sequence was based on 165 radiocarbondatesassociated withceramicsfrom 76 sites in Haine,the Maritimeprcvtnces ,and adjacentareas. Petersenand Sanger stressed that thei r observations derived large1y fromthe analysis of over 1200 fragmentaryvesselsfromMaine and adjacentareas In New England,and just over 400 vesselsfrom the MaritimeProvinces. It is possible that some of theregionaldifferencesthey ascribe to the ceramic assemblages from New England, !'iaine and the Maritime Provinces may simplyreflect the proport ionalamounts of researchdevoted to each area. While many of the radiocarbondates theycit ed were associatedwith site sfrom the Maritime

<>.._.- :.,,~=-

Pr ovinces(t .a., 37%) ,PrinceEdwardIslandwas excluded,and Nova Sc.rtta was theleast intensively studiedprovince. In fact,onlynine of the 76 sit es exam inedin this reqtcn,or

II.a

%of the total sample, were from Nova Scot ia. The irst udy clearly indicat ed that more research was needed on Nova Scotian col lect ions in order to correctthe exlsttnqimbalance.

Curr ent Research Ob1ectives

The focus of myresearch has been the ceramicassemblage from Eel Weirsite in KejimkujikNational Park,which has produced the largestin .ii1Ilcollectionof prehistoricceramics with associatedradiocarbon dates from southwestern NovaScotia. A detailed st ylis ti c and morphological analysisofcer amic s from Eel Weir and ten other sites was undertakenin order to evaluate the applicability of the Petersen and Sanger chronologica l model to southwesternNova Scotia (Figure1.1). Further, it permitteda more thoroughincorporation of this areainto the regional chronology.

Table1.1

TemporalEquivalen t s for Ceramic PeriodSubdi vis ions . CERAMICpERIOD TEMpORAl EOUIVALENT A1.llBtlIIll'.E

>llBI!llilliIJl IlE.illIl\l.l.I

I ca.l050-2150B. P. Ear ly Cer amic/

WoodlandPeriod . ca. 21S0~1650B.P. early Middle

Cer amicjWoodl and Per iod.

ca. 1650-1350 B.P. middl eMiddl e CeramicjWoodland Period. ca.llSO-950 B.P . late Middl e

Cer amicjWoodland Period. ca.950-650 B.P . early Lat eCeramic/

Woodla ndPeriod.

ca. 650·400B.P. lat eLate Ceramicl WoodlandPeriod . ca. 400-200 B.P. Conta ct/

Pr ot ohis to rlc Per i od.

af t er Peter senandSanger1991

Figure 1.1

Hap of Study Region Including Sites Mentioned in Text.

Theebcve-eenttcnedcollectionswerereducedtovesselunits basedon attribut ecorre la t i ons . Thisdat awas recordedus ingthedBase111Plus computer progr all to faci litate ruture refe rence, IlOdl f i cation and cocnparat iveana lyses. Al tho ughthisdataisusedhereelec stexcl us ive ly forchronology building, it will ultimat el y be usef ulforaddress ing other

i~ortant researc h topi cs such as the analysis of technologic al

de velopment,theidentificat ionofspat i aland temporalboundarie s,and the recosntt ton of ethnic groups and population ecvesent. through examinatio n ofdes i gneottfs andRgrammarsR (Custer 1987:97) .

InChapter Two, I present a detail edre vi ewof previous cer amic resea rchinthe Ma ine-Mar it imesRegion, cul minati ng InthePetersenand Sangermodel. InChapt erThree,I presentmyown researchinsouthwes tern NovaScot i a. InChapter Four,Icoeparemyfindin gs withthePetersenand Sanger l'IIOdel and discuss severallIi nor probleMs relatedto thedevelepeent ofceraa tcchr onologtes IntheNort heast.

HISTORYQfCERAMI C RESEARCH IN THE MAINE/MARITIMES REGION

Maritimeprovinces (Pre-19 SQ)

The earliest researc honpr eh is t oricNorth east ern ceramics appeared in a numberof 19th centuryrepor t s. Nor t hern Eur opeans had begun clecavati ngshellmiddens,orKioekkenmoddi ngs, andthisactiv ityqutc kIy attractedthe att enti on of Nor th east ern naturalists who then initi at ed thei rown research.

InNova Scotia,these earlyaccountsofferedinsi ght fuldescriptions oflocal shelt etddens and thei r cont ent s . Ifceramicswere ment ioned,it was usually incidenta landin limiteddetail(e.g., Jones1864, Gossip 1864). Thislackof atte ntion mayhave been due,in part, to a beliefby some in the mid to lat eninete enth cent urythat the Micmacs did notmake pottery inprehistoric times(Patter son 1890:251) . However , that thi s belief was not share d by all was indica te d by the Reverend George Patterson whostated tha t ".. .thoughnoper f ect vesse l hasbeen found...

considerablequantitiesof fr agment shavebeendi scover ed.suff icientto showthestateofart among them"(1890:2 51).

little morethan a decade later inNova Scotiathere de ve l oped a he ight ened interest in ceramic artifacts, as Is ill ust r ate d by correspo ndencebetween Honeyman (1879)and De sBr is ay (1879) in whic h incr easedattention was given toclay composi t io n, vessel morphol ogy.

decorat ion,funct io n,antiqui ty, andculturalcontext . In 1890 Patterson ini tiatedrecoqnt ttc nof the cultur al signif icanceofprehist or ic Micmac ce ramic technologybyinclud inga brief sectionon pottery inapubli shed report. Inaddit ion to descript iveaccount s of vesse l morphology,

function, decor ation and temper type.Pat te rson suggest eda possible ceraetc--.anuta ct ory" location at "aspot onthe LaneveRiver above Bridgewater, intunenburqCounty- ,and speculatedabout the toolsusedto decoratethevessels (Patter sonIB90:2511.

Intere st Inarchaeologywasals o growing tnHewBrunswi ckdur ing the lat e 19t h cent ury. Depar ti ng froll simple artUact descr ip t ion, archaeologi calinter est fir st expandedInthe fonnofreconnaissancetype resear ch into thepote nt ialofnavigable waterwaysforprehist or ic sHes (BatleylBB7). Ceramicsrecover ed bySal1ey(lB87 ). bothfrominterior sites and coastalshe l l middens,were described intermsof textur e, exterior sur fac e appearance.decorationandextent offir ing.

After 1894,enthusiasm in archaeologi cal res ea rchin NovaScotia waned,onlyto bebrieflyrevived In 1914withthe excavat ionsofSIIIlt h and Wintellberg (J929). Adeta il ed account of nort hern Nova Scoti an cereetcs was Included inthi sreport. Although rlchindescr i ptlon, preh is torlc cernicswere notas yet analyzedIn tera sof cbrcnc logka1 si gnificance. Wlntemberg lat errecordedhis IIl1pr esslo nsregard ing the geographkdist ributio n ofce raa lcstnCanadaandtheUni t edStat e sIn a paperpublished posthumously(Vinteooerg1942). In an atlempt todiscover the posslbl e or igins and/orcu l t ural affllhti onsofceraat csspeciftc.l1y frolltheNortheast, Wint embergdrew frOllattribute s such as geographic dist ribution,vesselmorpltnlogy, decoral1on and tempertype. Wlntemberg alsoemployedMcKern'sclassificatorysyst emand Ritchie'sOwascoandVine Val ley Aspectsof the Nort hea st er n phase(Ritchie 1936) ,fromwhich he deri vedhisWoodlandpattern.

It was not until the late1950's and1960's that archaeological

res earchin NovaScoti awasres ueec substantiaHy inthe work of John Ers kine (1958), an eeateur, and George MacDonal d . a professional ar c haeologist (1968). Despite the prOillsing natur e of this work, ar c hae.Jlog ical researchin Nova Scot tarellla inedincons istentunt 11recent time s (Sheld on1987:7) . In New Bruns'Wick , however , Interest inceramics was retl ectedbya detailedde scrip ti on of a nearly cOilple te ceraat c vesselfromMaquaplt Lake (Matthew andKaln1904) . Speculationabout ves s el funct ion,cookingtechnology,IlI!thodofmanufacture anddecoration Indi cat ed that Interest incerantc technology was not substa nt ia lly dec lining. In 1909theNa t ural Hist or y Societyof NewBrunswickpublished aseriesofphotograph s ofsherdsrecoveredfrom BocabecandGrandLakeby l/illiasMcIntosh(1909)whoesti mat ed thegeographic d1strlb ution,andto al1mlt edext ent,the typeof cu lturecharact e ris ti c oftheprehi st or ic ancestor sof theHalectte s. Thisart ic l e also presented theauthor 's per s onal impression s on theage ofthePOtt er y, fol l owed bythe usual connents onsize,shapeandsanutect ur e methods.

In thelate1950's InNova Scotia,Erskinedoceeented theprehist oric ceralllicass~lageretr ieved from theBearRiver.Indtin Garde nsand Port Jol i site s In soutweste rnHovaScotia (Erskine n.d.; 1958). Although eager to establi shceralllic types, Ersk i neult 1N te1y felt obli ged to discard hisO\Iln classificatio ns Indicating that theyWi!re basedon

·nothing more tha nfavor itepatterns of indivi dual pot t er s " (Erski ne 1958:366). Atte mpti ng to dis cern the chronologic al signi ficanceof cer a mic for ms, Erskinetabulat ed dat a on decora t ion, clay color, and sur -facefinish(Erskine 1958:367). Alt houghhedidnotpubli sh anynnal Impr essions in thls report, his unpubli sh ed memoirs are more

---- -- - - - - -- - -

chro no logica llyoriented(Ers kineI••d),

Ceramicana lys is wasIncluded in a fewarchaeGlo gica lrecort s InNova Scotia duringthe1970's (Hyers 1972,Davis 1914,Connolly1977). Hyer s' 1972 survey repor t of Ke j i mkuj i k Nati ona l Pa r k Inc luded limi ted infor matio non the cera mics recovered fro mtest excavations at six sites (Hyers1912). Ceramics from theHer r ymakedge sitewer e catego rizedlnto types based on rim sherd attrfbutesincludi nglOor pho!ogy. paste, temper type anddecoration.Body sherds were comparedon thebasis of frequency ofdecorat ion types, but werenot examinedinconjunction with rimsherd types. Ceramics wer e onlybrieflydescribedforthere"'Ainingsites and there wasno attemptto ana lyze the collection since thiswas onlya survey report.

In 1974Davis describeda restored vessel recover e d froma she ll middennear COll1lleau's Hill , Turnip Island tn Yarmout hCoun ty, Nova Scotia (Davi s 1974). lack ofcorrrnon knowledge regar diflg the chronoloqy of pr ehi stor icNova Scotianceramicsat that timefor cedDavi s to estimate the vessels' temporal position.(Davis1974:5- 6).

A fewyearslater, Connollyre-examined mat er i al s from theBe ar River site, Di9by County,recoveredbyErs kine inthelate 1950'sand Davis in the ear ly1970's (Connolly 1977) . ConnollyIndica tedthat thetradi ti onal method ofdefiningexter-tcrdecorat i onby types or attribu tes,cOII\paring themtoother ceramics from theregio nand thenest ab lishi ng achrono logy was Impossible due to the unprofessiona l nature of Ersk ine's invest i gat ions(Connolly 1977:43) .

Majneand AdiacentAreas of NewEngla ndlpre- 19aOI

Ceramicstudies in Ma inehad an equallyInauspicious beg inn ing . and only a stnqleparagraphwas devoted to Halne inW.H. Holllles' (1903:179) Impressive volumeentitled"Aboriginal Pottery of the Ea s t er nUnit ed States".

Hearlyadecadeafter the turnof the century, inwest e rn Vermont, re s e archint o ceramicorigins andgeographicdistributionwa s basedon the fundamentalattrlbut.esof for m,tempe r anddecoration(Perkins 1909).

Perkins also comparedthe ceramicsofwe st er nVermont to those ofeas ter n NewYorkand thosewest of the Adirondacks. Inthesame year, Charies Willoughby (1909) presentedapaper,which, inadditionto recognizin g the existence of a pre-ceramicculture,dividedtheHew Engla ndceramic base intothree chrono logic al and geographic categories, namel y, theArtha 1c Algonquian,lat er A190nquianand Ir oqua i an. The ceramics of theArchaic Alg onquian,restrictedto MaineandMas s achusett s ,we r edescr ib edin terms of decoration, temper, past e andvessel manufact ur e. Willoughby mai ntainedthatceramic technol ogywas not anindige nous develo pmentand that infr e quentcontact with theIroquoislef t ceramicstyl eunchanged unt ilhisto r ic ti mes (1909). The lat e r Algonquian,locat ed in west ern , sout hern andcentralNewEngland.andon rar e OCCasioninMaine.persisted as recently asAD1674,with most of thesamples be ingrec overedfr om proto -ear ly hist or ic graves. Willoughby detecteda trend toward Iroquoian Infl uenceandat tri bute dthis toconsta nt Mohawkraids in the area.

Will oughby' sattent ionto cult ure and technologywasunpr ecedented inits timeand today remainsa valuab lesource of inf ormatio n.

Foll owingWilloughby(1909 ) , ceramic rel at edresear ch intheeastern

10

Unit ed Statesconti nuedtodevelop. Technol ogi cal debatesde r ivingfr om histor i cal documenta t ion and the archaeologic al record ens ued (e. g.

Fairbanks 1937). Researc hinto ceramictechnology was accomp lis hed through et hnogr aphic analyse s (Fewkes 1941). and cer amics from archaeolo gi cal siteswer edesc r ibedintermsof attribute data (Sher man 1946) and often cat egor iz ed chronologi call y(Griff in 1942; Smith 1944;

fowler1948). Withincre asedce r eetc tntcreatton,attemptswe r enadeto definecult ural di ffe r ences throuqh cera mic type cate qor fes ,seria tio nand chronoloq tcet progres si on (Ritchie and MacNe; sh1949) . However. the applica bi1ityofcer amictypologi eswas notalwayswi del yrec ognizednor accepted . andwas oftensubjecttocriticism(Carpente r1953;Pratt1960).

Cer amic technology andstyle werealsooccasionall y explai nedin ter msof cultural mig rat ion(deLaguna1940;Rous e 1945; Fowler1946).

Gre at stri des tnceramic resear chwerebeingmadeby William J.

Howes. a regula r contr ibut or to the 11U1.l.tl.in, produce d by the Massa chusettsArchaeologl cilllSociety. Inaddi t ion tocover i ngsubjec ts suchas surf acefinish(1954b).andrangeofform anddecoration (l954c).

Howes inadver t ant l y appliedtheceramicecol ogyappr oach (Matson1965) a decade prio r toitsformal definiti on,asheconsideredcl ay sourci ngand cere nt canalysisin acultur al/s oci alconte xt (1943;1956). Howes,along thelinesofFowler (1948) , later specula te d on ttnorig insandcourse of development ofceramictechnologyand thedirection of early infl ue nce (1954a). Exper imental analyse s repltca ttn q decorati onformsand tools werealso conduct ed in New Englandat thistime (Car pent er1943;QUimby 1948) .

Wit h the advent ofradrcca r bondati n9.chronologi cal asses smentswer e

II

no longerbasedonstra tigra phy and int uitio nalone (Fowler 1956;Fowler 1966), althoughtypol ogica l se d ations were still based on attribute analyses (Kaeser1964). Descri ption ofceramic sfromarchaeo logica1sites continued(Howes1960)asdid experimenta l/replic at i onst udies (Quimby 1961). Ceramics wereusuall y describedtn termsof four chronol ogica l stages whichhadbeen ident i f i ed and lat er redefin edbyFowler (1948;

1966). Possibl eorigi ns for ceramic technology werehypotheti call y extended to the Old Wor l d (Kehoe1962), as were potenti al sourcesof ceramtcstylistic influence (Gr eengo 1960). Inthe early 1960's,inNew England,amateur archaeologts ts were alsodocume nti ng thei rfinds in the Massachusetts Archaeologic alSoc ietyaJLl.li11n(Vi era 1962; Bielski1962).

Duringthelat e 1960'sand ear ly1970's,somecer amicana lys tsin the eastern Un it ed Statescont inued to applyFowle r's chronological sta gesto ceramic asse!rblages (Fowler 1966; Feher 1970). Cer amics from arc haeolo gica lsit eswer e desc r i bedat the attri but e level (Weeks 1971;

Feller 1976),andoccasio nallycategorizedlnto wares(Bourqu e1971) . In add ition to speculati ng on vesse l functio n and tecllnology some arcllaeolo gi st swer e inte res ted inimprov i ngchr onology buildingand inte r- sitecompariso ns throughidenti f i cati on of diagnosti ctra it s (Mas lowski

• ;03;Oincauze1915) . for examp le, detail edattr ibut eanaly ses revealed temporal and/or geographic differenceswhen compari ng ceramic sfrom two different cult ures1ntheHudsonVall eyof New York State(Br umbach 1915).

Attenti onwas alsogiyento prob lemsrel ate d totypolog i cal st udies (Kraft 197 5). lesscustomary researchincl udedan interest in prehis t or ic cultural trad it i ons such as abor i ginal eating habits(Fowler1915) ,while amate ur ar chaeol ogists cont inu ed to publish their finds in the

12

Mas sachusetts Archaeological Society WhUn (Scot horn e 1971; hrtner 1915). [xperill'lentalanalyses invo lvingdecoratingtools and pre hhtor\c sherdsalso continu ed{Arthurs1913} .

In the lett er pu t of the 1910' s . concern withthe originand devetc peent ofcere et ctechnology WISthe source of Inextens iv e debate (Brennan1915; Vise 1915,Gardner1915;Kinsey1915). At the endof the decade sufficient pr ogr ess h~d beeneadeto produce an ove r viewof Woodl a ndPeriod sites, includi ng infortlationregarding artifa cts,site reconst ruction. sett l e..ent and subsis te nce patter ns, and IIlet hodology (Sanger1919 ). Sanger, atthis t1me , also int roducedthe use of the term

"Cera mic Period"whichwas intendedto replace the"Woodland Per iod "

desig nation(1919).

Bythe 1980' S,archaeologistswere ge nera llyassigni ngthetrcerea tcs tothree broadWoodl andorCe rallltcPer iodsbased on attribute/ves sellot a.naly s is (Dt ncauze1915; Keenlyside1918;NashandStewart 1986;Sheldon 1981; Kristllanson1990). Further. before the develop.ntof Pete rsenand Sange r ' secdet (J991), pseudo-sc allop shell. dentate st allp, andcord wrappe dst ic k. designeleeentswereoften cons ideredtocorrespondbraa.dly with theEarly.Middl e andlateCeramicPeriods. PetersenandSlinger's eodeI Ny ultilNtelyreplace this tripartite syst e. for the ~ine­

Mariti mesregion.

Malne andtheMaritimes(pos t -I9BOl

During the 1980's cer amicanalys isbecameasigni fic antcomponent of archaeologt cal researc hinthe Maine-Marlt imesregion . Closer attenti on was giventopr ovent ence andrecognitionofdifferent "ty pes" based on

attributeana lys is (Doyle.e1....al.1982; NashandSt ewar t 1986;Kemp 1987) . Radio car bonand thermolum1 nescent datingtechniques cont i nued to enhance eff or ts to orderceramicmat er ia lchronolog ically. Toward sthe end of the decade .and into the1990's. attribute analysesand the recogn itionof ceramicsas a signi f icant bra nch of the larger site assessment has resulted in Improved cer amic analyses(Allen1981; Foulkes1981;Allen 19B3; Bishop1983;Hedden1983;Kristmanson1990. Pete rs en and Sange r 1991). The advent of petrographicand chemica1analyses. inter- and tntr a -st tecomparis ons . and aneKpa ndi ngandmore conci seterlllinologyha s contr i buted to agr owingbody of knowledge relev ant to temporaland spat i a lconce r ns (Petersen. Hami lton .LaBar 1984;Sheldon 1987). Other areas of int eres t. such as the analysi sof behavioural impl i cat ions associatedwith thespr eadofcer amic technology(Petersen, Hamil t on and labar 1984).and relat ed cu lt ural manifestati ons,willcont inue todirect the course ofceramic analyses in the future.

pet er s enandSanger ' :. Chr o Do l ggic a l Model

Pet er sen andSanger'smodel represents the ncstrece nt ref inementof the chronologyfor theNortheaston thebasisofceramic evidence(1991). AsTable2.1 demon strates , the attributes,or modes. contributingmost signi f ic ant l y to thisanalys isinc lude sthoseof temper . surf acefinish. and decor ation (1991). Additiona1 attributesconstdered to bese ns itive as spa tia l or temporal indicat ors were vessel morphology (where applicab le)and thefibertwist, sp i n and weftsl a nt s charact eri st icof theper ishablefiber industry. Other attr-fbuteswe reoccas ionally added totheCeramicPeri od vess e ldescr tpt tc'rs,

14

The ceramiccoll ections fromsouthwes te r n Nova Scotia wereexamined with re spect to these and other attributes inor der to disc ern the tempora' andspat i alrelevance of the model for ceramics fromthis region. PetersenandSangerdividedthe tradi tional three-part Ce r amic or WoodlandPeriod int o sevenshor terper i ods. each charac te ri zedby dist inct ceramic assemblages. The Early Cer amic (Woodland )perioddatesfrom approximat ely 3050BP to 2150BP. None of the Nova Scotian materi al examine d byPeter senand Sanger demonstrated;101\affiliationwith this period. Cera mics frolll this per t od,acc ording to Pe te r senand Sange r . wer e typic a lly undecorated,grittempered vesselswit hsi mple rimsand rounded lips(Tabl e2.1) . Manufactured by the co i li ngmet hodIntoconoi dal or beaker-like shapes, the vessels were sma l l, usually of a four liter capaci t yor less. Exte ri orandinte ri orsur faces were fabric paddled and frequentlybetrayedevidenceofslloot hi ng over one or bothsurfaces [cf • Custe r 1981:99-104;Mit chell 19(0). Excepti ons tothe rulewere vessels foundin mortuarycontexts in Maine ,New Br unswick and Vermont, wher e incis i onand s tnqular or multi plepunctations were not ed.

Thesecond divis i on,des ig natedthe earlyMiddlecerantc (Woodland) per iod, incl uded cera micsfromtwosit esin NovaScot la: theBear Rlvcr 1sit e , ln thc AnnapolisBas inwhich datedto 2125t/- 65 BP (5-158;

Connolly 1977; MacInty r e 1983; Wilmeth 1978), andthe Baln s tte in Yarmouth.dating to 2000t/·80BP (Beta-2 aG27,8eta-28029;Sanger and Davi s 1(90). Thisperiod waschar acte ri zed by Petersenand Sangerasa zenith intechn ol ogic a l and decorat iveskill. Temper type,methodofmanufa ct ur e andvess e l morphology remainedunaltered si nceCP 1.except for

15

Table 2.1

Selected MorphologicalAttributes From Petersen andSanger s' Hodel.

AIIRlJl!!I.l

tf llHI'ER ^{Il.IJUQRM ll.UQBM} I!llIlUllI!ll IWlI1EAlliIRE

GRIT STRAIGHT ROUNDED CONOIOAL COILED

GRIT STRAIGHT ROmmED CONOIOAL COIlED

GRIT(a} STRAIGHT ROUNDED CONOIOAL

c ou a

GRIT (b) STRAIGHT/ ROUNDED CONOIDAL COILED EXCURVATE

SHEL L STRAIGNT/ ROUNDED CONOIDAL/ COILED EXCURVATE GLOBULAR SHELL(c) STRAIGHT/ ROUNDED GLOBULAR COILED

EXCURVATE

GRIT STRAIGHT/ ROUNDED GLOBULAR COILED EXCURVATE

(a). She l l/or gani c insome areas .

(b). Shell/organi cfir stappears on limitedbasi s.

(c). Somegrit incoastal . moreint erior . areas.

16

Table 2.I(conti nued )

Se le ct ed Morphol ogicalAttributesFrOllPetersenand Sanger s' Model.

PECORAUON/AppllCATlON FABRIC PADDLEDEXTERIOR/

INTERIOR.

PSEUDOSCAllOPSHELL, UNNOTCHEDLINEAR FORMS, DENTATE.SIMPLESTAMP ED ANDROCKED.INCISI ON, NON-STANDARDIZED PUNCTATES.

DENTATE,ROCKED.

CIRCUL AR AND LINEAR PUt!CTATES.

FABR IC PADDLEDWITH SMJOTHEO INTERICRS. POSSIBLEAPPEARANCE OFCORDWRAPPEDSTICK.

CORD WRAPPEDSTICK.ESPECIALLY WfTHSYSTEMATICALLYPLACED , CYLINDR ICALPUNCTATES.WAVY LINE PSEUDO SCALLOPSHEll INSOME AREAS. HlCISIOH ANDTRAILING ASSOCIATED WITHCIRCULAR PUNCTATES.

LATE CPol.FABRICPADDLED EXTERIOR MORECa1MON. UNDECORATED, OR PUNCTATEOOLY.

CORDWRAPPEDSTICK.SIMPLEVERTICAL STAMP AND CIRCULARPUHCTATES.

INCISl OOAND liNEARP~CTATION . FABRIC PAOOLED EXTERItlL CORDWRAPPEDSTICkANDLINEAR PUNCTATE.

CIRCUlAR PUNCTATESDECREASE/

DISAPPEAR.

POSSIBLEINCREASED USEOFFABR IC PADDli NG WHEREITOCCOORED.

FABRICPADDLED, INCISION,CORD WRAPPED STICk, UNDECORATED .

17

VESSELCApACITy 4 LlTERS, ORLESS.

4LITERS, ORLESS.

4LITERS, OR QE.

4-8 LmRS

4-8 LITERS

4-8 LITERS

4-8 LITERS

theintroductio nofcastel latedrims. Awi de varie tyofpseudo- scallo p shellstamps was consideredto behighl y dlagnosticofCP 2;other forms of decoratlon inc l uded thedent at e stampand unnotched linear for ms. Tool swer eappli ed insi mp l e and/or rocker eotton. The dra g,orpush- pull techniq ueappears tohavebeen cceeononlyinspeci f icar eas (e.g., the Oxbow site, NewBrunswic k), and isnotascr i bedto anyof the ceramics from Nova Scotiafor thisperi od. Inc i s ionswer efr equentl y combinedas right andleft oblique ele ments onthe lower bodyof the vessel.

Punct a ti ons were of varledshapes. Surface fi ni sh includedinteri or channe ll i ng whi chwaspr oducedby scr aping a tooth ed inst rument on the surface,andsmoothingofbot hsurfaces.

Ceramic Per i od 3,themiddleMiddleCeramic(Woodla nd) per iod ,dat es from circa 1650 BP to 1350 BP. Nova Scotia is repr esented bythe Ben Francissi t e in India n BQYN.S.whichdatesto1465+/ -80BPand1345+/ - 85BP (1-9693 and 1-9694;Nash 1978; Sheldon 1988) . Durin gthlsper iod, anincreaseinvessel sizeandwallthickness intherimarea, andper haps theenti rebody,was accompanie dbya swil;ch to a less standa r di zedvessel form. Somevessels hadthic kened rims or lowcollars. At theend of

cr

3 andint o CP 4, addi tiverimscameinto be i ng. Gr i t wa s st i ll the pre dominant temper type , although evidence of shell temper ing is indica t ed. In additi onto increasedvesselsizethere appear s to have been a concomi t ant incre ase in tooth sizeof thedentat e st a mpi ng tools.

Dentate stampbecamethe domina nt decorat ion dur ingthis per iodatthe eventu alexpenseof the pseudo sca l lo pshell desi gn,whil erocker sta mping becamethepr ef er r ed appl ic atio n. Punctat ionswereproduced ina var iety of circ ula rand linearformswhichappearedonthe vessel sur fac e ina

18

closely spaced rather than random arrangement. The cor d wrapped stic k des ign element possiblymadeitsappear ance during thisper iod . It is alsopos s i blethatundecoratedves selsfabricpaddled onthe eater-tor and with theinterior surfaceonlysmoot hed wer e inmanuf act ur e atthis time inthestudyregi on.

Ceramic Period 4,the lateMiddl e Ceramic(Woodland ) period dates fromca.1350BP~950 BP. AlttlOu9hnotselect ed to representCP 4,two sitesfromNova Scotia are lis t ed in the Appendicesfor this period, namely,the Whynacht Cove site inMahoneBay, andtheBrownsite in Jeddore harbor,respectivelydated to1290+/~75BP (S·lB3; MacInt yr e 1983; Wil meth 1978) and 1230+/ . 70 BP (Beta·14052; Sheldon 1988).

Vesse lscont inued to be of conoidalforlllwithsimple st r ai ghttoslightl y excurvate rimforms; somevesselshad lowcollars orthickened rims.

During CP 4 vessels weregenerallyofasma llto mediumsizeand capable of holding fourto eight liter s. Funct iona l differencesmay be indicated by thepresenceof some smallerves sels. CP 4wi tn es sed the dis appear ance of therocker and drag stamp applicationsinadditiontothe dentatestamp designelement. Thedia gnost ic attributesassignedto thisperiod are cord~wra p ped stick designanddis t in ctl y ar r anged punctations of a cons istently cyli ndric al shape. Other minor forms of punctations included linear and crescenticor finger nail forms whichdiminis hed in frequencyduringthls per ted. Wavy lineor pseudoscallop shell-like tools were employe dat this time alongwit h incis i on andtrall i ng whic h were particul ar ly noted in associat ion with c.1r cular punctat ions . Alt houghseen le ssin Ma i ne and the Mar it ime Prov i nces , fabri cpaddled exteriorsbecame more cOIIIDon toward s theendof CP4withadecrease in

is

smoothedextertcr sur fac es. Somevessels exhibi tedexclusiv elycircular punctatio ns,whil e others wer e simply lef tundecora t ed. Duri ng thelat er port ionof this periodshell temper was usedto alimit edext ent, A furthe rdiagnosticcharacteristic is therestriction of desi gn motifs to theupper vesselexteriorsurfa ce with a largeportio n of theexte rto r body surfac e left undecorated.

CeramicPeriod 5, the early lat e Ceramic (Wood la nd) pe r iod dates fr omca. 950 to650 BP. Four sites were selected torepr esentthisper iod for NovaScot ia. TheCo~/Swansonsite inthe Nor th umberland Stra i t, returneddates of840+1-60 BPand 700+1-45BP (5-1603 and5-1604 respectively;Keentystde,per s,COIl1ll.). TheEe l Weir site 1n Her sey River was date dto790+1-100 BP (Beta -6363;MacIntyre 1983; Sheldon 1988) . TheBrown sit e in JeddoreHar bor ,N.S.dat edto 740+1-60 BP (Bet a-15479;

Sheldon 1988) , and the Whynacht Cove site in Mahone Bay, qave a radiocarbon date of 900+1-50BP (5- 154; MacInt yre1983;Wilmeth1978).

The pr edominantchoiceof decoration dur i ngthisperi od was thecor d wrapped stick design, usuall y simple sta mped. Typi callyused as a secondary form of decorat i on , circula r punctati on was applied most commonly inassociation with the cord wrapped stick andrare ly in isola ti on. linear punctatlonsand incis i on werealso char acte r is t ic decorativeatt r i butesofthi speriod. Theavera gediame te rof the cordage employedincompositetool s aswellasthedia met er of punct at eswas seen todecrease sometimebetweenCP4andCP5. Asthes e features of the decorativeele ment sdecr eased , thevesselsize,capacityandthic kness werelaten tly increasingalthoughsti llof conoidalshape. Straight to excurva tesimple rim ferns persi ste d, mostl y withoutcoll ars or other

'0

modif i cation s tothe rim. Bythe end of CP 5 moreglobular vessel forms werein useas theconoida lshape eventuallydisappeared. Surf ac e finish duringCP5incl udedsmoot hed, smoot hedoverfabr icpaddled, and fabr ic paddled exter ior sur f aces. Vess e lscont inued to beofco ilma nufac t ure al t houghat this poi nt shell wasthe domi nant temper i ng mat er ial.

The remaining Cer ami c Periods, CP 6 and CP7, were origi na l ly combinedby the auth ors ,however theirradiocar bon dat esmaybeused to convenie ntly divide them into theirrel evant chronolog ic a l position.

Thela te lateCera mic (Woodland )period,orCeramicPer iod6. dat e s fromca.650 to 400BP. Ofthethr ee sit esrepor t ed fromNovaScoliathe Br own site in Jeddcre Harbor (Sheld on1988)was selec te d torepre sent the combined periodsbasedon datesof 530+/ -60 BPand 280+/ -70BP (Be la 15490 and Betil -15481). Clearly thelatterdat erepresentsthe Contact Period, while the formerisunquest ionabl yaffili ated withCP 6. Other sites(Pet e rs enandSanger 1991:Appendix7.6)are theEe l Weir site on the Mer sey River , 'fIhich datedto470+/ .60 BP (Macintyre1983; She l don 1988) , andtheIndia n Point sit ein CapeBreton whichdat edto 465+/ -80 BP (1-9695;Nash1978). Bothof these sites producedradiocarbon dateswhich plac e themdir ectly on the temporal borderbetweenthefinal Ceramic Periods.

CP 6 represents the fi na l period durin9 which cer amic s were manufactured on a regular or fairly inte nsive level. Cor dwrapped stic k conti nued to dominateasa decora ti veelement,whileci rc ula r punctett on became les scOllllllonand pos siblydisappearedin favor ofthe linearform.

Theuseof fabrfcpaddlingon exteriorsurfaces ,where it was in use , poss ibl y incr eased during CP 6. Shell wasthedominant temperingmaterial

21

although there wassoee tncr easeduse of grit in cca stel,buteore often tnt ertcr,areas.CP 6 cere atcsdeecnstrateda remarkabledecre aseInwall thickness ,(Le.,as-.Jchas60-80' reduct ion) . Glebular vesse lfera s replaced the conaida l shape anda certain measur e of Prota - Irnquo h.n Influencewasdet ecta ble. The latter was INnlf estedinthinner ves sel walls ,theglobularshaped bady.al t eredrilllconnguntians.andtheuse of extrusivecollarsonthe upperrl.. Incis iondecorated and collared vessels wer e rareto absent inrochaf the Maritime Provinces ar ea during and after CP 6,but werepre sentinpar ts of the St.JohnRiverVa lleyin New Brunswick,andMa i ne.

TheConta ct Period, dating fromapprolthnat el y 400 to 200BP,is labelledCeralllic Period7in thePet ersenandSanger mode l. Aboriginal ceramic eanuractcre was abandoned during this period due to the .availabilityof [urepean substit utessuchas"copperkettles· (e.g.•

Hanahan1990:14-20) . Vessels were thfn walled,fabri cpaddled , tncts ten decanted and callned. Grit teeper was dce tnentwhetherina coastal or Interior setting,however, this 15best de-a nstrated for the stateof Maine. Vesselsftolleastern New England,Matne andthe HaritillE!Provinces didnotelthib itprcte-IrcquetanorIroqua i aninfluence. Thefeat ur e that distinguishes CP 7 cereetcs is the ccns ptcuous Eur opean influence documented Ina tr endtawards abori gtnal useof cereatcs strictly as buria 1 off er ings orstora ge contatners. European infl uence wasa150 seen in the aborigi nal manufa ct ure ofceramic plat es (Pet ersenand Sanger 1991). The inhabi tants of the Maine-Har ltimesregionappeared tohave per s i s t ed inceraatcmanuf actureatleast unt11 aft er A.O.1675 (Petersen and Sanger1991). Itissuggeste d thatthe locally dis t inct i vecermtcs

22

fr Oll the Marl t lllles inCP 6INysubsta nttate the idea that ceraat cs exper i enced lit tle change foll owing CP6. This situation,cr eati ng dif f i cul ti es in dist inguis hingbetween CP6 andCP 7 ceramics,-.Joyexplai n thedear t h of ceree tcsfound in CP 7associa tions.

23

CURRENTRESEARCHINSOUTHWESTER N NOyA SCOTIA

Eleve nceramic collect ions fromsouth western Nova Scotia site s prOVidedtheceramicsample used for thisproject(see Figure1.1) . The EelWeir VI(BbOh- 6)collecti onwas borrowedfromEnvironmentCanada, Parks,Hali f ax,Nova Scotia. The Canadian Museum of Civilizat io ninHull, P.Q., provtded theceramicsfrOll the COK-Swanson(BkCq-l O),Bear River (BdDk-I), TusketFall s (AlOl - I),PortMouton1andIV(AlOf-I; A1Df-3), Por t Joll XII (AlOf-3),andMe lan son (BgOb-2,3, S,7)sites. Threepr ivat e collections wer e borrowed from Mr.JimLegge (JSL) , Mr.Ellis Gertri dge (EFG) ,andMrs.MargeHirtle(MEH). The S1. Croix (BfOa-I )andCl amCove (BhDc-S) col lecti ons were availab le at Memor i al Unive r s ity of Newf oundl and . Some of the collections borrowed from theCanad i a n Museum ofCivtlization were incompl ete, with theremainderofeach being housed at the Nova ScotiaMuseum inHalifax. This research inc lude don lythose sherds bor r owedfr om the National Museum. Howe ver, the collectio nsin Nova Scotiawhich woul d completeeach of thes e site assemblages were acce ssib le throughdocumentat io n(Macintyre 1983 ; seebel ow).

Each oftheceramic collecti onswas subjec tedto attributeanalysis (Figure3.1) and theinformati onwas subsequent l yenteredintoa dBaseIII Pluspr ogram (seeFi gur e 3.2) . Thedat abase managementsystemis usedto systematic ally organize, manageandmanipula te a large collection of information (Chou 1986) suchasanar chaeo logic al artifactassemblage . Appendix Bpr ovidesthecode usedto entertheattributeinfo rmationinto

thedBaseprograll. One ofthebenefitsofeq:lloylngsuch a codetsthilt neecategoriesCilnbeaddedadinfi ni tUIIItoeachfield ofInfol"lNtlon.

The prograll ts also flexibl e enough tomdif yexisting dah lIS new inf onaati on beceeesavanable.

Asamethodo logicalilpproach.attributeana lyshispreferred as it provides aecre accurat e description oftheulllp l eandpeJ'llttsbroader, culturally signi ficant tnter- and intra-s it e cOlllparhons (Peter se n 1985:9-10). 8yorganizingsherds intovess el units bas edon att ribute stmtl ari ti e s anddifferences, the trad1tional proble msass oc1at edwith simpl e typologies andrimsherd ana lis ts(Keenl ystde1978:327)are avoided sincetheprocedurefollowed in attribut eanalysts accommodatesforthe factthatasi ngl e vesselmaybe representedbyoneor one hundredsherds (Keenl ys lde 1978:326· 327). Moreover,thesherdsfrollallportionsofthe vessel contribute to an attribute analysisandexpandthe amount of Infol'llattonto be gleanedfromthe artifacts.

Vessels wereillust r at edIn astilndar dhedfomfor vh ualreference (Figure 3.3 ). Each drawingIncluded a repli cat ion of the decorat ive e'teeents foundon the lip,ri llexterior,interiorand body. Theprof tle oftherillwasalsodepictedwher e possib le. lhisprocedureisusefu lin that itpr ovidesareference fr Oil whichtocheckthe use ofdescriptive teJ'llinol o9Y.

2S

Figure3.1

Standardized Attribute Recording Form•

•m"un R ~9ft9 ' ''q roR''

"""'-""'"

UNU AU WUUD•9 TU RI

"""

""""""-"

~Tm1t.

!9DIIK!R 9

~"""-"'" un

t!!!!.£2!&!8. II!@!!!!!

TH.ill!!ill..l!ill '"' """ _

!..t.2II!..£l11l2l!Ill. :wJ.lI,.1!i.1.lilII....

[2!.!!.'Ul!. loR

!Q!!l !ll!

"""""-

""""""- l.!!!l!WI...l.U'U!!.

UUftl9RIl9 pl t lCUI9M

26

Figure3.2 dBueFile Structure.

"~i ~~:- E::: ~1 ..

'UOIIL CI... I

111'_ "".,. I

1>\W<ll" o... ",.. 1

'_'.'CI"K'" I

, _ " " .... 1

I C'oo... 1

II.nll' ""..,.. ,.

" 1fI.".. .

t>ooKt .

"'''''' '" ""'

,

,

""""",1> ,

",,"' I

11'1.1'11111 ,.. ,

11"otIl l"r '" I

""..."""0'" I

",,"u..'"" ,,, "

I''''''''''

^{n '"} J

11'"'' J

II'''''' J

11"" I

D'"" I(. I

II.''''eo I

II ... I

. '11'1_ ,

". ".. "",..,.. I

....w.. "".,.. I

11 __ 1" .... .. I

._ ... .""'.. ,.. 1

... ... ..

^,

11.. ",_ _. , .

IIU' ...' ..

•,,,"'. ,, _ 1

" "" __ ^.,. ,

,, -_ ^...

^,

^.. , ,

II ICC>OO"'" ,

" 00... , ..

,

UOlCQI"... ..",..

,,

•''''''llll1Io '.. I

1/11I.llfl'''n '

27

Figure 3.3 Shnd..rdlzed Vessel nlus tr~ttonFor'll.

[ J

RIM ZONE

---

800' ZONE

RIM INTERIOR

" ,,,,.nn",.

RIMPROHLE

INFERREDVESSEL,:

28

The standardized recordingform (Figure3.1) indicates that the shar-dswere analyzedat the attribute level andorganized int o vessel units. The baste criteria for assigningsherds to vessel unitswere provenience (ifavailable),temper type, paste colorand texture,surface finish and decoration. In all instances, if theinformation was unknow n or unavailable,a zero was entered in the data field to indicatethe absenceof data. Every effort was made toconj oi n sherds ofsimilar attributes, since, in addition to pr ecis e vessel reconstruction, stratigraphic informationbased on artifactdistribution andpossible vert teal displacementdueto site disturbancecould be revealed (Villa 1982:279-287). Each vessel was assignedanumber and itslocat ionin the sitewas described internsof excavationunit, stratagraphi clevel and the identification of associated features and their contents, if applicable. Excavation unitswere recorded alpha-numerica lly. Excavation leveldesignation wasbased onculturaland/or natura llevel units and recorded alpha-numer1call y. Featureassociations were recorded ona presenceorabsencebasis,whileartifactsassociated wIt h a featurewere recorded aspr esent , absent or numerically dependingon \fIhat informatio n was available(the exceptionbeing thecategory of-fl akes only"underthe Itt htcsfieldwhich was representedalphabetica lly). Floral andfaunal specimensconsidere dtobe inas, ict ett on \fIi ththe vesselwererecordedon a presence,absenceor numerical basis, aga independingonthe nat ure of the availableinformat ion.

Ifa radiocarbonor thernol untnescentdate was recorded it was precededbytheletter G or Ddependingon whet herthe datewas in~ or.d.1ntl. associatio n wit h the vessel(see belo\fl). If therewasmor ethi\n

29

onedate ava ilab le , the mostrecentwas recordedon dBasewhile a1~appear on the recordingform it self. This approach could be modified infut ure useof thepr ogram sinceitwas only adopt ed as a mea nstoconservespace.

A numeral "I"in the data field indica ted that acharcoal sampl e was availablefordat ing purposes, buthadnot been used.

The sher dcount recordedthe tota lnumber ofsherdsfromthe vessel.

Ideally , numbers les s than ten shoul d begi nwithazero {t.e ., 01,02, 03...10) since the dBase program willnot ident ifya1froma10, a2from a 20, andso on. Rim,body andbase sherdcounts simplyreprese nt the number of sherds present from each regi on of thevessel andaddup to equal the total sherd count. This infonnat ion is usef ul for fut ur e analysts as it facilitates reconstruction of vessel uni t s for re- exami nation, and reveals the degre eof sher ddeteriorationsince the previous ana lysis .

Insome cases apet r ogr aphic test wasperformedonsherds fr om a givenvessel . This was recor ded on aprese nceorabsence basis. Had a petrographic analysis been conducte d, reference to the rel evant document at i onwouldbe necessaryfor fur-ther-infor mati on. A zerowas enteredintothe dat afield if it wasnot knownwhethera petrographic testhad been conducted.

A largenumberof thefieldsweregivennumerica ldesignations as codesfor attribut eintormat i on. For inst ance, temper typeswerelist ed as grit..(l),shell..(2) andorga nicmatter-Pl.

Inclusion/temper siz e was recor dedas fine (I ),med ium (2), and coarse (3), whichcor respo ndedto <lIMl, 1-3011I, and>3mm respec tive ly.

This info rmatio nwasrest r ictedto grittemperingmatei"ial since shel l and

30

other organic temper ingmaterial are oft en only represented by the vesi c l esle f t after fir ing.

Paste col or wu al phanlJllerlca lly coded accor di ng to the Munse ll Color Code gUide. Hardness could be.lI5cer tl l ned byeeans of illscratch te st and coded as finge rnail(l),windowglass(2), and pocketknife bhde (3)(afterRice1987:356).

The lII.lIximumthicknes sof each vessel lip,rtll and wa llwaseeas ur ed inlIil Hlll!t er s using slide calipers. Thisrequire dthatbot h surfacesof the sherdbe intact. Ifthey werenot,thenno seasurenentwasattempted.

The vessel orifi ce (mouthdiarrre t er ) wa smeasuredwhen ther e was sufficient rim sher dpresent toobt ai nacce pt ableresul ts . Sher ds repre sentingat least5-10%of thevessel mouthwere requtr ed to ensure accur acy (after Egloff 1973). Two methodswereusedtoestteatethe mout hdiameterof^ill vessel. Thefirstwas to lllatchthe arc of the rill sherd Inter ior on a diagramofeeasur ed concentr i c circles(afterEgloff1973;Rice1987:223).

Thesecond wastodir ectly tracethe arc of the rimsherd int eri or to paper and to bisect thatarcwitha geolletrycOllpass. Theradiusof th"

arcwas then doubledto obtain the dteeeterof the circle. Theresults were hirlycOllpatibleconsiderin9the lackofprec is ionassoc ia t ed wit h worldngfrollIlIPer f ect arcs wIllch have derived frOll asyrrmetrical orifices (Rice 1987:223 ;Bull 1989).

Vesselhe ight wasnotoftenrecordabl esi nce a largepor tionof the vessel is essentia l for proper eeasureeent. Fr omlip to base the measurement is recordedin centi meters.

lip, body andbase for msare depi ct edIn Figur e3.4. Eachshape was given a code number which could be checked furt her agai nst the

31

standardizeddrawings of rimprofiles (after Rice 1987).

Although rarely seen onvessels fromthe studyregion. appendages were considered andincludedasildata field. Attributes In thiscategor y includedhandles(I),effigies (2),and nodes(3). Effigieswould include clay representations of humans or animals attached to thevessel surface . Nodes appear as prot uberanceson the vessel surface.

Vessel manufacture was recorded ascoil ed (I)or aodel ted/ptnched (2)wheretdentt f t abled. Col1ed vesselswere characterized by the ssoot h, rounded surfaceswhere the coils haveseparat ed due topoorbondi ng.

Modelled or pinchedvesselswereident i f i ed by the absence of coilsor other separations inthe clayas the process involves the manipu lationof asingl elump of clay into a small vessel or thebase of a largervessel (Rice1987:125). Insome instancesthe methodof manufacturewas not identifiable andthe dat a fiel dwascompl ete dwi t h a zero.

32

Figure 3.4 UP.80dy andBue Morphology.

I _rl

J I (

1 2 3 4 5

T ^I) t • I

6 7 8' 9 10 11

rr

_{12 13}

^T

₁₄

O O v

15

O O e;

"

00

17

\/

() o

y V

18

AfterDealandKrlstmanson 1991:8

33

Surface finishingreferstopr ocedures conductedduringthe vessel for ming process which wer e designedto compact the clay surface (Steponaltls1983:23;Rice1987: 136;KrtstmansonandDeal 1991:20). The sur fac efini sh ofthe ves sel interior and the methodofapplicationwere comb i ned tocomprise asi ngle datafield.

Codesused for finishing toolsand applicat ionmethodswer e s1mply separatedbyaslas h in the data field . forexample , a vesselwhichhad been st one smoothedwouldbe codedas4/9. The options listed inthis cate gor y were derived froma previous study which examinedsurf ace finish, toolsand techniques1n detail (Kri stlla nsonand Deal 1991).

finishing tool s includedthose used indecoration such as the dentatetool (6)and the cord wrapped stick(7). Naturaltoolmaterials includedleat her or wood (2),gras sor twigs(3l,stone(4), shell(5), and asher d or flake (8). Assuming that all ves se l swere at leastpar tly smoothedbyhand(1), this was only recorded whenit was the sal e finishingtechnique(Kristmansonand Deal1991).

Tool applicationtechniques includedsmoothing (9),brushing(lO), scraping (11), striating (I2l, and combing (13). Har d tools were generallyused for scraping andsoft ones for smoothing. Grassand/or twigs would be used tobru sh theves sel surface,and decorativetoolsfor st ri at i ng and combing. Striating referstothe paralle lscoring of a vessel surface,whilecombingisan elaborate versionof striating in which patterns such as chevrons or cross-hatches are formed (Rice 1987:140).

Exteriormodif ic at i on techniq ues werelisted as trillll11n9(1) and bur",lishing(2);bot h wer e rarely recordedfor ceraatcs in the st udy

34

region. Tril'llfllingwas defined asthecut ti ng awayof excess cl ay,wh il e burnishingwas interpreted as "a met hodof producing aluster onan unfiredclay surface by rubbing it while leather hard with a hard. smooth object to compact and alignthe surface pert tcles"(Rice 1981:473).

Codeddescriptionsof vesseldecorat ion/toolform and application were dividedaccordingto vessel anatomy;however,codes wereorganized identi cally for each. For ins t ance, the samecode would be employed whetherdescribingthe decoration and applicationofthevesselrim,body, or base. The followingparanraphoutlines the different decorattons and applicationsrecorded.

Fabric- Impressions(01)were recordedas decorations simple-sta mped onto the vessel surface . Stamping tool sincl uded the alternatingnotched tool (2) whichproduces the pseudosca l lop shell decorat ion, and the parallelnot chedtool (3) which producesthedentatedecor a t ion. The cor d wrapped stick tool was idlii\t i f ied and recordedunderthreedifferent data fieldsincl udi ngtheStwistedcor d wrappedstick(4),theZtwist ed cord wrappedstick(5), andthe cordwr a pped sticktoo l of unidenttfiable cord twist (10). Althoughthe twistof the strandscomprisingthe cord wassometimesvisible,thedirectioninwhich thecor dwastwiste daround thestickwas theonlyattribute recorded (Figure3.5). Recognizingthat elsewhere.cordshave been manipu latedin severalways toproducea myriad ofsur face impressions, the simpleand rockedstamp applicat ionof the cord wrappedstick andthemanipul ationof singlecordswerethe only variations ident i f ie dIn thesample at this time(Hurley1979:15). ItIs significanttonot ethat thisattribute wasinterpretedfromthevessel sur f ace, or a negative image(Hurl ey 1979:7) . Thepo i nt ed (6)andblunt

3S

Fi gure3.5 Example sofSand ZCord Twist.

2 8

Afte rHlOrley1979:6 36

(7) stylu swere recor ded asdecoratingtoolsused in incision,drawing and the applicationof punctat tons .

Theunnotched st r a i ghtedge (8) was usedas a sta mpi ng, or perhaps drawingtool. The fingeror fingernail (9)coul d be impre s sedor pushed into the ves sel sur face to produceavari ety of impression s.

Appli cationof decorative tooltypesincluded the simplest amp [I}, in whichthe toolwouldbe dir ectly appl ie d to thesur faceandremovedtn one motion. Applyin gthe toolto thesur f acein a rockingmotion, where the distalendof the tool remai ns incont act withthe ves sel sur fac e at all times,waslisted as rocker st amp i ng (2). Thedistalendofatool may have been drawn(3) across the sur fac e or pushedinto thesurface leaving circula r(4) orother shaped (5) punctattcns , A toolimpressed intoaprotrudingedgeor surf ace, such asthe lip,wasdescribedas lea vi ng notches (6).

Evidencefor use -wearon the vesse l rim,bodyand basewasalso recor ded asan attribute . Damage frOlll repeat edfoodprocess ingwould occur nest frequentlyon thevesselint eri or atthe base,thesides below the rim, and the exteriorbase(Hally 1983; Rice 1987:234) . Damage would appearin the forI!ofst riae,pitted,and/orabradedareas;however,these marks were not frequently ident i fi able due to extensiveerosionof sherd surfaces(se eChernela1969;Griffi ths 1978;Schiffer andSkibo 1989).

Often,these marks are highly localizedand difficult to identifywith out the benefit ofcomplete ves sel s from which to drawInfe r ences (Rice 1987:2 35;Schiffer and Skibo 1989). Use -weardamage recorded included marksresultin9from natural abrasion(2) appearingas randomscr at ches, abra sions,and scarswhich coul d notbe attributedto cultural causes.

37

Thosellarkswhichappeared tobe pattern ed asaresult ofhuman actton includedscr atch!larks (3),cracking(4),spalling (5), chipp in g (6), acctdentelortnt entt ona l perfo ration(7),cut !larks(8) ,and pitting(9).

Each sherd was exeetnedfor residual food material such as soot (I), char r ed org aniceatter (2), or inor9anic matter (3), adher ing tothe sur face. Theidentificationofcarbonized reeatns isstgn'f ica ntinthat It has cont ributedto vessel use -wear and use-behaviou ror functton stud ies aswe ll asdietreconstruct i on(Hast or fandDeNlro1985;Her one.t.

al..1991). Soot,or smudgi ng(Ha ll ey 1983:9)wasidenti f i edas a powdery bl ackened or flrecl oudedarea coveri ng a portionor all of asherd's sur fa ces. Charred organic matter wasrecogni zed as an encrustation on the sher dsurf ac e(s ). Underlow lugn i f icatio n, thesedepos its"appear asa distinctsurfacelayer with alustrous, fi nel ycracked or checkedsurface"

(Halley 1983:8)whichcoul dberemoved for analysts (Deal~1991). Inorganiceatterwasidentified as aefnera l deposit visibl eonthesherd sur f ace (e.g.,a ring leftaroundthe interiorvessel surface, caused by boil edwater). Inorganic eatte r was not cotmlOnlyidentif i ed. Res idue anal ysis was recorded ona presence(1)orabsence(2) basts .If asaqJle hadbeen collected,butnot yet submittedfor analysts, thenulllbertwo(2) was insert ed In the datafield.

Data frOll each vessel wasrecordedIn"r epor t fOrlll"onthedBase sys t ellInorder totabulat ethe requested Informatio n for analy s i s . The attr i butes whichPetersen and Sanger(1991)Mst frequentlyusedwerealso tabulated (Table 4.1) and the twower e compared in the hopes of ident ifYing cor res pondencebet weenthe ceramics of sout hwest er n Nova Scoti aand their genera l chronolo gica l lllodelforHaineand theMarit ime

38

Provinces.

Study Collect ions

The following discussionpr ov ides anoverview of the study samplein termsof9.!ID.Wlandll.intldates, both radiocarbon andthermol umtnescent.

In additio nto thesites examined in this analysis ,a literaturesearch providedanumber of additional dat ed and undatedsamples fromwhich to draw compariso ns. These sites are also discussed.

The terms ~anddi.adassociation have been adopted from Petersen and Sanger(1991) and essential lycan be definedas follows . A

~date is onewhich was obtainedin approximate butnot 1rrrnediate relation to the ceramic artifacts. A~date is one thatwas obtained inconjunctionwith cer ami c artifacts andis believed to represent theage of all artifacts inassociation. Thethereojuntnescent dates would obviouslyreprese nt~associations. ~date associations are predictably approximate,andthese vesse lsrequire dadditionalsupportive data inorder to esti matethe CeramicPeriod wi th whichthey be s t fit.

Ceramics fromall per iods are represented for the st udyregion (r'efer toTab l e2.1) , includingcord impressedvesselsfr om the Melans on and S1. Croix sites which are believedtodat e to CPI. Undat ed ceramics were pl aced Int o Ceramic Per iods on the ba s i s of rela tivedatingmethods.

The attributes ofeach vesselwere examined and compared tothos e outlined in Pe t er sen and Sanger (1991). Many of the vessels wereas s igned to mult ip leCeramic Periodsdue to the lack ofassoc ia t ed dates.

Thefollowing sectiondiscusses eac hsite used inthis study.

Researchresultsof both thecera micanalysesandJlteraturereview ar c

39

outli ned in teras of the chronological placement of each site and associateddatesandvessels (Table3.1).

1..El:.L.I/ill...l(BbDh- 6)

Thestudy collectioncentra ltothispr oj ect camefrom theEelWeir sit e inKejimkuj ik Nat ional Park,No va Scotia. EelWei rVI ceramics,at 92 vessels,comprisedthelar gest ofthedocumented collectio ns. Ther e were severalradiocarbondates in~andl1iI:I.c1association wi t h the ceramics, which were alsoused in conjunct ion with rel at ivel y dated vessels. Basedondat ed vesselsalonetheEelWeir site spans Ceramic Periods4-7. However , undated gr it tempered, dentateand pseudoscallop shelldecorate dvesselsindicatethat the sitewas potentia llyoccup iedas earlyas CP 2 orCP 3.

EelWeirconsists ofa cceptex of sites locatedalongthe banksof the Her sey Ri ve r between Georgeand Loonlakes (Ilg ure3.6). Itwa s first discove r eddur i ng an archaeologica l survey conducte d by Envi r onment Canada, Parks(Hyer s 1972). Dur ing the1972surveynoneofthe sites which compriseEelWe irwere extensively test ed, al thougha sampleof artifacts fromeachwasobt ain ed(Hyers1972:1). In 1973Hyers complete d the survey,pr oceedi ng southwardal ong theHer sey Riverandredefini ng the EelWe i r sites(f erguson1986:2).Apr oposedpar king lot atthenorthend ofEelWe irwastest ed in 1979but reveale donlydist ur bed mat er i al , which studentsfromSt. Mary's University.Hali fa x, sal vaged ayear late r (f ergus on1986: 2). The Eel Weir sites were re-surveyed in1982and excavations initiated atonesite(98 11) wer e conti nued the fol lOWingyear (ferg us on1986:3).

40

Table 3.1

Chronologic alArrangement ofDiltedSampl es from the StudyCollectl on.

""'"

","",0

..

PWOO:

'DO

-

.. ^,

I ^I

I

^-

1000

•

1<00 160'

1800

•

I ^I

2400 ssce 2800

300'

3400

Ia.-l

41

&:;Ob-1 1lkCq-1 0

Figure3.6

the KerseyRiver. H~pof Eel Wei r Sites Al ong

Af ter Fergusen.rr.d.

42

A lar gepropor t ion of theprehistoricsHes inKejimkuji k Na t i onal Parkwe r efound to occur along the Hersey River and the shor es of Keji'lkuji kLake . The EelWeirarearepresents thegreat est concent ra tio n of seasonal base campsand specializedactivity areas in the Park (Ferguso n1986:11-12). Eel We ir is currently comprisedof tensttes includ i ng those original lyidenti f iedandlaterredefi ned byMyers(1972).

ParksCa nada des ignati on forthe sitescovers 986 through9B15,or Eel Weir ItoX. Sites incl ude componentsrang i ngfrom Mari ti meArchaicto Contact Period,alt hough,basad on arti fact frequencies,it is believed thatthe r ewasincr easeda!:t ivity duri ngtheMiddletoLate Ceramic Per iod (Fergus on 1986: 11·12) .

local inhabHa ntsconsider"Eel Wei r " tobe thepor t ionof land adjacenttothe Her seyRiver as it flows from GeorgeLake to Loonlake.

Thisare a was used by the Micmac for setti ngtrapsorweirs (Myers 1972) . Accor ding toMyers(1972),dur ing the sueser whentheriver waslow,large stoneswer epushedinto theriverbedto for mwide Vshapesspanni ng the width of the river.Dur ingthe fal l mi9r a t ionof eels downstream the Indianslodgedtr eebra nchesuprightinthesubmergedwalls . The fishand eelsswi mmi ng into the wei rwouldbeco metra pped and easilycaught with di p netsor bas kets. Onshore,the womenkt1l ed,skinnedand smokedthe fishandeels topreservet.hemas awinterfoodsupply. The useof these we ir slikel y persi ste dintothe20thcentury. Ther eare at least three locat ion sal ongthe EelWeirwher e these stoneconcentrations are visible.

Alargegra ssy fieldlocat ed nearthefinal concent rati onofst oneis thought tohave housed amajor Indi a ncamps ite (Hyer s 1972:57) . The foll owingdiscu s s iondrawsdir ect lyfromobservati ons prepar edby Fer guson

43

(1986)forthosesi t e s occupied during the CeramicPeri od.

EelWeir I (986) ,datedto AD200-1600.isthe northernmostof the sit es near Georgelake. A number of coarse ceramicshar-dswithdentate andcordwrapped stickdecoration wasfound at this site and theyare believedto represent a Middl etolat eCeramic Period occupatio n. Ast one we ir asscr tatedwit h 9815 but ofunknown orig i n islocat edIntheHer sey Riverbelow thesit e. Accord ing toFer guson (1986:20- 21) thepres ence of aweir supportstheideathatthe site mayhave beenafis hprocessi ng area used bythe occupantsof 9815.

Eel Weir II(987)is als odated to AD 200-1600.andislocat ed about 100me t erssout hof 986,and20 mete rs from thewater. Noceramicswere found at thissite; however,basedonthelit hic assembla geitis thought torepresenta Middl e toLate Ceramic Peri od proces singare arel ated to 9815(Fe rguson 1986:21·22).

EelWeir IV (989)sit s on agent leslo pebytheMer se y River and Is thoughtto represent a special izedact ivity site rel at edto abase camp 200meter s tothesout h(9811). Al t hough aMiddl ett-lateCeramicPerio d dat e (AD 200· 1600) was suggest ed by the lfthtcs, no ceramicswere recoveredto providecompar is ons (Ferguso n 1986: 23).

EelWeirV (9810)is locate d 60met e rs nor th of thelowes t stone weir and9811, on levelgr ound adjacp.ntto theriver . The si tedatesfrom 2500BCtoAD 1900' s .withprehis to ric and hi stor icartifacts. Evi dence forMar i t ime ArchaicandWoodland activity waspres ent butthere were no ceramics. Thissitemayhavebeenasmal lact iv i ty area associa t ed with 9811 (Fer guson1986:24).

EelWeil ' VI(9811) ISthe largestof the Eel Wei r sit es and dates

44