EXCRETAANDGREYWATER SAFEUSEOFWASTEWATER ,

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WHO GUIDELINES FOR THE

SAFE USE OF WASTEWATER ,

EXCRETA AND GREYWATER

WHOGUIDELINESFORTHESAFEUSEOFWASTEWATER, EXCRETAANDGREYWATER

VOLUME III

WASTEWATER AND EXCRETA USE IN AQUACULTURE

VOLUMEIII

The third edition of the WHO Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater has been extensively updated to take account of new scientific evidence and contemporary approaches to risk management.

The revised Guidelines reflect a strong focus on disease prevention and public health principles.

This new edition responds to a growing demand from WHO Member States for guidance on the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater in agriculture and aquaculture. Its target audience includes environmental and public health scientists, researchers, engineers, policy-makers and those responsible for developing standards and regulations.

The Guidelines are presented in four separate volumes: Volume 1: Policy and regulatory aspects; Volume 2:Wastewater use in agriculture; Volume 3:

Wastewater and excreta use in aquaculture; and Volume 4: Excreta and greywater use in agriculture.

Volume 3 of the Guidelines informs readers on the assessment of microbial hazards and toxic chemicals and the management of the associated risks when using wastewater and excreta in aquaculture. It explains requirements to promote safe use practices, including minimum procedures and specific health-based targets. It puts trade-offs between potential risks and nutritional benefits in a wider development context.

ISBN 92 4 154684 0

WASTEWATERANDEXCRETAUSEINAQUACULTURE

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GUIDELINES FOR THE SAFE USE OF WASTEWATER, EXCRETA AND GREYWATER

Volume 3

Wastewater and excreta use in aquaculture

Doc. 2 OMS guidelines Vol3 1/03/06 10:50 Page 1

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ii

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LIST OF ACRONYMS AND

ABBREVIATIONS

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PREFACE

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viii

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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x

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

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xiv

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xvi

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xviii

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1 INTRODUCTION

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2

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4

8. Policy aspects 9. Planning and

implementation 4. Health-based

targets

5. Health protection measures 6. Monitoring

and system assessment 1. Introduction

Guidelines

7. Sociocultural, environmental and economic aspects

Other information 2. Stockholm

Framework 3. Assessment of

health risk

Supporting evidence

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6

Wastewater/excreta

Feed

Aquatic plants Fish

Fingerlings

Livestock Fish

Human consumption

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2 THE STOCKHOLM FRAMEWORK

Health-based targets Basic control

approaches

Water/waste quality objectives

Other management objectives

Define measures and interventions (requirements, specifications) based

on objectives

Assessment of health risk Assess

environmental exposure

Tolerable health risk

Define key risk points and audit

ement

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Table 2.1 (continued)

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Treatment

Application of wastes - allowing die-off periods

Produce restriction Control of trematode intermediate hosts Prevention of cross- contamination Post-harvest processing Food hygiene Cooking food

Consumer Hazard

Treatment Personal protective equipment Access to safe drinking-water and sanitation near facilities

Control of vectors and intermediate hosts

Personal hygiene

Workers and families Hazard

Treatment Access to safe drinking-water and sanitation for local communities Restrict public access to ponds Control of vectors and intermediate hosts

Vector barriers, repellents, prophylactics

Local communities

Barrier Hazard

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3 ASSESSMENT OF HEALTH RISK

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4 HEALTH-BASED TARGETS

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5 HEALTH PROTECTION MEASURES

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Vectors

Wastewater, excreta, animal wastes

Infection/

disease Workers,

local communities

Consumers Water body

plants, fish, intermediate hosts

A = Wastewater/excreta treatment

B = Crop restriction, waste application/timing, depuration, food handling/preparation, produce washing/disinfection, food processing, cooking

C = Personal protective equipment, access control, access to safe drinking-water and adequate sanitation, personal hygiene D = Vector control (physical, biological and

chemical methods)

E = Prevent vector contact (mosquito nets, window screens, chemical repellents) F = Immunization (typhoid, hepatitis A virus,

Japanese encephalitis) G = Chemoprophylaxis (malaria) A

B D

C

F

G G

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Pond Market

Human/animal excreta

Post-harvest risk reduction Infected

fingerlings

Contaminated feed 10,11

9 1, 2, 3, 4

12, 13, 14

15, 16, 17

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6 MONITORING AND SYSTEM ASSESSMENT

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Assemble the team to prepare the risk management plan

Document and describe the system

Undertake a hazard assessment and risk characterization to identify and understand how risks

can be managed in the system

Assess the existing or proposed system (including a description of the system and a flow diagram)

Identify control measures — the means by which risks can be controlled

Define monitoring of control measures — what limits define acceptable performance and how

these are monitored

Establish procedures to verify that the risk management plan is working effectively and will meet

the health-based targets

Develop supporting programmes (e.g. training, hygienic practices, standard operating procedures, upgrade and

improvement, research and development, etc.) Doc. 2 OMS guidelines Vol3 1/03/06 10:50 Page 89

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7 SOCIOCULTURAL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS

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8 POLICY ASPECTS

Policy

International National Local

Legislation Institutional framework

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9 PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION

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Sustainable project planning

Health

Environmental impact

Social impact and public perception Institutional

feasibility Technical feasibility

Economic feasibility

Market feasibility

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REFERENCES

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Annex 1

Wastewater-fed fish pond design

O

²

CO

²

New cells

Light

Algae

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Box A1.1 (continued)

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Box A1.1 (continued)

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Annex 2

FAO Code of Conduct for

Responsible Fisheries: aquaculture and environmental impact

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Procedures

Apply screening criteria to select project or policy

Establish steering group

Agree scope and terms of reference for assessment

Select assessor

Conduct assessment

Appraise the assessment

Methods

Profiling of communities

Interview stakeholders and key informants

Identify health determinants affected

Assess evidence

Establish priority impacts

Recommend and justify options for action

Collect evidence from previous

reports

Annex 3

Health impact assessment

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Annex 4

Glossary of terms used in Guidelines

¹

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WHO GUIDELINES FOR THE

SAFE USE OF WASTEWATER ,