EXCRETAANDGREYWATER SAFEUSEOFWASTEWATER ,

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WHO GUIDELINES FOR THE

SAFE USE OF WASTEWATER ,

EXCRETA AND GREYWATER

VOLUME IV

EXCRETA AND GREYWATER USE IN AGRICULTURE

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GUIDELINES FOR THE SAFE USE OF WASTEWATER, EXCRETA AND GREYWATER

Volume 4

Excreta and greywater use in agriculture

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ii

WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

WHO guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater / World Health Organization.

v. 1. Policy and regulatory aspects — v. 2. Wastewater use in agriculture

— v. 3. Wastewater and excreta use in aquaculture — v. 4. Excreta and greywater use in agriculture.

1. Water supply. 2. Water supply - legislation. 3. Agriculture. 4. Aquaculture.

5. Sewage. 6. Wastewater treatment plants. 7. Guidelines. I. World Health Organization. II. Title: Safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater. III.

Title: Policy and regulatory aspects. IV. Title: Wastewater use in agriculture.

V. Title: Wastewater and excreta use in aquaculture. VI. Title: Excreta and greywater use in agriculture.

ISBN 92 4 154686 7 (set) (NLM classification: WA 675)

ISBN 92 4 154682 4 (v. 1) ISBN 92 4 154683 2 (v. 2) ISBN 92 4 154684 0 (v. 3) ISBN 92 4 154685 9 (v. 4)

fax: +41 22 791 4857; email: [email protected]). Requests for permission to reproduce or trans- late WHO publications – whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press, at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806; email: [email protected]).

The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement.

The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters.

All reasonable precautions have been taken by WHO to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either express or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use.

Printed in France.

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iii

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND

ABBREVIATIONS

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vii

PREFACE

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

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1

1 INTRODUCTION

10. Policy aspects 11. Planning and

implementation 4. Health-based

targets

5. Health protection measures 6. Monitoring

and system assessment 1. Introduction

Guidelines

7. Sociocultural aspects

8. Environmental aspects 9. Economic and financial considerations

Other information 2. Stockholm

Framework 3. Assessment of

health risk

Supporting evidence

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2 THE STOCKHOLM FRAMEWORK

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Health-based targets Basic control

approaches

Water/waste quality objectives

Other management objectives

Define measures and interventions (requirements, specifications) based

on objectives

Assessment of health risk Assess

environmental exposure

Public health status

Tolerable health risk

Define key risk points and audit procedures for overall system

effectiveness

Define analytical verifications (proc- ess, public health)

Health risk management

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Table 2.1 (continued)

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3 ASSESSMENT OF HEALTH RISK

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Table 3.11 (continued)

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4 HEALTH-BASED TARGETS

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5 HEALTH PROTECTION MEASURES

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6 MONITORING AND SYSTEM

ASSESSMENT

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Assemble the team to prepare the risk management plan

Document and describe the system

Undertake a hazard assessment and risk characterization to identify and understand how risks

can be managed in the system

Assess the existing or proposed system (including a description of the system and a flow diagram)

Identify control measures — the means by which risks can be controlled

Define monitoring of control measures — what limits define acceptable performance and how

these are monitored

Establish procedures to verify that the risk management plan is working effectively and will meet

the health-based targets

Develop supporting programmes (e.g. training, hygienic practices, standard operating procedures, upgrade and

improvement, research and development, etc.)

Prepare management procedures (including corrective actions) for normal and incident conditions

Establish documentation and communication procedures

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7 SOCIOCULTURAL ASPECTS

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8 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS

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9 ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL

CONSIDERATIONS

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Box 9.1 (continued)

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10 POLICY ASPECTS

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141 Table 10.1 (continued)

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11 PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION

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REFERENCES

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Annex 1

Glossary of terms used in Guidelines

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EXCRETAANDGREYWATER SAFEUSEOFWASTEWATER ,

WHO GUIDELINES FOR THE

SAFE USE OF WASTEWATER ,