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An Analysis of a Router-based Loss Detection Service for Active Reliable Multicast Protocols

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(1)An Analysis of a Router-based Loss Detection Service for Active Reliable Multicast Protocols Moufida Maimour, Cong-Duc Pham. To cite this version: Moufida Maimour, Cong-Duc Pham. An Analysis of a Router-based Loss Detection Service for Active Reliable Multicast Protocols. [Research Report] RR-4636, LIP RR-2002-06, INRIA, LIP. 2002. �inria00071949�. HAL Id: inria-00071949 https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00071949 Submitted on 23 May 2006. HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés..

(2) INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE. An Analysis of a Router-based Loss Detection Service for Active Reliable Multicast Protocols Moufida Maimour — Cong-Duc Pham. N° 4636 17th November 2002. ISSN 0249-6399. ISRN INRIA/RR--4636--FR+ENG. THÈME 1. apport de recherche.

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(36) ‹  `  + Y 9 [ $ \ _ ] ^  , I B ? GDI   !  BD`(>(@   WT G  ±"¤©vpc ? ? I µ ±)gAceqS’sg `   `     YG[ \$, ] ^ + G ? I ! ? ¦ë”s«  ! W D B > @ G   T bc g£qs† vz¤©’ŒgA|p}Œruvpgo||pg™†go¤©’Œgon}s‡UqS’Œg1|<q„˜sg " vp¤¥f0gonq0ƒN' qs†<¼sg1v±"¤Ðvzc· q0 ƒ |z}s“eqs“ ¤©¨¥¤©vyxÁ}„¬ > @ : ; ¸ bceg1|zg¬­}s|zg5vzc gW eq4vzqƒeqs†<¼Œg vA q„|z|p¤¥’4q„¨ |<q4vzg£q„v¿vzc g£|z}sr vpg1|j¤ªn* U W  " ±"¤©vpc%qÁf0goqs‡ |zgo»°r ¤¥|zg1f0g1‡°v£npg1|z’¯¤¥†1gÁ}„¬ ! ' ¦óvpceg;|z}sruvzg1|£|pg™†g1¤¥’sg™nAvpceg ƒeX qŒ †<¼s= gvWq„‡e ²vzc B g1> ‡@C¬­}s: |z; ±)G qs|z enA¤Ðv « ¸ ‚¿‡ qSb’Œceg1g1|<|zq„g˜Œ¬­gÓ}s|zvpg"ceg+vzc qsg5†vp‘w¤¥`’s½!gI|z}s ?ruvzƒe g1qŒ|=†<|z¼sgog†vgo¤©q„’Œ|zgo|pn ¤¥’4B q„" ¨Y%|zq„@ vp>g¿G ¤¥'ºn ‘w' ½! ƒe qŒ†<¼sg" v<nY% ¬­|p}Œf vz' c g ±"'º¤©vpc8|zgoq†1g1f0¤¥’sgog1qs|<nF‡ u|z}4go±"»°r‡e¤¥n®|pvpgo|zfWgoqsgof‡°v ¸ n“epg1ru|zv¿’¯¤¥¬­†1}ŒgI|p±}„¬ q„|< n"? ' }Œ‡ ¨¥x}Œ?0‡ ' g£; ‘¿' ½!¦óvzc ' g+r|z}sƒerun®vzvpg1|zgo|qs|pfÅg™†g1“Y¤¥’sgog™†on=q„ reU q„W np¨¥¨sg= vz}sc ¬Ig2B vp‘¿c ½!g0‘w5 ½!nÓ@8˜Œ5 >g1‡Gn¿goq„|z˜Œq„˜svpgo|z ¿g1˜Œ¬­q„}Œvp|¤¥}sq"‡¨¥}Œ¬­n®r v‡e †q„vp¤¥vz}sq"‡eƒeqsqŒ¨©¤©†<vy¼sx g1« v ¸ bcegj¨¥}ŒqŒ ;q„v"vpc gqŒ† vz¤©’Œg¿|z}sruvzg1|¬­}Œ|"ƒ |p}svp}u†}Œ¨ "?¤¥n    a`   `    W' = !  " B > @.:<;G '  B "% @ > G1BD> ' G ?0' ¦§Œ« bc g5f0g™q„‡±)qs¤Ðvz¤©‡ ˜Wvz¤©f0gq4v"vzc gqs†vp¤¥’sgj|p}Œruvpgo|"¤¥n       ' U W  ' I  `  ' U W  ? ' I  B ' ` > GDI ; ' I ¦­Š°« 'W = X ! BD>(@  W' G ‡e }s f0¨©x8†<c }°n®go‡·|pg™†go¤©’Œg1|vzc g£ eq4vzqƒeqs†<¼ŒgvAq„|z|p¤¥’4q„¨ |<q4vzg¤ªn  %X U W = _ ±"¤©vpc%qÁ|zgo»°r ¤¥|pg™ ) ½ 5 v Á q < | „ q npg1|z’¯¤¥†1g"}„¬ ¸/bc ¤ªn6¤ªn+ r gvz}5vpc g¬§qs† v2vpceq„v6vpcegw|zgo†go¤©’Œg1|I|zgo†1g1¤¥’sgon6}s‡ ¨¥x}Œ‡e†gg™qs†<c  q„vzq5ƒe qŒ†<¼sg1v vzceq„‡e¼¯n"vp}0vpcegn®re“Y†oqsn®v"¬­r ‡e† vz¤©}Œ‡eq„¨¥¤©vyxs¸2b ceg ‘w½! ƒeqs†<¼Œgvq„|z|z¤©’4q„¨=|<q4vzgA¤¥n* % U W =  B " % @ >G ±"¤©vpcUqWf0goqs‡;|zgo»°r ¤¥|pgof0g1‡°vn®go|p’¯¤ª†gj}„¬ ? ¸6bcegj¨¥}ŒqŒ ;q„v"vpc g5|zgo†1g1¤¥’sgo|)np¤¥ gA¬­}s|"ƒ |z}„vz}¯†1}s¨ "?¤ªn    `      W% =   B " % @ >G ? ¦« bc g5f0g™q„‡±)qs¤Ðvz¤©‡ ˜Wvz¤©f0gA¬­}s|"ƒe|p}svp}u†}Œ¨ "?¤ªn"˜Œ¤©’Œg1‡“°x      I  ` B  " %  @ >G  ? I  ¦§‹Œ« %W =  ! BD> @  %W G   vzc }Œnpbg+c }sg0¬Nƒ±|zq„}„¤©vzvp}u¤¥‡ †˜;}s¨ vp"¤¥fW¸@g™½)nAv@¤©‡%vpc ƒg|zqs}„†vzvp}¯¤¥†1’s}sg)¨ |p$}Œruvp¬­go}s| |Avz“Nc }sg)vp ecŽq4vpvzcq¿g ƒeqŒnpg1†<‡e¼sg v@g1|5q„|zq„|p‡e¤¥’4 _q„¨Œvp|zceq„gWvpg)|zgo¤¥nG†1g1 ¤¥’s'X goU |znj= q„|z g£¤ª u" go‡ŒvzBD¤¥>†oq„@ ¨/:<vp;5} G       W = T  `    `   B ? GDI = I !     I  BD> ` TW = . a`. . . é­î/ðÓéóç.

(37) .  . ±"¤©vpc q¿f0goq„‡W|zgo»°r ¤¥|pgofWgo‡°vInpg1|z’¯¤¥†1g2}s¬ ! ' ¸I‚¿‡0qS’sgo|zqs˜sgIvzc gqs†vp¤¥’s` g)|p}Œruvpgo|@|pg™†g1¤¥’sg™n B "% @ >G ' ‘¿!½ Kƒeqs†<¼ŒgvznÓ¬­|p}ŒfLvpc g2|pg™†g1¤¥’sgo|znoS¸ " ' ‘w½! ƒeqŒ†<¼sgv<n qs|pg6¤¥˜s‡e}s|zgo j“¯x¿vzc g+|z}sr vpg1|“Ng™†1qsren®g2¤Ðv cvzNc qsgn=|znpgo}s†1r g1|<‡°†vpgŒ¨¥¸xwnpg1go‡°‡ev†q"gŒµ np¤©vzf0c g¤¥¨¥qsq„| |z|z‘w¤©’4!½ q„¨=|<0q4vz¸1g5bce}„ ¬@g1|z@%|pgg™¬­> †}s go|z¤©g@’Œgo}s ‡ ¨¥“x ruB vw"¤¥˜s% @‡e}s> |zG go' @ ‘w" ½!' 5> n"±"¤ªnM¤©¨¥¨s “Y' gI¬­}Œ|p± q„|< ugo " wvp' }4 ±q„|< ±"' ¤©vpc;qf0goqs‡  |pg™»Œre ¤©|zg1f0g1‡°v2npg1|z’¯¤¥†1g` }„¬ ? ' ¸ e}s|2vpc g¿|pg™†g1¤¥’sg™ q„‡e W¬­}Œ|p±q„|< ug™U ‘w= ½!`B 5noµŒ ±)g ce@ qS’Œ>gG  U =  B B "% @C>G ' @ " ' >G ±"¤©vpcÁqAf0goqs‡W|zgo»°r ¤¥|zg1f0g1‡°v+npg1|z’°¤ª†g}s¬ B ?0' ?0' ; ' G ¸ bc g5¨¥}ŒqŒ ;q„vvpc gqŒ† vp¤¥’sgA|z}sruvzg1|)¬­}s|"ƒe|p}svp}u†}ŒA¨ $ ¤ªn  . .     a `  ' =   ` !  ` "  BD>  @ :  ; G '    B " ' @ > B ' >GB " % @ > G @ B " ' @ > G ; ' G ? ' ¦P„« bc g5f0g™q„‡±)qs¤Ðvz¤©‡ ˜Wvz¤©f0gq4v"vzc gqs†vp¤¥’sgj|p}Œruvpgo|¬­}s|"ƒ |z}„vz}u†}s¨ $Ťªn      ' U  ' I a` B  ' U `  ' U B ' ` >G I ; ' I G  ? ' I  ¦§—Œ« ' = X ! BD>(@  ' G A9B P JD P D DGK D RaFR e}s|/ƒ |z}„vp}u†1}s¨ "$! $ °µSvpc g)}4’sgo|zqs¨©¨° ug1¨ªqSx W¬­}Œ|@q¿ q4v<qwƒNqs†<¼sg1v vz}¿“Yg2|zgo†1g1¤¥’sg™ 5“¯xq|<q„‡e u}Œf0¨©x ƒY†<ceg1}Œ|p¬­np}sg1|z‡8f|pg™vz†c gog5¤©’Œ|pg1g™|"†}4¤¥‡e’Œ†g1¨¥|zrex ug™n% vzc g5µ vp¤¥vpf0c  gog|p g1|z¬­go}s»°|z r g¿¤¥|p±)g™gA ; cevp}qS’s ugg1Jvp` g™† vwvz c g¨¥}Œnzn  X q„‡N vpc g5vz¤©f0g£|pg™»Œre¤©|zgo ;vp} % = X b} †}ŒfWƒeruvpgAvzc gonpgAvp¤¥f0gonoµe±)gj‡eg1go ;vz} ¤©‡°vp|z}u ure†1gAvy±2}0|<q„‡e u}Œf’4q„|z¤¥qs“ ¨¥gon % qs‡e ' ¸+½wnznpr f0¤©‡ ˜ vzceq4v5vzc gÁ¨¥}Œn®vƒeqs†<¼ŒgvceqŒn5qUn®g™»°r g1‡e†1g ‡¯r f“Yg1|}s¬ zµ % ¤ªnAvpcegÁ‡¯r f“Yg1|}s¬npr “enpgo»°r go‡°vƒeqs†<¼Œgvzn . . . . . . . . .   

(38) .  . . . . . ". !. $#%'&. . . . . . . !.  #% &. )(. *(. ±"¤©vpcqnpgo»°r go‡e†g¿‡°ref“Yg1|)˜s|zgoq4vzg1|+vpceqs‡ I±"c ¤ª†<cq„|zgw¨¥}Œn®v2“¯x0“N}svpcvpc gj|zqs‡e u}ŒfW¨¥x0†<c }Œnpg1‡Á|zgo†1g1¤¥’sgo| qs‡e _qs¨©¨/vzc g£}svpc go|A|pg™†g1¤¥’sgo|znvpceq„v5ceqS’sgWq„¨ªn®};¨©}°nyvjvpc g Pvpc² q4v<qÁƒeqŒ†<¼sg1vo¸bc gWgtuƒ |zgonzn®¤¥}s‡·¬­}s|jvpc g f0g™q„‡}„¬ %j¤¥n˜Œ¤©’Œg1‡¤©‡

(39)   ,+ -(. .+.

(40) +. (.   , ^ + + % =  , ^ + : BD> @ :G , ^ ^ + > @: : + 76 0. (. /. /. /. 1. /3. $2. /3. /. u¤©f0¤¥¨¥qs|p¨¥x ¤ªn5vpceg ‡°ref“Yg1|}s¬npr “enpgo»°r go‡ŒvƒNqs†<¼sg1vznA±"¤©vpc qUnpgo»°r go‡e†g ‡¯r f£“Ngo|5˜s|zgoq4vzg1|Avzceq„‡ vz ce q4vAq„ |zg¨¥}Œn®'v¿“¯xvzc g0¸ qs† evz}s¤©’Œ|jgvpc|z}sg ru}4vz’Œg1|™g1¸¿|<q„¯¨¥¨/¤¥‡e †g1g£¨ªqS±2x·gq„cN‡eqSqs’s¨©xugnp}Œ¤¥no‡ µ=¨©x±2g0}s‡e‡ g£}svpqsg †vp¤¥’sg|z¦ }sr vpg1«A|¿qŒ¤©nj‡_vp}sc r g0|¿ƒ fW|z}s}uƒe uqsgo˜Œ¨ q„vzvpc ¤¥}sg1‡‡ g1¨ªqSxŽ' ¬­= |z}sf: ; ; vzB c >-g@2np}s: re; G |z†1gŽ¦§qŽ|zgo†go¤©’Œg1| «jvp}Žvp`cegqŒ† vp¤¥’sg;|p}Œruvpgo|o¸ bc g;` ƒ T ' |z}sƒeqs' ˜Œ` % q4vz ¤©}Œ‡ ug1¨ªqSx%¬­|p}Œf3vpc g np}sre|z†1g5vp}qÁ|zgo†go¤©’Œg1|¤ªn¿‡ }„vzgo ¸jbceg£|zgo»°r ¤¥|pg™ U ug1¨ªqSx;vp}|zgo†1g1¤¥’sgq; q4v<qÁƒeqŒ†<¼sg1v ¬­|z}sfÈvpc g·np}s`re|z†1g“¯`:xK q²|pg™†g1¤¥’sgo|0T %¤©‡º= ƒ |z}„T vz' }u†}s¨ '4'% ¤ªn 3:03 = T % ! ' ' ¸Dbc gU|zgo»°r ¤¥|pg™ g1¨ªqSx²vp}²|pg™% †go¤©’Œg? ' q%‘w!½  ¸ ƒeqs†<¼ŒgvW¬­|p}ŒfÈq„‡¯x |zgo†go¤©’Œg1|W“¯x vpc gUnp}sr |<†g¤¥‡ ƒ |z}„vz}u†}s¨ ¤¥n0‡ }svpg™ ' :03 = T ! 4(. 5+. (. 76. 96. 6. 86. 6. ). . 6. . ;. :. . 6. ððÅà!#"$&%&$. .

(41) — t. i. t. WsA X. Ws. i+1 Source A. WsA X. X. A. Ws. X. lost repair lost packet Router A. A. A. Ya W A a Ya. Ya W a Y a. X a W a Xa. X a W a Xa. Receiver. dpd. A. A. A. X Wr Y. Wr Y. Timeout (Tout ) r. A. npd. Wr X. A. A. A. det. recov. ¦ëqŒ«. A. Source. WsD X. D. Ws. D. X. Ws. NACK from the router. D. X. Ws. X. Timeout (Tout ) a Router D. D. Wa Y a. D. D. Xa W a Y a. X a W a Xa. Ya W a Y a. D. X a W a Xa. Timeout (Tout a). 1st valid NACK Receiver D. Wr Y. Timeout (Tout ) r. D. D. Wr Y. Wr X. multiple of Tout r D. D. recov 1. recov 2. ­¦ “Y« ¤¥˜sre|pg” 2‚¿’Œg1|<q„¨¥¨= ug1¨ªqSxÁ u¤ªq„˜s|<q„f'¬­}Œ|"ƒ |z}„vp}u†1}s¨6¦§q°« "ˆq„‡e ²¦­“Y«($U¸ D. recov. /¤¥ ˜sr |zgW”; n®ce}4±n"vpceg£}4’Œg1|<q„¨¥¨ ugo¨¥qSxU u¤ªq„˜Œ|zqsf0n¬­}s|jƒ |z}„vp}u†1}s¨ " q„‡N $U¸A¹%g£ceqS’Œg£qŒ†1†}Œ|z ¤©‡ ˜Œ¨©x  = +  @  <¸  }Œ|"ƒ |p}svp}u†}Œ¨ "µuvzc g5¨©}°npn" gvpg™† vz¤©}Œ‡;vz¤©f0g5¤ªn˜s¤¥’sgo‡;“¯x  +. 3.  .     `     `(  `: a`(  `(  a`    % ;. ?. WX = %W 3:03 W TW !. (. ¦Œ« é­î/ðÓéóç.

(42) . b}Ugon®vp¤¥f q4vpgÁq8f0g™q„‡%¬­}s| µ/±)g fren®v5vzqs¼sg0¤©‡°vz}·†}s‡Nn®¤ª ug1|<q4vz¤©}Œ‡_vzceq4vq8|zg1ƒNq„¤¥|5f0qSxŽ“Ng ¥¨ }Œn®vo¸ 2}Œ‡en®g™»°r g1‡°vp¨¥x W% ¤¥‡e†¨¥reW% ug™n2vpc g5 ugo¨¥qSx ¤¥‡e†re|p|zgo “¯xÁq£˜s¤¥’sgo‡‡¯r f“Yg1| B F@/>G }„¬vp¤¥fWgo}sruv vzg1ctug ƒ ¤©¨ª|<qsq4n®vzv¤©}Œ‘w‡en"½!¦­¤©¬FÂvpc “¯g¿x_ vpq4c v<qAgÁƒenp}sqsr†<¼Œ|<†gg vI‡ qsg1‡eg™ Ž n@vpc vz}g0“Nvz¤©gf0vzg |zqs|z‡egonp»°fWr ¤¥¤©|pv®vzg™go · vz}Uvp|p¤¥g™fW†g™g1nz¤¥’s«gWµsvzvzc c g"g vz¤©|pf0goƒegq„|z¤¥|5go»°“¯r xU¤¥|pvpg™ce  gÁvz}5|pg™|p†`g™go†¤©go’Œ¤©g1’Œ|™g ¸ e|p}Œf N˜sr |zg¿” ¦ëqŒ«µŒ±)gw†1qs‡Án®gogvzceq4v+¤¥‡qŒ u¤©vp¤¥}s‡ vz}5vpc ¤ªn+vp¤¥fWgŒµ°vpc go|pg¤ªn+vpc gj ug1¨ªqSx£|zgo»°r ¤¥|zgo £¬­}s|2vpc g vz‘¿c !½ g  u g1¨ªqSvpxU};|z“NgogW»°r |p¤¥g™|p†g™go U¤©’Œ¬­go}s 8|j “¯vzcxg vp` c |pgog0ƒen®q„}Œ¤¥r|¿|<vp†}8g“N¦ g0: |z3 goW †1g1«¤¥µF’svpgoc _gW“¯ƒ x8|z}uvp†c gog nznp|z¤©go‡ †1˜Ág1¤¥vp’s¤¥g1fW|0g0¦ 3 q4: v¿3 vpW c «Ag0q„np‡e}s ·r |<vp†c gg ¦ ƒe|pT }uW †g™npnp Ž¤¥‡ « ˜ µ vz¤©f0gq„v)vzc g5|zgo†go¤©’Œg1|5¦ % W Ž« ¸Ibc go|pg1¬­}s|zgj±)g5†1qs‡;±"|z¤Ðvzg  . .. $#%'&. . $#%'&. ;.  . . W% .  J `   a`(  `    ` =     `(  `:03 W B `(T W   J`  G   3 : 3 W G B % ? G   + B @ > G5: ^ + B > @.: G %W B %W 5 ;. $#% &. 6. . . . "± c go|pg : ^ + BD>F@2:G ¤ªnjvpc g0ƒ |z}s“eqs“ ¤¥¨©¤©vyx8vpceq„v5vpc go|pg qs|pg B #@ > G |pg1vp|<q„‡enpf0¤¥nzn®¤¥}s‡Nnw}s¬+vpceg0 eq4vzq vzƒN¤©qsf0†<¼sgo}sg1v+ruvwr ‡°npgvpv¤¥¨Fq4¤Ðv<v"nvz†c }sg5|z|z|zgogo† †v)go¤©|p’Œg™g1†|<gon1ƒu¸ vp/¤¥}s¤©‡ ‡Nq„“¯¨¥¨©x0xŒµuvpce±2g¿gA|<ceq„qS‡e’Œ g }sf0 ¨©x0†<c }°n®go‡Á|pg™†go¤©’Œg1|™¸ % ¤ªn6vzc gj’Sqs¨©reg¿}s¬Óvpc g . . 6.  . W%. .  a `( a`(  a`     `  : a3 ` W = 3 : `(3 W    a`(T W   % W ? G : ; B > @.: G ! B % %W. ®¦ ho•Œ« vzceq4v0e}svz|/c ƒg|p e}svpq4}uvzqŽ†}Œƒe¨ŒÆ£qŒ†<µ4¼sqgv0¨¥}Œ¤ªnzn£n ¨¥f }Œn®qSv xjq4“Nv0gvp uc ggUvzgonp†}svpgor |<†“¯gSx¿«5vz}Œc |Wg)“¯|px}Œruqsvp‡°go| x ±"}s¤©¬vpc£vpceqwg8ƒ q|z}sY“eg™qs† vz“ go¤© ¨¥¤©vyx|zgo:<†1;g1¤¥¦ó’svzgoc |zg2n£ƒe}„|pvz}Œc “eg1q„|z“ ±"¤¥¨¥¤¥¤Ðnpvygsx ¸ bceg1|zg¬­}s|zg ¤ªnqW¬­r ‡e†vp¤¥}s‡8}„¬ qs‡e ±"c ¤ª†<c8qs|pgA|zgonpƒNg™† vz¤©’Œg1¨¥x vpc gAvz¤©f0g |zgo»°r ¤¥|zgo vz}Á uX gvzgo†vwq£ ¨¥}Œ nzn“¯x qW|pg™†goX ¤©’Œg1U % |"q„‡e ;% “¯x;qs‡ qŒ† X vp¤¥J’sU %` gA|z}sru% vz g1|™¸/bceg1|zg¬­}s |zgA±2gAceqS’Œg  . ;. $#% &. 6. . . . !. . . !. . $# & . X = BD> @ : ;G. . !. X U% . $# & . . . % . %. . :<;. . X U% !. % . . %. ¿n®¤¥‡ ˜%vpc gUnzq„f0gf0g1vpc }u vp}²}s“uv<q„¤¥‡ vzc g8¨©}°npn0 ug1vpgo†vp¤¥}s‡K ug1¨ªqSx ¤©‡Kƒ |z}„vz}¯†1}s¨("µ2±2ge‡e ­¬ }s| ƒe|p}svp}u†}Œ¨ $vzceq4v      `(  a`(  `  J`    a`    #% ;  ? ¦®hsh™« % % ! 3:03 X U % = T qs‡e e‡eq„¨¥¨¥xsµ . . . . . . . !. X U% !. ±"ce¤¥†<c˜s¤¥’sg™n1µ . .  . X U% !. ððÅà!#"$&%&$. % . (. $# & . . . . . % . . .   `(   `( a` `( J`    `(   ' ;. ?' % = ' T ' ' T (. 6. . .  `(  a `( a` `( a`   a`(  . ?' % = :<;DBD> @ : ; G;  ' T ' ' T . 6. . ¦®h™”s«.

(43) h™• ¯¤¥f0¤©¨ªq„|z¨¥xsµ¯vpceg5|pg™ †}4’sgo|px  ugo¨¥qSx;†1q„‡“Yg5 ˜s¤¥’sg1‡“¯x  ±"ceg1|zg % u¤©f0¤¥¨¥qs|p¨¥x. %. . . . =?BD> @ : ;G.  #% &. %. . U%. $#%'&. . %.  # & .  `  :<;. %. . $#%'&. . U%. % . %. . . % % ¤¥nvpc g;|pg™»°r ¤©|zgo vp¤¥fWgvp}Ž|pg™†}4’sgo|¤©¬vpc g;¨©}°npn£¤ªn£ ug1vpg™† vpg™ “¯xŽvpc g|p}Œruvpgo|o¸ U  % % % ¤ªnjvpc g |zgo»°r ¤¥|zgo _vp¤¥fWg0vz}8|pg™†}4’sgo|¿¤©¬)vpc g ¨¥}ŒnznA¤¥n5 gvpg™† vzgo %“¯xŽq|pg™†go¤©’Œg1|™¸ % U % % ¤¥n"U np¤©f0¤¥¨¥qs|vp} W% n®}     a`   a`(  a`(  J`  a` % U% % = :03 3 : `(3   a` T    % ! ? G :7; BD>(@ :G % B % ¯¤¥‡e†1gjq£|p}Œruvpgo|2npgv<n)qvp¤¥f0g1}Œruvqs‡e |zgvz|zqs‡en®f0¤©vzn+vpc gA‘w½! ¤Ð¬Óvzc gA|pg™»°r ¤©|zgo eq4vzq£ƒeqŒ†<¼sgv)ceqsn ‡e}„v"“Ngog1‡8|zgo†go¤©’Œgo ;xsg1voµ %  U % % †oq„‡ “Ng5g1tu ƒ |pg™npnpgo J“¯` x    % U% % = % + % I   ±"ceg1|zg % + ¤¥nwvpceg|zgo»°r ¤¥|pg™ U ug1¨ªqSx;re‡Œvz¤©¨vp ceg£qs†vp¤¥’s g|z}sr vpg1|¿ceqsnw|pg™†go¤©’Œgo vpceg£ q„vzq ƒeqŒ†<¼sg1v np}%¤Ðv0±"¤©¨¥¨"‡ go’sg1|0˜Œg1‡ go|zq„vpg;q%‘w½! ¬­}s|0¤Ðv™¸ % I ¤¥n£vpceg|zgo»°r ¤¥|zgo ugo¨¥qSx²vz}Ž|zgo†1g1¤¥’sg;vpc g ekq4gvz¬­q£g1|zƒe|z¤©qŒ‡ †<˜£¼sgvpv} “¯N x ˜sr vpce|zggj” |<q„¦­“Y‡N«2 u}sqsf0‡e ;¨¥xÁ¬­}s†<¨¥c ¨©}4}Œ±"npg1¤¥‡;‡ ˜£|pg™vp†c g1g¤¥’snzgoq„|)f0q„gA¬óvpf0go|gvpvzcc g5}u ;qs†rNvpn®¤¥’sg™ gj|p¬­}Œ}Œru| vpgo|ceqsnµ q„±)¨¥|zg goqsN ‡ex |p g™†g1¤¥’sg™ ¤©vo¸ W%   `(  a`( a`(  a`   ` % + = ! T' ` T   a`(  ' ! ' ? ' G : ; ; BD> @ : ; G ¦®hoŒ« ' ' B w‡e ug1|)vzc g¿qŒnpnpr f0ƒuvp¤¥}s‡Ávpceq„v+vpceg!e |<n®v2’4q„¨¥¤¥ ‘w½!? ¤ªn+|zgo†1g1¤¥’sgo 5~yrenyvq4v)vpc g¿gtuƒ ¤¥|zq„vp¤¥}s‡ }s¬Óvpc g vz¤©f0go}sruvwq„v)vzc g5|z}sruvzg1|™µ q„‡e ;renp¤©‡ ˜Wvzc gnpqsf0gjf0g1vpc }u 8q„ƒ ƒe¨©¤¥go ;¬­}s| W% µe±2g5†1qs‡ g1|z¤©’Œg     `( J`    `(  a`  a` % I = ` 3 :03 `  T  J` %   ! : 3 ? G : ; BD>(@ :G ¦®h1Š°« ' @ '% B % % *. . . $#%'&.  #%'& $ . $# & . . .  #% &. % . . .. $# & . . . $#%'&.  #% &. ;. $# & . . . 6. . .  #% & . % . . . . . . . . . $#%'&. % . . . $#%'&. . . $#%'&. . . $#% &.  #% &. . . . . 6.  #% &. . 6. $#%'&. . . . . . . $#%'&. ;. 6. . . 6. 6. . $#%'&. . .  @

(44) *2 " ; .   ¤¥e‡ }s|5

(45) vz)c q„g‡N‡¯ Žr f0‡e}sgo|z|pf0¤ª†1qsqs¨©¨+¤¥Ã1nyg™vz Žre uvpxŒ}8µ/vp±)cegÁgÁnpvpg¤¥f0vgÁvzc ‡ g go’4goq„ u ¨¥g™r %g™nvp}8}„¬vp|<vzq„c ‡Ngn®f0 u¤ ¤©Yv£goqU|pgo‡° vq4v<ƒeq8q„ƒe|<q„qsf0†<¼Œg1gvpvg1|<¦ njvp}· vpc = }°n®gÁ> «jf0±"g™cqs¤ªnp†<r c |pg™¤¥ n }s¬2q„“Y}sr v •s• Ón®g™†1no¸¹%g0†oq„‡_vzq„¼Œg ? = ! qs†o†}s|< u¤¥‡ ˜s¨¥x ±"c  ¤¥†<c²†}Œ|p|z gonp ƒY}s‡e nwvp}%ho•Œ• Ónpgo†on1¸ bcegƒ |z}¯†1gonzn®¤¥‡ ˜0}4’sgo|pcegoqs q4vwvpc g£|p}Œruvpgo|zn¤ªnw†1}s‡enp¤¥ g1|zgo ;vp}Á“Ygvzc g u}Œr “ ¨¥g}„¬@vzc g5vp¤¥f0g|zgo»°r ¤¥|pg™ vz} ƒ |z}u†gonznÁq eq4vzq²ƒNqs†<¼sg1vq4vÁvzc g_go‡e c }°nyv<n1µ ' = ? ' = ! =  ! ¸? ³´‡º}Œ|z ugo| vp} |<†1q4}svz‡e¤©np}5¤ª u}sg1¬ |¿vp' c %g0vp} ug1vpT go%„†¸Ivp¤¥b}s‡uc ¶´go†1npqsg"ƒevyq„±)“e}5¨©gWƒeqsq„† |<vzq„¤©f0’Œgg1vp|zg1}s|<run6vzqsg1|p| g n¿g1ƒYtu}Œƒ np|p¤Ðg™vznp¤©}Œnpgo‡Ó 0µFqŒ±2n+gWqA¤©‡°¬­rvz|p‡N}u† uvpre¤¥}s†1‡ g }„ ¬=vpceg  ‡¯> r f±"“Yc g1¤ª|)†<c_}„¬=¤ªn¿¨¥¤©‡ vpc¼ugn . . . 6. 6. é­î/ðÓéóç.

(46) hŒh 1.4 pl=0.05 and B=5 pl=0.50 and B=5 pl=0.05 and B=10 pl=0.50 and B=10. 1.35. 1.3. delay gain. 1.25. 1.2. 1.15. 1.1. 1.05. 1. /¤©˜Œr. 0. 0.1. 0.2. 0.3. 0.4. 0.5 0.6 router position. 0.7. 0.8. 0.9. 1. z| gA Ibc g ug1¨ªqSxÁ˜°q„¤¥‡¤¥‡ $qŒn"q¬­re‡e† vz¤©}Œ‡}s¬vzc g5|z}sruvzg1|ƒN}°n®¤©vp¤¥}s‡ ¸ †1|p}°npnpgo “¯x;q0ƒeqŒ†<¼sgv™¸6bc g¨¥¤©‡e¼ƒ |z}sƒeqs˜Œq„vp¤¥}s‡Ávz¤©f0g5¤ªnnpgv"vp}UhAvz¤©f0gre‡ ¤Ðv™¸2bc go|pg1¬­}s|zgA±2g5†1qs‡8ren®g ' %W¦­|zgonpƒYgo† vz¤©’Œg1¨¥x %1«+vp}0|zg1ƒ |zgonpg1‡°v+vzc gA‡¯r f“Yg1|"}s¬ ¨©¤¥‡ ¼un“Ygvy±)g1g1‡vpc gA|z}sruvzg1|5¦­|zgonpƒYgo† vz¤©’Œg1¨¥x0vpc g n±"p}scereg1|z|z†1g g™«Óvpcqs‡eg; |p}Œqsru‡¯vpx5go|p|g™¤ª†nT g1¤¥}Œ’s‡ gogÁ|o¸ ¨¥¹Ž¤©‡ ¼%g)±"¬§qs¤©¨¥|¨ ¬­q„|z¨ª}snp}¿f †}Œvpc‡egnp¤¥ un®}Œgo| r |<vy±)†g·}j¦ ƒeq„|p% vp¤ª†r ¨ªq„¨¥|/¤©‡e’4¼¯q„¨¥n£r go“Yn/gvy}s±)¬ g1 g1 ‡² vzc =?g|zB }sr T vp% g1@ |W> q„G ‡e; T q % |zgo†1g1¤¥’sgo|<«2q„‡e  = ><; T % ±"c g1|zgjvpc g5|z}sr vpg1|"¤ªn}s‡egj¨¥¤¥‡ ¼ÁT ¬§qs@ |>¬­|p}Œf q0|pg™†go¤©’Œg1|™¸ ƒ ¨¥¹%}„vzg2n+“Yvpceg1˜Œg¿¤©|<‡q4“°vz¤©xj}g}st ¬ÓqsvpfWce¤¥gj‡ qŒ¤¥‡ †<˜c ¤©vzgoc ’sg+g™ ƒYg1 u|pg1¬­}s¨ªqS|zx0f “°q„x ‡e†1$ gon ±"}„¬c $g1‡ÁqŒ±)n g¿q"†<¬­cNreq„‡e‡ † vz˜Œ¤©g}Œ‡vpce}„g¿¬u|zvz}sc rug2vz|zg1}s|2r ƒNvpg1}°|n®¤©ƒNvp¤¥}°}sn®‡_¤©vp¤¥¦§}sƒe‡ q„¸|<q„/f0¤©˜Œg1r vpg1|zg| @«6vp}£vpc gA†1qŒn®g¿±"c g1|zg =  ¸I¹%gj†oq„‡npg1gwvpceq„v2vzc gjƒN}°n®¤©vp¤¥}s‡;}„¬Óvzc g¿|z}sr vpg1|2±"¤Ðvzc;|zgonpƒYgo† v2vp}£vpc g np}sre|z†1g5¤¥nj ugo†1¤¥ ¤©‡ ˜N¸wbc g˜°q„¤¥‡U¤¥n¿¤¥‡e†|zgoqŒn®g™ ;±"ceg1‡Uvzc g|z}sruvzg1|¿¤¥nvpc g0†¨¥}Œnpgon®v"vp}vpc gWn®}Œr |z†1gs¸bc g ˜°q„¤¥‡8¤©‡· ugo¨¥qSx}s“enpg1|z’sg™ ¤ªnf0}s|zg5¤¥fWƒY}s|pvzqs‡°v"¬­}s|c ¤¥˜sc8¨¥}Œnzn"|<q4vpg™n1¸2³´‡8¬§qs†voµ ¬­}Œ|wq0¨¥}Œnzn"|zq„vpg5}s¬ •  vzc g0 ug1¨ªqSxU¤¥nj¤¥f0ƒ |p}4’Œgo U“¯x_”  r ƒ·vz}U  ¤©¬2±)g£f0}4’Œgvpceg£|z}sruvzg1|j‡ goqs|jvpc g0n®}Œr |<†g¤¥‡en®vpg™qs ·}s¬ ƒeruv®vz¤©‡ ˜ ¤©v‡ g™q„|vpceg5|pg™†g1¤¥’sgo|zno¸ ³´‡²}s|< ugo|¿vz}U†}sf0ƒeqs|p&g $ vpC} "µ e˜Œr |pgWŠN¦ëqŒ«¿ƒ ¨¥}„v<nAvpc g ugo¨¥qSx_|zq„vp¤¥};}s(¬ " vz} $3qŒnjq;¬­r ‡N† vp¤¥}s‡ }s¬@vpc g£|p}Œruvpgo|wƒY}Œnp¤Ðvz¤©}Œ‡Ó¸¹%g£†1qs‡·n®gog5vpcNq4Fv $(ƒNgo|®¬­}Œ|pf n“Ygvpvpgo|wvzceq„‡ " }s‡ ¨¥x±"c g1‡Uvzc g|z}sr vpg1|w¤¥n npruÀÁ†¤¥g1‡°vz¨©xU†¨¥}Œnpgvz}Ávzc gWnp}sre|z†1gs¸‚wvpc go|p±"¤ªn®gŒµevzc gW}4’sg1|zc g™qs ¤©‡°vz|p}u ure†1go U“¯x8˜sgo‡ g1|<q4vz¤©‡e˜‘w!½ 5n ¤¥8‡ $ “Ygo†1}sf0gonjr ‡4~yrNnyvz¤ eg™ =¸ bc ¤ªnA¤¥n5 ureg£vz}vpc g0¨¥}s‡ ˜Œg1|5 u¤ªnyv<q„‡e†1gvzceq4v5frNnyv5“YgÁ†|z}Œnzn®g™ U“¯xUvpc g ‘¿!½ wg1‡e†1ƒegqŒ¬­†<}s¼s|pg1vpc vµ/“Y±)g¬­gÁ}Œ|p±"gA¤¥|z¨©¨goqŒ††<}Œc ‡e¤©np‡e¤¥˜ ugovz|c g}s‡en®}Œ¨©xŽr |<vp†c gsg¸ †1qŒn®g ±"c go|pgÁvpc gqs† vz¤©’Œg |p}Œruvpgo|¤ªn£npruÀÁ†¤¥g1‡°vp¨¥x²†¨¥}Œnpg vz}vpc gÁnp}sr |<†g8¦ = « ¸ /¤¥˜sr |zg0ŠN¦­“Y«jƒ ¨©}svznjvzc g ˜Œqs¤©‡²qs†<c ¤¥g1’Œgo _“°x $ ±"¤©vpc²|zgonpƒNg™† vAvp2} "qŒnjq ¬­qŒren)‡evp† c vzg¤©}Œ¨©‡_}°np}„n¬ |<: q4; vzgj¬­}s¤¥|A‡e†1 u|p¤ g™Yqsgonp|pgogono‡° ¸ vA np}sg1|"‡e ¤¥‡e¤©‡n®vz˜;qs‡e|zq„†vpgŒg™µun1¬­*¸ }s|w' q0¤ªnpnjg1n®‡eg1 v¿¤©‡ vz˜ } |<q4¸5vzgAb}„c ¬Ig£• “N¸ •sgo‡• ghŒeµuvAƒ |z}s}„¬ vp}u$(†1}s}4A¨ ’Œ$Åg1-| |p" g™ u¤¥re‡e†1†go|z ;goqŒvpn®c g™g n g1¨ªqSx†1}sf0ƒeq„|zgo ;vz}ƒ |z}„vz}¯†1}sE¨ " “¯xq ¬§qs† vz}s|¿}„¬+ ¸ ¬­}Œ|¿q ¨¥}Œnzn|<q4vzg}„¬ Œ• ¸³´‡Uvzc g}svpc go|¿†1qŒn®g™n1µ go’sgo‡;¤©¬vzc g5˜Œqs¤©‡¤ªn‡ }„vwnp¤©˜Œ‡ "¤ N†1qs‡Œv $nyvz¤©¨¥¨ÓƒYg1|p¬­}s|zf n“Ng1v®vpgo|"vpcNq„‡ "¸ ½w‡Á}„vzc g1|2¤©f0ƒY}s|pvzq„‡°vqsnpƒNg™† v6vz}gt q„f0¤¥‡ g¤ªn6vzc gwf q„t¯¤¥fref ¨¥}Œnzn6|<q4vzgwn®reƒ ƒN}Œ|®vzgo 0“¯x£vpc g¿g1‡°vp¤¥|pg n¨¥p}Œxunznyn¿vzg1|zf q„vpg;“Yg¦ ¬­}Œ|p«¿g0qs}snA‡eqÁg£¬­}sr ¬+‡evp† cevz¤©gW}Œ‡Ž‡e}¯}s ¬6govpnjce¤¥g£nA‡¯}4r ’Œf£g1|z“N¨©}°goqs|j u}sg™¬+ =¸|zgo/†go¤©˜Œ¤©’Œr g1|z|<g n1¸A¦§¹%qŒ«¿gWnp†oc q„}4‡%±n®n¿govpgc vpg0cNq4f vAq4¬­tu}s¤¥|Afq;r f(npg1‡Nnp ur ¤©ƒ ‡eƒY˜;}s|p|<vpq4g™vz g 6. "6. 86. 6. #. :;. ððÅà!#"$&%&$. #. 6. 6.

(47) hS” 4. 1.15 pl=0.05 and B=5 pl=0.5 and B=5 pl=0.05 and B=10 pl=0.5 and B=10. 1.1. 3.5. rate 0.001 rate 0.01 rate 0.1 rate 1. 1.05. delay ratio A/D. delay ratio A/D. 3 1. 0.95. 2.5. 0.9. 2 0.85. 1.5 0.8. §¦ qŒ« ¦§“N« /¤©˜Œr |pgAŠ6bc g5 ug1¨ªqSxÁ|<q4vp¤¥}" ; $qŒn"q¬­re‡e† vz¤©}Œ‡}s¬¦ëqŒ«+vpceg5|p}Œruvpgo|"ƒN}°n®¤©vp¤¥}s‡²¦­“N«)¨¥}Œnzn|<q4vpg : ; ¸. 0.75. 0. 0.1. 0.2. 0.3. 0.4. 0.5 0.6 router position. 0.7. 0.8. 0.9. 1 0.1. 1. 1. 0.4. 0.5 loss rate pl. 0.6. 0.7. 0.8. 0.9. 5 receivers 20 receivers 100 receivers. 0.9. 0.8. 0.8. 0.7. 0.7. 0.6. 0.6. max supported pl. max supported pl. 0.3. 1. sending rate of 0.001 sending rate of 0.01 sending rate of 0.1. 0.9. 0.2. 0.5. 0.4. 0.5. 0.4. 0.3. 0.3. 0.2. 0.2. 0.1. 0.1. §¦ qŒ« ¦§“N« /¤¥˜sr |zg )Ç·q„tu¤©f£r fÅnpr ƒ ƒY}s|pvpg™ : ; ¥¤ ‡2$(qsn¿q0¬­r ‡e†vp¤¥}s‡·}s¬¦§qŒ« Á ' µNvpc g£‡¯r f“Yg1|¿}„¬@vpc g£|pg™†go¤©’Œg1|<n sq ‡e %¦­“N«  µuvzc gn®go‡e u¤¥‡ ˜0|zq„vpgŒ¸ 0 0 10. 1. 2. 10. 10. number of the receivers B. 3. 10. 0. 0. 0.05. 0.1. 0.15 0.2 the sending rate. 0.25. 0.3. 0.35. é­î/ðÓéóç.

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