HAL Id: inria-00001154
https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00001154v2
Submitted on 25 Sep 2006
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-
L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents
Detecting Repeats for Video Structuring
Xavier Naturel, Patrick Gros
To cite this version:
Xavier Naturel, Patrick Gros. Detecting Repeats for Video Structuring. [Research Report] PI 1790, 2006, pp.34. �inria-00001154v2�
I R
I S
A
IN STITU
T D E R
EC HERCH
E EN INF ORM
ATIQ UEET
SYST ÈMES
ALÉATOIRES
P U B L I C A T I O N I N T E R N E
N
o1790
DETECTING REPEATS FOR VIDEO STRUCTURING
XAVIER NATUREL AND PATRICK GROS
INSTITUT DERECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ETSYSTÈMESALÉATOIRES
Campus de Beaulieu – 35042 Rennes Cedex – France Tél. : (33) 02 99 84 71 00 – Fax : (33) 02 99 84 71 71 http://www.irisa.fr
!#"$%'&(&)' )
*,+.-%/103254+7698'290;:=<>+7?'@BAC+76D2E/GFHJIK29LNM<O<
P.QSRUTWVEXZYERRWQ3X$[7\;]_^a`3bcYER
d(e
\gfhYiTjYk.XZYk
d bc[c]l^lmEnTW^l\po,^lo3TWY e ocYqosrtu;vw#xyn e m{z,|gv;vp}w#~gng;YER
5 Eicpp
j%YE]_YE3^aRW^_\;ocnp^_]lQy
e
\..bmiYERXnpRRU^lpYZngXZ\;bco3TR=\gS^l.YE\;REC^lp^_Tng]S^a.Yi\,^aRqbco.\
eU
TbcongTWYi]lQnpobco7RhT
e
bmTWb
e
YE.\.mibcXZYio3T^_ozc^am{z^_T^aRZpY
e
Q.^_mbc]_TTW\o7npoSQ^_oc\
e
XZngTW^l\pos
jYi]lYiS^aRU^l\poKRUT
e
YEnpXZR znDpYqzc\Yi;Y
e
nRUT
e
\pocnpoKRUTng[]_Yq[cbcTCzc^ac.YEoyRhT
e
bmTWb
e
YqTznT¡Yngo3TTW\
c^lRm\;Y
e
[SQ).YiTWY9m¢TW^loc
e
YiNYEngTW^loc\p[cfhYEm¢T{R^lo,TWzcYS^a.Yi\RUT
e
YEnpX,jzc^aR
e
YiN\
e
T¡RWzc\ RTWzngT TWYE]_YES^
RW^l\poRUT
e
YEnpXRCn
e
Ynpm¢Tbng]l]lQKzc^_;zc]lQ
e
Y9.bcocnpo3TnpoKTznT.YiTWYEmTW^loc
e
YE7Y9nTRmi]_Y9n
e
]_Q,\pbcTW]l^_ocY9R=TWzcY
bo.Y
e
]lQ3^locqRUT
e
bm¢Tb
e
Y\gNTWzY3^a.YE\£XZYiTWzc\.$\
e
.YiTWY9m¢TW^locTzcYERWY
e
YE7YiTW^_TW^l\poR'^aR
e
YERWYio3TWY9zcY
e Y
^_TWzynpoKYiXZczn;RU^aR\;o)TzcY¤Yim^lYiomiQ5\g'TzcY¤RWYEn e m{z^_oyn]an e pYS^a.Yi\mi\ e cbRE¦¥Y e Q)p\S\. e Y9RUbc]_TR
n e Y=\p[cTng^locY9)[N\gTz,^_oTWY e XR\pYi§NY9m¢TW^lSocYERRq¨©u;ª3«¬^_o e YEminp]_]npo e Y9m^aRU^l\poN®¦n;R¦YE]_]sn;RYm^lYio7mQ
RW^lomY\poYnDQ\g'S^l.YE\Z^lR`3bcY e ^lYEng3ng^loRhT n$TWz e YEY=YiYE¯.RcnT{npRWYT^_o\po]_Q)\pocYqRWYEm\;o
°K±3²O³´¤µ ¶p
¥C^lcYi\RUT
e
bm¢Tb
e
^loc7·.3^a.YE\^lo.Yik.^_oc7·STWYE]_YE3^aRW^_\;os·.S^l.YE\RU^lpongTWb
e
Yp·
e
YiNYT^¸T^_\;oR
¹aº»W¼¾½E¿»ÀÁl¼¾ÂGÃÄ
ÅÆ9ÇUÈEÉËÊhÌUÍÎÇÏ1ÐDÌ©ÊhѸÒÉËÌ1ÉËÓGÇ9ÍÔlÌ
ÅÕÅÖ ÇÏ1Ì©ÉË×¾ØpÍ٢̩ڢÓÕÒÉËÌ©ÉËÓ¾Ç9ÍÔ_Ì
n=TE]ES^lRW^_\;o$ e \..bc^_T(YioZNY e XngocYEomY .Y9Rb.k3^aE\bocY ngXZc]lYib e mi\poRW^a e ng[c]lYp·
Rngo7Rq`;bY]\po Rnpm{zcYZN\pb e Tnpo;TmiY`;b^nTYkcnpmTWYiXZYEo;T¤c^¸§ObRp¡\pbRqo\pbRq^lo3T e Y9RWRW\poR=^am^
]an,TYEmTW^l\po .Y e E iTW^_TW^l\poRqcnpoRq.Y9R3^aE\;R.Y e ngo7.Y¤T{ng^l]_]lYp"!CoX\;o3T e YZ`3bcYZ]lYER#bck.YZ]ln
Ti]$iS^aRU^l\po¤RW\po3TYio¤Yi§NYiTYkSTe% XZYiXZYEo;T eE iTW^_TW^_©R'YT`3bcY¦]an¡&TWY9m¢T^_\;o$.Y9R('*)+-,*.-/10324035'*6103+-78/7Y e XZYT
cY&Em\;bc e ^e ]lnRUT e bm¢Tb e YRW\pb7RfUnpmiYio3TWY.b4b.k9¦Y e ng7\ e T' e ERWYio3TWYYioZiTng^l]cbcoYX:iTWzc\..Y .Y
&TWY9m¢T^_\;o¤\p[.fhYiTR e E iTW^_TW^_©R'cngoRbcocY\pcTW^a`;bY¦.Y e Y9m{zcY e m{zcY e ng^l.Ycngo7R^lXN\ eTnpo3TRp\p]lbcXZYER
S^ai\3Ri¡Y¦T e VER[N\poR e 9RUb]¸T{nTRRW\po3T\;[.TWYEo3b7RsT{ngo3TYEo$`3bnp]_^_T=¨©upªS« .Y e ng7YE];YiT e Emi^lRW^l\po7®%`;b;YEo
e ng^l.^_T;·pcb^lR`3b<^l]7RWb.ZT¦bcocYCRUY9m\po7.Y7\;b e(e YE`3b % TWY e bocYfh\pb e o&EYYio3TW^lV e Y .Y S^ai\mi\po3Te YbcocY
[7npRWYcYCT e \;^lRRWYiXnp^_ocY9Ri
= µ 9¤?> 5 P3Te bmTWb e nT^_\;o5S^ai\7·;^lo.Yik.ngTW^l\po)3^aE\·3TE]E3^aRW^_\;os·.RU^lpongTWb e Y¡S^ai\7· e E iTW^_TW^l\poR
¤¤¤
µ ± ¶ µ ± p ±
r;_r! Õo3T e \..bmTW^l\poyqqqqqqq=qqqqqq=qqqqqqq=q "
r;|$# Yi]anTWY9¦\ e ¯qqqqqq=qqqqqq=qqqqqqq=q "
r;~ 9¦z7ng]l]_YEocpY9Rngo)\pY e S^lYi qqq=qqqqqq=qqqqqqq=q }
r;~_r #YE`3bc^e YEXZYio3TRqqqq=qqqqqq=qqqqqqq=q }
r;~| xKYTzc\.)\;Y e S^_YE qqq=qqqqqq=qqqqqqq=q t
%'& ± c ± ± icpµ( )
|c_r jYiXZN\
e
ng]sRWYi;XYEo3TnT^_\;o qqq=qqqqqq=qqqqqqq=q ª
|c| P.^_;onTb
e
Yq.Yioc^_TW^l\poKqqqq=qqqqqq=qqqqqqq=q ª
|c~ *YEngTWb
e
YERYik3T
e
n;m¢T^_\;o)
e
\.mY9RWR qq=qqqqqq=qqqqqqq=q r;r
+-,
.Ec c
± µ
/.7
10p.2
µ (
~_r PST
e
nTWYEpQ q=qqqqqqq=qqqqqq=qqqqqqq=q r;r
~|$3CnpRWz5bom¢T^_\;oBqqqqqq=qqqqqq=qqqqqqq=q rD|
~|c_r P3TWbcQ5\gTWzcYqboc^¸\ e X.^aRhTe ^l[cb.T^_\;oqqqq=qqqqqqq=q r9~
~|c| ¡^aRWmibRRU^l\po\po,RUYEpY e np]Nz7npRWz5bco7m¢TW^l\po7R qq=qqqqqqq=q rE
4
)± E/± c&> = ± 5 µ ¶
6
7_r £¡]_;\ e ^¸TzcX.Yioc^_TW^l\po qqqq=qqqqqq=qqqqqqq=q r9}
7| P.zc\gT¡C^lRUTnpomYq.Yioc^_TW^l\po qqq=qqqqqq=qqqqqqq=q rt
7|c_r ¡n87GpY.^aRhT{ngomiYqqq=qqqqqq=qqqqqqq=q rt
7|c| P.ngXZc]lYE¡n971;YC^aRhT{ngomiYZ¨GP¡®Zqqqq=qqqqqqq=q r9ª
7|c~ :k.zngbRUTW^lpYqRWYEn
e
m{z qq=qqqqqq=qqqqqqq=q r9u
7|c \
e
Xng]l^<;EYE=:.^_TC.^aRhT{ngomiY qqqqqq=qqqqqqq=q r9u
7|c" £ ]l^_;ocYE£%;Y
e
ng;Y>3CngXZXZ^_ocC^lRUTnpomY¨1£¡£?3¡®qqqqqqq=q r9u
)± >E
%A@
"c_r P.^_;onTb e Y e \p[cb7RhTocYERR qqqq=qqqqqq=qqqqqqq=q|pv
"c_r;_r PS^_X$bc]anTW^l\po7R qqqq=qqqqqq=qqqqqqq=q|pv
"c_r;| #YT e ^lYing]smEngn;m^_ThQ\po e YEng]cngTn qqqq=qqqqqqq=q|cr
"c| P.zc\gT¡xyngTm{zc^loc qqqqqq=qqqqqq=qqqqqqq=q|;|
"c|c_r PS^_;onTb e Ym{z\p^amY qqq=qqqqqq=qqqqqqq=q|;|
"c|c| BCbngo3TW^C;EngTW^l\poRWm{zcYEXZYmi\pXZn e ^aRU\;oqqqq=qqqqqqq=q|p~
"c|c~ PSzc\gT .^aRUTngo7mYERmi\pXZn e ^aRU\;oqqqqqq=qqqqqqq=q|p~
"c~$:(mi^_YEomQngoKP.mEng]l^_o qqq=qqqqqq=qqqqqqq=q|g
"c~_r P3TWbcQ5\g'£¡£?3¡ mi\poRW^aRhTYiomiQqqqqq=qqqqqqq=q|D"
"c~| P.minp]_^locTW\Z]an e pY=3^a.YE\ZnTn;RUYiTqqqqq=qqqqqqq=q|3t
6-,
± ± g2 . 5±± .E
% )
}_r#%¥C ^lobYiomiYq\pY e TzcYqoSbcX¤[NY e \p'.YiTWY9m¢TW^l\po7R qq=qqqqqqq=q|pª
}|$*^e RUT¡ngc]_^amingTW^l\poRqqqqq=qqqqqq=qqqqqqq=q|pu
µ >µ(
+
$Z! s 1
jYi]lYiS^aRU^l\poYk.NY
e
^_YEomY9)
e
n;RhT^lmm{znpocpY9R
e
YEmiYio3TW]lQ^_TWzKngo,YEpY
e
^lom
e
YEn;RU^locZoSbcX¤[NY
e
\p'm{z7ngococYE]lR
npoKocYE nDQSR¡\g¦cYi]l^_;Y
e
^_oc5^¸T{R=mi\po3TWYEo3T¡TW\5TWzcYbRWY
e
·OYpqj¥ \;Y
e
£¡P
·OXZ\p[c^l]lYERE·N^lo3TWY
e
ocYiTE·
TY
ee Y9RhT
e
^ang].^_;^¸T{ng]j¥¤Ojzc^lR¡
e
\TWz,zn;R bco.\
e
TbcongTWYi]lQ,oc\gTC[7YEYioy]l^_o¯pYE,^_TWzn[NYTUTY
e
bco.Y
eU
RUTnpo.^loc=\g7z\TW\bRWYTWzc^aR'S^lcYi\=XZngTWY
e
^ang]G BCbcY
e
QS^locngo
e
YiT
e
^_YES^_oc=^lo.\
e
XnTW^l\po¤
e
\;X nC]ln
e
;Y
TYi]lYiS^aRU^l\po ¨\ e S^lcYi\3®mi\ e cbRq^aR¤RUTW^l]l]¦nKm{znp]_]lYioc;Yp·%\ e [N\gTz e \pYERRU^l\po7ng](n e m{zc^lpY e Rngo7 RU^lXZc]_Y
j¥ b7RUY e Rng]l^l¯pYp
!CoY RU^lXZc]_Y[b.TRUb e e ^aRU^locp]lQbco7npc e YERRWYE$^lRRUbY^lR'T\ e YiT e ^_YEpYngoZYio3T^e Y e \p e ngX ^_TWzZ^_TRYikcnpm¢T
[N\pbocn e ^lYERE·N^GYpe \pX ^_TR= e RUTCT\)^_TR]anpRUT=e npXY;¤CbcYTW\)TW^lXY RWzc^_TW^loc,^_oTWzY[ e \3npcmEnpRUTE·NTWzcY
eY9m^aRUY5TW^lXY,\p¡[ e \;npminpRUT¤^aRYi]lbRU^lpY;· e YERWbc]¸T^_o ^lonpococ\QS^_o m\;XXZY e mi^lnp]lR$\ e m{zngoocYi]Yi;Yio3TR
[NYi^locq\;bcoZ^loRUTWYEn;Z\gOTWzY¡.YERW^e np[c]_Y e \; e ngX, ¾T\pb]l[NYCm\;oSpYio^_YEo;T'T\¤ngb.T\pXnT^lmEng]l]_Q$^lcYio
T^¸QZTzcY e \p e ngX RWYipXZYEo;T{R(e \pX n e YEm\ e cYETWYE]_YES^lRW^_\;o)RUT e YEnpX·;TWzSbR[cb^_]a.^locngo5bNcngTWY95ngo7
YEocznpomY9 e \p e npX ;bc^a.Ypjzc^aRZXZnDQ [NY,\g=^_o3TWY e Y9RhTTW\ XngoSQnpcc]l^lmEnTW^l\po7Ri·¦Yio bRWY e ¥ 9 #q·
e Yi;bc]anTW^l\ponpb.TWz\ e ^¸T^_Y9R(\ e m{zngoocYi]aRTzcYiXRWYi]lpYERE·3zc^lm{z5XZnDQZngo3T(T\$RUTW\ e Y \ e XZ\po^¸T\ e eY9m^aRUYE]_Q
z7nT'znpR[NYiYio$[ e \;npminpRUTWY9%£¡]_]STzcYERWYT{npRW¯.Rn e YbRWbng]l]_Qq.\;ocYXZnpoSbng]l]_Q;jzc^aR^lR'nCpY e Q=TWY9.^l\pbR
\ e ¯YERWNYEm^ang]l]lQ^¸' e YEmi^lRWY=TW^lXY9RhT{ngXZRn e YocYEYE.Y9
jzYqXZnp^_oK^a.Y9nZ[7YEzc^_o7TWzc^aR \
e
¯^aRTW\]l\S\p¯\
e e
YiNYTW^_TW^l\po7R^_o,TzcYTWYE]_YES^lRW^_\;oKRhT
e
Y9ngX,¦£ ]l\gT \p
RWYi;XZYio3TRCn
e
Y¤^lo.YiY9
e
YiNYEngTWYEy^_on5j¥ RhT
e
Y9ngX,·ngo,TzcYp\;np]%\p(TWzc^aR=¦\
e
¯^aR T\RWYiY$zcYTzcY
e
TzcYERWY
e
YiNYTW^_TW^l\po7R minpozYi]l)T\.^aRWmi\pY
e
TzcYzc^ac.YEo,RUT
e
bmTWb
e
Yq\gTWzcYRUT
e
YEnpX, 9¦\poRW^a.Y
e
^_o$TznT
TzcY
e
YiNYEnTYERUYEpXZYio3T{Rn
e
YXZ\3RhT]_Q¤mi\pXZXZY
e
m^ang]aRi·gT
e
ng^l]_Y
e
RE·gm{zngoocYi].]lYEn;
^los·;]_Y9np
\pb.T9·gY[NYi]l^lYipY
TzcY.YiTWYEmTW^l\po \g¦TWzcY9RUY
e
YiNYT^¸T^_\;oRXng¯;YZRWYio7RUY
e
\pX nKRUT
e
bm¢Tb
e
^_oc,N\p^lo3T\pS^lYiq·npR]l\pocKnpR
TzcYq e \.mYERR^lR e bco\pY e n$]an e pYcngTnpRWYT9
jzYn e T^lmi]_Y=^aRRhT e bmTWb e YE)npR\;]_]l\ R'RWYEm¢T^_\;or=^aRngo^_o3T e \..bmTW\ e QRWYEm¢T^_\;o5YikS]lnp^_oc^loc$TWzcYmi\po
TYkSTngoTWzcYp\3ng]\g TzcY)XZYiTWzc\.PSY9m¢T^_\;o| ^lR.YEc^lmEnTWY9 T\ Y9nTWb eY9R¤Yik3T e n;m¢T^_\;ongoTWzSbR
Yik.c]lnp^_o5TWzcYm{zc\;^lmiY=npoTzcYqm\po7RhT e bmTW^l\po\p%TzcY¡Y9nTb e Y9RbRUY9\ e TzcY eYiT e ^_YEng]GjzcY\ e 3ngoc^aRWn
T^_\;o)\p%TzcYcnT{ng[n;RUY=^aR e Y9RUYEo3TWYE5^_oKRWYEmTW^l\po,~npo5TWzcY e YT e ^lYing]O e \.mYERR^_oKRWYEmTW^l\po #YERWbc]_TR
n e Y=Yi;Yio3TWb7ng]l]_Q e Y9RUYEo;TYE)^_oKRWYEmTW^l\po ".
! "$#&%'(#)+*, -
£ ]l\gT\g e YERWYEn e m{zKzn;R¡[NYiYEo.\;ocY$TW\^l.YEo3TW^_QyRU^lXZ^_]an e S^l.YE\mi]_^lR=^lon)3^a.YE\)cngTnpRWYT9qxK\;RUT=\p
Tzc^aR e YERWYEn e m{zznpR¤[7YEYiomi\pocbm¢TYE ^_TWz Th\yXng^locb e N\;RWYERq^loXZ^lo.S^lcYi\ mi\pSQcYTWY9m¢T^_\;o
npoZS^lcYi\¤RW^_XZ^l]ln e ^_ThQZRUY9n e m{z$\ e mi\po3TWYEo;T [7npRWYE e YT e ^lYing]Gj\\;b e ¯Soc\]lYE.;Yp·;oc\\ e ¯¤zn;R[NYiYEo
mi\pocbm¢TYE$\poZ.YTYEm¢T^_o e YiNYT^¸T^_\;oR\ e S^a.Yi\RUT e bm¢Tb e ^loc7·png]_TWzc\;bcpzRU\;XZYnpb.TWz\ e RXZYEo;T^_\;ococY9
Tzc^aR7\3RWRW^_[^_]l^¸ThQ0/_rD|S·s~cr21(\ e ^_oS;YERUTW^l;nTYEK;Y e Qym]l\;RWYTW\p^lmER3/Ë|9"41GxK\3RhTq\g¦TWzcYTYEm{zcoc^a`3bcYERb7RUY9
^loTzcYERWY e YiS^_\;bR¦¦\ e ¯.Rn e Y TWzSbRRW]_^lpz3T]_Qbco7npcnp.TWY9TW\Z\;b e¦e YE`3bc^e YiXZYio3TRE·;TWzc\;bcpzpY e Qm]l\;RWYp
jzY¦ e RUT'npcc]l^lmEnT^_\;o$ng^lXR'nT e YiTe ^_YES^_ocCS^l.YE\;RTWz7nT\ e ^_;^_o7nTWY9e \pX TzcYRWnpXYRW\pb e mY;·9N\;RRW^_[c]lQ
^_TWzRhT e \;ocT{ngXZ7Y e ^loc[7YiTh¦YEYioKTzcYiX,£RU\;]_bcTW^l\po ^aR¡TW\[cbc^l]ln e \p[cbRUT¡7ocpY e e ^lo;TCe \;X TWzcY
mi\po3TWYEo3TE·sng[]_Y$TW\ e YERW^lRUTCT\RW\pXZY e YE.YiocYEXZ\..^¸NminT^_\;oR5/|p~41¾$CbcYTW\)TWzcYZocY9mYERRW^¸ThQ,T\,mEng
Tb e YCTzcYYERRUYEo3TW^ang]OpYE\pXZYT e ^am¡ e \;7Y e T^_Y9R¦\p%TzcYq^_XnppYngo5TW\ e YERW^lRUT¦T\TngXZNY e ^_o·Soc;Y e e ^_o3TR
n e YbRWbng]l]lQy[npRWYE \po^_o3TY e YERUTN\p^lo3TR /lrpr21(\ e m\pXZcbcTWYEe \pX TzcYe Y9`3bcYiomiQ .\;XZnp^_o\gRU\;XZY
T e npoRU\ e X·SN\pcb]ln e YkcngXZc]lYER[NYi^locZTWzY=nDpYE]_YiT\ e 9jB.\;XZnp^_o /lr2"S·} 1G
jzY=RWYEmi\ponpcc]l^lmEnT^_\;o^lR^lo;TY e YERUTWY9^_o e YiT e ^_YES^_ocm]l^_7R(e \pX n¤3^a.YE\$cngTnpRWYT¦TWzngTn e Y=RU^lXZ^_]an e
T\nmY eT{ng^lo5`3bcY e QS^lcYi\Zm]l^_s(PS^lomiY e YT e ^lYinp]7^aR[npRWYE5\po)RW^lX^l]an e ^¸ThQ;·;TzcYCYEnTb e YERbRWYE5n e Y¡©n e
]lYERR=.^lRm e ^lX^longTW^lpYp· e YERWbc]¸T^_o5^lon^a.YbRWY¤\g¦p]l\p[np]sYEngTWb e YER=RWbm{z npR=m\;]_\ e ·7TWYikSTWb e Yp·RWzngNYp·
XZ\pTW^l\po\ e ngb7.^_\.Y9RWm e ^l.T\ e R/Ë|gªc·c~crg·~ 1G
jzY m\;XXZ\;oJ7\;^_o3T5\pqTWzcY9RUYXZYTWz\SR^aRTznT)TWzcY9RUY.YERm e ^_cTW\ e Rn e YK;YEm¢T\ e R^lo n zc^lpz c^
XZYEoRU^l\po7ng]RWn;mY¤^lo z^lm{zKTzcYZRUY9n e m{zK^lRC7Y e \ e XZY9#¡bcXZY e \pbR=RWXZn e TC^_ocYk.^_oRm{zcYiXZY9R¡ngo7
RWYEn e m{zXZYTzc\.cRznDpY[NYiYEo e \pN\;RWYE=TW\CYm^lYio3T]_QRUY9n e m{z^¸Tzc^_o¤TWzcY9RUYzc^_;z .^_XZYEoRU^l\po7ng];RWn;mYER
/~crp· ".·rEª 1GjzcY9RUYZXZYTzc\.cRn e YZm\pXZc]lYkngo.YEnp]_^loc,^_TWz ]ln e ;YnTn;RUYiTR=^loTzc^aRqm\po3TYkSTq^lR
RUTW^l]l]n,.^¸mibc]¸T^aRRUbcY;!CocYminpoz\¦YEpY e XZYio3T^_\;ococYE \p]lQ/lrpr 1¾·%z\KXZnpong;YERCTW\Kz7ngo.]lYZpY e Q
]an
e
pY¡3^a.YE\$cngTng[7npRWYERE
\p]lQb7RUY9R¦n|gv
.^lXZYioRW^_\;o.YERm
e
^l.TW\
e
mi\pXZcb.TYEZ
e
\pX¬ngo)^_o3TY
e
YERUT¦N\p^lo;T
cYTWY9m¢T\
e
ngo7
e
\pN\;RWYKn RU\
mEng]l]_Y9RUTnT^lRUTW^aminp] `3bcY
e Q TW\ NY
e
\
e X npc
e
\DkS^lXnTYRWYEn
e
m{z^_oTWz^lR
z^_;zy.^_XZYEoRU^l\po7ng]RWn;mYpjzcY¤Y§OYEm¢T^_;YiocY9RWR¡\gzc^aR XZYTzc\.K^aR¡RWzc\o,[3Q,`3bcY
e
QS^_oY§OYEm¢T^_;Yi]lQn
nTn;RUYiT\g "pvc·vpv;vzc\;b
e
R\pS^a.Yi\7
jzYqXYiTWzc\.cR bRUY9^_oKm\;SQ5.YTYEmTW^l\poKngo,RW^_XZ^l]ln
e
^_ThQRWYEn
e
m{z,n
e
Y=z\¦YEpY
e
oc\pT¡RUbc^_TWY9)TW\XnT{m{z
^a.YEo;T^lmEng]%RWYE`3bcYEomY9R[NYEminpbRWYqTWzcYEQnp]_]l\B^_XZN\ eTngo3T¡.^_§OY e YiomiYER [NYThYiYEoTWzcYEX CYTYEmTW^l\poyngo7
e YEmi\p;oc^¸T^_\;o\gmi\pXZXZY e m^ang]aR^aR¦X¤bm{zm]l\;RWY e TW\\pb e TW\;c^lmp ^lYioczn eTYT ng]G/_r9u 1bRWYCn¤ocpY e e ^lo3T
[7npRWYEZ\po)m\p]l\ e m\pzY e YiomiY pY9m¢TW\ e ngo7m\;X7n e YTWzcY¡ocpY e e^lo3TR(b7RU^loc¤n$RhT{ngocn e npc e \Dk.^_XnTY
RWbc[RUT e ^locZXZngTm{zc^locnp]_;\ e ^¸TzcX,P.ngom{zY ;YT¡np]1 /Ë|g} 1%[cbc^l]lKnRWbc[RWn;mY[SQ)m\;XZcb.TW^locZ e ^_o7m^lng]
mi\pXZN\pocYEo;Tngonp]_Q.RW^lR\po¯pYEQ e ngXZYER(\gTWzYCRW7\pTRTW\ e YEmi\ppo^<;EYp'xynT{m{zc^_o^lR(TWzcYEo).\;ocY [SQm\;X
b.TW^locTWzYX^loc^lX¤bcX :(bmi]_^a.Y9ngo.^aRhT{ngomiY\p7TzcY `3bcY e Q¤mi\pXZXZY e m^ang]aR'¯pYiQ e npXZYER e YE e YERWYio3TngTW^l\po
^loTzc^aRRWbc[RWn;mYp£¡o5^lo;TY e YERUTW^loc$ngTUTYiXZ.TTW\ZRUYEYCmi\pXZXZY e m^ang]aR¦n;R e YiNYT^¸T^_\;oR^lR[SQ¡bQ3;bc]lb5YT
np]1/Ët41G oc\ e TWbcongTWYE]_Q;·TWzcYXZYTzc\.$c\3Y9Roc\gT(RWYiYiX T\C[NYpY e QqYi§NY9m¢TW^lpYngo7¤zn;RTW\=[7Ym\;X¤[c^locY9
^_TWz)nm]anpRRU^_7mEnTW^l\poZ[n;RUY9\po]l\
]lYi;Yi].Y9nTWb
e
Y9RTW\¤^lRW\p]anTY¡m\;XXZY
e
mi^lnp]lR
e
\pX [ e
\;n;cmin;RhTocYE Ri
jzYC
e
nD[npm{¯\gTzcYERWY=XYiTWzc\.cR^aR(TznTTWzYiQn
e
Y bcoc\
e
TWbcongTW]lQ
e
Y9RhT
e
^am¢TYEZT\$mi\pXZXZY
e
m^ang]aRngo7
c\o\gT¡m\;oRW^l.Y
e
RUY
e
^l\pbRW]lQ]ln
e
;Y=cngTn;RUYiTnpoYm^lYio7mQ^aRWRWbcY9Ri
¥Y
e
QYi¬\
e
¯.RqznDpYmi\poRW^a.Y
e
YE ^lo.YikS^locyXZY9m{zngoc^aRWXZR[npRWYE \;o X\;oc\
.^lXZYioRW^_\;ong]¦.Y
Rm
e
^l.TW\
e
RE
d
bnZYT=ng]G /|D" 1%
e
\pN\;RWYEnZznpRWzc^locZXZYEm{znpoc^lRWX [n;RUY9\po,m\p]l\
e
XZ\;XYEo3T pYEmTW\
e
R¦TW\
Yim^lYio3TW]lQ e YT e ^lYi;Y e YE7Y9nTWY9ZS^l.YE\¤m]l^lRi !C\;RUTW;YiYEoYiT¦ng]G/|p~417b7RUY9n]_\S\p¯SbcZT{ng[c]lYT\¤RhT\ e Yo
;Y e e ^_o3TR[n;RUY9\po$XZYEngo$]_bX^lonpomY\g7^_Xng;Y¦[]_\.m{¯.Ri\gTWz¤TWzcY9RUYXZYTzc\.cRbRWYYikcnpm¢T'XnT{m{zc^_o
\p^_Xng;YZoc;Y e e ^lo3TR=T\y]_\.mEnTWYnKmEngoc^lcngTWY5RWYE`3bcYEomY e nTzcY e TWznpo Yk.zngb7RhT^_;YZRWYEn e m{z ^lo TWzcY
7ocpY e e ^lo;TRWYTE·7ngon e Y=TWzSbR;Y e QYm^lYio3TE(jzYERWYCTh\Z¦\ e ¯.Rn e YCTWzcYmi]_\3RUY9RhTTW\Z\;b e \os
' %%#& # ' # # *
C+ 5±
©
±
±
9
jz^lR e YiN\ e T e \pN\;RWYERn$pY e Q©npRUTXYiTWzc\.5\ e .YiTWYEmTW^locZm\pXZXZ\po)Yi]lYiXZYio3T{R¦[NYThYiYEo5Th\¤S^a.Yi\
RUT e YEnpXRi jzYKcb e 7\3RUYK\p=\;b ee YERWYEn e m{z^aRZT\ngc]_QTWzc^aRXZYTzc\.TW\ TWYE]_YES^lRW^_\;o RhTe Y9ngXR\ e
XZ\;oc^¸T\ e ^_o5ngoy^_ocYk.^_o5cb e N\;RWYERE ¾TC^aRCTWzcY e Yi\ e Y¤npRRWbcXZYETWz7nT=TWzcYZRUYiTC\pTe ngoRU\ e XnTW^l\po7R
[NYThYiYEoTh\ e YiNYT^¸T^_\;oR\g TzcYRngXZYRUYEpXZYio3TZ^lR e nTWzY e RUXng]l]G jzYERWY5T e npoRh\ e XngTW^l\poR$n e Y
[7npRW^lmEng]l]_Q mi\pXZ^loce \;X [ e \;n;cmin;RhTqoc\;^lRWYK¨©np.^¸T^_;Y;npbRWRW^angooc\p^aRUY;·mi\p]l\ e RWzc^¸T9·c^_;^¸T^<;9nTW^l\po%_l®
npoKng]aRW\Ze \;XYEc^¸T^_\;oynT TzcY¤ e \..bmTW^l\poKRhT{ng;Y¨©RWXZnp]_]%TWYEXN\ e ng]n e ^lngTW^l\poRE·.TWYikSTE·[7ngococY e REl_Ë®¢
jzYERWY]lngTUTWY e T e npoRh\ e XngTW^l\poRn eY RWbccN\;RWYET\[7Y¡]_^lXZ^¸TYE·S^loZTWzcY¡RWYio7RUYTznT¦^¸TzcY¡.^_§NY e YEomY¡^lR
T\S\]ln e ;Yp·TWzcYEoKTWzcY^lXZnppY9R RUb e YE]_Q,ngcNYEn e R¡^_o.^¸§OY e Yio3Tm\po3TYkSTE·OngoKRWzc\;bc]lKTWzcY e Yi\ e Yoc\gT=[7Y
RWYiYEo5npR e YiNYT^¸T^_\;oR{ !Cb e S^lYi ^aR¦`3bc^_TWY.^_§NY e YEo3Te \pX[7\pTWzTzcY 7ocpY e e ^lo;T^_oDnTY e Xn e ¯3^loc
npo e YiT e ^_YEDnp]n e npc^_;XZRE·.ngo5TWzYqXYiTWzc\.^l]_]%c^¸§OY e n;.YE`3bngTWYi]lQp
£¡n e T e \pX [NYi^loc e \p[cb7RhT T\Tzc^lRC]l^_XZ^_TWYE RUYiTC\gT e npoRU\ e XZngTW^l\poRE·7n5.YERW^e YE, e \;7Y eThQ^lR¡TW\)[7Y
np[c]lYTW\¡RWYEn e m{zYimi^_YEo3TW]lQ=^lo¤n©np^e ]lQC]an e pYS^a.Yi\¡nTn;RUYiTE Õo¤\ e .Y e T\C.YiTWY9m¢T e YiNYT^¸T^_\;oR%n ¯3^loq\p
e YY e YEomYCcnT{npRWYT¦X$bRUT¦^lo.YiY9[NYC[cb^_]_T¦T\$n;m¢Tn;RTzcYUXZYiXZ\ e Q\psTWzYCm{znpococYi]Gjzc^aRXZYiXZ\ e Q
RWzc\;bc]l[NY5nK]l\poc,TY e X XZYiXZ\ e Q;·Y;7np[c]_YZT\ e YiXZYiX$[7Y e e \p e ngXR=]lYEnp ^lo ngo ]lYEn; \;b.TE·'npR
Yi]l]npRnRUzc\ e T=TWY e X XZYEX\ e Q;·Yp¤np[c]lY$T\ e YiXZYEX¤[NY e T e ng^l]_Y e RC\ e mi\pXZXZY e m^ang]aRijzcYcngTn;RUYiT
z7npRTW\[NY e nTWzY e ]an e pYp·S[cbcT¡oc\gTzSbc;Yp·RW^_o7mY^¸T=RUzc\;bc]a e Y8Y9m¢TTzcYmb ee Yio3T RhT{nTWY\pTzcYm{zngoocYi]
[ e
\3npcmEnpRUTE¡jzcYcnT{npRWYT=^lR¡TWzcY
e
Yi\
e
Y$.QSonpXZ^lm¤^¸Tz S^lcYi\5cngTn)m\pXZ^loc5^lo npoy\;b.TE·
e
YERWbc]¸T^_o
^lo n)S^a.Yi\KcngTn;RUYiT\pn,RW\pXZYiz7nTqm\po7RhT{ngo3TRU^C;iY;ZjzYZmi\poRUT
e
ng^lo3TR=\poTWzY3^a.YE\,nTn;RUYiTn
e Y
o\gTnpRzn
e
n;R¦^lo /_r;r21zcY
e
Y¡TzcYqcnT{npRWYTXZnDQ
e
\ YEo.]lYERRU]lQp YCY9RhT^_XngTWY=TWzngTnRW^<;EYC\prEv;v
T\Z|pvpv¤zc\pb
e
RRUz\pbc]a[NY=©n
e
TWznpo)YEoc\pbpz\
e
\pb
e
cb
e
N\;RWYp 3 \Yi;Y
e
·gTWzY=
e
Y9m^aRUY=Ying]lbngTW^l\po5\p
TzcYcngTnpRWYT RW^<;EYqngo5TWzcYcQ3o7ngXZ^lmbNcngTWYq\p%TWzYcnT{npRWYT n
e
Y]_YiT\
e
b.Tb
e Y e YERWYEn
e
m{z%
£ XZ\ e YC\ e ^lp^lonp]7m\;oRUTe ng^lo;T^lRTzcY`;bY e QRU^C;iY;'£¡]_XZ\3RhTng]l]O e YES^_\;bR\ e ¯m\;oRU^a.Y e Y9ZTWzcYq`3bcY e Q
T\)[NYn)RWXng]l]m]l^_s Õo\;b e m\po3TYkSTE·TzcYZ`;bY e QK^lRqn)]_^lpYS^lcYi\,RhT e Y9ngX \ e n e Y9ng]l]_Q,]an e pY¤S^a.Yi\
7]_YK¨1|g)z\pb e R¡^lo e n;m¢T^lmiY9®¢ZPS\pXZYocYi e \p[c]lYiXR=YiXZY e pY;·RUbm{z npR¡TWYEXZ7\ e np](RUYEpXZYio3TngTW^l\poy\p
TzcY`3bcY e Qp·7ngo^lXN\;RWYRW\pXZYqzn e )TW^lXZY¤m\;oRhTe np^_o3T{R¦\;o,XZngTm{zc^locZTh\Z3^a.YE\RUYEpXZYio3TREjzcY9RUY
mi\poRUT e ng^lo3TRCRUzc\;bc]a e Y9RUb]¸T=^_on e \.mYERR¡np[c]lYTW\)zngo7.]_YZn)|gzc\;b e R=`3bcY e QKng3ng^loRhT=n)|gv;vzc\;b e R
e YY e YEomYcngTnpRWYT^loKn e nTzcY e RWzc\ e TTW^lXZYp
C+% = ± 5 µ ¶ µ ± ±3´
9¦\;oRW^l.Y e TWzcY$ e \p[c]lYiX zcY e YnZS^l.YE\ e Y9m\ e .Y9e \pX TWYE]_YES^lRW^_\;o,znpRT\[NY^_o7.Yk.YEsjzc^aR¡n eT^
mi]_YZ.\SYER=oc\pTmi\poRW^a.Y e TWzcYzc\;]_Y^_o7.Yk.^loc)XZY9m{zngoc^aRWX·OTzcY e Y9np.Y e ^aR e YiY ee Y9,TW\ /|;| 1'\ e TWz^lR
b e N\;RWYp·;[cb.T\poc]lQ¤TzcYCcYTWY9m¢T^_\;o\g e YiNYTW^_TW^l\po7Ri·3^1Yp'^a.Yio3T^¸QS^loczc^am{zn e T{R\gTzc^lRS^l.YE\znD;Y
np]e YEn;.Q5[NYiYEoy[ e \;n;cmin;RhTYE,ngoy[7YE]_\;ocTW\n e YY e Yio7mYS^a.Yi\cnT{npRWYT$¨1#s¥C®¢jzcY$S^l.YE\TW\)[7Y
^lo.Yik.YE^aR(TzcY`;bY e Qp·SngonqThQ3^lmEng]O`;bY e QZRW^C;iY \p|z\pb e R(^aR¦n;RWRWbcXZYETWz e \pbc;zc\pbcT(TWzcYn e TW^am]lYp
jzY #%¥C ^lRn;RWRWbcXZYE5TW\Z[NYrEvpv$T\|pvpv$zc\pb e RE
jzY e RUT e \p[c]lYiX ^lRT\.YoYTWzcYYE]_YEXZYio3TR\;oz^lm{zTWzYm\pXZn e ^aRW\po5^l]l]s[7YqNY e \ e XZYE·^1Yp
7oynTYiXZN\ e ng]'RUYEpXZYio3TngTW^l\po\ e [N\gTWz TWzcY`3bcY e Qnpo,TzcY#%¥C TWzngTnp]_]l\ RT\XnT{m{z RUXnp]_]
S^a.Yi\RWYi;XZYio3TR'^_TWzc\;b.TNY
e
\
e
XZ^_ocn=b]_]7]_^locYEn
e
RWYEn
e
m{z^_oTWzY #s¥=¤SPSYEmTW^l\po5|.lrYk.c]ang^loRzSQ
RWzc\pTRWYi;XZYio3TngTW^l\po5^aR n
e
YEnpRW\po7ng[c]lQZp\S\.)m{zc\;^lmiYp
jzY m
e
bm^ang]RUTWYE^lRTWzcY¡m{z\p^amY\gNTWzYYEngTWb
e
YER'T\
e
YE
e
YERWYio3T(ngo^lXZnppY;jzcY¡`3bnp]_^_ThQ$npooSbcX¤[NY
e
\p%Y9nTWb
e
Y9R\gm\pb
e
RWY=cYiYi]_Q^lXZnpmTTWzcYqYi§NY9m¢T^_SocY9RWR[cbcT¡ng]aRU\
e
^_;YER¦TWzY
e
YiT
e
^_YEDnp]m\pXZc]lYk.^_ThQp
xy\;RUT
e
YES^_\;bR¦\
e¯ \poTWzc^aRqT\pc^am /lrprg·~crg·¦rE~41¦©nDp\
ee
\p[cb7RhT¤.Y9RWm
e
^l.T\
e
R\
e
.Y9RWm
e
^l.T\
e
RC^_TWz
X$bc]_TW^lc]_Y,Y9nTb
e
Y9Ri·RU\;XZYTW^lXZYERZ\;oc]_Qm\;Xb.TWY9\;o¯;YiQ3
e
ngXZYERE ¡o.\
e
TWbonTYi]lQ TWzcY9RUYycYERm
e
^_
T\ e RpYEocY e nTYz^_;z.^_XZYEoRU^l\po7ng](RWnpmiYERq^lo zc^lm{z RWYEn e m{z^lR¤pY eQ c^¸mb]¸TT\K7Y e \ e X,£ ]_Y9RWR
N\pbc]ln e RU\;]_b.T^_\;oy^aR=TW\,m{zc\S\;RWY$nRU^locp]lYoc\po ¾e \p[cbRUTC[b.T.^lRm e ^lX^longTW^loccYERm e ^_.T\ e ·Ozc^lm{zminpo
[NYZYEn;RU^l]_QyRWYEn e m{zYEyb7RU^locznpRWz\ e ]_\S\p¯ bcyT{ng[c]lYERE·%RWbm{zn;R=^_o$/Ë|g~.·%|D" 1GZCYERWc^¸TYTWzcYYEnp¯3oYERR
\pTWzcY.YERm e ^_cTW\ e TWzcY9RUYXZYiTWzc\.cRminpo oc\pocYiTWzcYE]_Y9RWR e Y9npm{z zc^lpz Yi§NY9m¢TW^lpYEocYERR[SQbRW^_ocyTWYiXZN\
e ng]^lo.\ e XnTW^l\po X\ e YY§OYEmTW^lpYE]_QTWz7ngoyTzcYZ\gTzcY e R¡XZYiTWzc\.cRE¤jzc^aR=]lngTUTWY e RW\p]lb.T^_\;o ^aR¡TzcYX\3RhT
RWbc^_TWY9KTW\\pb e mi\po3TWYik3T9jzcYZ.YERm e ^_cTW\ e ·N\ e RU^lpongTWb e Yp·O^aR=[cbc^l]¸T=\ e YEn;m{zyS^lcYi\e ngXZY$e \;X TWzcY
]l\ e Y9`;bYiomiQ)m\SYimi^_YEo3TRC\gTWzYC^lRm e YTY:9¦\3RU^locY$j e ngoRU\ e X ¨1 9j ®sPSYEmTW^l\po|c|5.YT{ng^l]lR¡TWzcY
RW^lpongTWb e Y=mi\poRUTe bmTW^l\pos
jzYqocYkST¡RUTWYi^aRTW\.YiocYnpon e m{zc^_TWY9m¢Tb e Y=\ e TWzcYRUTW\ e nppYngo eYiT e ^_YEng]G(£ RU^lpongTWb e Y=^lRb7RUY9
n;Rn,¯pYEQyT\ n,znpRWzTnp[c]_YTW\ e YT e ^lYipYZTzcY5RWzc\gT¤mi\po3Tnp^_o^_oc,Tzc^aR¤RW7Y9m^_7mRW^_;onTb e Y;PSY9m¢T^_\;o ~
Yik.c]lnp^_o,Tzc^aR¡cngTng[7npRWYq\ e ;ngo^lRnT^_\;osP.YEm¢T^_\;oK5.YiocYER¡zc\BTW\5cYEm^a.YqTznTCTWzcY e YiT e ^_YEpYE,RWzc\gT
^aRTWzY e YE7YiTW^_TW^l\po,\gTWzcY`3bcY e Q;
&5'¬Z%¤( i
5# ' % # #& '(
£ e RUT¡^aRWRWbcY^aRT\5.YiocYqTzcYYi]lYiXZYEo;T{R \;oKzc^lm{z,TzcY¤mi\pXZn e ^aRU\;o)^l]_][NY7Y e \ e XZY9 ÕoKX\3RhT
eYE3^l\pb7R e Y9RUY9n e m{zcYERE·9TWzcY¡`3bcY eQ¤^lR(nqRWXng]l]cXngoSbnp]_]lQ¤RWYipXZYEo;TYEm]l^_%·3n=oc\pTng[]_YYik.miYi.T^_\;oZ[7YE^_oc
\p]lQ /lrpr21¾ Õo,YEn e]lQ\ e ¯SRE·STWz^lR mi]_^l,^lRmi\pXZn e Y9T\ZTWzcY #%¥C RWYE`3bcYEo;T^lnp]_]lQp·^1Yp'TzcY¤.^aRhT{ngomiY^lR
mi\pXZcb.TYEnTqYi;Y e QN\;RRW^_[c]lY7\3RU^_TW^l\poR=^loyTzcY #s¥C$sjzc^aR^lRCTzcYZon87GpY$XYiTWzc\.ngoyTWzc^aR^aRC\p
mi\pb e RWY=o\gT Ymi^_YEo;T YEpYEo)^_TWzyn e nTWzY e RWXZnp]_]cnT{npRWYTE(£ TWYiXZN\ e ng]sRWYi;XYEo3TnT^_\;o)\p[N\gTz,TWzcY
`3bcY e Q Bngo7,TWzcY #s¥= ^l]l]zYi]lKTW\.YoY¤TzcYERWY¤YE]_YEXYEo3TRC\gm\;XZn e ^lRW\poKn;R¡Yi]l]n;R zcYE]_ TWzcY
RWYEn e m{z)[SQ5.Y7oc^_onRUT e bmTWb e Y\po)TWzcYRUTe YEnpX zc^am{zmEngozcYi]lTWzcYRWYEn e m{z) e \.miYERRi
P.zc\gT¦RWYi;XZYio3TngTW^l\po^lR¦nqp\S\.Zmingo7.^lnTWY[NYEmEngbRWY ^_T^aR`3bc^_TWY bco7m\pXZXZ\poZ^loZTWYE]_YE3^aRW^_\;o[ e\3npcmEnpRUT
T\YE.^_T'TWzcY RWzc\gT{RTWzcYEXZRWYi]lpY9Ri'£RUz\gT^lRTzSbRm{zc\;RWYionpRTWzY[npRW^lm¦bcoc^_T\ ee YEmi\p;oc^¸T^_\;os%£¡oc\gTzcY e
e\;7Y e ThQy^aRqTznT¤TWzcY7n eTW^_TW^l\po m e YEngTWYE[SQyTzcY5RWzc\gT¤RWYi;XZYio3TngTW^l\po ^lR¤n, e RhT¤RUT e bm¢Tb e Y\gTWzcY
RUT e YEnpX,jzc^aR(7n e TW^_TW^l\poZ^lR¦RhT^_]l]NnDQqT\S\ e YEm^aRWYTW\Xng¯;Y¡RWYioRWYe \;Xnp]l\p[np].7\;^_o3T¦\p3^lYiq·;[cb.T
TzcYp]l\p[7ng](RUT
e
bm¢Tb
e
YmEngo [7YZ\;bco [SQyXZY
e
p^locKRWzc\gT{Ri5jz^lRq^aRqnpmTWbnp]_]lQn;Y
e
Qy7\;cbc]an
e
^a.YEn
/lrg·S|c·S|g}.·7ri 1Ongo
e
\pY9RTW\q[NY¡nqpY
e
Q¤Y§OYEm¢T^_;Y nDQ\gOoc^_oc$RWmiYiocY9R\
e
RUT
e
bm¢Tb
e
YER^lonS^l.YE\
P.zc\gTRUYEpXZYio3T{nTW^l\po ^aRbco.\
e
TbconTYi]lQ oc\gTnyNY
e
YEmT
e
\.mY9RWRngo^_on;mimib
e
n;m^lYER¤X^lpz3TngcNYEn
e ·
[b.T$Tzc^aR¤^aRoc\gTZm
e
^¸T^lmEng]G ¾T^lR^lXN\
e
Tnpo3T¤\
e
TWzcY,RWzc\gTZRUYEpXZYio3TngTW^l\poo\gT¤T\ XZ^aRWR$^_XZN\
e
Tnpo;T
[N\pbocn
e
^lYER]_^l¯pYm\pXZXZY
e
m^ang];Yioc^_oc=\
e
[N\pbcon
e
^_Y9Rs\gNn
e
YiNYEnTYE$RUYEpXZYio3TE 3 \YipY
e
·RWzc\gT{R%XnDQ
[NYXZ^lRRUY9\
e
©np]lRWYi]lQ.YiTWYEmTWY9^lon¤YEngTWb
e
Y¡7]_X ^_TWz\pb.T ngoSQ`3bnp]_^_ThQ]_\3RWR
e
\pX¬TzcY
e
YEmi\p;oc^¸T^_\;o
N\p^lo3Tq\g3^lYiqjzcYZXZ\;RUTqocYiY9.YEY9nTWb e Y\ e TzcYRWzc\gTRWYipXZYEo;T{nT^_\;o ^aR^¸T{R e YE7Y9nT{ng[c^l]_^_ThQp·%^1Yp
^a.YEo;T^lmEng]S^a.Yi\3R[ e \3npcmEnpRUTWY95nT .^_§OY e Yio3TTW^lXZYERX$bRhTznD;Y=TWzcYRngXZYRUzc\pT¡RUYEpXZYio3T{nTW^l\po%
£¬RUTnpocn e ng]lp\ e ^_TWzX[npRWYE\po n;cng.T{nT^_;Y$Tz e YERWzc\p]a.^loc,\g]_bX^lonpomYzc^aRUTW\p e npX[n;RUY9 \;o
/Ë|gu 1¦^aR¤m{zc\3RUYEos·^_TWz^_XZ e \pYEXYEo3TRT\ .YTYEmT.^aRWRW\p]lpY9Rqngo©n;.YEREyjzcY5np]_;\ e ^¸TzcX ^aR e \;[cbRUT
YEoc\pbpzTW\y;^_;YRWngTW^_©npm¢T\ e Q e YERWbc]_TRq\;o npoSQ ¯S^_o7 \gS^l.YE\,e \;X c^¸§OY e Yio3TqTWYE]_YES^lRW^_\;om{zngoocYi]aRi·
^_TWz\pb.T¡npo3QTWz e YERWzc\p]acRXZ\..^¸NminT^_\;oRE
! '( # #
CY7oc^_oZTWzcY¤RW^lpongTWb
e
YC^aRTzcYXZ\;RUT ^_XZN\
e
Tnpo;Tn
e
T \pTzcYng]lp\
e
^_TWzX !Cb
e
m{zc\p^amY^aRTW\cYocY
nRW^lX]_Y;·c\pocY c^_XZYio7RU^l\po,.YERm e ^l.TW\ ee ngTWzcY e TWznpo,[cbc^l]l.^locnmi\pXZc]lYkRWYT \p'cYERm e ^_.T\ e Rzc^am{z