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A Call for an Abductive Reasoning Feature in OWL-Reasoning Tools toward Ontology Quality Control

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A Call for an Abductive­Reasoning Feature in  OWL­Reasoning Tools toward Ontology Quality Control

Michael Bada1, Chris Mungall2, Lawrence Hunter1

1 University of Colorado Denver, Department of Pharmacology, MS 8303, RC­1 South,  12801 East 17th Avenue, L18­6400A, P.O. Box 6511, Aurora, CO  80045, USA

{mike.bada | larry.hunter}@uchsc.edu

240C Building 64, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab,  1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA  94720, USA

[email protected]

   It is widely touted that OWL reasoners are able to improve the quality of ontologies  by making new inferences from and detecting inconsistencies among the assertions  that have been explicitly stated in the ontologies.  These reasoner actions are based on  standard deductive reasoning, which operates on the principle that assertions inferred  from premises that are assumed to be true also must be true.  Deductive reasoning is  similarly the basis for OBO­Edit, the primary ontology­management tool of the Open  Biomedical Ontologies (OBO), the most prominent and highly used set of ontologies  in the biomedical domain.

    OBOs have typically been created modularly and with informal, natural­language  definitions; this is largely due to the fact that they are mostly developed by different  groups (and have varying levels of funding, which partly accounts for the varying  levels of quality among the OBOs).  There have been recent efforts to formalize and  link the disparate ontologies, and there is now an extensive effort within the OBO  Consortium to create formal definitions  of the component terms using more atomic  terms.   Running a deductive reasoner over these so­called cross­product definitions  has resulted in improved ontology quality, usually in the form of inferred is_a links  among terms.   This has the added effect of aligning the linked subject and object  terms; thus, the inferred  is_a links point to what we refer to as nonalignments, in  which either the subject terms are subsumptively linked and the object terms are not,  or vice versa.   We have additionally noticed that a form of abductive reasoning not  currently widely used has also proven useful in aligning linked terms and thus further  improving ontology quality.   First, as an example of a nonalignment that can be  deductively detected:

Class(positive regulation of hydrolase activity  complete

  biological_process

  restriction(regulates some hydrolase activity)) Class(ATPase activator activity 

complete

  molecular_function

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  restriction(regulates some ATPase activity)) and the subsumption:

SubClassOf(ATPase activity   hydrolase activity)

an  is_a  link   is   inferred   between   the   defined   terms,   thus   pointing   to   the  nonalignment:

SubClassOf(ATPase activator activity

 positive regulation of hydrolase activity) On the other hand, given the initial necessary and sufficient definitions:

Class(coenzyme binding complete

  molecular_function

  restriction(results_in_binding_of some coenzyme)) Class(FAD binding

complete

  molecular_function

  restriction(results_in_binding_of some FAD)) and the subsumption:

SubClassOf(FAD binding   coenzyme binding)

an is_a link is not inferred between the object terms, thus missing the nonalignment:

SubClassOf(FAD coenzyme)

   This is, of course, correct OWL behavior.  We have found in practice, however,  that almost all occurrences of these types of nonalignments point to problems among  the linked subject and object terms and that the subject and object terms should be  aligned   in   the   large   majority   of   cases.     (That   is,   they   should   either   both   be  subsumptively linked or both not subsumptively linked.)  In a study of nearly 8,000  OBO cross­product definitions, 38.8% of nonalignments detected rely upon this type  of   abductive   reasoning   (http://compbio.uchsc.edu/Hunter_lab/Bada/ 

nonalignments_2008_08_08.html).   Thus, we assert that a “button” for this type of  reasoning   is   needed   in   ontology­management   tools,   analogous   to   the   classifying  button that operates in tools such as Protege­OWL.  This type of abductive reasoning  probably should not by default be enabled, but we assert this analysis of links and  identified nonalignments would significantly improve ontology quality.

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