Fire tests of wood door assemblies

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Fire tests of wood door assemblies

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NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL O F CANADA DIVISION O F BUILDING RESEARCH

FIRE TESTS O F WOOD DO0 R ASSEMBLIES b y M. Galbreath F i r e Study No. 36 of the Division of Building R e s e a r c h 0 TTAWA M a y 197 5

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FIRE TESTS O F WOOD DOOR ASSEMBLIES by

M. Galbreath

ABSTRACT

Standard F i r e T e s t s to ASTM E l 52 w e r e conducted on 26 solid c o r e and particleboard c o r e wood doors i n wood and s t e e l f r a m e s in o r d e r to investigate the behavior of a typical suite door and to develop a door a s s e m b l y having a 20-min fire-protection rating.

ESSAIS SUR LA RESISTANCE AU FEU DIUN ASSEMBLAGE DE PORTE EN BOIS

SOMMAIRE

Des e s s a i s standard de rCsistance au feu jusquf% ASTM E l 5 2 ont CtC menCs s u r 26 p o r t e s de bois

%

2me

massive e t \a 2me dsagglomCrC, dans d e s c a d r e s de bois e t d l a c i e r , afin dlCtudier l e comportement dlune porte typique de chambre e t dlClaborer un assemblage de porte dont l e degrC de protection contre l e feu atteindrait 20 minutes.

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F l R E TESTS O F WOOD DOOR ASSEMBLIES by

M.

Galbreath

1

The National Building Code of Canada has for many y e a r s required that doors in f i r e separations have a f i r e protective rating. T h e r e has been an exception in that for c e r t a i n applications, such a s entrance d o o r s to s u i t e s , no f i r e t e s t was required for a solid c o r e wood door in a wood frame. The 1970 edition of the National Building Code including revision s e r i e s No. 2 required a 20-min f i r e protective rating for door a s s e m b l i e s other than the solid c o r e wood door a s s e m b l i e s in those locations where the solid c o r e wood door had traditionally been accepted. The committees on the National Build- ing Code, wishing to reconsider the exemption f r o m t e s t granted to the solid c o r e wood door assembly, asked for information on the performance of these a s s e m b l i e s to establish whether such a door assembly could be expected to provide a 20-min f i r e protective rating. The Division of Building R e s e a r c h h a s therefore conducted a s e r i e s of 26 f i r e t e s t s of solid c o r e wood door a s s e m b l i e s in accordance with the provisions of the Standard Method of F i r e T e s t of Door Assemblies ASTM E152-72. 2

Solid c o r e wood d o o r s and particleboard c o r e d o o r s 1 3/4 in. thick w e r e purchased on the open market and may be regarded a s typical of the d o o r s being produced in Canada a t this time. The d o o r s w e r e installed in wood and s t e e l f r a m e s mounted in wood stud walls. Details of the t e s t

specimens and r e c o r d s of observations made during the t e s t s a r e given in Appendix A.

It i s not possible to assign a f i r e r e s i s t a n c e to a door itself. The performance in the Standard T e s t depends on the contribution of, and inter

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relationship between the door, the f r a m e and the hardware. As will be s e e n f r o m the r e c o r d of t e s t s of door a s s e m b l i e s , if the solid core wood door assembly i s to attain the 20-min f i r e protective rating, attention must be paid to the manufacture of the door and to the details of i t s installation in the wall.

TESTING PROCEDURE

---

The f i r e endurance t e s t s w e r e c a r r i e d out in accordance with ASTM E l 52-72. The furnace t e m p e r a t u r e was measured by nine s y m m e t r i c a l l y distributed thermocouples enclosed in Inconel tubes 13/16 in.

0.

D. and a 0.035-in. wall thickness. The tubes w e r e equipped with a carbon s t e e l cap a t the tip. The hot junction of the thermocouples was placed

6

in. away f r o m the exposed s u r f a c e of the specimen. Both the individual t e m p e r a t u r e s a t the nine points of the furnace and the average of the nine t e m p e r a t u r e s w e r e recorded. The fuel input to the furnace was controlled to make the average t e m p e r a t u r e follow the p r e s c r i b e d t e m p e r a t u r e v e r s u s time curve.

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The t e s t s t a n d a r d r e q u i r e s that the c l e a r a n c e between door and f r a m e be 3/31 in.

+

1/16 in. a t top and s i d e s and 3/16 in.

2

1/16 in. a c r o s s the bottom. T e m p e r a t u r e r i s e on the face of the door is not considered to be a c a u s e f o r failure. C r i t e r i a for f i r e p e r f o r m a n c e a r e that the door r e m a i n in the openihg during the f i r e endurance t e s t and the hose s t r e a m t e s t within the following limitations:

The movement of swing d o o r s s h a l l not p e r m i t any portion of the edges to move f r o m the o r i g i n a l position m o r e than the thickness o: the d o o r during the f i r s t half of the classification period nor m o r e than 1 1/2 t i m e s the thickness during the e n t i r e classification period.

An a s s e m b l y consisting of a single swinging door s h a l l not s e p a r a t e m o r e than 1/2 in. a t the l a t c h location.

T h e t e s t a s s e m b l y s h a l l have withstood the f i r e endurance t e s t and hose s t r e a m t e s t without developing openings anywhere through the a s s e m b l y , except that s m a l l portions of g l a s s dislodged by the hose s t r e a m s h a l l not be considered a weakness.

EXAMINATION O F CORES - - -

-

-- -

During the f i r e t e s t s e r i e s i t was found that f a i l u r e o c c u r r e d on s e v e r a l occasions a s a r e s u l t of f o r m a t i o n of holes through the door. T h i s type of f a i l u r e appeared to be a s s o c i a t e d with the p r e s e n c e of gaps in the c o r e exceeding the 1/16 in. that is specified i n CSA Standard 0132.2. 3

A number of d o o r s w e r e exposed i n the f i r e t e s t f u r n a c e to t e m - p e r a t u r e s on one s i d e up to 2 0 0 ° F and w a r m a r e a s on the nonexposed f a c e w e r e identified by use of a n i n f r a r e d s c a n n e r . I t proved difficult to obtain p r e c i s e information using this technique because of the t r a n s i t o r y n a t u r e of the phenomenon and b e c a u s e the p r e s e n c e of knots w a s indistinguishable f r o m the p r e s e n c e of gaps. Some indication w a s , however, obtained of the location of possible weak points.

T h e r e v e r s e f a c e s of s o m e d o o r s w e r e planed off to expose the c o r e material. F i g u r e 1 shows the f a c e of a door with lines m a r k e d on to indicate the p r e s e n c e of w a r m a r e a s identified by the i n f r a r e d s c a n n e r . F i g u r e 2 shows the r e v e r s e s i d e of the s a m e door a f t e r the facing had been planed off. F i g u r e 3 c o m p a r e s the r e s u l t s of the i n f r a r e d s c a n with the p r e s e n c e of

m a j o r gaps and knots in the core. A p a r t of another door in F i g u r e 4 shows in m o r e d e t a i l the principal gaps which w e r e f r o m 1/16 in. to 1/8 in. wide. In a l l of the solid c o r e d a o r s built of n a t u r a l wood s t r i p s the c o r e m a t e r i a l w a s cedar. T h i s i s a low density wood having a s p e c i f i c gravity of about 0.29 which may be compared with ponderosa pine, 0.38, and doilglas f i r , 0.45.

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T h i s m a y be of s o m e s i g n i f i c a n c e as t h e d e p t h of p e n e t r a t i o n o f c h a r would b e e x p e c t e d t o b e g r e a t e r f o r w o o d s of l o w e r density, o t h e r f a c t o r s b e l n g e q u a l . T h i s m a y a c c o u n t i n p a r t f o r t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d i n t h i s series of tests w i t h t h o s e o b t a i n e d b y ~ i c k n e r ~ of U , S . F o r e s t P r o d u c t s L a b o r a t o r y i n t e s t s of s o l i d c o r e wood d o o r a s s e m b l i e s i n w h i c h m o r e d e n s e - c o r e wood w a s e m p l o y e d . T h e t e m p e r a t u r e o n t h e u n e x p o s e d s u r f a c e 0 1 e a c h d o o r w a s m c a s u r e c l b y t h r c e t h e r m o c o u p l e s l o c a t e d o n t h e v e r t i c a l c e n t r e l i n e a t t h e c e n t r e a n d q u a r t e r p o i n t s of t h e d o o r and c o v e r e d w i t h s t a n d a r d a s b e s t o s p a d s 6 in. s q u a r e a n d 0. 4 in. thick. T h e p o s i t i o n of t h e s e t h e r m o c o u p l e s i s s h o w n i n F i g u r e 5. T e m p e r a t u r e s r e c o r d e d a r e s h o w n i n t h e g r a p h s r e f e r e n c e d f o r e a c h t e s t i n A p p e n d i x A. B e c a u s e of t h e s h o r t d u r a t i o n of f i r e e x p o s u r e ( 2 0 m i n ) a n d t h e h e a t c o n t r i b u t e d b y t h e b u r n i n g of t h e e x p o s e d wood s u r f a c e s , it is d i f f i c u l t to k e e p c l o s e to t h e s t a n d a r d t i m e t e m p e r a t u r e c u r v e . It c a n b e s e e n t h a t i n o n e t e s t w h e r e t h e f u r n a c e t e m p e r a t u r e s w e r e l o w t h r o u g h o u t t h e p e r l o d of f i r e e x p o s u r e (4A) t h e f i r e p e r f o r m a n c e of t h e a s s e m b l y w a s s i g n i f i c a n t l y b e t t e r . T h i s s u g g e s t s t h a t c l o s e c o n t r o l o f f u r n a c e t e m p e r a t u r e s m a y b e i m p o r t a n t if t e s t s a r e to b e r e p r o d u c i b l e . P R E S S U R E D I F F E R E N C E S P r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e s a c r o s s d o o r s w e r e n o t m e a s u r e d f o r e a c h t e s t b u t g e n e r a l l y f o l l o w e d t h e s a m e p a t t e r n . W i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n of t h o s e p e r i o d s w h e n t h e b u r n e r s c u t b a c k , t h e p r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e s a c r o s s t h e d o o r s a v e r a g e d a p p r o x i m a t e l y -0. 5 mm w a t e r g a u g e at t h e t o p of t h e d o o r , -1.2 mm w a t e r g a u g e i n t h e c e n t r e , and -2. 3 mm w a t e r g a u g e at t h e b o t t o m . D u r i n g p e r i o d s w h e n t h e b u r n e r s w e r e o f f , w h i c h o c c u r r e d g e n e r a l l y b e t w e e n 2 t o 4 m i n a f t e r t h e start of t h e test, t h e p r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e d e c r e a s e d at t h e b o t t o m a n d r e v e r s e d d i r e c t i o n at t h e t o p of t h e d o o r . P E R F O R M A N C E IN T H E

FIRE

T E S T S I t i s e v i d e n t f r o m t h e r e p o r t s of t h e t e s t s t h a t h a v e b e e n c o n d u c t e d o n wood d o o r a s s e m b l i e s by o t h e r l a b o r a t o r i e s t h a t t h e f i r e p e r f o r m a n c e clcpcnds not o n l y o n t h e b e h a v i o r of t h e i n d ~ v i d u a l c o m p o n e n t s , d o o r , f r a m e anti I)al tlwai.c, b u t a l s o o n t l ~ e i n t c r a c l i o n I,ctwcen t h c l r l . T h c a p p r o a c h t a k c n i n t h i s s e r i e s w a s l o a t t e m p t to i d c n t i f y , b y a s e r i e s o f e x p l o r a t o r y f i r e t e s t s , t h c s i g n i f i c a n t f a c t o r s a n d to e l i m i n a t e p r o g r e s s i v e l y t h e w e a k p a r t s o f t h e a s s e m b l y .

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Six t y p e s o f f a i l u r e in wood d o o r a s s e m b l i e s e x p o s e d to t h e s t a n d a r d f i r e test c a n b e r e c o g n i z e d : - f o r m a t i o n of a h o l e t h r o u g h t h e d o o r , - f o r m a t i o n of a h o l e b e t w e e n d o o r a n d f r a m e , - f o r m a t i o n o f a h o l e a d j a c e n t to a h i n g e ,

-

f o r m a t i o n of a h o l e a d j a c e n t to t h e l a t c h s e t ,

-

o p e n i n g of t h e d o o r i n t o t h e f u r n a c e , - f o r m a t i o n of a h o l e t h r o u g h t h e t r i m b e t w e e n d o o r f r a m e a n d w a l l . T h e t i m e s t o f a i l u r e by e a c h of t h e s e c r i t e r i a a r e s u m m a r i z e d i n T a b l e VII, 1. F o r m a t i o n of a H o l e T h r o u g h t h e D o o r 5 T h e C S A s p e c i f i c a t i o n f o r wood d o o r s d e s c r i b e s t h r e e t y p e s o f c o r e f o r a s o l i d c o r e wood d o o r :

-

n a t u r a l wood c o r e s g l u e d t o t h e f a c i n g m a t e r i a l b u t n o t to e a c h o t h e r ,

-

n a t u r a l wood c o r e s g l u e d t o e a c h o t h e r a n d t o t h e f a c i n g m a t e r i a l , a n d

-

wood p a r t i c l e b o a r d m a n u f a c t u r e d c o r e s w i t h e d g e s t r i p s o f n a t u r a l wood, W h e r e t h e n a t u r a l wood c o r e p i e c e s a r e n o t g l u e d t o e a c h o t h e r t h e C S A s p e c i f i c a t i o n p c r m i t s g a p s i n t h e c o r e n o t e x c e e d i n g 1/16 i n . In wood d o o r s o f t h i s t y p e o b t a i n e d o n t h e o p e n m a r k e t , g a p s w e r e found to e x c e e d t h i s l i m i t ( s e e F i g u r e 2). I n T a b l e I a r e s h o w n t h e t i r n e s a t w h i c h c h a r m a r k s f i r s t a p p e a r e d o n t h e u n e x p o s e d s u r f a c e o v e r g a p s i n t h e c o r e a n d t h e t i m e a t w h i c h h o l e s f i r s t a p p e a r e d f o r t h o s e d o o r s t h a t had n a t u r a l wood c o r e s . O n e o f t h e s e d o o r s , No. 8 A , had e d g e g l u e d c o r e p i e c e s a n d p r e s u m a b l y no g a p s . A n o t h e r , N o . 13A, w a s s p e c i a l l y p r o d u c e d b y t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r i n a n a t t e m p t t o e l i m i n a t e g a p s o v e r 1/16 in. wide. I n d o o r 11A t h e r e w a s a n e a r l y f o r m a t i o n of a h o l e a t 8 m i n . T h i s c a n b e e x p l a i n e d i n p a r t b y t h e f a c t t h a t t h e l a t c h c y l i n d e r w a s d i r e c t l y i n t h e c e n t r e of a w i d e g a p a n d t h e i n i t i a l h o l e s o c c u r r e d o v e r t h e g a p i m m e d i a t e l y a b o v e a n d b e l o w t h e l a t c h c y l i n d e r . If t h i s d o o r is n e g l e c t e d h o l e s t h r o u g h t h e d o o r s o c c u r r e d a t 11 m i n and o v e r i n 6 t e s t s a n d i n 5 d o o r s , t w o of w h i c h a r e a s s u m c d t o b e of b e t t e r q u a l i t y , no s u c h f a i l u r e o c c u r r e d d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d o f f i r c e x p o s u r e , 21 m i n . 2. F o r m a t i o n o f a H o l e B e t w e e n D o o r a n d F r a m e W l i c l - c a wood d o o r i s i n s t a l l e d i n a wood f r a m e , d e s t r u c t i o n o f t h e wootl s u r f a c e s t a k e s p l a c e i n t h e g a p b e t w e e n d o o r a n d f r a m e l e a d i n g t o t h e I'orl-rlaiion o f a hole d i r e c t l y t h r o u g h t h e a s s e m b l y . I n T a b l e I1 t h e t i m e s

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a t which holes appeared between door and f r a m e a r e summarized. F o r door a s s e m b l i e s without any s p e c i a l t r e a t m e n t holes o c c u r r e d at, 1 3 and 1 5 min. F o r door a s s e m b l i e s in which the edge of the door and the edge of the f r a m e w e r e given two coats of a n intumescent paint listed by Under- w r i t e r s 1 Laboratories of Canada,

'

failure o c c u r r e d on only one occasion, No. 13A a t 18 min. It was observed, however, that the coat of intumescent paint was very thin and subsequent application of a blow t o r c h to undamaged portions of the s u r f a c e showed little o r no intumescence.

F o r a wood door installed in a s t e e l f r a m e a hole between d o ~ r and f r a m e was recorded a t 17 min (door 10B) but this particular point of

failure o c c u r r e d immediately beside a hole over a gap in the core that developed at the s a m e time ( s e e Figure A-60, Appendix A). D o ~ r 10A, without intumescent paint, showed no signs of failure between door and f r a m e a t 21 min.

3. Formation of a Hole Adjacent to a Hinge

The o c c u r r e n c e of a hole close to a hinge a p p e a r s to be due in

p a r t to conduction of heat through the m e t a l to the wood surface. A secondary effect of holes beside the hinges is that the s c r e w s holding the door may

fail allowing the door to f a l l f r o m the frame. A hole beside a hinge o c c u r r e d in door 7B a t 14 min ( s e e Table 111). This was, however, a particleboard c o r e door that had a significant gap between the c o r e m a t e r i a l and the narrow wood style. In door 1B a hole was observed a t 1 5 min, bat for other doors with n o r m a l installation no failure o c c u r r e d in 20 min. Asbestos paper was installed under hinges in a number of a s s e m b l i e s and no holes o c c u r r e d when this precaution was taken in 6 doors. 4. Formation of a Hole a t the Latch Set

The times when holes f i r s t appeared a t the latch s e t a r e shown in Table IV. T h r e e types of latch s e t w e r e used:

a standard duty latch s e t having 318-in. latch throw, and a d r u m - shaped cylinder closely fitted to the hole drilled through the wood door,

a standard duty latch s e t having a 1/2-in. latch throw and in which the cylinder was spool-shaped leaving a gap between cylinder and wood,

a heavy duty latch s e t having a 1/2-in latch throw and in which the cylinder was drum-shaped and of heavier metal than in the other latch sets.

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In s o m e of the doors asbestos paper was wrapped around the cylinder to protect the wood f r o m heat transmitted through the latch set. As can be s e e n f r o m Table IV, for doors in wood f r a m e s both with and without asbestos paper, the minimum time to the o c c u r r e n c e of a hole through the door was 19 rnin with the exception of door 11A in which a gap in the c o r e contributed to e a r l i e r failure. T h e r e was a l s o a hole through door 3A at 16 min. This was in a s t e e l f r a m e assembly, and the hole occurred over the b a r r e l of the latch s e t between the knob and the edge of the door.

5. Opening of Door into Furnace

Tables V and VI show the t i m e s of failure by opening of door into the furnace. In door a s s e m b l i e s incorporating s tee1 f r a m e s failure due to warping of the f r a m e o c c u r r e d in 2 and 3 min. Where this was prevented by adequate blocking between f r a m e and stud wall, and using latch s e t s with 112-in. throw, no f a i l u r e o c c u r r e d in 20-min exposure.

In a s s e m b l i e s incorporating wood f r a m e s and latches having 318-in. throw, in the initial t e s t s no door assembly lasted m o r e than 17 min. In door a s s e m b l i e s having latch s e t s with 112-in. throw, f a i l u r e o c c u r r e d between 11 rnin and 20 rnin because of f a i l u r e of the s c r e w s holding the s t r i k e plate to the f r a m e . Corrective m e a s u r e s such a s use of 1/4-in. a s b e s t o s cement board under the s t r i k e and 1 114-in. s c r e w s w e r e effective in ensuring that the latch s t r i k e did not fail in 21 min. In two door a s s e m b l i e s , 11A and 11B, the s t r i k e plate held but the door opened during the hose s t r e a m because the latch cylinder fell out of the door. In another door a s s e m b l y , 12B, the particleboard door twisted and fell out of the f r a m e during the hose s t r e a m though the s t r i k e plate stayed i n place.

6 .

Formation of a Hole Through the T r i m

Where s t e e l f r a m e s were used t h e r e was no indication of possible penetration between f r a m e and wall because the f r a m e overlaps the gypsum wallboard wall membrane. With wood f r a m e s t h e r e i s a gap between f r a m e and studs covered on each face by wood t r i m which may be only 5/16 in. thick. Holes developed through the t r i m over an unprotected gap between f r a m e and d o o r s 4A and 4B at about 22 min. In other wood door a s s e m b l i e s m i n e r a l wool insulation was included between door f r a m e and studs.

P a r t i c l e b o a r d Core Doors

_--

Only t h r e e t e s t s w e r e conducted on a s s e m b l i e s that included

particleboard cores. In each of these the c o r e was extruded and contained horizontal 1 -in. d i a m e t e r tubular holes a t about 1 1/2 in.

,

on c e n t r e , in the middle of the door. In door 6A failure of the f r a m e did not p e r m i t the

(10)

contribution of the c o r e to be a s s e s s e d . In d o o r s 7B and 12B f a i l u r e at about 15 min appeared to be caused by warping of the door allowing a hole to develop a c r o s s the top between door and frame.

MINIMUM

REQUIREMENTS FOR A DOOR ASSEMBLY

--

WITH 20-MIN FIRE PROTECTIVE RATING

It a p p e a r s f r o m the r e s u l t s of this s e r i e s of t e s t s that c e r t a i n f e a t u r e s in the design of a wood door assembly a r e e s s e n t i a l if a 20-min f i r e protective rating i s to be achieved. These a r e :

The solid c o r e door should be without gaps exceeding 1/16 in. and should conform to the provisions of CSA 0132.2, Wood Doors, for a n e x t e r i o r grade solid c o r e door having natural

wood c o r e s t r i p s .

A wood f r a m e should be of pine o r m o r e dense wood with a 1/2-in. rebate to provide the door stop.

A s t e e l f r a m e should be of 16 ga s t e e l having four U-shaped anchors 18 ga thick on each jamb a s described in UL 63-1968 Standard for Steel Door F r a m e s .

7

When a wood door is installed in a wood f r a m e s o m e precautions should be taken to minimize the possibility of penetration between door and f r a m e . This may be achieved by application of intumescent painb to the edge of door o r frame. B r i t i s h and Belgian

studies ' suggest that keeping the gap between door and f r a m e to a minimum i s a l s o beneficial. It is noted in the B r i t i s h study that with gaps up to 118 in. between door and f r a m e it i s not possible to satisfy the integrity r e q u i r e m e n t s for 20 min and it i s suggested that an intumescent paste inserted in a groove on the edge of the door can be effective f o r up to 30 min.

The s t r i k e plate fastened to a wood f r a m e should be protected to e n s u r e that it will hold for the period of f i r e expasure. This can be done by the insertion of asbestos cement board under the s t r i k e plate, o r by the use of t h r e e 1 1/4-in. s c r e w s to anchor the s t r i k e plate.

A s t e e l f r a m e should be s e c u r e d against warping. In a wood stud wall this can be done by use of wood blocking tightly fitted against the inside of the frame. The U-shaped wood stud anchors normally used bend under the s t r e s s e s imposed by the rapid heating of the f r a m e during exposure to the standard test. In a masonry wall the usual p r a c t i c e of filling between f r a m e and masonry with cement m o r t a r should prevent any movement of the frame.

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T h e l a t c h s e t should comply with the provisions of CGSB

69

G P 4a-1968 Standard f o r Lock and L a t c h S e t s B o r e d Standard I3utylo and have a l a t c h throw of a t l e a s t 112 in.

A number of additional m e a s u r e s appear to improve f i r e p e r f o r m a n c e but the r e s u l t s of the s e r i e s of t e s t s suggest that they may not be e s s e n t i a l f e a t u r e s . F u r t h e r investigation may prove that with a w e l l designed i n s t a l - lation these additional p r o c e d u r e s may be avoided. T h e s e a r e :

Additional protection to the l a t c h s e t by u s e of a s b e s t o s paper wrapped around the cylinder. T h e effectiveness of this m e a s u r e a p p e a r s to depend on the design of the l a t c h cylinder. In a

numbel; of t e s t s without the use of a s b e s t o s p a p e r a 20-min f i r e protective r a t i n g w a s achieved.

Additional protection to the hinges by use of a s b e s t o s paper between hinge and wood. T h i s a p p e a r s t o r e d u c e the probability of holes o c c u r r i n g a t this point, but t h e r e w e r e e x a m p l e s of hinges without this protection w h e r e no holes developed in 20- m i n f i r e exposure.

A d d ~ t i o n a l protection of the s p a c e between wood f r a m e and stud. P e n e t r a t i o n at t h i s point depends on the n a t u r e and thickness of the t r i m . Careful specifications may eliminate the need to f i l l the s p a c e with m i n e r a l wool though this does a p p e a r to l i m i t the possibility of penetration through the t r i m ,

COMPLIANCE WITH CONDITIONS O F STANDARD TEST

---

--

Two door a s s e m b l i e s i n this s e r i e s c a n b e c o n s i d e r e d a s having met a l l of the conditions of the Standard Method of F i r e T e s t of Door A s s e m b l i e s , ASTM E152-72, f o r a f i r e protective r a t i n g of 20 min. T h e s e a r e :

Door A s s e m b l y 10A: Solid c o r e wood door in a s t e e l f r a m e . T h e door r e m a i n e d in place d u r i n g f i r e e x p o s u r e and application of the hose s t r e a m . Following the hose s t r e a m , a hole of about 3/4 s q in. in a r e a w a s o b s e r v e d b e s i d e the knob.

Door Assembly 12A: Solid c o r e wood door in a wood f r a m e . The door r e m a i n e d in place d u r i n g f i r e e x p o s u r e and application of the hose s t r e a m . A hole beside the l a t c h s e t w a s o b s e r v e d a t 21 min. A c o r r e c t i o n of -0. 8 min i s applicable to this time. Following the hose s t r e a m the a r e a of the hole w a s about 1 112 s q in.

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T h r e e door assemblies met the conditions of the Standard Method of F i r e T e s t of Door Assemblies, ASTM E152-72 during a period of 20 min except for the development of s m a l l holes through the

assembly.

These a r e :

Door Assembly 10B: Solid core wood door in s t e e l frame. The door remained in place during f i r e exposure and application of the hose s t r e a m except that a hole through the door was observed a t 17 min. Following the hose s t r e a m the a r e a of the hole was about 1 112 s q in.

Door Assembly 13A: Solid core wood door in wood frame. The door remained in place during f i r e exposure and application of the hose s t r e a m except that holes developed between door and f r a m e a t 18 min. Following the hose s t r e a m the a r e a of the holes was about 3 114 sq in.

Door Assembly 13B: Solid core wood door in wood frame. The door remained in place during f i r e exposure and application of the hose s t r e a m except that a hole developed beside the knob at

1 9

min. Following the hose s t r e a m the a r e a of the hole was about 2 sq in.

REFERENCES

---

1 Plational Building Code of Canada 1970. Associate Committee on the National Building Code, National R e s e a r c h Council of Canada, Ottawa.

2. Standard Method of F i r e T e s t of Door Assemblies, ASTM E152-72, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa.

*

3. Standard for Wood Doors CSA 0132.2-1967, Canadian Standards Association.

4. Schafer E. L., Charring Rate of Selected Woods--Transverse to Grain. U.S. Department of Agriculture, F o r e s t Service, F o r e s t Products Laboratory, Madison, W i s .

,

April 1967.

5 Eickner,

He

W., F i r e Resistance of Solid Core Wood Flush Doors. F o r e s t Products Journal, Vol. 23, No. 4. April 1973.

6. List of Equipment and Materials. Vol. 11. Building Construction. Underwriters' Laboratories of Canada, 7 Crouse Road, Scarborough, Ontario.

7. F i r e Door F r a m e s . U. L. 63, Underwriters Laboratories Inc., Chicago, Illinois.

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8. M o r r i s , W. A.

,

An Investigation into the F i r e Resistance of T i m b e r Doors. F i r e R e s e a r c h Note No. 855, January 1971. Dept. of the Environment and F i r e Offices1 Committee, Joint F i r e R e s e a r c h

Organization, F i r e R e s e a r c h Station, Borehamwood, Herts.

,

England. 9. La r 6 s i s t a n c e au feu d e s ClCments de construction, Centre Scientifique

e t Technique de l a Construction, rue de l a Violette 5, 1000 Bruxelles, December 1971.

10. Standard f o r Lock and Latch Sets: Bored, Standard Duty CGSB 69-GP

(14)

Table I

FORMATION O F HOLE THROUGH DOOR

Char Hole

Door Observed Through

Identification On S u r f a c e , Door, Notes

----

-

m in min

--

Hole o c c u r r e d o v e r gap on c e n t r e line of l a t c h cylinder

P a r t i c l e b o a r d c o r e

Door that had edge glued c o r e

Door specially manufactured to avoid gaps in c o r e

F i r e endurance period c o r r e c t e d a s r e q u i r e d by ASTM

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Table I1

FORMATION O F HOLE BETWEEN DOOR AND FRAME

Edge of Door o r F r a m e Door and Finished with

Door F r a m e Intumescent

Identification Untreated, Paint,

- min min

-

Wood F r a m e s

---

Steel F r a m e s

--

10B Notes

--

P a r t i c l e b o a r d c o r e door that showed e a r l y signs of warping Intumescent paint was very thin

The hole between door and f r a m e o c c u r r e d close to a hole through the door ( s e e Table 1)

(16)

Table I11

FORMATION O F HOLE CLOSE TO HINGE

Standard A s be s tos Door Installation P a p e r P l a c e d Identification of Hinges, Under Hinges,

---

min

_-

min _-- Wood F r a m e s

---

7B

14 S t e e l F r a m e s

--

I OA 1 OB Notes P a r t i c l e b o a r d c o r e door Door opened at 19 min ( s e e Table V) P a r t i c l e b o a r d c o r e door Intumescent paint coat w a s thin F u r n a c e t e m p e r - a t u r e s w e r e below s t a n d a r d c u r v e

(17)

Table IV

FORMATION O F HOLE AT LATCH S E T

Cylinder Cylinder

Installed Installed Type

*

Without With o f Door A s b e s t o s A s b e s t o s L a t c h Identification P a p e r , P a p e r , Set min min Wood F r a m e s S t e e l F r a m e s

---

3A Notes Hole o c c u r r e d o v e r gap in c o r e ( s e e Table I) L a t c h s e t f e l l out during hose s t r e a m F u r n a c e t e m p e r a t u r e s w e r e below s t a n d a r d c u r v e Hole o c c u r r e d between knob and edge of door One in. d i a m e t e r hole above knob a f t e r hose s t r e a m

::< _{Latch s e t s 11 and 1 3 had d r u m type cylinders fitted c l o s e l y to}

hole in door. Latch s e t 12 had spool-type cylinder leaving a s p a c e between cylinder and wood.

(18)

Table V

DOOR OPENED INTO FURNACE (Wood F r a m e s )

Door Opened, min

Door Identification

-

3/8

-

in. Latch Throw 1/2-in. Latch Throw 1/2-in. a t Strike Latch P l a t e

Throw Reinforced Notes

Strike plate held but latch fell out ( s e e Table I).

Strike plate held but latch fell out.

Strike plate observed to be f r e e a f t e r test. Door fell f r o m f r a m e during hose s t r e a m .

F u r n a c e t e m p e r a t u r e below standard curve.

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T a b l e VI

DOOR OPENED INTO FURNACE (Steel F r a m e s )

Door Opened, min

3/8-in. 1/2-in.

Door Latch Latch

Identification

-

_-Throw Throw Notes

F r a m e w a r p e d , f r a m e w a s r e s t r a i n e d only by s t e e l a n c h o r s

F r a m e w a r p e d , f r a m e w a s r e s t r a i n e d by a n c h o r s and wood blocking but not s uffi-

ciently tight fitting

F r a m e warped

2 ₁

+

a:C F r a m e r e s t r a i n e d by s t e e l

a n c h o r s and tight fitting wood blocking

F r a m e r e s t r a i n e d by s t e e l a n c h o r s and tight fitting wood blocking

(20)

Table VII

SUMMARY OF FIRE PERFORMANCE OF DOOR ASSEMBLIES

T i m e of Failure* in Minutes

D u e to:

Door Identification

*

20+, 21t means no failure occurred up to listed t i m e .

0, .b

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I

Figure 1. Solid core wood door marked to indicate warm spots.

Figure 2. Reverse side of

door shown in Figure 1 with I

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3/8" BUT DOES NOT

PENETRATE CORE

+/3211

KNOT

F I G U R E

3 S O L I D C O R E W O O D D O O R 2 ' 8 "

x

6 ' 8 " x

1 3 / 4 " .

C O M P A R I S O N O F H O T SPOTS

O N FACE DETECTED BY

I N F R A RED S C A N N E R ( D O T T E D L I N E S ) W I T H G A P S I N

C O R E M E A S U R E D AFTER F A C I N G

O N REVERSE S I D E

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Figure 4. Part of solid core wood door with facing

(24)

D O O R B

F I G U R E 5

L O C A T I O N O F T H E R M O C O U P L E S O N U N E X P O S E D F A C E

(25)

APPENDIX A

REPORTS O F STANDARD FIRE TESTS ON DOOR ASSEMBLIES

P a r t A. Description of Products and M a t e r i a l s U s e d i n T e s t s

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-

A3

-

A. DESCRIPTION O F PRODUCTS AND MATERIALS USED IN TESTS

I t e m 1. F l u s h door: e x t e r i o r g r a d e , 1 314 in. t h i c k by 2 f t 8 in. by 6 ft 8 in. s a i d to c o n f o r m with CSA 0 1 3 2 . 2 , Standard f o r Wood D o o r s .

C o r e : c e d a r s t r i p s glued t o facing plywood but not to e a c h o t h e r .

Facing: b i r c h v e n e e r plywood, paint g r a d e , glued to c o r e . All t h e d o o r s of t h i s type w e r e obtained o n t h e o p e n m a r k e t . I t e m 2. F l u s h door: a s d e s c r i b e d i n I t e m 1 but p r o d u c e d e s p e c i a l l y f o r

t h e t e s t s e r i e s , c a r e being t a k e n t o e n s , u r e t h a t g a p s i n the c o r e did not e x c e e d the w6-in. l i m i t d e s c r i b e d i n

CSA 0132.2.

I t e m 3. F l u s h door: e x t e r i o r g r a d e , 1 314 in. t h i c k by 2 f t 8 in. b y

6

f t 8 in. s a i d to c o n f o r m to CSA 0 1 3 2 . 2, Standard f o r Wood Doors.

C o r e : c e d a r s t r i p s glued t o e a c h o t h e r and t o f a c i n g plywood. Facing: b i r c h v e n e e r plywood, paint g r a d e , glued t o c o r e . T h e s e d o o r s w e r e obtained o n o r d e r a s t h e y w e r e not r e a d i l y

available.

I t e m 4. F l u s h d o o r : e x t e r i o r g r a d e , 1 314 in. t h i c k by 2 f t 8 in. by

6

f t 8 in.

C o r e : e x t r u d e d p a r t i c l e b o a r d c o r e i n two p a n e l s e a c h having 1 -in. d i a m e t e r t u b u l a r holes aligned horizontally.

Edge: a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 112-in. wide pine s t r i p s o n a l l f o u r edges.

Facing: b i r c h v e n e e r plywood glued to c o r e . The c o r e was i n s t a l l e d i n two p i e c e s with a h o r i z o n t a l joint n e a r mid -height

.

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I t e m 5. Wood f r a m e : white pine f r a m e o u t of 1 518-in. m a t e r i a l with *-in. r e b a t e f o r door.

I t e m

6.

Wood frame: pine f r a m e o,ut of 1 5/8-in. m a t e r i a l with 1-in. r e b a t e for door.

I t e m 7. Wood f r a m e : pine f r a m e out of 1 5/8-in. m a t e r i a l with l/2 -in. r e b a t e f o r door and l/8 -in by l/2 -in. s tee1 plate held in place in r e b a t e with 1-in. wood s c r e w s a t 12 -in. o. c. I t e m 8. Wood f r a m e : o a k f r a m e o u t of 1 5/8-in. m a t e r i a l with 112-in.

r e b a t e f o r door.

I t e m

9.

Steel f r a m e : 16 ga s t e e l f r a m e having four

U

-shaped s t r a p anchors 18 ga on e a c h jamb ( F i g u r e A -1). W O O D - S

n

3 / 8 " M I N . 1 - 1 M A X . T O S U I T W A L L S U R F A C I T H I C K N E S S F I G U R E A 1 T U D A N C H O R SPOT WE 0 N A I L H O L E S 7 / 6 4 " M A X . A N C H O R F O R STEEL F R A M E S ( B A S E D O N F I G . 36 O F FIRE D O O R F R A M E S , NO. U L 6 3 C H I C A G O , A U G U S T 1 9 6 1 )

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I t e m 10. I t e m 11. I t e m 12. I t e m 13. I t e m 14. I t e m 15. I t e m 16. I t e m 17.

Hinges: t h r e e s t e e l hinges 3 112 in. by 3 l/2 in. by l/l6 in.

fastened to door and wood f r a m e by 1 l/4-in. wood s c r e w s . Latch set: bored l a t c h s e t having a l a t c h throw of 3/8 in. The

cylinder i n these l a t c h s e t s is approximately the s a m e d i a m e t e r a s the hole formed in the door to r e c e i v e the l a t c h set.

L a t c h set: bored latch s e t said to m e e t CGSB 69-GP-4.a 20-9 -68 Standard f o r Lock and Latch S e t s , Bored,

Standard

Duty,

having a l a t c h throw of l/2 in. These l a t c h s e t s have a cylinder reduced i n d i a m e t e r s o t h e r e is a s p a c e between the cylinder and the hole i n the door f o r m e d to take the latch set.

Bored l a t c h s e t said to m e e t CGSB 69-GP-3 24-10-61 Standard f o r Lock and Latch S e t s , Bored, Heavy Duty, having a latch throw of 1/2 in. The cylinder in these l a t c h s e t s is approximately the s a m e d i a m e t e r a s the hole formed in the door to r e c e i v e the l a t c h s e t .

Asbestos paper: 10 lb1100 s q f t , 0.028 in. thick. Asbestos cement board: 114 in. thick.

Intumescent paint: applied in two coats to a total cover of about 240 s q f t p e r gallon.

Wood stud wall ins tallation

The d o o r s w e r e tested i n wood o r s t e e l f r a m e s mounted s o a e to ewing into the furnace. The f r a m e s w e r e installed in framing designed to simulate a typical wood stud partition a s follow's :

A brick o r concrete block wall was built into the concrete t e s t f r a m e leaving two openings approximately 4 ft 6 in. wide by 7 f t 6 in. high. Into these openings wood framing was installed using 1 518-in. by 3 518-in. wood s t u d s

( E a s t e r n s p r u c e ) with double studs on e a c h s i d e of the door opening ( s e e F i g u r e A-2). The wall was faced on each s i d e with 518-in. thick type X gypsum wallboard fastened to the s t u d s by 1 l/4-in. gypsum wallboard nails. The f r a m i n g was secured to the m a s o n r y by s t e e l bolts, t h r e e on each side s e t into the m o r t a r joints and passing through the studs. A cushion of c e r a m i c f i b r e was

(29)

(30)

provided between t h e stud and the m a s o n r y to p r e v e n t p a s s a g e of hot g a s e s t h r o u g h t h e a s s e m b l y at t h i s point. S h o r t lengths of wood stud (2 in. b y 4 in. nominal) w e r e fitted horizontally between t h e s t u d s a t about t h e mid -height of t h e wall.

W h e r e wood f r a m e s w e r e u s e d , t h e s e w e r e i n s t a l l e d i n t h e stud opening, s p a c e d out f r o m the s t u d s by t h r e e p a i r s of wood wedges o n e a c h s i d e of the f r a m e . Door t r i m 2

518 in. b y

7/16

in. was applied to c o v e r t h e joint between f r a m e and studs.

W h e r e s t e e l f r a m e s w e r e used t h e s e w e r e i n s t a l l e d i n t h e opening b e f o r e t h e g y p s u m wallboard w a s applied. E a c h s t e e l f r a m e was s e c u r e d by f o u r wood stud a n c h o r s ( s e e F i g u r e A-1) f a s t e n e d by 1 @-in. c o m m o n n a i l s to e a c h f a c e of t h e wood s t u d s .

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B. DETAILED DESCRIPTION O F DOOR TESTS

Door T e s t No. 1

D e s c r i p t i o n of t e s t s p e c i m e n

a ) A wood stud wall was installed i n t h e t e s t f r a m e a s d e s c r i b e d i n i t e m 17 (section A ).

b) Two wood d o o r f r a m e s a s d e s c r i b e d i n i t e m 5 w e r e built into t h e stud walls. The s p a c e between f r a m e and s t u d s was filled with m i n e r a l wool insulation i n d o o r a s s e m b l y A only ( s e e F i g u r e s A - 3 and A-4).

c ) D o o r s A and B w e r e a s d e s c r i b e d i n i t e m 1.

d ) Hinges and l a t c h e s w e r e a s d e s c r i b e d i n i t e m s 10 and 11.

e ) C l e a r a n c e between d o o r and f r a m e w a s 3/32 in. a t top and s i d e s and 3/16 in. a t bottom.

O b s e r v a t i o n s d u r i n g f i r e exno s u r e a ) On unexposed s i d e : 2 rnin 8 rnin

9

rnin 10 rnin 11 rnin 12 rnin 13 rnin 14 rnin 15 rnin

-

T o p of d o o r A c h a r r e d ( F i g u r e A-5).

-

Glow v i s i b l e a t bottom l e f t c o r n e r d o o r B.

-

Glow visible between top of d o o r B and f r a m e and a t bottom l e f t c o r n e r d o o r A.

-

Glow v i s i b l e between top of d o o r A and f r a m e ( F i g u r e A - 6 ) .

-

Glow v i s i b l e on upper l e f t s i d e of d o o r B between d o o r and f r a m e .

-

Glow visible on upper r i g h t s i d e of door A between d o o r and f r a m e .

- O n e i n c h wide opening along t o p of both d o o r s between d o o r and f r a m e .

-

Hole between d o o r and f r a m e a t bottom l e f t c o r n e r of d o o r B.

-

Holes between d o o r and f r a m e a t top and s i d e s i n the upper half o f both d o o r s , a t b o t t o m l e f t of d o o r s A and B and a t bottom r i g h t of d o o r B n e a r t h e hinge point ( F i g u r e A-7).

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16 rnin

-

F l a m i n g g e n e r a l l y between d o o r and f r a m e along

top and s i d e s i n t h e u p p e r half o f both d o o r s . Door A beginning to w a r p into f u r n a c e a t t o p l e f t ( F i g u r e A-8).

b) O n f i r e - e x p o s e d side:

1

rnin

-

A l l e d g e s of trim burning. 1 l/2 rnin

-

F a c e s of both d o o r s burning.

3 rnin

-

F u r n a c e out. No f l a m i n g o n d o o r f a c e s . F l a m i n g along e d g e s of both d o o r s .

6 rnin

-

T o p and s i d e s of both d o o r s flaming. 8 rnin

-

S m a l l p i e c e s of t r i m falling off.

13 rnin

-

T r i m c o m p l e t e l y off on bottom half of d o o r B. The t e s t was t e r m i n a t e d a t 16 rnin and the f l a m e s o n t h e d o o r s w e r e extinguished by a fine w a t e r s p r a y . T h e d o o r s w e r e c h a r r e d to a d e p t h of a b o u t 3/4 in. f r o m the exposed f a c e ( s e e Fi'gures

A - 9

and A-10). The condition of t h e f i r e -exposed and unexposed f a c e s of the d o o r s is shown i n F i g u r e s A-11 and A-12, The condition o f the f r a m e s following f i r e e x p o s u r e i s shown i n $ i g u r e A-13.

F u r n a c e t e m p e r a t u r e

A v e r a g e f u r n a c e t e m p e r a t u r e s r e c o r d e d d u r i n g the t e s t a r e shown i n F i g u r e A -14 and c o m p a r e d with t h e s t a n d a r d t i m e - t e m p e r a t u r e c u r v e . T h e deviation f r o m t h e s t a n d a r d c u r v e i n deg -min was -482.22 deg-min. The c o r r e c t i o n a c c o r d i n g t o ASTM E l 19 w a s -0.3 min. A v e r a g e and m a x i m u m t e m p e r a t u r e s r e c o r d e d f o r t h e t h e r m o c o u p l e s o n the f a c e of the d o o r s a r e shown i n F i g u r e s A-15 and A-16.

Door T e s t No. 2

a ) A wood stud wall was i n s t a l l e d i n t h e t e s t f r a m e a s d e s c r i b e d i n i t e m 17.

b) Two s t e e l d o o r f r a m e s a s d e s c r i b e d i n i t e m 9 w e r e built into t h e stud walls. T h e s t u d s w e r e notched t o t a k e the s h e e t s t e e l a n c h o r s ( s e e F i g u r e A-17). T h e s p a c e between f r a m e and s t u d s i n d o o r a s s e m b l y B was filled with m i n e r a l wool insulation.

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e ) C l e a r a n c e between door and f r a m e was 3/32 in. a t top and s i d e s , 3/16 in. a t bottom.

O b s e r v a t i o n s d u r i n g f i r e e x p o s u r e

Door A opened into t h e f u r n a c e a t 2 rnin d u e to warping o f f r a m e . T e s t t e r m i n a t e d ( s e e F i g u r e A-18).

The s t e e l a n c h o r s i n both f r a m e s buckled, allowing the f r a m e s to s p r e a d a t t h e height of t h e latch.

Door T e s t N o . 3

D e s c r i ~ t i o n of t e s t s ~ e c i m e n

a ) A wood stud wall was i n s t a l l e d i n t h e t e s t f r a m e a s d e s c r i b e d i n

i t e m 17.

b) Two s t e e l d o o r f r a m e s a s d e s c r i b e d i n i t e m

9

w e r e built into t h e stud walls. D o o r f r a m e A w a s r e s t r a i n e d by wood blocking i n s t a l l e d between f r a m e and s t u d s above and below t h e l a t c h s t r i k e and between t h e hinge points. Door f r a m e B was r e s t r a i n e d by a 2-in. by 4-in. stud s e t i n a g a i n s t the f r a m e . B e c a u s e of t h e p r e s e n c e of stiffening p l a t e s f o r hinges and l a t c h s t r i k e t h e 2-in. b y 4-in. was n o t i n d i r e c t c o n t a c t with the f r a m e a t all points.

c ) D o o r s A and B w e r e as d e s c r i b e d i n i t e m 1.

d) Hinges and l a t c h e s w e r e a s d e s c r i b e d i n i t e m s 10 and 11.

c ) C l e a r a n c e between d o o r a t f r a m e was 5/32 in. a t top and s i d e s ,

1/4 in. a t bottom.

O b s e r v a t i o n s d u r i n g f i r e exDosure On unexposed s i d e :

12 m i n

-

Door B opened into t h e f u r n a c e .

13 m i n

-

C h a r r i n g o c c u r r e d around l a t c h s e t door A.

16 m i n

-

F l a m i n g o c c u r r e d a t hole t h r o u g h d o o r A between l a t c h s t r i k e and knob.

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The t e s t was t e r m i n a t e d a t 16 m i n ( s e e F i g u r e A -19) and the f l a m e s o n t h e d o o r s w e r e extinguished by a fine w a t e r s p r a y . F a i l u r e was a s s u m e d to have o c c u r r e d a t 16 m i n with f o r m a t i o n of a hole

t h r o u g h t h e d o o r b e s i d e the latch.

F u r n a c e t e m ~ e r a t u r e

A v e r a g e f u r n a c e t e m p e r a t u r e s r e c o r d e d d u r i n g the f i r e e x p o s u r e a r c shown i n F i g u r e A-20 and c o m p a r e d with t h e s t a n d a r d t i m e -

t e m p e r a t u r e c u r v e . The deviation f r o m t h e s t a n d a r d c u r v e was -135. 00 d e g - m i n . The c o r r e c t i o n to be applied to the f i r e e n d u r a n c e t i m e was -0.1 min.

A v e r a g e and m a x i m u m t e m p e r a t u r e s r e c o r d e d o n t h e unexposed f a c e a r e shown i n F i g u r e s A-21 and A-22.

Door T e s t No. 4

a ) A wood stud w a l l w a s i n s t a l l e d i n t h e t e s t f r a m e a s d e s c r i b e d i n i t e m 17.

b ) The wood d o o r f r a m e f o r d o o r a s s e m b l y A was a s d e s c r i b e d i n i t e m 5. The wood d o o r f r a m e f o r d o o r a s s e m b l y B was a s d e s c r i b e d in i t e m 7.

c ) D o o r s A and B w e r e a s d e s c r i b e d i n i t e m 1 e x c e p t t h a t s t e e l s t r i p s l/2 in. by l/8 in. w e r e s e t into the f a c e of d o o r B ( s e e F i g u r e A-2 3).

d ) Hinges and l a t c h e s w e r e a s d e s c r i b e d i n i t e m s 10 and 11. e ) C l e a r a n c e s between d o o r and f r a m e i n d o o r a s s e m b l y A w e r e

5/32 in. a t the top, 5/32 in. o n t h e hinge s i d e , 3/32 in. o n t h e l a t c h s i d e and 7/32 i n . on the bottom. In d o o r a s s e m b l y

B

c l e a r a n c e s w e r e 5/32 in. a t t h e top, 4/32 in. o n t h e s i d e s and 7/32 in. o n t h e bottom.

f ) I n t u m e s c e n t paint a s d e s c r i b e d i n i t e m 16 was applied to t o p and

s i d e edges o f d o o r A.

O b s e r v a t i o n s d u r i n g

_-

_--- fire e x p o s u r e On unexposed s i d e :

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5 rnin

-

S t e a m and s m o k e continuing to c o m e f r o m top of d o o r B.

6 rnin

-

F l a m e s c o m i n g f r o m top of d o o r B.

12 rnin

-

Glow v i s i b l e o n l e f t and r i g h t s i d e s of d o o r B between d o o r and f r a m e .

1 8 rnin

-

Door B opened into f u r n a c e . L a t c h no l o n g e r holding.

22 rnin

-

Hole t h r o u g h trim o n both d o o r a s s e m b l i e s . C h a r m a r k s a p p e a r i n g o v e r weak points i n d o o r A ( s e e F i g u r e A-24).

26 rnin

-

Hole t h r o u g h d o o r A ( s e e F i g u r e A-25). 28 m i n - T e s t t e r m i n a t e d .

The t e s t was t e r m i n a t e d a t 28 min. Door B f e l l f r o m the f r a m e when the f u r n a c e was pulled back. F l a m e s w e r e extinguished by a f i n e w a t e r s p r a y . Following t h e t e s t d o o r A had a hole t h r o u g h the d o o r a t the b o t t o m r i g h t c o r n e r and s e v e r a l c h a r m a r k s o n the f a c e indicating the p r e s e n c e of g a p s i n the c o r e ( s e e F i g u r e A-26).

A v e r a g e f u r n a c e t e m p e r a t u r e s r e c o r d e d d u r i n g the f i r e e x p o s u r e a r e shown i n F i g u r e A-27 and c o m p a r e d with the s t a n d a r d t i m e -

t e m p e r a t u r e c u r v e . T h e d e v i a t i o n f r o m t h e s t a n d a r d c u r v e w a s -2358. 9 d e g - m i n e The c o r r e c t i o n t o b e applied to the f i r e e n d u r a n c e was -1.5 min. A v e r a g e and m a x i m u m t e m p e r a t u r e s r e c o r d e d on t h e unexposed f a c e a r e shown i n F i g u r e s A - 2 8 and A-29.

D o o r T e s t No. 5

a ) A wood stud wall w a s i n s t a l l e d in t h e t e s t f r a m e a s d e s c r i b e d i n i t e m 17.

b) Two wood d o o r f r a m e s w e r e b u i l t into the stud wall. The f r a m e f o r d o o r a s s e m b l y A was a s d e s c r i b e d i n i t e m 6. The f r a m e f o r d o o r a s s e m b l y

B

was a s d e s c r i b e d i n i t e m 8. T h e s p a c e between f r a m e and s t u d s was filled with m i n e r a l wool

insulation.

c ) D o o r s A and B w e r e a s d e s c r i b e d i n i t e m 1.

e ) C l e a r a n c e s between d o o r and f r a m e i n d o o r a s s e m b l y A w e r e 5 / 3 2 in. a t t h e top, l/8 in. o n t h e hinge s i d e , 5/32 in. on t h e

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l a t c h s i d e and 7/32 in. o n t h e bottom. I n d o o r a s s e m b l y B the c l e a r a n c e s w e r e 5/32 in. a t t h e top, 5/32 in. o n t h e s i d e s and 7/32 in. o n t h e bottom.

O b s e r v a t i o n s d u r i n g f i r e e x p o s u r e

1 rnin

-

S m o k e and s t e a m coming f r o m top of both d o o r s .

8 rnin

-

Door A bowed i n to furnace. Gap between f r a m e and l a t c h s i d e of door i n c r e a s i n g .

L

0

rnin F l a m i n g f r o m l e f t s i d e of d o o r A.

11

l/2

rnin

-

Door A opened into f u r n a c e ; l a t c h no l o n g e r holding.

1 3 min

-

F l a m i n g a t t o p o f d o o r B.

1 5 rnin

-

Door B opened into f u r n a c e ; l a t c h no l o n g e r holding. 1 5 rnin

-

T e s t t e r m i n a t e d .

The t e s t w a s t e r m i n a t e d at 15 rnin and t h e f l a m e s on t h e d o o r s w e r e extinguished by a fine w a t e r s p r a y . T h e condition o f the d o o r s

following the t e s t is shown i n F i g u r e A-30. F u r n a c e T e m ~ e r a t u r e

A v e r a g e f u r n a c e t e m p e r a t u r e s r e c o r d e d d u r i n g t h e t e s t a r e shown

i n F i g u r e A-31 and c o m p a r e d with t h e s t a n d a r d t i m e - t e m p e r a t u r e c u r v e .

T h e deviation f r o m t h e s t a n d a r d c u r v e w a s -2539.4 deg-min. The c o r r e c t i o n a c c o r d i n g to ASTM El19 was -0.7 rnin. A v e r a g e and

m a x i m u m t e m p e r a t u r e s r e c o r d e d f o r t h e t h e r m o c o u p l e s o n t h e f a c e of t h e d o o r s a r e shown i n F i g u r e s A-32 and A-33.

Door T e s t No.

6

a ) A wood stud wall w a s i n s t a l l e d i n t h e t e s t f r a m e a s d e s c r i b e d i n i t e m 17.

b) Two s t e e l f r a m e s a s d e s c r i b e d i n i t e m 9 w e r e built into t h e stud

wall. Wood blocking w a s fitted into t h e backs of t h e f r a m e s with cutouts to c l e a r t h e p l a t e s behind hinges and l a t c h s t r i k e . O b s e r v a t i o n following the t e s t showed t h a t t h e r e was l/4 in.

c l e a r a n c e between blocking and f r a m e s o n e a c h s i d e of both door a s s e m b l i e s .

c ) Door A w a s a s d e s c r i b e d i n i t e m 4 and weighed 33 kg (73 lb), A p p a r e n t d e n s i t y of c o r e plus plywood facing w a s

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indicated a horizontal joint a t about l/3 the height of the door. Door

B

was a s d e s c r i b e d i n i t e m 1. I n f r a r e d examination of the door indicated a weak ,point in the top half of the door n e a r the centre.

d) Hinges and latches w e r e a s d e s c r i b e d in i t e m s 10 and 11. The cylinders of the l a t c h s e t s w e r e wrapped around with a s b e s t o s paper a s d e s c r i b e d in i t e m 14.

e) C l e a r a n c e s between door and f r a m e f o r both a s s e m b l i e s w e r e

3/32 in. a t top and s i d e s , 3/10 in. a t bottom.

Observations during f i r e exposure On unexposed side:

3 m i n

-

Door A opened into furnace due to bending o f f r a m e . F l a m e s coming f r o m top of door

B,

3 min

-

T e s t terminated.

The t e s t was terminated a t 3 min and the f l a m e s on the d o o r s were extinguished by a fine water s p r a y . The condition of the f i r e exposed f a c e is shown i n F i g u r e A-34. It can be s e e n that the plywood f a c e is

partly destroyed on both doors. Examination of door B showed c o r e pieces splayed along the edges in the location indicated by the i n f r a r e d scanner.

Door T e s t No. 7

Description of t e s t specimen

a ) A wood stud wall was installed in the t e s t f r a m e a s described in i t e m 17.

b) Two wood door f r a m e s a s d e s c r i b e d i n i t e m 5 w e r e built into the stud wall. The s p a c e between f r a m e and studs was filled with m i n e r a l wool insulation in both door a s s e m b l i e s .

c) Door A was a s d e s c r i b e d in i t e m 1. Door B was a s d e s c r i b e d in i t e m 4. Door A was warped, being l/4 in. out of s t r a i g h t m e a s u r e d f r o m c o r n e r to c o r n e r , and under i n f r a r e d

examination showed a weak point i n the upper half n e a r the c e n t r e of the door. Door B under i n f r a r e d examination showed the p r e s e n c e of a horizontal joint a t the top third of the door face. Edges of both d o o r s were finished with intumescent paint a s d e s c r i b e d in i t e m 16.

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C y l i n d e r s of l a t c h s e t s i n both d o o r s w e r e wrapped a r o u n d with a s b e s t o s p a p e r a s d e s c r i b e d i n i t e m 14.

e ) C l e a r a n c e s between d o o r and f r a m e i n both d o o r a s s e m b l i e s w e r e 3/32 in. a t top and s i d e s and 3/16 in. at bottom.

O b s e r v a t i o n s d u r i n g f i r e exDosure O n unexposed face: 2 rnin 6 rnin 9 rnin 1 0 rnin 11 rnin 1 3 rnin 1 4 rnin 15 rnin 17 rnin

-

S m o k e and s t e a m c o m i n g f r o m top of both d o o r s .

-

S m o k e and s t e a m f r o m l o w e r r i g h t hinge d o o r B.

-

C h a r o n d o o r f a c e a d j a c e n t to c e n t r e and l o w e r

r i g h t hinges of d o o r B.

-

C h a r a d j a c e n t to t o p hinge o f d o o r B ( s e e F i g u r e A - 3 5 ) .

-

Door A opened into f u r n a c e , l a t c h no l o n g e r holding ( s e e F i g u r e A-36).

-

Glow a l o n g t o p of d o o r B and hole a t t o p r i g h t c o r n e r ( s e e F i g u r e A-37) at g a p between c o r e and s t y l e .

- F l a m i n g f r o m n e a r c e n t r e hinge d o o r B. Door B w a r p e d i n to f u r n a c e a t top l e f t c o r n e r .

-

F l a m i n g along t o p of d o o r

B

between d o o r and f r a m e ( s e e F i g u r e A-38).

-

The t e s t was t e r m i n a t e d a t 17 rnin and f l a m e s o n t h e d o o r s w e r e extinguished by a fine w a t e r s p r a y . T h e d o o r s r e m a i n e d i n the o p e n i n g s though t h e hinges of d o o r A had s e p a r a t e d f r o m the f r a m e and d o o r B had a s e r i e s of holes a l o n g the joint between hinge s t y l e and c o r e (see F i g u r e A-39). T h e condition of d o o r A i s shown i n F i g u r e A - 4 0 and o f d o o r B in F i g u r e A-41.

A v e r a g e f u r n a c e t e m p e r a t u r e s r e c o r d e d d u r i n g the t e s t a r e shown i n F i g u r e A-42 c o m p a r e d with t h e s t a n d a r d t i m e - t e m p e r a t u r e c u r v e . The d e v i a t i o n f r o m t h e s t a n d a r d c u r v e w a s -567.22 deg-rnin. The c o r r e c t i o n a c c o r d i n g to ASTM El19 was -0. 5 min. A v e r a g e and m a x i m u m t e m p e r a t u r e s r e c o r d e d f o r t h e t h e r m o c o u p l e s o n the unexposed f a c e of the d o o r s a r e shown i n F i g u r e s A - 4 3 and A-44.

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Door T e s t No. 8

a ) A wood stud w a l l was i n s t a l l e d i n t h e t e s t f r a m e a s d e s c r i b e d i n i t e m 17.

b) Two wood d o o r f r a m e s a s d e s c r i b e d i n i t e m 5 w e r e built into t h e stud wall. Between f r a m e and stud o n t h e hinge s i d e of e a c h d o o r a s s e m b l y 318-in. t h i c k plywood w a s tightly fitted. O n the l a t c h s i d e , wedges w e r e i n s e r t e d a t t h r e e points between f r a m e and stud and the s p a c e filled with m i n e r a l wool. The i n s i d e of the f r a m e o n d o o r a s s e m b l y A was finished with i n t u m e s c e n t p a i n t a s d e s c r i b e d i n i t e m 16.

c ) Door A w a s a s d e s c r i b e d i n i t e m 3; d o o r B w a s a s d e s c r i b e d i n i t e m 1. I n f r a r e d e x a m i n a t i o n showed a weak point i n the c e n t r e n e a r t h e t o p of d o o r A. Door B was finished o n t o p and s i d e e d g e s with i n t u m e s c e n t paint a s d e s c r i b e d i n i t e m 16. d ) Hinges and l a t c h e s w e r e a s d e s c r i b e d i n i t e m s 10 and 13. The

c y l i n d e r of e a c h l a t c h s e t w a s wrapped a r o u n d with a s b e s t o s p a p e r a s d e s c r i b e d i n i t e m 14.

e ) C l e a r a n c e between d o o r and f r a m e o n both d o o r s w a s 3/32 in. a t t o p and s i d e s and 3/16 in. a t the bottom.

O b s e r v a t i o n s d u r i n g f i r e exposuPe, O n unexposed face: 2 rnin 8 rnin 1 2 rnin 14 rnin 1 5 rnin 1 6 rnin 17 rnin 18 rnin 19 m i n 20 rnin 21 rnin

-

P u f f s of s m o k e and s t e a m i s s u i n g f r o m head o f both d o o r s .

-

Both d o o r s buckled i n toward f u r n a c e .

-

C h a r b e s i d e l o w e r hinge d o o r B. Door B o f f s e t 115 in. a t latch.

- Glow a t l o w e r hinge d o o r B.

-

Glow 2 in. above b o t t o m l e f t d o o r A ( s e e F i g u r e A-45). - C h a r a t u p p e r hinge d o o r A. C h a r t o p r i g h t d o o r B.

-

Glow a t c e n t r e hinge d o o r B.

-

C h a r a t top hinge d o o r B.

-

D o o r B opened into f u r n a c e b e c a u s e s t r i k e p l a t e no l o n g e r holding.

-

H o l e s t h r o u g h d o o r B at c e n t r e and l o w e r hinges ( s e e F i g u r e A-46).