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ABLE OF CONTENT

Current address ... xvii

Key words ... xvii

Please refer to this work as follows: ... xvii

Cover artwork by ... xvii

Introduction ... 1

1. Coevolution ... 3

1.1. Predator-prey coevolution (sensu lato) ... 4

1.2. Chemical communication ... 6

1.3. Symbiosis and holobionts ... 7

2. Coevolution in bark beetles ... 8

2.1. Bark beetles ... 8

2.2. Relationships to the host tree ... 9

2.3. Natural enemies of bark beetles ... 12

2.4. Chemical communication in bark beetles ... 14

2.5. Microbial symbioses in bark beetles ... 15

2.6. Case study: Rhizophagus grandis-Dendroctonus micans ... 16

3. Thesis objectives ... 19

References ... 21

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Is prey specificity constrained by geography? Semiochemically mediated oviposition in Rhizophagus grandis (Coleoptera: Monotomidae) with its specific prey, Dendroctonus micans

(Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), and with exotic Dendroctonus species ... 39

Abstract ... 40

Keywords ... 40

Introduction ... 41

Materials and methods ... 43

Beetle collection ... 43 Experimental design ... 44 Chemical analyses ... 45 Statistical analyses ... 48 Results ... 49 Oviposition level ... 49

Oviposition stimuli and inhibitors ... 51

Discussion ... 56

References ... 62

Supplementary materials ... 68

Chapter 2: Bacterial and fungal symbionts of parasitic Dendroctonus bark beetles ... 87

Bacterial and fungal symbionts of parasitic Dendroctonus bark beetles ... 89

Abstract ... 90

Keywords ... 90

Introduction ... 91

Materials and methods ... 94

Beetle collection ... 94

Culture-independent bacterial community analysis ... 94

Culture-dependent microbiota analysis ... 96

Results ... 97

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Culture-dependent microbiota analysis ... 100

Complementarity of culture-dependent and –independent analyses ... 102

Discussion ... 104 Funding ... 108 Acknowledgments ... 108 References ... 109 Supplementary materials ... 116 References ... 129

Discussion and conclusion ... 131

References ... 141

Appendices: articles in co-authorship & supplementary materials ... 153

1. Flying the nest: male dispersal and multiple paternity enables extrafamilial matings for the invasive bark beetle Dendroctonus micans ... 155

Supplementary information ... 164

2. Fallen tree’s last stand against bark beetles ... 169

Supplementary material ... 178

3. Supplementary materials ... 181