Cerveau et sens des mots : de l’émergence à la flexibilité des représentations sémantiques dans le cerveau
239
0
0
Texte intégral
(2) UNIVERSITE CLAUDE BERNARD LYON1 ECOLE DOCTORALE 476 – NEUROSCIENCES ET COGNITION. Discipline : Neurosciences N° d’ordre : . Année 2013. THESE pour le DIPLÔME DE DOCTORAT Soutenue publiquement le 25 mars 2013 Par. Raphaël FARGIER. Cerveau et Sens des mots De l’émergence à la flexibilité des représentations sémantiques dans le cerveau. Jury : Pr. Pierre FOURNERET Pr. Victor FRAK Pr. Jean-François DEMONET Pr. Yann COELLO Dr. Yves PAULIGNAN Dr. Tatjana NAZIR. Président Rapporteur Rapporteur Examinateur Co-directeur de thèse Directrice de thèse.
(3)
(4) $PDJUDQGPqUH0DULH.
(5)
(6) 5(0(5&,(0(176 7RXW G·DERUG PD GLUHFWULFH 7DWMDQD 1D]LU 8Q UHJDUG TXL FRPSWH F·HVW XQ UHJDUG TXL FKDQJH &HOXL TXH WX DV SRUWp VXU PRL ORUV GH QRWUH SUHPLqUH UHQFRQWUH LO \ D FLQT DQV P·D FRQGXLW j SUpVHQWHUFHWWHWKqVHDXMRXUG·KXL0HUFL-HWLHQVpJDOHPHQWjUHPHUFLHUPRQFRGLUHFWHXU<YHV 3DXOLJQDQSRXUVDFRQILDQFHHWVHVQRPEUHX[FRQVHLOVTXLP·RQWWRXMRXUVEHDXFRXSDSSRUWp -H UHPHUFLH 9LFWRU )UDN HW -HDQ)UDQoRLV 'pPRQHW GH P·DYRLU IDLW O·KRQQHXU GH OLUH PRQ PDQXVFULWDLQVLTXH<DQQ&RHOORHW3LHUUH)RXUQHUHWSRXUDYRLUDFFHSWpGHSDUWLFLSHUjPRQMXU\ -H VXLV WUqV UHFRQQDLVVDQW HQYHUV 9pURQLTXH %RXOHQJHU SRXU WRXV VHV SUpFLHX[ FRQVHLOV VHV HQFRXUDJHPHQWVFRQVWDQWVHWVRQWHPSVSDVVpjOLUHHWFRPPHQWHUPRQWUDYDLO -HUHPHUFLHO·HQVHPEOHGHVPHPEUHVGXODERUDWRLUH/&TXLRQWVXLYLO·pYROXWLRQGHPDWKqVH ,UD $OLFH &KULVWLDQH )DQQ\ 0LFKHO 9LYLDQH HW -HDQ%DSWLVWH 0HUFL j $QQH 5HERXO $QQH &KH\OXVHW6DELQHSRXUP·DYRLUDLGpGDQVODUpDOLVDWLRQGHFHWUDYDLO &·HVWDXPRPHQWGHPHWWUHXQSRLQWILQDOjFHWWHWKqVHTXHOHVOLHQVWLVVpVDXFRXUVGHVDQQpHV DSSDUDLVVHQW pYLGHQWV -H WLHQV GRQF j UHPHUFLHU WRXV OHV pWXGLDQWV GX ODERUDWRLUH FURLVpV DX GpWRXU G·XQ FRXORLU G·XQ EXUHDX RX G·XQ PRPHQW SOXV SHUVRQQHO 1DGqJH 0DULLD 5DZDQ 'DPLHQ7LIIDQ\0DULH 0DUMRULH$QQH/\VHHW(ULF0HUFLj3LDGHP·DYRLUSDUGRQQpO·RXEOLj O·DpURSRUW HW DYHF 1LFROD G·DYRLU SDUWDJp QRV HVFDSDGHV SDUIRLV WXPXOWXHXVHV PDLV WRXMRXUV SDVVLRQQDQWHVj:DVKLQJWRQHW6DQ6HEDVWLDQ8QJUDQGPHUFLDXVVLj0DULH&KULVWLQHSRXUWRXV VHVFRQVHLOVHWVRQDLGHWDQWSURIHVVLRQQHOOHTXHSHUVRQQHOOH -HWLHQVjUHPHUFLHU$UPHOOHSRXUWRXWHVFHVGLVFXVVLRQVHWGpFRXYHUWHVTXLRQWHQULFKLOHVHQV ELHQ DXGHOj GHV PRWV $XGUH\ SDUFH TXH GH /\RQ j %DUFHORQH $OOHU HW 5HWRXU
(7) M·DL WURXYp XQ DOWHUjPRQpJR-HUHPHUFLH0DWKLOGHSRXUDYRLUSDUWDJpGDQVQRWUHEXUHDXOHVpFODWVGHULUH OHV GRXWHV ELHQ VU
(8) HW OHV SHWLWV ERQKHXUV DX TXRWLGLHQ FHV GHUQLqUHV DQQpHV 8Q LPPHQVH PHUFLj$PDQGLQH7XP·DVRIIHUWXQHpFRXWHLQFRPSDUDEOHHWXQHDPLWLpGHYDOHXU 0HUFLjFHOOHVHWFHX[UHQFRQWUpVDXGpEXWGXFKHPLQ 6RQLD/DXULQH$XURUH/DXUDHW<RODLQH RX HQ FRXUV GH URXWH 6WpSKDQH HW &KULVWRSKH -H UHPHUFLH pJDOHPHQW 0DULQH 0DULH $OLFH HW %pUHQJqUH SRXU P·DYRLU HQFRXUDJp GDQV FH SURMHW TXH O·RQ SDUWDJHDLW KLHU VXU OHV EDQFV GH O·8QLYHUVLWp 7RXWDXORQJGHFHVDQQpHVM·DLELHQVUSXFRPSWHUVXUGHVDPLVSUpFLHX[ 0HUFLj1DWKDQHW 0DWWKLHX SRXU WRXV OHV PRPHQWV G·DPLWLp TXH QRXV SDUWDJHRQV 8Q LPPHQVH PHUFL j 1RpPLH SRXUVRQDPLWLpILGqOHTXLIDLWVHQVjFKDTXHPRPHQWGHPDYLH -HWLHQVpYLGHPPHQWjUHPHUFLHUWRXWHPDIDPLOOHGHV·rWUHPRQWUpHVLVRXFLHXVHHWELHQYHLOODQWHj PRQ pJDUG HQ SDUWLFXOLHU PD JUDQGPqUH $QGUpH -H VXLV HQILQ WHOOHPHQW UHFRQQDLVVDQW HQYHUV FHX[TXLGHSXLVWRXMRXUVYHLOOHQWjPRQpSDQRXLVVHPHQWHWPH©QRXUULVVHQWªGDQVWRXVOHVVHQV GXWHUPH PRQIUqUH'DPLHQHWPHVSDUHQWV5REHUWHW(YHO\QH&·HVWDYHFYRXVTXHOHODQJDJH SUHQGWRXWVRQVHQV GHVSUHPLHUVPRWVjODYRL[TXLUpVRQQHFHWUDYDLOYRXVHVWGpGLp. 5.
(9) 0DLV V·LO P·HVW VRXYHQW DSSDUX GH WURXYHU OHV PRWV TX·LO IDXW MH UHFRQQDLV LFL OD OLPLWH GX ODQJDJH ©(VVD\RQV G·LPDJLQHU TXH QRXV SXLVVLRQV GpYRLOHU XQH SHQVpH RX XQ VHQWLPHQW HQ OH GRQQDQWjpSURXYHUjXQDXWUHH[DFWHPHQWFRPPHQRXVO·pSURXYRQVQRXV«ª 'HQLV0DUTXHW
(10) 0HUFL. 6.
(11) . 5pVXPp 'DQV FH WUDYDLO GH WKqVH QRXV QRXV VRPPHV LQWpUHVVpV j OD FRQWULEXWLRQ GHV UpJLRQV VHQVRUL PRWULFHVGDQVODUHSUpVHQWDWLRQGHQRXYHDX[PRWV 'DQV XQ SUHPLHU WHPSV HW DX WUDYHUV G·XQH DQDO\VH GHV RVFLOODWLRQV FpUpEUDOHV QRXV DYRQV REVHUYpTXHO·pFRXWHVHXOHGHPRWVG·DFWLRQ PDLVSDVGHPRWVGH©YLVLRQª
(12) UpFHPPHQWDFTXLV FRQGXLVDLWDSUqVDSSUHQWLVVDJHjXQHDFWLYDWLRQGHVUpJLRQVPRWULFHV6LO·pFRXWHGHVPRWVG·DFWLRQ GpFOHQFKDLWXQHDFWLYLWpPRWULFHVLPLODLUHjO·REVHUYDWLRQG·DFWLRQVHOOHpWDLWQpDQPRLQVDVVRFLpHj XQHDFWLYLWpVXSSOpPHQWDLUHVHPEODQWUHIOpWHUOHUHFUXWHPHQWG·XQH©]RQHGHFRQYHUJHQFHªHQWUH OHV VWUXFWXUHV PRWULFHV HW FHOOHV GX ODQJDJH SHUPHWWDQW OD UpFXSpUDWLRQ G·LQIRUPDWLRQV PRWULFHV SOXV DEVWUDLWHV 3DU OD VXLWH QRXV DYRQV SX PRQWUHU TXH OHV GLYHUJHQFHV HQWUH QRXYHDX[ PRWV G·DFWLRQ HW GH YLVLRQ pPHUJHDLHQW UDSLGHPHQW SXLVTX·DVVRFLpV j GHV DFWLYLWpV VSpFLILTXHV VXU OHV pOHFWURGHV IURQWRFHQWUDOHV HW RFFLSLWRSDULpWDOHV UHVSHFWLYHPHQW 8QH DXWUH pWXGH ((* QRXV D SHUPLV G·REVHUYHU TXH OHV LWHPV OH[LFDX[ SVHXGRPRWV
(13) VHPEODLHQW IRXUQLU XQ VXEVWUDW XQLTXH SRXU DVVRFLHU OHV DWWULEXWV VHQVRULPRWHXUV OLpV DX UpIpUHQW (QILQ DX WUDYHUV G·XQH DQDO\VH ILQH GHV SDUDPqWUHV FLQpPDWLTXHV G·XQ PRXYHPHQW GH SUpKHQVLRQ QRXV DYRQV REVHUYp TXH OD YHUEDOLVDWLRQ G·XQ PRW G DFWLRQ LH ©DWWUDSHUª
(14) HQWUDvQDLW XQH IDFLOLWDWLRQ GH O·H[pFXWLRQ GH O·DFWLRQ 1RVUpVXOWDWVLQGLTXHQWTXHODUHSUpVHQWDWLRQGXVHQVGHVPRWVGDQVOHFHUYHDXDVVRFLHjODIRLVOHV UpJLRQV j PRGDOLWp VSpFLILTXH HW GHV ©]RQHV GH FRQYHUJHQFHª QRWDPPHQW HQWUH OHV VWUXFWXUHV PRWULFHV HW ODQJDJLqUHV SHUPHWWDQW OD UpFXSpUDWLRQ G·LQIRUPDWLRQV SOXV DEVWUDLWHV WDQGLV TXH OD VSpFLILFLWpYLVjYLVGXVWLPXOXVYHUEDOWHQGjLQGLTXHUXQSUpFkEODJHGHFHVUpVHDX[QHXURQDX[ SRXUOHODQJDJH6LOHVUHSUpVHQWDWLRQVVpPDQWLTXHVUHIOqWHQWHQSDUWLHOHVH[SpULHQFHVSHUFHSWXR PRWULFHVDVVRFLpHVjO·DSSUHQWLVVDJHQRVWUDYDX[VRXOLJQHQWXQSKpQRPqQHWRXMRXUVSUpVXPp XQ FHUWDLQGHJUpG·DEVWUDFWLRQGXVHQVGHVPRWV 0RWVFOpV /DQJDJH$FWLRQ6HQV&RJQLWLRQLQFDUQpH$SSUHQWLVVDJH((*&LQpPDWLTXH . . /DERUDWRLUHVXUOH/DQJDJHOH&HUYHDXHWOD&RJQLWLRQ &156805 ,QVWLWXWGHV6FLHQFHV&RJQLWLYHV %'3LQHO %URQ&HGH[ . 7.
(15) . . . . 8.
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´JUDVSµ
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
(18) . . . . 10.
(19) . 7DEOHGHVPDWLqUHV ,1752'8&7,21*(1(5$/(͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϵ 3$57,($ &217(;7(7+(25,48( &+$3,75(,͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘Ϯϳ &RQFHSWVHW6HQVGHVPRWV 8QSRLQWVXUGHVOLHQVUpFLSURTXHV͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘Ϯϳ . 'HODVWUXFWXUHGHVFRQFHSWV. . $XVLJQHOLQJXLVWLTXH. . &RQFOXVLRQ. &+$3,75(,, 'HVPDX[DX[VHQV &HTXHQRXVUpYqOHQWOHVpWXGHVQHXURSV\FKRORJLTXHV͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϯϯ . /HVGpILFLWVFDWpJRULHOVVSpFLILTXHV 8QHDUFKLWHFWXUHGLVWULEXpH" . /HVFDWpJRULHVVpPDQWLTXHVJpQpUDOHV. . /DGLFKRWRPLHYHUEHVYHUVXVQRPV. . 8QU{OHSRXUOHVVWUXFWXUHVjPRGDOLWpVSpFLILTXH". . /DGpPHQFHVpPDQWLTXH ([LVWHQFHG·XQFRQQHFWHXUDPRGDO" . . &RQFOXVLRQ. &+$3,75(,,, /LHQVIRQFWLRQQHOVHQWUHSHUFHSWLRQDFWLRQHWODQJDJH͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϰϯ . . . /HVOLHQVHQWUHSHUFHSWLRQHWODQJDJH . /DFRXOHXU. . /DIRUPH. . /·RULHQWDWLRQ. . 3HUFHSWLRQYLVXHOOHGXPRXYHPHQW. . &RQFOXVLRQ. /LHQVHQWUHDFWLRQHWODQJDJH . ,QIOXHQFHUpFLSURTXHGHODJHVWXHOOHVXUODSURGXFWLRQGXODQJDJH. . /HVHIIHWVGHFRPSDWLELOLWpGHO·DFWLRQ. . ,QWHUIpUHQFHHQWUHFRPSRUWHPHQWPRWHXUHWWUDLWHPHQWGXPRWG·DFWLRQ . . $XWUHVLQGLFHVSRXUXQHFRUUHVSRQGDQFHHQWUHV\VWqPHPRWHXUHWODQJDJHG·DFWLRQ. &RQFOXVLRQJpQpUDOH. &+$3,75(,9 (OHFWURSK\VLRORJLHHW1HXURDQDWRPLHGXVHQV͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϱϱ . . /DFRQILUPDWLRQG·XQHDUFKLWHFWXUHGLVWULEXpHGHVFRQFHSWV . $SSURFKHVpOHFWURSK\VLRORJLTXHV. . $SSRUWVGHQHXURLPDJHULH. . &RQFOXVLRQ. 8QU{OHSRXUOHVUpJLRQVjPRGDOLWpVSpFLILTXH . 11.
(20) . /HVPRWVG·DFWLRQHWOHFRUWH[PRWHXU . $SSRUWVGHQHXURLPDJHULH /HGpFRXUVWHPSRUHO . /HVDXWUHVPRGDOLWpVVHQVRULHOOHV. $SSRUWVGHQHXURLPDJHULH $SSRUWVpOHFWURSK\VLRORJLTXHV . &RQFOXVLRQ. . 8QFRQQHFWHXUDPRGDO". . &RQFOXVLRQ. &+$3,75(9 'HGLYHUJHQFHVHQ]RQHVGHFRQYHUJHQFHV͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϳϯ . /·DSSUHQWLVVDJHGHFRUUpODWLRQ²5{OHIRQGDPHQWDOGHVUpJLRQVjPRGDOLWpVSpFLILTXH. . 5HSUpVHQWDWLRQDPRGDOHHWUpJLRQVjPRGDOLWpVSpFLILTXHDVVRFLpHVVHFRQGDLUHPHQW. . 8QUpVHDXGH]RQHVGHFRQYHUJHQFH. . &RQFOXVLRQ. &+$3,75(9, 6\QWKqVHHWSUREOpPDWLTXHJpQpUDOH͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϳϵ . 6\QWKqVH . . 3UREOpPDWLTXHJpQpUDOH 3$57,(% $332576(;3(5,0(17$8;. &+$3,75(9,, /HDUQLQJWRDVVRFLDWHQRYHOZRUGVZLWKPRWRUDFWLRQV /DQJXDJHLQGXFHGPRWRUDFWLYLW\IROORZLQJVKRUW WUDLQLQJ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϴϳ ,QWURGXFWLRQ 0DWHULDOVDQGPHWKRG 3DUWLFLSDQWV 6WLPXOL 3URFHGXUH 'DWDDFTXLVLWLRQ 'DWDDQDO\VLV 6WDWLVWLFDODQDO\VLV 5HVXOWV %HKDYLRUDOGDWD ((*GDWD 'LVFXVVLRQ $FNQRZOHGJPHQWV 5HIHUHQFHV . 12.
(21) &+$3,75(9,,, 'LIIHUHQWLDWLQJVHPDQWLFFDWHJRULHVLQ(53VGXULQJDFTXLVLWLRQRIQRYHOZRUGV͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϬϵ . ,QWURGXFWLRQ. . 0DWHULDOVDQGPHWKRG 3DUWLFLSDQWV 6WLPXOL 3URFHGXUH 'DWDDFTXLVLWLRQ 'DWDDQDO\VLV. . 5HVXOWV &RUUHVSRQGHQFH$QDO\VLV (OHFWURSK\VLRORJLFDOGDWD. . 'LVFXVVLRQ . . $FNQRZOHGJPHQWV . . 5HIHUHQFHV. &+$3,75(,; /LQNLQJODQJXDJHWRPRWRUVWUXFWXUHVWKURXJKZRUGV 7KHSULYLOHJHGVWDWXVRIYHUEDOVWLPXOL͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϯϭ . ,QWURGXFWLRQ. . 0DWHULDOVDQGPHWKRG 3DUWLFLSDQWV 6WLPXOL 3URFHGXUH 'DWDDFTXLVLWLRQ 'DWDDQDO\VLV 6WDWLVWLFDODQDO\VLV. . 5HVXOWV . %HKDYLRUDOGDWD. . ((*GDWD. . 'LVFXVVLRQ. . 5HIHUHQFHV. &+$3,75(; *UDVSLW/RXGO\6XSSRUWLQJ$FWLRQVZLWK6HPDQWLFDOO\&RQJUXHQW6SRNHQ$FWLRQ:RUGV͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϱϱ . ,QWURGXFWLRQ. 0DWHULDOVDQG0HWKRGV ([SHULPHQW, 3DUWLFLSDQWV 3URFHGXUH. 13.
(22) ([SHULPHQW,, 3DUWLFLSDQWV 3URFHGXUH .LQHPDWLFDFTXLVLWLRQDQGDQDO\VLV :RUGSURGXFWLRQDFTXLVLWLRQDQGDQDO\VLV 5HVXOWV ([SHULPHQW, VWSDUWRIWKHPRYHPHQW ´5HDFKWR*UDVSWKHREMHFWµ QGSDUWRIWKHPRYHPHQW ´/LIWWR'LVSODFHWKHREMHFWµ ([SHULPHQW,, VWSDUWRIWKHPRYHPHQW ´5HDFKWR*UDVSWKHREMHFWµ QGSDUWRIWKHPRYHPHQW ´/LIWWR'LVSODFHWKHREMHFWµ 'LVFXVVLRQ $QLQGHSWKLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKHNLQHPDWLFHIIHFWV *HQHUDOVSHHFKDVVRFLDWHGHIIHFWVRQFRUWLFRVSLQDOH[FLWDELOLW\ $ZHOOGRFXPHQWHGFURVVWDONEHWZHHQPRWRUDFWLRQDQGODQJXDJHSURFHVVHV $WZKLFKVWDJHGRHVODQJXDJHLQWHUYHQHLQWKHPRWRUDFW" &RQFOXVLRQ $FNQRZOHGJPHQWV 5HIHUHQFHV 3$57,(& ',6&866,21*(1(5$/( &+$3,75(;, 'LVFXVVLRQJpQpUDOH . 5pVXPpGHVSULQFLSDX[UpVXOWDWV. . ,PSOLFDWLRQVSRXUOHVPRGqOHVGHUHSUpVHQWDWLRQGXVHQVGHVPRWVGDQVOHFHUYHDX . (QJDJHPHQWGHVUpJLRQVjPRGDOLWpVSpFLILTXHGDQVOHWUDLWHPHQWGXVHQVGHVPRWV. . 'pYHORSSHPHQWGH]RQHVGHFRQYHUJHQFHDVVRFLpHVjO·DFTXLVLWLRQGHQRXYHDX[PRWV . . /HU{OHGXODQJDJHGDQVOHGpYHORSSHPHQWGHVUHSUpVHQWDWLRQVVpPDQWLTXHV . )OH[LELOLWp GH O·HQJDJHPHQW GHV UpJLRQV j PRGDOLWp VSpFLILTXH GDQV OHV UHSUpVHQWDWLRQV VpPDQWLTXHV . 9HUVXQQRXYHDXPRGqOHGHODUHSUpVHQWDWLRQGXVHQVGHVPRWVGDQVOHFHUYHDX. . 3HUVSHFWLYHV. . &RQFOXVLRQJpQpUDOH. %,%/,2*5$3+,( 3$57,(' $11(;(6 . . 14.
(23) . 7DEOHGHVILJXUHV ,OOXVWUDWLRQGHO·RSSRVLWLRQHQWUHXQHDSSURFKHDPRGDOHHW©LQFDUQpHªGXVHQV ,OOXVWUDWLRQGHODGLFKRWRPLHGHVGpILFLWVSRXUGHVQRPVHWGHVYHUEHV 5HFRQVWUXFWLRQGHVOpVLRQVFpUpEUDOHVDVVRFLpHVDX[GpILFLWVGHVQRPVHWGHVYHUEHV 3HUIRUPDQFHPR\HQQHGHVSDWLHQWV3DUNLQVRQHWVXMHWVFRQWU{OHVDSSDULpVSRXUODWkFKHHQDPRUoDJH PDVTXpGXUDQWOHVSpULRGHV21HW2))WUDLWHPHQWGRSDPLQHUJLTXH 0RGqOHGHODUHSUpVHQWDWLRQGHVPRWVG·DFWLRQHWGHVPRWVGH©YLVLRQª 3HUIRUPDQFHGHVSDWLHQWVDWWHLQWVGHGpPHQFHVpPDQWLTXHORUVGHODWkFKHGHFRUUHVSRQGDQFHPRW LPDJH 3URILOVPR\HQVG·DFFpOpUDWLRQHWGHGpFpOpUDWLRQGXSRLJQHWORUVGXWUDLWHPHQWGHVQRPVFRQFUHWVHW GHVYHUEHVG·DFWLRQ 3DWURQVG·DFWLYDWLRQVKpPRG\QDPLTXHVORUVGHODSHUFHSWLRQGHPRWVG·DFWLRQHWO·H[pFXWLRQGHV DFWLRQVFRUUHVSRQGDQWHV /HVGLIIpUHQWVLQGLFHVGHO·DXWRPDWLFLWpHWGHODSUpFRFLWpGHVDFWLYDWLRQVPRWULFHVVRPDWRWRSLTXHV SRXUOHVPRWVG·DFWLRQV $FWLYDWLRQVFRUWLFDOHVVLJQLILFDWLYHVGDQVOHVUpJLRQVjPRGDOLWpVSpFLILTXHLPSOLTXpHVGDQVOD UpFXSpUDWLRQGHODFRQQDLVVDQFHSHUFHSWXHOOH ,OOXVWUDWLRQGHVFLUFXLWVQHXURQDX[VRXVWHQGDQWODUHSUpVHQWDWLRQGXVHQVGHVPRWV ,OOXVWUDWLRQVGHVGHX[PRGqOHVGHODUHSUpVHQWDWLRQGHODFRQQDLVVDQFHFRQFHSWXHOOHGDQVOHFHUYHDX 0RGpOLVDWLRQGHO·RUJDQLVDWLRQKLpUDUFKLTXHGHV]RQHVGHFRQYHUJHQFH =&
(24) ([DPSOHVRIYLGHRVXVHGLQWKHH[SHULPHQW 7RSRJUDSK\RIRVFLOODWLRQV +]UDQJH
(25) DYHUDJHGRYHUDWLPHZLQGRZRIPVHFDIWHU VWLPXOXVRQVHWZKLOHZDWFKLQJYLGHRV $
(26) %
(27) 7LPHIUHTXHQF\DQDO\VLV +]GRPDLQ
(28) SHUIRUPHGRYHUWZRFOXVWHUVGXULQJSUHVHQWDWLRQRI YLGHRV&
(29) 7LPHFRXUVHRIRVFLOODWLRQVGXULQJSUHVHQWDWLRQRIYLGHRVDWERWKFHQWURSDULHWDO WRSURZ
(30) DQGIURQWRFHQWUDO ORZHUURZ
(31) FOXVWHUVIRUWKHIRXUWHVWVHVVLRQV $
(32) %
(33) 7LPHIUHTXHQF\DQDO\VLV +]GRPDLQ
(34) SHUIRUPHGRYHUWZRFOXVWHUVGXULQJSUHVHQWDWLRQRI YHUEDOVWLPXOL&
(35) 7LPHFRXUVHRIRVFLOODWLRQVGXULQJSUHVHQWDWLRQRIYHUEDOVWLPXOLDWERWKFHQWURSDULHWDO WRSURZ
(36) DQGIURQWRFHQWUDO ORZHUURZ
(37) FOXVWHUVIRUWKHIRXUWHVWVHVVLRQV 6FKHPDWLFUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKHFRUUHVSRQGHQFHDQDO\VLV 0DSWRSRJUDSK\RIWKHFRUUHVSRQGHQFHDQDO\VLV (YHQWUHODWHGSRWHQWLDOVGDWD %HKDYLRUDOUHVXOWV $
(38) 7RSRJUDSK\RI +]
(39) OHIW
(40) DQGƢ +]
(41) RVFLOODWLRQVRYHUDWLPHZLQGRZRI PVHFSRVWVWLPXOXVRQVHWGXULQJSUHVHQWDWLRQRIYLGHRVDWSUHWHVW%
(42) 7LPHIUHTXHQF\DQDO\VLV +] GRPDLQ
(43) DQG&
(44) WLPHFRXUVHRIƢRVFLOODWLRQVRYHUWKHHOHFWURGH& 7LPHIUHTXHQF\DQDO\VLV +]GRPDLQ
(45)
(46) DQGWLPHFRXUVHRIƢRVFLOODWLRQV
(47) GXULQJ SUHVHQWDWLRQRIFRPPRQZRUGV$
(48) SVHXGRZRUGV%
(49) UHYHUVHGVWLPXOLDQG&
(50) WRQHV ([SHULPHQWDOSURFHGXUH .LQHPDWLFSURILOHRIWKHPRYHPHQW ([SHULPHQW, .LQHPDWLFSDUDPHWHUVRIWKH´5HDFKWR*UDVSµPRYHPHQW ([SHULPHQW, .LQHPDWLFSDUDPHWHUVRIWKH´/LIWWR'LVSODFHµPRYHPHQW ([SHULPHQW,, .LQHPDWLFSDUDPHWHUVRI´5HDFKWR*UDVSµPRYHPHQW ([SHULPHQW,, .LQHPDWLFSDUDPHWHUVRIWKH´/LIWWR'LVSODFHµPRYHPHQW. 15.
(51) 6FKpPDUHSUpVHQWDQWOHGpYHORSSHPHQWGHFLUFXLWVVpPDQWLTXHVSDUDSSUHQWLVVDJH (WDEOLVVHPHQWG·XQH]RQHGHFRQYHUJHQFHVRXVWHQGDQWODUHSUpVHQWDWLRQSOXVDEVWUDLWHGHQRXYHDX[ PRWV 0LVHHQSODFHG·XQV\VWqPHGH]RQHVGHFRQYHUJHQFH 6SpFLILFLWpGXODQJDJHHW]RQHVGHFRQYHUJHQFH 0RGqOHGHODUHSUpVHQWDWLRQGXVHQVGHVPRWVGDQVOHFHUYHDX . 7DEOHGHVWDEOHDX[ 7DEOH %HKDYLRUDOPHDVXUHVREWDLQHGZLWKWKHLGHQWLILFDWLRQWDVN &KDSLWUH,;
(52) 7DEOH 3DLUHGWWHVWVFRPSXWHGIRUHDFKHOHFWURGHWRVKRZWKHPD[LPDOVXSSUHVVLRQGXULQJZDWFKLQJ YLGHRV &KDSLWUH,;
(53) 7DEOH 3DLUHGWWHVWVFRPSXWHGIRUHDFKHOHFWURGHWRVKRZWKHPD[LPDOVXSSUHVVLRQGXULQJOLVWHQLQJWR DXGLWRU\VWLPXOL &KDSLWUH,;
(54) 7DEOH ([SHULPHQW, $YHUDJHGYDOXHVIRUDOODQDO\VHGSDUDPHWHUVIRUHDFKFRQGLWLRQ &KDSLWUH;
(55) 7DEOH ([SHULPHQW,, $YHUDJHGYDOXHVIRUDOODQDO\VHGSDUDPHWHUVIRUHDFKFRQGLWLRQ &KDSLWUH;
(56) . . 16.
(57) . . 17.
(58) 18.
(59) . ,1752'8&7,21*(1(5$/( . . ©-·DL PRQWUp PRQ FKHIG·±XYUH DX[ JUDQGHV SHUVRQQHV HW MH OHXU DL GHPDQGp VL PRQGHVVLQOHXUIDLVDLWSHXU (OOHVP·RQWUpSRQGX ©3RXUTXRLXQFKDSHDXIHUDLWLOSHXU"ª 0RQ GHVVLQ QH UHSUpVHQWDLW SDV XQ FKDSHDX ,O UHSUpVHQWDLW XQ VHUSHQW ERD TXL GLJpUDLW XQ pOpSKDQW -·DL DORUV GHVVLQp O·LQWpULHXU GX VHUSHQW ERD DILQ TXH OHV JUDQGHVSHUVRQQHVSXLVVHQWFRPSUHQGUHª$QWRLQHGH6DLQW([XSpU\/HSHWLW SULQFH . 'DQV©/HSHWLWSULQFHªGH6DLQW([XSpU\
(60) OHQDUUDWHXUUHODWHXQHDQHFGRWHGHVRQ HQIDQFH R SHUVRQQH H[FHSWp OH SHWLW SULQFH OXLPrPH QH SHUoRLW GDQV VRQ GHVVLQ OD UHSUpVHQWDWLRQ G·XQ VHUSHQW ERD GLJpUDQW XQ pOpSKDQW &HWWH VLPSOH DQHFGRWH LOOXVWUH TXH QRXV Q·DYRQVSDVREOLJDWRLUHPHQWWRXVOHVPrPHVUHSUpVHQWDWLRQVGHVHQWLWpVGHQRWUHHQYLURQQHPHQW HWSRVHGqVORUVODTXHVWLRQGXU{OHGHQRVH[SpULHQFHVDYHFFHVHQWLWpVGDQVODIRUPDWLRQGHQRV UHSUpVHQWDWLRQVFRQFHSWXHOOHVHWGXVHQV /·XQHGHVSUHPLqUHVUpIOH[LRQVTXHO·RQVHGRLWGHIRUPXOHUjFHWpJDUGHVWGHGpWHUPLQHUGHTXRL LOHVWYUDLPHQWTXHVWLRQORUVTXHO·RQWUDLWHGXVHQV'HPDQLqUHJpQpUDOHpWXGLHUOHVHQVRXHQFRUH OHVFRQFHSWVDpWpO·DSDQDJHGHVSKLORVRSKHVHWGHVOLQJXLVWHVMXVTX·jODVHFRQGHPRLWLpGX;;qPH VLqFOH SRXUGHVUHYXHVYRLU %DUVDORX 6RORPRQHWDO 0DUNPDQDQG'LHWULFK %DUVDORXHWDO *LEEV 'RYH .LHIHUDQG3XOYHUPOOHU
(61) 3DU FRQVpTXHQWpWHQGUHFHVUpIOH[LRQVDXFHUYHDXHWjODPDQLqUHGRQWLOUHSUpVHQWHHWWUDLWHOHVHQVD pWp LQpYLWDEOHPHQW LQIOXHQFp SDU FHWWH DQWpULRULWp WRXW HQ FRQVWLWXDQW XQ GpIL PDMHXU GHV 1HXURVFLHQFHV FHV YLQJW GHUQLqUHV DQQpHV 4XHOOH pWDLW DORUV O·K\SRWKqVH SUpGRPLQDQWH FRQFHUQDQWODUHSUpVHQWDWLRQPHQWDOHGXVHQVHWGHVFRQFHSWVGDQVOHFHUYHDX"'DQVODPHVXUH ROHVFRQFHSWVRQWXQU{OHSULPRUGLDOGDQVOHVSURFHVVXVFRJQLWLIVWHOVTXHODFDWpJRULVDWLRQRXOD UpIpUHQFLDWLRQ )RGRU 6RORPRQ HW DO
(62) WRXWH WKpRULH GH OD UHSUpVHQWDWLRQ PHQWDOH GHV FRQFHSWV V·LQVFULW QpFHVVDLUHPHQW GDQV XQH WKpRULH GH OD FRJQLWLRQ GH PDQLqUH JpQpUDOH/·+LVWRLUHGHODFRJQLWLRQDpWpPDUTXpHSDUXQHVHQVLEOHUpYROXWLRQORUVTXH7XULQJHQ XWLOLVH OD PpWDSKRUH GH O·RUGLQDWHXU SRXU HQ GpILQLU OHV FDUDFWpULVWLTXHV 7XULQJ
(63) $X WUDYHUVGHFHWWHPpWDSKRUH7XULQJVXJJqUHTXHOHVSURFHVVXVFRJQLWLIVVRQWUpDOLVpVVRXVIRUPHGH FRPSXWDWLRQV F·HVWjGLUH GH PDQLSXODWLRQV GH V\PEROHV DEVWUDLWV LQGpSHQGDPPHQW GX RX GHV V\VWqPH V
(64) VXU OH V
(65) TXHO V
(66) HOOHV VRQW LPSOpPHQWpHV OH FHUYHDX HW OH FRUSV KXPDLQ 3HFKHU DQG =ZDDQ
(67) /·DSSURFKHFODVVLTXHGXVHQVHWGHVFRQFHSWVGpFRXOHGHFHWWHPpWDSKRUHSXLVTXH O·RQSRVWXOHTXHOHVFRQFHSWVVRQWJpQpUpVGHIDoRQDEVWUDLWHDUELWUDLUHVRXVIRUPHGHV\PEROHV GLWV DPRGDX[ F·HVWjGLUH LQGpSHQGDQWV GHV V\VWqPHV SpULSKpULTXHV TXH VRQW OHV V\VWqPHV SHUFHSWXHOV HW PRWHXUV )RGRU 3\O\VK\Q
(68) 3RXU FHV DXWHXUV LO H[LVWH XQ V\VWqPHFRQFHSWXHODXWRQRPHRSDU©DXWRQRPHªRQHVWLPHTX·LOQ·\DSDVGHOLHQGLUHFWHQWUH OHV FRQFHSWV WHOV TXH GpFULWV PHQWDOHPHQW SDU O·HVSULW HW OH FRUSV )RGRU
(69) O·XQ GHV SOXV LQIOXHQWV UHSUpVHQWDQWV GH FHWWH DSSURFKH GLWH RUWKRGR[H 'RYH
(70) GpIHQG O·LGpH TXH QRV FRQFHSWV VRLHQW UHSUpVHQWpV GH IDoRQ SURSRVLWLRQQHOOH DX WUDYHUV HQWUH DXWUHV GH OLVWHV GH SURSULpWpV G·pWDWV HW GH OLHQV VpPDQWLTXHV 6L FHWWH DSSURFKH D SUpGRPLQp WRXW DX ORQJ GH OD VHFRQGHPRLWLpGX;;qPHVLqFOHHOOHQHUpSRQGSDVjGHX[SUREOqPHVIRQGDPHQWDX[H[SULPpV SDU%DUVDORX
(71) DXWUDYHUVGXSUREOqPHGHWUDQVGXFWLRQG·XQHSDUWHWSDU+DUQDG
(72) HW . 19.
(73) ,QWURGXFWLRQJpQpUDOH. . VRQ©V\PEROJURXQGLQJSUREOHPª LHOHSUREOqPHGHO·HQUDFLQHPHQWGHVV\PEROHV
(74) G·DXWUHSDUW /HSUREOqPHGHWUDQVGXFWLRQSRVHODTXHVWLRQGHFRPPHQWWRXWHVQRVH[SpULHQFHVSHUFHSWXHOOHV HWPRWULFHVVRQWWUDGXLWHVHQV\PEROHVDUELWUDLUHV WHOVTXHSURSRVpVSDU)RGRUQRWDPPHQW
(75) TXH O·RQ XWLOLVHUDLW SRXU UHSUpVHQWHU OHV FRQFHSWV 'H IDoRQ VLPLODLUH +DUQDG
(76) V·LQWHUURJH ©&RPPHQW GH WHOV V\PEROHV VRQWLOV UHOLpV DX PRQGH HQYLURQQDQW"ª &HV GHX[ SUREOqPHV VRXOLJQHQW GRQF FRQMRLQWHPHQW TX·LO UHVWH j GpWHUPLQHU FRPPHQW GHV V\PEROHV VRQW UHOLpV DX[ UpIpUHQWV TXH O·RQ WURXYH GDQV OH PRQGH HQYLURQQDQW DLQVL TX·DX[ H[SpULHQFHV TXH QRXV HQ IDLVRQV ©V\PERO JURXQGLQJ SUREOHPª YRLU +DUQDG 6HDUOH -RKQVRQ
(77) (W VL OD VHFRQGH PRLWLp GX ;;qPH VLqFOH D YX SURVSpUHU XQH DSSURFKH GLWH ©DEVWUDLWHª GX ODQJDJH GX VHQVGHODSHQVpHHWILQDOHPHQWGHODFRJQLWLRQKXPDLQHHQJpQpUDOOHVV\PEROHVTXLVRQWjOD EDVH GH QRV FDSDFLWpV FRJQLWLYHV QH SHXYHQW rWUH FRPSOqWHPHQW GpVLQFDUQpV *LEEV
(78) 2U GDQVODPHVXUHRODFRJQLWLRQFRUUHVSRQGjWRXWFHTXLV·RSqUHORUVTXHOHFRUSVHVWHQJDJpGDQV OHPRQGHH[WpULHXUSK\VLTXHHWFXOWXUHOOHVSURFHVVXVFRJQLWLIVGRLYHQWLQWpJUHUOHVFRQVpTXHQFHV GHVLQWHUDFWLRQVG\QDPLTXHVHQWUHO·KRPPHHWVRQHQYLURQQHPHQWHWFHMXVTXHGDQVOHWUDLWHPHQW HWODUHSUpVHQWDWLRQGXODQJDJH *LEEV
(79) 'pVLJQpHVVRXVOHWHUPHG·©HPERGLHGFRJQLWLRQª F·HVWjGLUH ©FRJQLWLRQ LQFDUQpHª RX LQVFULWH GDQV OH FRUSV
(80) SOXVLHXUV DSSURFKHV RQW pPHUJp *OHQEHUJ %DUVDORX 3XOYHUPOOHU *DOOHVH HW DO .H\VHUV DQG3HUUHWW 3HFKHUDQG=ZDDQ *DOOHVHDQG/DNRII &ODUN )LVFKHU DQG=ZDDQ .LHIHUDQG3XOYHUPOOHU *DOOHVHDQG6LQLJDJOLD
(81) DILQGHSDOOLHUOHV SUREOqPHVPHQWLRQQpVSOXVKDXW ©V\PEROJURXQGLQJSUREOHPªHW©WUDQVGXFWLRQSUREOHPª
(82) HW UpWDEOLU OH OLHQ LQLWLDO HQWUH FHWWH IDFXOWp FDUDFWpULVWLTXH GH O·+RPPH TX·HVW OD FRJQLWLRQ HW OH FHUYHDX TXL FRQWU{OH QRWUH FRUSV HW OD IDoRQ GRQW LO DJLW VXU OH PRQGH H[WpULHXU &ODUN
(83) 3DUPL OHV GLIIpUHQWV GpIHQVHXUV GH FHWWH DSSURFKH /DZUHQFH %DUVDORX IDLW ILJXUH GH UpIpUHQFH 6HORQVDWKpRULHGHVV\VWqPHVGHV\PEROHVSHUFHSWXHOV %DUVDORX
(84) LOH[LVWHXQHUHODWLRQWUqV IRUWH HQWUH OHV H[SpULHQFHV SHUFHSWXHOOHV DXWUHPHQW GLW VHQVRULPRWULFHV G·XQ LQGLYLGX HW OD UHSUpVHQWDWLRQ FRQFHSWXHOOH TX·LO IDLW GH FHV H[SpULHQFHV YRLU DXVVL %DUVDORX
(85) 3RXVVpH j VRQ SDUR[\VPH FHWWH WKpRULH SUpGLW TX·XQH IRLV OHV UHSUpVHQWDWLRQV G·XQH H[SpULHQFH HQFRGpHV GDQV OH FHUYHDX FHOOHVFL IRUPHQW XQH VLPXODWLRQ FRQFHSWXHOOH GH O·H[SpULHQFH 'H FHWWH IDoRQ ORUVTX·XQ LQGLYLGX UpFXSqUH OHV LQIRUPDWLRQV UHODWLYHV j XQ FRQFHSW OHV H[SpULHQFHV FH TXH %DUVDORX SUpVHQWH HQ WDQW TXH V\PEROHV SHUFHSWXHOV
(86) DVVRFLpHV j FH FRQFHSW SDUWLFXOLHU VRQW VLPXOpHV2QSRVWXOHDORUVTXHOHVLQIRUPDWLRQVFRQFHSWXHOOHVVRLHQWDQFUpHVGDQVOHVH[SpULHQFHV SHUFHSWXHOOHVRXVHQVRULPRWULFHVTXLSDUODVXLWHVRQW©UHMRXpHVªORUVGHVLQWHUDFWLRQVDYHFOHV VWLPXOLHQOLHQDYHFFHVFRQFHSWV 6L MXVTX·LFL M·DL LQVLVWp VXU GHX[ DSSURFKHV IRQGDPHQWDOHPHQW RSSRVpHV GHV FRQFHSWV HW GH OD FRJQLWLRQHQVXJJpUDQWODSHUWLQHQFHGHO·DSSURFKHGLWH©LQFDUQpHªGHODFRJQLWLRQF·HVWTXHFH GpEDWDOLPHQWHHQFRUHDXMRXUG·KXLOHVTXHVWLRQVDXWRXUGHODPDQLqUHGRQWOHFHUYHDXUHSUpVHQWH OHODQJDJHTXLFRQVWLWXHOHF±XUGHFHWUDYDLOGHWKqVH-·DWWLUHO·DWWHQWLRQGXOHFWHXUVXUOHIDLWTXH GLVFXWHU GHV WKpRULHV UHODWLYHV DX[ FRQFHSWV Q·HVW SDV XQH GpPDUFKH DQRGLQH (Q HIIHW FHWWH GpPDUFKHUHIOqWHW\SLTXHPHQWO·pWDWGHO·DUWTXLORLQGHFRQIRQGUH©FRQFHSWªHW©VHQVGXPRWª UHQG FRPSWH GHV OLHQV TXL XQLVVHQW FHV GHX[ QRWLRQV 'DQV OH FKDSLWUH , LQWLWXOp ©&RQFHSWV HW 6HQVGHVPRWV 8QSRLQWVXUOHVOLHQVUpFLSURTXHVªMHSUpVHQWHUDLEULqYHPHQWGDQVXQSUHPLHU WHPSV OHV GpILQLWLRQV DGPLVHV SRXU FHV GHX[ QRWLRQV -H FKHUFKHUDL HQVXLWH j GpWHUPLQHU TXHOV VRQWOHVOLHQVXQLVVDQWFHVQRWLRQVHWV·LOHVWMXGLFLHX[GHGUHVVHUXQSRQWHQWUHHOOHV-HGpIHQGUDL HQILQO·LGpHTX·DXGHOjGHVGLIIpUHQFHVSRLQWpHVSDUODOLWWpUDWXUHMXVTX·jPDLQWHQDQWOHVFRQFHSWV . 20.
(87) ,QWURGXFWLRQJpQpUDOH. HWOHVHQVGHVPRWVSHXYHQWSUpWHQGUHjrWUHUHSUpVHQWpVGHIDoRQVLPLODLUHGDQVOHFHUYHDXGDQV ODPHVXUHROHVFRQQDLVVDQFHVKXPDLQHVVRQWSUHVTXHWRXMRXUVFRGLILpHVDYHFGHVSKUDVHVRUDOHV RX pFULWHV 1LQLR
(88) $LQVL DX FRXUV GH FHWWH WKqVH M·DL GpFLGp G·DGRSWHU XQH DSSURFKH VLPLODLUH j FHOOH WURXYpH GDQV OD OLWWpUDWXUH R ELHQ TXH O·REMHW G·pWXGH VRLW OD UHSUpVHQWDWLRQ GX VHQVGHVPRWVGDQVOHFHUYHDXOHVGRQQpHVHPSLULTXHVHWWKpRULHVDVVRFLpHVDX[FRQFHSWVHWDX VHQV GHV PRWV VRQW UHYXHV FRQMRLQWHPHQW /·LPSDFW GHV UpVXOWDWV GHV H[SpULHQFHV PHQpHV VHUD DLQVL GLVFXWp GDQV OH FDGUH G·XQH OLWWpUDWXUH FRPPXQH j OD UHSUpVHQWDWLRQ FpUpEUDOH GH OD FRQQDLVVDQFHFRQFHSWXHOOHHWGXODQJDJH 5DSSHORQVTXHOHVFRQFHSWVVRQWIRQGDPHQWDOHPHQW©SXEOLFVªGDQVOHVHQVRLOVSHUPHWWHQWj FKDFXQ GH FRPPXQLTXHU GHV SHQVpHV DEVWUDLWHV RX GHV LGpHV j SURSRV GX PRQGH H[WpULHXU )RGRU
(89) FHWpJDUGOHOLHQHQWUHOHODQJDJHG·XQHSDUWHWSDUH[WHQVLRQOHVPRWVHWOHV FRQFHSWV G·DXWUH SDUW DSSDUDvW pYLGHQWϭ (Q HIIHW QRWUH ODQJDJH TXL LPSOLTXH O·DVVRFLDWLRQ GH V\PEROHV DYHF GHV FRQFHSWV QRXV SHUPHW GH GpFULUH O·HQYLURQQHPHQW TXH QRXV SHUFHYRQV G·pFKDQJHU DXWRXU GH QRV H[SpULHQFHV 3ULFH YRLU pJDOHPHQW 9LJOLRFFR 9LQVRQ 9LJOLRFFR HW DO %HGQ\ &DUDPD]]D *DOOHVH DQG 6LQLJDJOLD
(90) /H ODQJDJH HVW GRQFjFHWLWUHXQHFDUDFWpULVWLTXHFUXFLDOHGHODFRJQLWLRQKXPDLQH *DOOHVH 6LQLJDJOLD
(91) (QUHYDQFKHRQUHWURXYHjQRXYHDXOHSUREOqPHTXLFRQVLVWHjGpWHUPLQHUFRPPHQWOHVPRWVHW OHXU VHQV VRQW UHOLpV DX[ REMHWV DX[TXHOV LOV UpIqUHQW HW FH TXL SDU HVVHQFH HQWUH GDQV OD FRPSRVLWLRQ GH OHXU VHQV )HOGPDQ 1DUD\DQDQ
(92) 6·RSSRVHQW LFL HQFRUH XQH IRLV OHV DSSURFKHVWUDGLWLRQQHOOHVTXLSODLGHQWSRXUXQHUHSUpVHQWDWLRQ©DEVWUDLWHªGXODQJDJHROHVHQV GHV PRWV HVW UHSUpVHQWp LQGpSHQGDPPHQW GHV V\VWqPHV GpYROXV j OD SHUFHSWLRQ HW j O·DFWLRQ 3\O\VK\Q )RGRU
(93) HWOHVDSSURFKHVGLWHV©LQFDUQpHVª %DUVDORX *DOOHVH HWDO 3HFKHUDQG=ZDDQ 3XOYHUPOOHU )LVFKHUDQG=ZDDQ 'RYH .LHIHUDQG3XOYHUPOOHU
(94) 4XDQGSRXU)RGRUHWDSSDUHQWpVOHPRW©FKLHQªHVWDVVRFLpjOD FDUDFWpULVWLTXHSURSRVLWLRQQHOOHDPRGDOH©DERLHªG·DXWUHVLQVLVWHQWVXUO·LGpHTXHOHVHQVGXPRW ©FKLHQªFRPSUHQGQRWDPPHQWODVHQVDWLRQDXGLWLYHHWGRQFPRGDOHGHO·DERLHPHQW)HOGPDQHW 1DUD\DQDQ
(95) GDQVOHXUWKpRULHQHXURQDOHGXODQJDJHVRXOLJQHQWTX·LOHVWELHQDGPLVTXHOH VHQV G·XQ PRW WHO TX· ©DWWUDSHUª LPSOLTXH G·XQH FHUWDLQH PDQLqUH O·DFWLRQ PRWULFH G·DWWUDSHU )HOGPDQ 1DUD\DQDQ
(96) $LQVLORLQG·rWUHUpGXLWXQLTXHPHQWjXQHFRQVWUXFWLRQSXUHPHQW K\SRWKpWLTXH RX XQLTXHPHQW JXLGpH SDU DVVRFLDWLRQ DEVWUDLWH HQWUH PRWV *LEEV
(97) OD ULFKHVVHGXPRWVHQRXUULWHOOHSOXW{WGHVH[SpULHQFHVTXHO·RQDDYHFOHVREMHWVOHVDFWLRQVRXOHV pYqQHPHQWVDX[TXHOVLOUpIqUH"&·HVWVHORQFHWWHOLJQHWKpRULTXHTXHV·HVWFRQVWUXLWFHWUDYDLOGH WKqVH DX FRXUV GXTXHO QRXV DYRQV FKHUFKp j PHWWUH HQ pYLGHQFH QRWDPPHQW O·LPSDFW GHV H[SpULHQFHVVHQVRULPRWULFHVGDQVO·DFTXLVLWLRQGXVHQVUpIpUHQWLHOGHQRXYHDX[PRWV 3DUWDQWGHO·LGpHTXHODULFKHVVHG·XQPRWV·LQVFULWSDUVRQVHQVGDQVOHVH[SpULHQFHVSHUFHSWXHOOHV HW VHQVRULPRWULFHV ORUVTXH M·pFULV OH PRW © SLDQR ª MH GRLV pYRTXHU WRXW j OD IRLV OHV UHSUpVHQWDWLRQV YLVXHOOH HW DXGLWLYH TXH WRXW XQ FKDFXQ SRVVqGH GH O·LQVWUXPHQW GH PXVLTXH &HSHQGDQW WRXWHV FHV UHSUpVHQWDWLRQV DVVRFLpHV FUpHQWHOOHV WRXW RX SDUWLH GX VHQV GX PRW" /·XQH GHV IDoRQV GH UpSRQGUH j FH W\SH GH TXHVWLRQ HVW GH V·LQWpUHVVHU HQ SUHPLHU OLHX j GHV SDWLHQWVTXLVRXIIUHQWGHOpVLRQVFpUpEUDOHVVSpFLILTXHVHWG·pWXGLHUOHVGpILFLWVFRPSRUWHPHQWDX[ ϭ. %LHQ TX·LO SDUDLVVH LPSUXGHQW GH WLUHU XQH OLJQH GLUHFWH HQWUH OH VHQV GHV PRWV HW OHV FRQFHSWV TX·LOV GpQRWHQW 0XUSK\
(98) OHVOLHQVHQWUHFHVGHX[QRWLRQVHWFHTX·HOOHVUHSUpVHQWHQWVRQWIODJUDQWV 9LJOLRFFR 9LQVRQ
(99) 1RXV GLVFXWHURQV GH FH OLHQ GDQV OH FKDSLWUH , WRXW HQ HVWLPDQW TXH SRXU OH SURSRV GH FHWWH WKqVH OHV pWXGHV FRQVDFUpHVDXVHQVGHVPRWVHWFHOOHVGpGLpHVDX[FRQFHSWVVHURQWWUDLWpHVGHIDoRQpTXLYDOHQWH. 21.
(100) ,QWURGXFWLRQJpQpUDOH. . SRWHQWLHOVTXLHQGpFRXOHQWLFLGHVGpILFLWVGHFRPSUpKHQVLRQRXG·DFFqVDX[FRQFHSWVHWDXVHQV GHV PRWV 'DQV OH FKDSLWUH ,, LQWLWXOp ©'HV PDX[ DX[ VHQV &H TXH QRXV UpYqOH O·pWXGH GHV SDWLHQWV FpUpEUROpVpVª MH IHUDL XQ pWDW GH O·DUW GHV pWXGHV GH FDV GH SDWLHQWV SUpVHQWDQW GHV GpILFLWV GDQV OH WUDLWHPHQW GHV PRWV HW GHV FRQFHSWV GpILFLWV TXH O·RQ D FKHUFKp j UHOLHU j GHV OpVLRQVFpUpEUDOHVVSpFLILTXHV'HSXLVOHWUDYDLOVpPLQDOGH:DUULJWRQ 0F&DUWK\HQ YRLU pJDOHPHQW :DUULJWRQ 6KDOOLFH
(101) QRPEUHX[ RQW pWp OHV FDV UDSSRUWpV GH SDWLHQWV GRQW OD FDSDFLWp j LGHQWLILHU FHUWDLQHV FDWpJRULHV VSpFLILTXHV G·REMHWV pWDLW DOWpUpH WDQGLV TXH G·DXWUHV FDWpJRULHV UHVWDLHQW UHODWLYHPHQW pSDUJQpHV &DSLWDQL HW DO &DUDPD]]D DQG 0DKRQ
(102) &HVpWXGHVQHXURSV\FKRORJLTXHVGHVGpILFLWVSRXUGHVFDWpJRULHVVpPDQWLTXHVVSpFLILTXHV RQWKLVWRULTXHPHQWFRQVWLWXpXQVRFOHSRXUOHGpYHORSSHPHQWGHWKpRULHVVXUO·RUJDQLVDWLRQGHOD FRQQDLVVDQFH FRQFHSWXHOOH GDQV OH FHUYHDX 1RXV YHUURQV TXH GDQV O·HQVHPEOH FHV pWXGHV QHXURSV\FKRORJLTXHV DSSRUWHQW GHV LQIRUPDWLRQV WUqV VpGXLVDQWHV TXDQW j XQH RUJDQLVDWLRQ GLVWULEXpHGHODFRQQDLVVDQFHFRQFHSWXHOOHGDQVOHFHUYHDX :DUULJWRQ 6KDOOLFH $OOSRUW 0HVXODP 0DUWLQ
(103) HWSHUPHWWHQWpJDOHPHQWG·HQYLVDJHUTXHFHWWHRUJDQLVDWLRQ GLVWULEXpHWUDGXLVHO·HQJDJHPHQWGHVV\VWqPHVSHUFHSWXHOVHWPRWHXUV 3XOYHUPOOHU *DOOHVH /DNRII
(104) (QILQ DX WUDYHUV GX FDV SDUWLFXOLHU GH OD GpPHQFH VpPDQWLTXH QRXV VRXOLJQHURQV TXH GHV UpJLRQV DPRGDOHVSRXUUDLHQW MRXHU XQ U{OH GDQV OH WUDLWHPHQW HW OD UHSUpVHQWDWLRQGHVFRQFHSWV 3DWWHUVRQHWDO /DPERQ5DOSKHWDO
(105) 3RXUDXWDQWFHV VHXOHV REVHUYDWLRQV QHXURSV\FKRORJLTXHV GRLYHQW rWUH FRQVLGpUpHV DYHF SUpFDXWLRQ GX IDLW GH OD IDLEOHUHSURGXFWLYLWpGHVOpVLRQVREVHUYpHVHWGHODQDWXUHPrPHGHFHVOpVLRQV 5HVWH DORUV j DSSUpKHQGHU VL FHV UpVHDX[ SHUFHSWXRPRWHXUV SDUWLFLSHQW GH IDoRQ DFWLYH DX WUDLWHPHQWGHVFRQFHSWVHWGHVPRWV3UHQRQVO·H[HPSOHGHPRWVGpVLJQDQWGHVDFWLRQVWHOVTXHOH PRW ©pFULUHª 6XLYDQW O·K\SRWKqVH GHV V\PEROHV SHUFHSWXHOV GH %DUVDORX
(106) OHV UpJLRQVLPSOLTXpHVGDQVODSODQLILFDWLRQHWO·H[pFXWLRQG·DFWLRQVGHYUDLHQWSDUWLFLSHUDXWUDLWHPHQW GX PRW HW GX FRQFHSW (&5,5( 3RXU UpSRQGUH j FHWWH TXHVWLRQ GH QRPEUHXVHV pWXGHV RQW H[DPLQpGDQVTXHOOHPHVXUHOHUHFUXWHPHQWGHUpVHDX[QHXURQDX[SDUWLFXOLHUVORUVGHGHX[WkFKHV FRQFXUUHQWHVSRXYDLWLPSDFWHUO·XQHRXO·DXWUHGHFHVWkFKHV'DQVOHFKDSLWUH,,,LQWLWXOp©/LHQV IRQFWLRQQHOVHQWUHDFWLRQSHUFHSWLRQHWODQJDJHªMHIHUDLXQHUHYXHGHVpWXGHVFRPSRUWHPHQWDOHV D\DQW PLV HQ pYLGHQFH TXH OH WUDLWHPHQW GH VWLPXOL ODQJDJLHUV HQ SDUWLFXOLHU GH PRWV G·DFWLRQ
(107) SRXYDLW LQWHUIpUHU DYHF OH FRPSRUWHPHQW PRWHXU HW LQYHUVHPHQW TXH O·H[pFXWLRQ G·XQH DFWLRQ SRXYDLWDIIHFWHUOHWUDLWHPHQWVpPDQWLTXH *HQWLOXFFL *DQJLWDQR *HQWLOXFFLHWDO *OHQEHUJ .DVFKDN %RXOHQJHUHWDO %RXOHQJHU6LOEHUHWDO *OHQEHUJ 6DWR&DWWDQHRHWDO 1D]LUHWDO )LVFKHU =ZDDQ 6FRUROOLHWDO 'DOOD HWDO $UDYHQDHWDO &KHUVLHWDO
(108) 1RXVYHUURQVpJDOHPHQWFRPPHQWGHWHOV OLHQV V·RUJDQLVHQW HQWUH OHV SURFHVVXV VRXVWHQGDQW OD SHUFHSWLRQ HW OH ODQJDJH 6WDQILHOG HW DO 0HWH\DUG HW DO 5LFKWHU =ZDDQ
(109) 'DQV O·HQVHPEOH FHV pWXGHV IRXUQLVVHQW GHV DUJXPHQWV VROLGHV HQ IDYHXU GH O·H[LVWHQFH GH UHVVRXUFHV FpUpEUDOHV FRPPXQHV HQWUH OHV SURFHVVXVPRWHXUVRXSHUFHSWXHOVHWFHX[GpGLpVDXWUDLWHPHQWGXVHQVGHVPRWV(QUHYDQFKH HOOHVQHSHUPHWWHQWSDVGHGpWHUPLQHUSUpFLVpPHQWjTXHOHQGURLWDXVHLQGHVV\VWqPHVFRJQLWLYR SHUFHSWXRPRWHXUV VH SURGXLW FHWWH LQWHUDFWLRQ QL j TXHO PRPHQW /·LQYHVWLJDWLRQ GH FHV TXHVWLRQV D pWp UHQGXH SRVVLEOH SDU O·XWLOLVDWLRQ GHV WHFKQLTXHV GH QHXURLPDJHULH IRQFWLRQQHOOH WHOOHVTXHO·,PDJHULHSDU5pVRQDQFH0DJQpWLTXHIRQFWLRQQHOOH ,50I
(110) SHUPHWWDQWG·LGHQWLILHUOHV VWUXFWXUHV FpUpEUDOHV VRXVWHQGDQW OH WUDLWHPHQW GHV FRQFHSWV RX GX VHQV GHV PRWV PDLV pJDOHPHQW SDU OH ELDLV GX GpYHORSSHPHQW GH O·(OHFWURHQFpSKDORJUDSKLH ((*
(111) HW GH OD 0DJQpWRHQFpSKDORJUDSKLH 0(*
(112) SHUPHWWDQWGHGpYRLOHUVDG\QDPLTXHWHPSRUHOOH . 22.
(113) ,QWURGXFWLRQJpQpUDOH. 'DQVOHFKDSLWUH,9©(OHFWURSK\VLRORJLHHW1HXURDQDWRPLHGXVHQVªMHSUpVHQWHXQHUHYXHGHV pWXGHV UpDOLVpHV G·XQH SDUW HQ ((* HW 0(* HW G·DXWUH SDUW DYHF OHV WHFKQLTXHV G·LPDJHULH FpUpEUDOH HJ,50I7(3RX7RPRJUDSKLHSDUePLVVLRQGH3RVLWRQV
(114) TXLWHQGHQWjPRQWUHUTXH OHWUDLWHPHQWGHVPRWVG·DFWLRQVLPSOLTXHQWOHVVWUXFWXUHVFpUpEUDOHVGpGLpHVjO·DFWLRQ +DXNDQG 3XOYHUPOOHU +DXNHWDO $]L]=DGHKHWDO $]L]=DGHKDQG'DPDVLR .HPPHUHUHWDO %RXOHQJHUHWDO +ZDQJHWDO 5DSRVRHWDO
(115) WDQGLVTXH OHVPRWVGHYLVLRQ LHDVVRFLpVjGHVDWWULEXWVYLVXHOV
(116) LPSOLTXHQWOHVUpJLRQVYLVXHOOHV 0DUWLQHW DO &KDR DQG 0DUWLQ 3XOYHUPOOHU DQG +DXN 6LPPRQV HW DO 'HVDL HW DO
(117) 'HV REVHUYDWLRQV VLPLODLUHV RQW pWp UDSSRUWpHV TXDQW DX UHFUXWHPHQW GH VWUXFWXUHVVHQVRULHOOHVSRXUGHVPRWVUpIpUDQWjG·DXWUHVW\SHVGHPRGDOLWpVWHOOHVTXHO·ROIDFWLRQ RX OH JRW 6LPPRQV HW DO *ROGEHUJ HW DO *RQ]iOH] HW DO &DSSD .LHIHU HW DO %DUUyV/RVFHUWDOHV HW DO
(118) 1RXV YHUURQV pJDOHPHQW TXH OHV pWXGHV G·pOHFWURSK\VLRORJLHDXGHOjG·DSSRUWHUGHVLQGLFHVGHGLVFULPLQDWLRQGHVFDWpJRULHVVpPDQWLTXHV RQW SHUPLV JUkFH j OHXU H[FHOOHQWH UpVROXWLRQ WHPSRUHOOH GH PRQWUHU TXH FHV GLIIpUHQFHV FDWpJRULHOOHVDSSDUDLVVDLHQWGqVjPVHFDSUqVOHGpEXWGHODSHUFHSWLRQGHVPRWV +DXNHW DO
(119) 'DQVOHVFKDSLWUHV,,j,9QRXVYHUURQVFRPELHQOHVpWXGHVFHQWUpHVVXUOHWUDLWHPHQWGHVPRWVHW GHV FRQFHSWV RQW GRQQp GHV JDJHV DX[ K\SRWKqVHV GpYHORSSpHV SDU FHUWDLQV DXWHXUV HW VHORQ OHVTXHOOHV OD FRQQDLVVDQFH FRQFHSWXHOOH HVW RUJDQLVpH GH IDoRQ GLVWULEXpH GDQV OH FHUYHDX HW HQ SDUWLFXOLHU DX VHLQ GHV V\VWqPHV GpYROXV j OD SHUFHSWLRQ HW j O·DFWLRQ *OHQEHUJ %DUVDORX 3XOYHUPOOHU *DOOHVH HW DO .H\VHUV 3HUUHWW 3HFKHU =ZDDQ *DOOHVH /DNRII &ODUN )LVFKHU =ZDDQ .LHIHU 3XOYHUPOOHU *DOOHVH 6LQLJDJOLD
(120) 3RXU DXWDQW OHV YLQJW GHUQLqUHV DQQpHV RQW pJDOHPHQWpWpMDORQQpHVGHGpEDWV 0DKRQDQG&DUDPD]]D 7RQLHWDO 'RYH %HGQ\ &DUDPD]]D
(121) j OD IRLV WKpRULTXHV HW FRQFHUQDQW OHV GRQQpHV HPSLULTXHVUpFROWpHVGRQWOHFKDSLWUH,9©'HGLYHUJHQFHVHQ]RQHVGHFRQYHUJHQFHªSURSRVHXQ UpVXPp $LQVL PrPH VL O·DFWLYDWLRQ GHV VWUXFWXUHV VHQVRULPRWULFHV ORUV GX WUDLWHPHQW GHV FRQFHSWVQ·HVWSDVQLpHOHGpEDWDFULVWDOOLVpVXUODQRWLRQGH©VXIILVDQWHWQpFHVVDLUHªRFHUWDLQV DXWHXUV RQW DUJXp TXH FHV DFWLYDWLRQV Q·pWDLHQW TX·DVVRFLpHV VHFRQGDLUHPHQW DX[ UHSUpVHQWDWLRQV DPRGDOHV /HV TXHVWLRQV FRQFHUQDQW OD SULPDXWp GH FHV DFWLYDWLRQV YLVjYLV GX UHFUXWHPHQW G·DXWUHV VWUXFWXUHV PRLQV OLpHV DX[ SURFHVVXV SHUFHSWXRPRWHXUV RQW GRQF pWp SRVpHV (QILQ FHUWDLQVDXWHXUVRQWSRLQWpGXGRLJWTXHOHIDLWTXHOHVPrPHVUpJLRQVPRWULFHVVRLHQWLPSOLTXpHV GDQV O·H[pFXWLRQ GHV DFWLRQV HW GDQV OD FRPSUpKHQVLRQ GX VHQV GHV PRWV G·DFWLRQ Q·D SDV UpHOOHPHQW pWp GpPRQWUp :LOOHPV +DJRRUW :LOOHPV HW DO
(122) &HV UHPDUTXHV RQW DORUVGRQQpGXFUpGLWjO·LGpHGH]RQHVGHFRQYHUJHQFHV 'DPDVLR 3DWWHUVRQHWDO 0H\HU DQG 'DPDVLR 6LPPRQV DQG 0DUWLQ
(123) F·HVWjGLUH GHV ]RQHV SDVVHUHOOHV HQWUH OHVVWUXFWXUHVjPRGDOLWpVSpFLILTXHD\DQWSRXUFDUDFWpULVWLTXHGHSRXYRLUUpFXSpUHUOHVGLIIpUHQWHV LQIRUPDWLRQV SHUFHSWXHOOHV HW PRWULFHV VDQV SRXU DXWDQW OHV FRGHU 4XHOOHV SODFHV GRQQHU DORUV DX[UpIpUHQFHVVHQVRULPRWULFHVGDQVODFRPSRVLWLRQGXVHQVGXPRW"&HVUpIpUHQFHVVRQWHOOHV UpFXSpUpHVORUVGXWUDLWHPHQWGHVPRWVHWGHFHSRLQWGHYXHUpDFWLYpHVHQWDQWTXHWHOOHVRXELHQ H[LVWHWLO XQ V\VWqPH SOXV DEVWUDLW TXL SHUPHWWUDLW O·DFFqV DX F±XU GX VHQV VDQV UHMRXHU HQWLqUHPHQWO·H[SpULHQFH"7HOOHVVRQWOHVTXHVWLRQVTXHSRVHODOLWWpUDWXUHDFWXHOOHHWDX[TXHOOHVOH SUpVHQWWUDYDLOGHWKqVHDSRXUREMHFWLIGHUpSRQGUH . 23.
(124) ,QWURGXFWLRQJpQpUDOH. . &H GHUQLHU FKDSLWUH QRXV FRQGXLW pYLGHPPHQW j O·REMHW GH FH WUDYDLO GH WKqVH HW DX[ SUREOpPDWLTXHV TXH QRXV DYRQV FKRLVLHV G·pWXGLHU /D SUHPLqUH G·HQWUH HOOHV UpVXOWH GX FRQVWDW TXH VHXOHV GHX[ DSSURFKHV HQ UHJDUG GX WUDLWHPHQW GX VHQV RQW pWp pWXGLpHV FRPPHQW OHV FRQFHSWV HW OH VHQV GHV PRWV SHXYHQW rWUH SHUGXV VXLWH j GHV OpVLRQV FpUpEUDOHV VSpFLILTXHV 0F&DUWK\ DQG :DUULQJWRQ &DSLWDQL HW DO 0DKRQ DQG &DUDPD]]D
(125) PDLV pJDOHPHQWFRPPHQWGHVFRQFHSWVELHQDSSULVVRQWWUDLWpVFKH]OHSDUWLFLSDQWVDLQ 0HWH\DUGHWDO .LHIHUDQG3XOYHUPOOHU
(126) /DQpJOLJHQFHGHODOLWWpUDWXUHYLVjYLVGHO·DFTXLVLWLRQGHV FRQFHSWVHWGXVHQVGHVPRWVDLQVLTXHGHODG\QDPLTXHQHXURQDOHDVVRFLpHHVWDLQVLFULDQWH$X WUDYHUV GH O·pWXGH GH O·DFTXLVLWLRQ GX VHQV GHV PRWV F·HVW SRXUWDQW OH U{OH GHV LQIRUPDWLRQV VHQVRULPRWULFHVDLQVLTXHOHFDUDFWqUHVWDEOHRXELHQODELOHGHOHXUSDUWLFLSDWLRQGDQVO·pODERUDWLRQ GXVHQVTXLSRXUUDLHQWrWUHGpWHUPLQpV/DVHFWLRQ%©$SSRUWVH[SpULPHQWDX[ªUHJURXSHDLQVLOHV GLIIpUHQWHVpWXGHVTXHQRXVDYRQVPHQpHVDILQGHUpSRQGUHDX[TXHVWLRQVSUpVHQWpHVFLDYDQWHW GpWDLOOpHVGDQVOHFKDSLWUH$XWUDYHUVG·XQHSUHPLqUHH[SpULHQFHQRXVDYRQVFKHUFKpjWHVWHU HPSLULTXHPHQWO·K\SRWKqVHGpYHORSSpHSDU3XOYHUPOOHU
(127) VHORQODTXHOOHOHIDLW TXHOHVHQVGHVPRWVG·DFWLRQWHOVTXH©SLDQRWHUªVRLWSRUWpSDUGHVOLHQVIRQFWLRQQHOVHQWUHOHV VWUXFWXUHV GpGLpHV j O·DFWLRQ HW DX ODQJDJH UpVXOWHG·XQ DSSUHQWLVVDJH DVVRFLDWLI GH W\SH +HEELHQ +HEE
(128) (QG·DXWUHVWHUPHVQRXVDYRQVYRXOXGpWHUPLQHUOHU{OHGHVH[SpULHQFHVVHQVRUL PRWULFHVGDQVO·DFTXLVLWLRQGXVHQVGHQRXYHDX[PRWV $O·DLGHG·XQHpWXGH((*HQDSSUHQWLVVDJHVXUMRXUVHWG·XQHDQDO\VHGHVRVFLOODWLRQVFpUpEUDOHV QRXV DYRQV FKHUFKp j PRQWUHU TXH OD VLPSOH pFRXWH GH QRXYHDX[ PRWV DVVRFLpV j O·H[pFXWLRQ G·DFWLRQV GXUDQW O·HQWUDvQHPHQW SRXYDLW FRQGXLUH j XQH DFWLYDWLRQ GHV VWUXFWXUHV PRWULFHV &KDSLWUH9,, )DUJLHUHWDO
(129) $XWUDYHUVG·XQHGHX[LqPHpWXGHIRFDOLVpHVXUO·DQDO\VHGHV 3(V SRWHQWLHOVpYRTXpV
(130) QRXVVRXKDLWLRQVPRQWUHUTXHGHVGLYHUJHQFHVFDWpJRULHOOHVHQWUHPRWV G·DFWLRQHWPRWVGHYLVLRQSHXYHQWV·REVHUYHUSUpFRFHPHQWGqVO·DFTXLVLWLRQGHVUHODWLRQVPRWV UpIpUHQWVHWTX·HOOHVUHSRVHQWWUqVSUREDEOHPHQWVXUXQHLPSOLFDWLRQGLIIpUHQWLHOOHGHVVWUXFWXUHV VHQVRULPRWULFHV &KDSLWUH9,,, )DUJLHUHWDOVRXPLV
(131) 3DUODVXLWHQRXVDYRQVPHQpGHX[TXHVWLRQVGHIURQW '·XQHSDUWFHVUHODWLRQVPRWVUpIpUHQWV VRQWHOOHVWULEXWDLUHVGHVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVGXODQJDJHHWG·DXWUHSDUWOHVSURFHVVXVLPSOLTXpVGDQV OD UpFXSpUDWLRQ GX VHQV GH QRXYHDX[ PRWV VRQWLOV OHV PrPHV TXH FHX[ LPSOLTXpV GDQV OH WUDLWHPHQW GH PRWV ELHQ DSSULV HWRX GHV REMHWV RX DFWLRQV TX·LOV GpFULYHQW" &KDSLWUH ,; )DUJLHUHWDOHQSUpSDUDWLRQ
(132) (QILQVWLPXOpVSDUO·LGpHTXHOHVOLHQVHQWUHOHVUpVHDX[PRWHXUVHW FHX[GXODQJDJHSXLVVHQWVHGpYHORSSHUUDSLGHPHQWWDQGLVTXHSHXG·pWXGHVRQWpWXGLpO·LPSDFW GHODSURGXFWLRQGXODQJDJHVXUOHFRPSRUWHPHQWPRWHXUQRXVDYRQVGpYHORSSpXQHpWXGHYLVDQW j GpWHUPLQHU VL OD YHUEDOLVDWLRQ GH PRWV SRXYDLW IDFLOLWHU O·H[pFXWLRQ G·XQ PRXYHPHQW GH SUpKHQVLRQG·REMHW &KDSLWUH; )DUJLHU0pQRUHWHWDO
(133) /·HQVHPEOH GHV UpVXOWDWV GH FHV pWXGHV VHURQW GLVFXWpV HW FRQIURQWpV j OD OLWWpUDWXUH DILQ GH GpYHORSSHU XQH K\SRWKqVH FRQFHUQDQW OH GpYHORSSHPHQW GHV UHODWLRQV PRWVUpIpUHQWV O·LPSDFW GHV H[SpULHQFHV VHQVRULPRWULFHV GDQV OD UHSUpVHQWDWLRQ GX VHQV HW GHV SURFHVVXV G·DEVWUDFWLRQ SRXU pODERUHU XQ PRGqOH GH OD UHSUpVHQWDWLRQ GX VHQV GHV PRWV GDQV OH FHUYHDX. 1RXVIDLVRQVLFLUpIpUHQFHDX[TXHVWLRQVUHODWLYHVDX[SURFHVVXVQHXURQDX[DVVRFLpVDXGpYHORSSHPHQWGHUHODWLRQV. V\PEROHVUpIpUHQWVFKH]O·DGXOWH(QFHTXLFRQFHUQHO·DFTXLVLWLRQGHVPRWVFKH]O·HQIDQWQRXVUpIpURQVOHOHFWHXUj %ORRPDLQVLTX·j+LUVK3DVHN 0LFKQLFN*ROLQNRIISRXUO·DFTXLVLWLRQGHVYHUEHV. . 24.
(134) . . 3$57,($ &217(;7(7+(25,48(. . 25.
(135) . . 26.
(136) . &+$3,75(, &RQFHSWVHW6HQVGHVPRWV 8QSRLQWVXUGHVOLHQV UpFLSURTXHV /·REMHFWLI GH FH FKDSLWUH Q·HVW SDV SURSRVHU XQH UHYXH H[KDXVWLYH GHV FRXUDQWV GH SHQVpHIRFDOLVpV VXU OD VWUXFWXUH GX VHQV RX GHV FRQFHSWV PDLV SOXW{W GH SUpVHQWHU OD UpIOH[LRQ D\DQWFRQGXLWjODGpPDUFKHFKRLVLHTXLFRQVLVWHjDERUGHUFRQMRLQWHPHQWOHVpWXGHVUHODWLYHVDX[ FRQFHSWV HW FHOOHV UHODWLYHV DX[ PRWV /·XQH GHV IDoRQV GH FRQVLGpUHU FRPPHQW V·DUWLFXOHQW OHV OLHQVHQWUHFRQFHSWVHWVHQVGHVPRWVHVWGHGpILQLUOHVSURSULpWpVGHFKDTXHQRWLRQDLQVLTXHOH U{OH UHVSHFWLI TXL OHXU HVW DWWULEXp ,O HVW DORUV QpFHVVDLUH GH GpWHUPLQHU GDQV TXHOOH PHVXUH FHV U{OHVHWSURSULpWpVGLYHUJHQWRXVHFRPSOqWHQW4XDQWjXQHUHODWLYHSUR[LPLWpHQWUHFRQFHSWHW VHQV GX PRW RQ SHXW G·RUHV HW GpMj REVHUYHU TXH VL OH ODQJDJH HVW OH PR\HQ G·H[SULPHU HW GH WUDQVPHWWUH QRV H[SpULHQFHV EHVRLQV RX HQFRUH SHQVpHV OH VHQV GHV PRWV TXL HQ VRQW OHV YpKLFXOHVGRLWV·LQVFULUHGDQVOHVUHSUpVHQWDWLRQVPHQWDOHVGHVREMHWVDFWLRQVRXpYqQHPHQWVGX PRQGH 9LJOLRFFR 9LQVRQ
Documents relatifs
La moitié gauche du corps est représentée à droite dans le cerveau, la moitié droite est représentée à gauche car les fibres nerveuses qui mettent le corps en relation avec
Le trigone est une lame de substance blanche, triangulaire, dont le sommet est antérieur et la base postérieure. Plat et mince en arrière, le trigone s'épaissit d'arrière
Centre du langage parlé=aire de Broca Situé au pied de la frontale ascendante (aire 44 et aire 45). Aphasie motrice du
Figure 4· Images cérébrales de la localisation des sites récepteurs de la dopamine (zones apparaissant en rouge plus ou moins sombre et correspondant aux noyaux gris
Mais lorsqu’il s’agit de la langue, des mots, et de leur réalité cérébrale, c’est aussi à ces autres sens de la racine nem- que nous devons faire appel : le mot est bien ce
Pour nous faire réagir, cette neurohormone du stress presse tous les boutons d’alerte du cerveau, elle veut de l’action et elle la veut tout de suite.. L’adrénaline
[r]
RÉALISER UN PHÉNOTYPAGE, DES QUANTITÉS RELATIVEMENT IMPORTANTES D’ADN SONT NÉCESSAIRES... En Suisse, Vincent Castella es- time que le nombre annuel de cas graves pour lesquels la
