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138 Canadian J o u r n a l o f C o u n s e l l i n g / R e v o i e canadienne de c o u n s e l i n g / 1997, Vol. 31:2

Evaluation and Counselling: A Reply to Hiebert

Richard A. Young

University of British Columbia

I n a w i d e - r a n g i n g d i s c u s s i o n o f e v a l u a t i o n a n d c o u n s e l l i n g , H i e b e r t ( 1 9 9 7 [this i s s u e ] ) h a s p r o v i d e d us w i t h m u c h to t h i n k a b o u t . C l e a r l y t h e r e a r e m a n y a s p e c t s o f h i s a r t i c l e t h a t w i l l b e h e l p f u l t o c o u n s e l l o r s i n v a r i o u s a s p e c t s o f t h e i r w o r k , a n d w i l l l e a d t h e m i n d i r e c t i o n s t h a t t h e y m a y n o t h a v e c o n s i d e r e d h e r e t o f o r e . C e n t r a l t o h i s a r g u m e n t is t h a t t h e r e is a r o l e f o r c o u n s e l l o r s i n e v a l u a t i o n , a n d a p l a c e f o r e v a l u a t i o n i n c o u n s e l l i n g . W h i l e I a m i n a g r e e m e n t w i t h m a n y o f t h e i d e a s H i e b e r t p r e s e n t s i n t h i s a r t i c l e , t h e r e a r e s e v e r a l a s p e c t s t h a t I w o u l d l i k e to c o m m e n t o n t h a t w i l l h o p e f u l l y serve t o w a z z u b o t h c l a r i f y a n d e x t e n d h i s c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . F i r s t , H i e b e r t s e e m s e q u i v o c a l a b o u t w h e t h e r t h e r e is a p r o b l e m r e -g a r d i n -g e v a l u a t i o n i n c o u n s e l l i n -g . I n i t i a l l y , h e su-g-gests, w i t h o u t c i t i n -g a n y e v i d e n c e , t h a t t h e v e r y s u r v i v a l o f c o u n s e l l i n g d e p e n d s o n d o i n g m o r e e v a l u a t i o n , b u t l a t e r h e says t h a t w e are a l l d o i n g i n f o r m a l e v a l u a -t i o n s a l l -t h e -t i m e i n a n y case. I-t w o u l d b e h e l p f u l -to h a v e a c l e a r e r s t a t e m e n t o f w h a t t h e p r o b l e m is t h a t t h e a r t i c l e i n t e n d s t o a d d r e s s . B u t l e t ' s a s s u m e t h a t t h e r e is a p r o b l e m w i t h e v a l u a t i o n i n c o u n s e l l i n g as H i e b e r t c o n t e n d s . H i e b e r t s e e m s to s u g g e s t t h a t t h e s o l u t i o n l i e s p a r t i a l l y w i t h t h e c o u n s e l l o r d o i n g m o r e e v a l u a t i o n ( t h e first p a r t o f t h e a r t i c l e ) , a n d p a r t l y w i t h d e v e l o p i n g a n e v a l u a t i o n p o l i c y ( t h e s e c o n d p a r t o f t h e a r t i c l e ) . T h e l a t t e r is h e l p f u l b e c a u s e i t i m p l i e s t h a t r e a s o n s f o r t h e l a c k o f e v a l u a t i o n m a y b e s y s t e m i c . T h e l e a d i n g s o l u t i o n t o t h e p r o b l e m o f e v a l u a t i o n i n c o u n s e l l i n g is t o e x a m i n e c l o s e l y t h e s y s t e m i n w h i c h t h e c o u n s e l l i n g a n d e v a l u a t i o n o c c u r ( o r d o n ' t o c c u r , as t h e case m a y b e ) . I a m n o t o f t h e o p i n i o n t h a t m o r e e v a l u a t i o n is n e c e s s a r i l y b e t t e r . T h e a n s w e r m a y n o t b e t o first p r o p o s e a n e v a l u a t i o n p o l i c y o r d o m o r e e v a l u a t i o n . I n d e e d , i t m a y b e m o r e h e l p f u l to i d e n t i f y , i n a n y s y s t e m ( f r o m t h e m i c r o s y s t e m o f t h e c o u n s e l l i n g r e l a t i o n s h i p t o b r o a d e r p r o -g r a m , i n s t i t u t i o n a l , a n d s o c i e t a l systems) w h a t e v a l u a t i o n is a c t u a l l y o c c u r r i n g , a n d f o r w h a t i n t e n d e d a n d a c t u a l p u r p o s e s . I find w h e n I ask t h a t k i n d o f q u e s t i o n , I g e n e r a l l y l e a r n t h a t t h e r e is o f t e n m o r e g o i n g o n t h a t o n e s u s p e c t s . T h e s e c o n d p o i n t I w a n t to m a k e is i n r e g a r d t o a c o n s t r u c t i v i s t a p p r o a c h t o e v a l u a t i o n . M a n y g r a d u a t e s t u d e n t s I h a v e t a u g h t h a v e r e s p o n d e d v e r y f a v o u r a b l y to t h e t e x t , Fourth Generation Evaluation, b y G u b a a n d L i n c o l n ( 1 9 8 9 ) w h i c h I u s e i n a c o u r s e . O n e r e a s o n f o r t h e i r f a v o u r a b l e a s s e s s m e n t is t h a t i n t h i s t e x t e v a l u a t i o n is c o n s i d e r e d f r o m a c o n s t r u c t i v i s t p e r s p e c t i v e i n w h i c h t h e p e r t i n e n t c o n s t r u c t s o f t h e

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stake-A Reply to Hiebert 139 h o l d e r s a r e i d e n t i f i e d a n d u s e d i n t h e e v a l u a t i o n . G u b a a n d L i n c o l n r e c o g n i z e , as s h o u l d c o u n s e l l o r s g e n e r a l l y , t h a t i d e n t i f y i n g a p e r s o n ' s c o n s t r u c t s a b o u t a n y t o p i c ( e v e n p e r s o n a l l y s a l i e n t o n e s ) is n o t n e c e s -s a r i l y ea-sy, b u t i n d o i n g -so, w e g e t to w h a t i-s c r i t i c a l to t h e -s u b -s e q u e n t i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f p l a n s a n d g o a l s , h o w efforts a r e to b e e x e r t e d , a n d h o w r e s o u r c e s to b e u s e d . T h e n w h e n w e m o v e o n to r e c o n c i l i n g t h e c o m p e t -i n g c o n s t r u c t s o f s t a k e h o l d e r s , w e g e t -i n t o c h a l l e n g -i n g a n d p r o d u c t -i v e w o r k i n t h e e v a l u a t i o n d o m a i n . T h e r e is less " t a i l o r i n g " o f o u r e v a l u a t i o n o u t c o m e s to t h e n e e d s o f t h e s t a k e h o l d e r s o r o f h a v i n g t h e s t a k e h o l d e r s a g r e e o n t h e type o f e v i d e n c e t o b e g a t h e r e d . T h e e m p h a s i s c a n b e o n h e a r i n g a n d u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e s t a k e h o l d e r s ' i n i t i a l issues a n d a p p r e c i a t -i n g t h e e x t e n t t h e -i r c o n s t r u c t s f o r m t h e e v a l u a t -i o n . T h e t h i r d p o i n t h a s t o d o w i t h t h e s o c i a l c o n s t r u c t i o n o f e v a l u a t i o n g e n e r a l l y . F o r b e t t e r o r w o r s e , w e l i v e i n a w o r l d o f e v a l u a t i o n . J u s t r e c e n t l y t h e w o r l d w i t n e s s e d t h e 1 9 9 6 v e r s i o n o f t h e O l y m p i c G a m e s w h e r e o n e m a n u f a c t u r e r o f a t h l e t i c e q u i p m e n t p r o c l a i m e d i n its adver-t i s e m e n adver-t s adver-t h a adver-t " y o u d o n ' adver-t w i n silver, y o u l o s e g o l d . " N a adver-t i o n a l r e c o r d s w e r e r e p o r t e d i n t e r m s o f t h e d a i l y n u m b e r s o f g o l d , silver, a n d b r o n z e m e d a l s , v i r t u a l l y p u t t i n g a s i d e t h e h o s t o f e x c e l l e n t p e r f o r m a n c e s o f a t h l e t e s w h o finished i n o t h e r p l a c e s . I s u g g e s t t h a t w e n e e d t o u n d e r s t a n d t h a t e v a l u a t i o n is s o c i a l l y c o n s t r u c t e d , t h a t c o u n s e l l i n g i t s e l f m a y o r m a y n o t b e e a s i l y e v a l u a t e d , t h a t it is a p r o d u c t , a n d t h a t w e a r e e n g a g e d w i t h c o n s u m e r s , a l l t e r m s t h a t w e ( a n d m a n y o t h e r s , s u c h as g o v e r n m e n t m i n i s t r i e s ) l i k e to f l i r t w i t h . H i e b e r t a l s o uses t h e t e r m " a c c o u n t a b i l i t y , " a n d p r o p o s e s t h a t , w i t h e v a l u a t i o n , it is a " w i n n i n g " c o m b i n a t i o n . G u b a a n d L i n c o l n ( 1 9 8 9 ) , f o l l o w C r o n b a c h ( 1 9 8 0 ) i n s u g g e s t i n g t h a t t h e d e m a n d f o r a c c o u n t a b i l i t y is a s i g n o f p a t h o l o g y i n t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n , p a r t i c u l a r l y i f it is a s s o c i a t e d w i t h b l a m e o f p o o r l y r e p r e s e n t e d o r u n p o p -u l a r s t a k e h o l d e r s . T h i s is n o t a n a r g -u m e n t a g a i n s t H i e b e r t ' s p o s i t i o n , b -u t it is a c a l l f o r c a u t i o n i n o u r a p p r o a c h e s t o t h e i m p l i c a t i o n s o f e v a l u a t i o n a n d a c c o u n t a b i l i t y i n c o u n s e l l i n g . H i e b e r t c h a l l e n g e s c o u n s e l l o r s t o r e c o g n i z e t h a t c o u n s e l l i n g i n v o l v e s b o t h p r o c e s s e s a n d o u t c o m e s , w h i c h h e m a i n t a i n s a r e " d y n a m i c a l l y a n d r e c i p r o c a l l y c o n n e c t e d . " W h i l e h e d o e s n o t e x p l a i n w h a t h e m e a n s w h e n h e c a l l s t h e m d y n a m i c a l l y a n d r e c i p r o c a l l y r e l a t e d , it is d i f f i c u l t t o i m a g i n e t h a t c o u n s e l l o r s d o n ' t t a k e o u t c o m e s i n t o a c c o u n t i f t h e y a r e so p o w e r f u l l y r e l a t e d to p r o c e s s e s . G o a l s a n d p r o c e s s e s a r e c o n s t r u c t e d s i m u l t a n e o u s l y . It is d i f f i c u l t to t h i n k a b o u t a n d i m p l e m e n t strategies w i t h o u t c o n s i d e r i n g t h e g o a l s w e h a v e f o r t h e m . W h a t is c r i t i c a l i n t h i s is t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f i n d i v i d u a l g o a l s ( c l i e n t g o a l s a n d c o u n s e l l o r g o a l s ) as w e l l as t h e i r j o i n t g o a l s t h a t e m e r g e i n c o u n s e l l i n g . T h e i n t e g r a t e d c o u n s e l l i n g e v a l u a t i o n m o d e l p r o p o s e d b y H i e b e r t a c c o u n t s f o r m a n y i m p o r t a n t i n g r e d i e n t s . W h a t c o u n s e l l o r s m i g h t a l s o c o n s i d e r is a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e g o a l s o f t h e a g e n c y , p r o g r a m o r

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140 R i c h a r d A . Young i n t e r v e n t i o n , r a n g i n g f r o m b r o a d s t a t e m e n t s o f its m i s s i o n t o s p e c i f i c o b j e c t i v e s . E v a l u a t i o n d e p e n d s o n a t h o r o u g h u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e p u r p o s e s a n d g o a l s o f t h e a c t i v i t y o r p r o g r a m . A t t h i s l e v e l , t h e v a l u e s o f t h e s t a k e h o l d e r s a l s o n e e d t o b e r e p r e s e n t e d . N o m a t t e r h o w g o o d t h e e v a l u a t i o n is f r o m a t e c h n i c a l s i d e o r h o w m u c h d a t a has b e e n a c c u m u -l a t e d , i n t h e fina-l a n a -l y s i s , e v a -l u a t i o n is a b o u t t h e v a -l u e s o f t h e stake-h o l d e r s . G u b a a n d L i n c o l n ( 1 9 8 9 ) c a l l e v a l u a t i o n first a n d f o r e m o s t a s o c i o p o l i t i c a l p r o c e s s . I n s u m m a r y , I w o u l d l i k e r e a d e r s t o c o n s i d e r t h e e x t e n t a n d r a n g e o f e v a l u a t i o n t h a t m a y b e c u r r e n t l y o c c u r r i n g i n t h e i r w o r k t h a t is n o t f o r m a l l y l a b e l e d e v a l u a t i o n . I f e v a l u a t i o n has f u n d a m e n t a l l y to d o w i t h t h e e l a b o r a t i o n o f s t a k e h o l d e r s ' c o n s t r u c t s , t h e r e is l i k e l y a l o t o f it g o i n g o n . M o r e o v e r , c o u n s e l l o r s a r e i n a n a d v a n t a g e o u s p o s i t i o n t o f a c i l i t a t e t h e e v a l u a t i o n n o t o n l y o f t h e i r o w n w o r k b u t a l s o t h a t o f o t h e r s . B u t w e a l s o n e e d to r e c o g n i z e t h a t e v a l u a t i o n c a n h a v e less t o d o w i t h p r o v i n g p o i n t s as u n d e r t a k i n g a c o l l a b o r a t i v e p r o c e s s a n d i m p l i c a t e s o u r o w n o p e n n e s s to c h a n g e . References

Cronbach, L . J . & Associates. (1980). Toward reform of program evaluation. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Guba, E . G . , & L i n c o l n , Y. S. (1989). Fourth generation evaluation. Newbury Park, C A : Sage. Hiebert, B. ( 1997). Integrating evaluation into counselling practice: Accountability and

evalua-tion intertwined. Canadian fournal of Counselling, 31(2), 99-113.

About the Authors

Richard A . Young is professor and head o f the Department o f Counselling Psychology at the University of British C o l u m b i a . H e is also professor i n the Department o f H u m a n Resource Management at De Montfort University i n the U K . H i s research interests include career theory and development, parent-adolescent interaction, and counselling adolescents.

Address correspondence to: Richard A . Young, Dept. o f Counselling Psychology, University o f British C o l u m b i a , 2125 M a i n M a l l , Vancouver, B C V 6 T 1Z4.

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