Restoration of Lower Fort Garry, Manitoba: Foundations of Factor's Residence

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Technical Note (National Research Council of Canada. Division of Building Research), 1964-10-01

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Restoration of Lower Fort Garry, Manitoba: Foundations of Factor's Residence

Hamilton, J. J.

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NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF CANADA

DIVISION OF BUILDING RESEARCH

'Jr

EClHIN II CAlL

NOTlE

RESTRICTED CIRCULATION

ｾ

ｾｉ

PREPARED BY J. J. Hamilton CHECKED BY G. O. H. APPROyED By R. F. L.

.2AI!.. October 1964

PREPARED FOR National Historic Sites Division, Department of Northern

Affairs and National Resources

SUBJECT

RESTORATION OF LOWER FORT GARRY, MANITOBA

RESTORATION OF LO\'lER FORT GARRY" MANITOBA FOUNDATIONS OF FACTOR'S RESIDENCE

by J.J. Hamilton

In response to a request from the National Parks Branch" Department of Northern Affairs and Nat20na.l Resources, the writer met in Saskatoon with Mr. Peter John Stokes, Con-sulting Restoration Architect to the National Historic Sites Division on August 24"

1964.

Mr. Stokes described the nature of foundation problems at the site and stressed the importance of preserving as much of the original construction as possible. In addition" available soils maps of the area (1) and a report on a foundation investigation for the new museum building in the fort (2) were studied and a visit was made to the site on September 29,

1964.

This report includes a brief review of soil conditions at the site" general comments on performance of existing foundations" and specific suggestions for improve-ments to the main residence baseimprove-ments.

Soil Conditions

The site is located in the grass-woodland transition soil zone of central Manitoba, on the west side of the Red River" nineteen miles north of Winnipeg. The agricultural

soils appear to be black earths with degrading black earths and are formed on calcareous glacial drift. They are mapped

(1) as Red River clay which has usually developed on lacustrine

2

soils mapping in the vicinity of the Fort might place the soils in the Semple or Lakeland Associations. The Semple Association comprises degrading black earth and associated soils within the grey-black transition zone on a thin mantle of lacustrine sediments, ranging from

6

to

15

inches in depth, that rests on till or eroded till. The Lakeland soils are weakly developed calcic blackearth-like soils and associates that have been developed on calcareous silty or fine sandy lacustrine and flood plain sediments, overlying calcareous till substrate.

The hummochy appearance of the ground surface of these soils in their virgin state is due to the formation of polygonal rifts in which have developed broad tongued intrusions of surface clay into the calcareous subsoil. It is believed that frost action has played a part in the formation of this patterned ground.

The foundation engineering investigation for the new Museum Building (2) revealed an olive brown clayey silt from the one foot to three foot depths over appoximately

15

teet of stiff brown clayey silt with numerous silt pockets and lime-stone fragments up to tour inches maximum size; in turn, over-lying a layer of dense sandy silt with numerous limestone

fragments up to a maximum size ot eight inches, of light brown color and unknown thickness. In addition to the borings made in the above cited investigation. another boring was made in the south west corner ot the basement under the west wing ot

3

the main residence at the time of our visit on September

29.

This boring confirmed the horizontal stratification of the

subsoil drift in the area.

In ｧ･ｮ･ｲ｡ｬｾ the soils encountered at usual foundation depths are of fair bearing capacity. moderate to slight

swell-ing ｣ｨ｡ｲ｡｣ｴ･ｲｩｳｴｩ｣ｳｾ low permeability and medium to high

poten-tial frost susceptibility. They are not expected to exhibit the high volume change potential due to swelling and shrinking characteristics of the heavier clay soils of the Lake Agassiz deposits further to the south. However. problems due to frost action and seepage of ground water would be expected to be more serious here than in the heavier clays.

Performance of Foundations

Examination of existing structures at the fort. some of which have stood for more than 130 ｹ･｡ｲｳｾ and are among the oldest buildings in ｍ｡ｮｩｴｯ｢｡ｾ provides interesting information about foundation performance on these subsoils. The good verti-cal and horizontal allignment of the massive stone walls

around the ｆｯｲｴｾ in spite of the growth of fairly large trees in the immediate vicinity of the walls. gives further evidence of the low shrinkage characteristics of these subsoils and their reasonably high bearing capacity. In addition to the polygonal micro relief of the topography mentioned above. most of the damage to unheated buildings in the fort could be attributed to frost action. The cracked floor slab in the penitenti&r1

--

4

and asylum bUilding and the cracking of the walls of the south-WQst bastion are evidences of probable frost heaving and/or the loss of bearing strength upon thawing of frozen soils.

Main emphasis in our examinations at the site was given to the basement of the main residence building, where considerable distortion of the load bearing masonry walls and serious humidity problems ,are evident.

Differential settlement of the load bearing wall in the southwest side of the original residence to the extent of approximately one inch per foot run has taken place. Apparently this settlement has developed slowly over a relatively. long

period of time, as there are no indications of abrupt movements as would cause masonry shear failures. The greatest settlement has occurred at the north end of the area way, between the

original residence and the more recent southwest wing. Near this point a massive chimney and base of a tormer bake oven or hearth rise from the basement floor. Under the weight ot the

wall and chimney, the footings in the area were probably not adequately proportioned for equal settlement. A tormer outside stair-well, which gave access to this basement area from the west side, could have contributed to the settlement problem. Frost action beneath the stair-well would tend to aggrevate the problem and heat flow from the fireplace could well have aided the loss of soil moisture.

As basement areas have not been fully utilized tor . a number of ｹ･｡ｲｳｾ their humidity problems have increased. Abandonment of open fireplaces, with their relatively high

5

-ventilation ratel resulting from chimney draftl and the more

recent use of electric space heaters without adequate provision for air change has aggrevated the humidity problems. Insula-tion of the subfloor above has also contributed to lower winter basement temperatures and a reduction of air exchange within the building. Frost action beneath the basement floor slabsl

increased permeability of the masonry foundations due to mortar deterioration, and increased moisture in the surrounding soil due to lawn and garden watering" have probably all contributed to greater migration of soil moisture into the basements. At the time of our visitl a clothes washer and dryer combination had recently been installed and was not yet vented to the outside. Approximately thirty pounds of moisture is put into the air during clothes washing and drying for an average family of four (3)" and it is essential that this be exhausted outside.

Improvements could be made in grading around the residence to insure good surface drainage away from the build-ing. Along the southwest side of the addition, west of the veranda, an eavestrough downspout spills onto a depressed side-walk which will pond water and may flood the window wells

during spring runoff or heavy rainfall.

Suggested Improvements

1. Reconstruction of Foundations

In generall the foundation walls of the residence building appear to be quite stable and have nQt suffered signi-ficant movement in recent times. Reconstruction

ot

only those

6

-areas which are most serious11 distorted upon foundations ade-quately proportioned to minimize future settlements should be entirely satisfactory.

2. Heating of Basements

Keeping basement areas at above freezing temperatures throughout the winter should eliminate further frost action

damage and reduce the rate of deterioration of floors and walls.

3.

waterproofing Basement Walls and Floors

In order to reduce the seepage of ground water through the walls and floor it would be desirable to excavate a trench along the outside of the wallsl to point the mortar joints, and to waterproof the exterior surfaces. When floor slabs are

replaced in the basementl a waterproofing membrane of four mil

polyethylene film or equivalent should be placed under the new slab.

4.

Subsoil ｄｲ｡ｩｮ｡ｾ･

Drain tilesl installed on the outside of the wall near

its base, will SUbstantially reduce the hydrostatic pressure acting on the walls and floor slabs. An alternate location for the tile system would be under the floor slab at its perimeter inside the basement. The tiles should drain to a sump equipped with an automatic pump, or to a storm or combined sewer through a valve which will prevent back-up into the subsoil drainage system. Provision should be made to drain window wells into the tile system.

5.

Surface Drainage

Attention should be given to surface grading and

- - - ; - - - -Ｍ Ｍ ｾ

7

handling of roof drainage to avoid concentrated spillage or roof runoff and ponding of water near the building.

6. Humidity Control in Basements

In addition to the above mentioned improvements, it is recommended that changes be made to increase the ventilation rate in the basement. The present heating arrangements" employ-ing electric space heaters" do not provide for the required air exchange to reduce humidity. Heating the basement space may increase the length of time during which seepage can take place" resulting in a greater total moisture gain to the basement.

The amount of condensation forming on cool surfaces, such as water pipes and uninsu1ated wall areas above grade" may also be greater. Insulation of these areas will help to reduce

condensation on them and heat losses during the heating season. It is suggested that eXisting chimneys might be utilized with little or no alteration to achieve the desired ventilation. The use of a centrally located chimney as an exhaust" with the chimneys near the extremities of the building as outside-air inlets, would result in reasonably good air circulation, pro-viding doors or other vents through the basement partitions were kept open. Heaters placed at the base or the inflow chimneys to warm the incoming air" and possibly a small fan or heater in the outflow chimney to aid the natural chimney effect, could achieve the desired results with a minimum of alteration to the existing building.

8

-REFERENCES

1. ｅｨｲＱＱ｣ｨｾ ｗＮａＮｾ E.A. Poyser, L.E. Pratt, and J.H. Ellis.

Report of Reconnaissance Soil Survey of Winnipeg and

Morris Map Sheet Areas. Soils Report No.5. october

1953. Manitoba Soil Survey.

2. ｂ｡ｲ｡｣ｯｳｾ Manantz and Mindess. Soil and Foundation

Investigation, Proposed Museum ｂｵｩｬ､ｩｮｧｾ Lower Fort Garry, Manitoba. November

1962.

Winnipeg, Manitoba. 3. ASHRAE Guide and Data Book"

1963.

Published by the

American Society of Heating" Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. Pase

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I(VDSOIIIS {MYｾ｡ｈｆＧａｉｖｙ

LOWER.

FORT GARRY

POINTS OF INTEREST

Numilers correspond with those shown on the plan of Lower Fort Garry.

ｔｨｩｾ plan and notes thereon are taken from the book "Lower Fort Garry" (a history of the Slonc Fort) by Rohert Watson, published in 1928 by the ｈｵ､ｾｯｮＧｳ Ray Company; cloth, 76 pagcs, ＲＺｾ illustrations ｡ｮ＼Ｑｰｾ｡ｮＮ Price One Dollar.

OUTSIDE THE FORT 101. Lime house (frame).

102. Vegetahle garden of penitentiary. 103. Hay yard for cattle.

104. Cattle yard. lOi,. Ox stable (stone). lOG. Horse stable (stone). 107. Cattle stable. 108. Cow stable.

109. Prisoners' root house. 110. Old pathway to Selkirk. 111. Pathway to the river. 112. Stableman's house. 113. Path to cattle yard.

114. Penitentiary stockade.

] 15. Entrance gate to prisoner's yard.

11fl. ｐｲｩｳｯｮｾｲｳＧ icc house.

1] 7. Old fashioned turnstile.

118. Stone marking the boundary line between the parishes of St. Andrew's (south) and St. Clement's (north).

119. Seat by the Red river.

120. Steps leading down to the river landing.

121. 'Pathway to York hoats' usual landing heach.

122. Men's house and canteen. 123. Blacksmith's shop (log). ]24. Farm manager's house (log). 125. Engineer Abell's cottage (stone). 126. Grain flailing building (log). 127. Root house (log).

128. Beer cellar (log). 129. Store (log). 130. Malt kiln (stone). 131. Grist mill.

132. Saw mill (log)

133. Dwelling and brewery (log). 134. The creek.

135. The spring well.

136. Landing place for the Company's steamers Polly, Colville, Chief C0111missioner, etc.

137. Lime kilns (stone).

138. Miller's dwelling house (log). 139. Indian camping ground.

140. Supposed position of burial ground. of soldiers of Wolseley Expedition, 1870.

141. Hudson's Bay Company farm lands. 142. Scene of First Indian Treaty, 1870. 143. Western post marking dividing line between the parishes of St. Andrew's and St. Clement's.

144. Hudson's Bay Company farm lands. 145. Indian camping ground.

Burial grounds: The burial grounds for \ the men of the Lower Fort were at St. An-drew's church (Church of England) four miles south, and at Little Britain (Presby-terian) about a mile south, also at St. Clement's (Church of England) about two miles north.

2;'). Founc1ations of an old stable.

2(i. The residence. The dwelling for a time of Sir George Simpson, Governor of Rupert's land.

2i and 28. Old cannon. 29. The hell.

ao and 31. Sundial.

ＺｾＲＮ Former position of the Company's flagpole.

ＺｾＺｾＮ Old gateway of inner enclosure.

I!\SJDE THE FORT

4. North gateway.

!i. Wooden house, used hy ｄｾＮ Young, the prison doctor.

Ii. Prisoners' yard.

7. Penitentiary and asylum.

X. The remains of the oven huilt hy the lInsoners.

0. Small ga1eway het.ween hastion and stockade.

10. Northeast hastion. This has always heen used as a powder magazine.

II. Old storehouse (frame building). This huilding lodged the soldiers of the Wolseley Expedition of 1870.

12. Guard room and sergeants' mess, huilt 1RiO for soldiers of W olseley Ex.peclition.

ｉＺｾ ancl 14. East gate pillars.

!;'). The stone deep in the ground in the

centre of this gateway was placed there In

ＱＸｈＺｾＮ

Iii. Southeast bastion-ice house. 17. Position of old tethering posts.

18. The part of the south wall which Riel, Lepine and O'Donohue, with their followers, clamheren oyer at midnight in 1870.

In. The Hudson's Bay Company second retail store and fur loft.

20. Founc1ations of another store.

21. Old site of the Lower Fort Garry bell.

22. Foundations of meat warehouse. Re-111(l\'ed 1882.

2:J. FlagstafT.

24. Southwest hastion, washhouse and cook hou se.

I. Present entrance to Lower Fort Garry.

2. Originally men's house, soldiers' canteen in IRiO. Latcr women's asylum.

ＺｾＮ Northwest hnstion--CorA)Jany's hake-house.