• Aucun résultat trouvé

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2022

Partager ""

Copied!
32
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

$ V \ Q F K U R Q LH L Q W H U R E MH W V L Q W H U W U D LW V / ·$ % & G H O D U H F K H U F K H Y LV X H OO H

'HQLV&RXVLQHDX ,QGLDQD8QLYHUVLW\ $YHFODSDUWLFLSDWLRQGH56KLIIULQ

(2)

( [ H P S OH G H U H F K H U F K H Y LV X H OO H

(3)

9 R LH G H U H F K H U F K H H [ S OR U p H 0 D Q LS X OH U O H V V WL P X OL

0 D Q LS X OH U O D W k F K H ❙

0F(OUHHHW&DUUDVFR

(JHWKHWDO

"

/DUHFKHUFKH YLVXHOOHFRPPH LQVWUXPHQWGH PHVXUH

C o n si st an ce .. . C o n jo n c ti o n .. .

!

"#!$%&' ()

*#

+

(

,+

-.

/

0

#!

1

2 0%'#&

2 /

-+ /

+#$#

3-

02%&1 2/4& 5

-!#&& $ &

+1 2-

""

, !&

+1

A sy m ét ri e. ..

6 789:

;

<< :

(4)

& R P S R V D Q W H V G ·X Q P R G q OH G H U H F K H U F K H Y LV X H OO H 3 R X U F R P S U H Q G U H O D U H F K H U F K H Y LV X H OO H LO H V W LP S p U D WL I G H V S p F LI LH U F H V W U R LV F R P S R V D Q WH V

$$UFKLWHFWXUHGHUHFKHUFKH '#$$ &

+

0%!'

( !'

(+!%

-+

01

2-

""

, !&

+11

+-$/

0- %5qJOHG¶DUUrW '#$$ &

+

01/

+-&

+ !!#$*

+

0%!'

( !'

(1

-%/'/& '

-

30&

1

++!#/5

, &0pFDQLVPHGHUHFRQQDLVVDQFH '#$$ &

+!

'#&&%

+

#&

0%'

-30

3 X LV T X H $ % H W & V R Q W LQ WH U D F WL IV X Q P R G q OH Q H S H X W R P H WW U H D X F X Q H G H F H V F R P S R V D Q WH V

A rc h it ec tu re .. . R èg le d ’a rr êt .. . R ec o n n ai ss an c e. ..

(5)

& R P S R V LW LR Q G H V V W LP X OL

&LEOHV/HXUUHV &HVVWLPXOLVRQWWUqVGLIILFLOHV

OHVWUDLWVQHVHWRXFKHQWSDVSDVG¶pPHUJHQFHGHQRXYHDX[ WUDLWV

/DVLPLODULWpHVWFRQWUROpHVLPLODULWpLQWHUFDWpJRULHpJDOHRX VXSpULHXUHjODVLPLODULWpLQWUDFDWpJRULH

ODGLDJQRVWLFLWpGHVWUDLWVHVWFRQWU{OpHODFRQMRQFWLRQGHGHX[ WUDLWVGpILQLWXQHFLEOH

D e m o

(6)

' H V F U LS W LR Q G H V F R Q G LW LR Q V G H S U p V H Q W D W LR Q D V \ Q F K U R Q H 2 E MH F WL I p WX G LH U O H V S U R F H V V X V G H O D U H F K H U F K H H W OH P R G H G H U H F R Q Q D LV V D Q F H G H V R E MH WV

* *

(7)

6 X U Y R O G H V U p V X OW D W V

$$UFKLWHFWXUHGHUHFKHUFKH %5qJOHG¶DUUrW %'pEXWGHODUHFKHUFKH &&DSDFLWp &0pFDQLVPHGHUHFRQQDLVVDQFH

R és u lt at s 1 .. . R és u lt at s 2 .. . R és u lt at s 3 .. . R és u lt at s 4 .. .

(8)

& R Q F OX V LR Q ❚ , O U H V WH H Q F R U H G H V S K p Q R P q Q H V j H [ S OL T X H U ❙

ODUpGXFWLRQGHVUDWLRVDYHFODSUDWLTXHGH TXDQGS

j

LQWpJUHUODFDSDFLWpDXPpFDQLVPHGHUHFRQQDLVVDQFH

❚ , Q G LT X H U R  O H V V WL P X OL Y R Q W D S S D U D vW U H S H U P H W G ¶p OL P LQ H U S OX V LH X U V H II H WV ❚ , Q F OX U H O ¶D V \ Q F K U R Q LH G D Q V O D U H F K H U F K H Y LV X H OO H S H U P H W G H P X OW LS OL H U S D U O H Q R P E U H G H F R Q G LW LR Q V WR X WH V D Y H F G H V H II H WV V LJ Q LI LF D WL IV

(9)

& R Q F OX V LR Q ❚ / D U H F K H U F K H Y LV X H OO H H V W X Q H P R V D wT X H G H F R P S R V D Q WH V ❙

3HUIRUPDQFHVGpFULWHVSDUXQPRGqOHVpULHO

5qJOHG¶DUUrWTXDVLH[KDXVWLYHDYHFSGHSURGXLUH XQHUpSRQVHQpJDWLYH0LVVRX&*

5HFRQQDLVVDQFHEDVpHVXUXQPpFDQLVPHjFDSDFLWp OLPLWpHPDLVTXLV¶DFFURvWDYHFODSUDWLTXH

❚ 0 R G q OH Q R U P D O G H O D U H F K H U F K H Y LV X H OO H "

(10)

! "

#

(11)

C o n si st an ce d es s ti m u li ( S h if fr in a n d S c h n ei d er , 1 9 7 7 ) ' D Q V O D F R Q G LW LR Q G H U { OH F R Q V WD Q W F R Q V LV WH Q W P D S S LQ J OH V F LE OH V V R Q W WR X MR X U V O H V P r P H V H W D P q Q H Q W X Q H W U q V J U D Q G H D P p OL R U D WL R Q G H V S H U IR U P D Q F H V

(12)

R ec h er ch e co n jo n ct iv e (T re is m an e t G el ad e, 1 9 8 0 ) L a ci b le : / D F LE OH H V W G p IL Q LH S D U X Q H F R Q MR Q F WL R Q G H G H X [ D WW U LE X WV G LV WL Q F WV F R X OH X U H W IR U P H

(13)

A sy m ét ri e d es i n d ic es p er ce p ti fs ( T re is m an e t G o rm ic an , 1 9 8 8 ) C at ég o ri es p er ce p ti v es ( W o lf e et a l. , 1 9 9 2 ) F ac il e , p eu t im p o rt e la ta il le d e l’ o u v er tu re L a d if fi cu lt é s’ ac cr o ît lo rs q u e l’ o u v er tu re d im in u e

(14)

$ $ U F K LW H F W X U H G H U H F K H U F K H 7 \ S H V G ¶D U F K LW H F WX U H S R V V LE OH ❚

6pULHOOH&KDTXHREMHWHVWFRQVLGpUpXQjODIRLV 6KLIIULQHW6FKQHLGHU

3DUDOOqOH/HVREMHWVVRQWpYDOXpVVLPXOWDQpPHQW PDLVOHWDX[GHWUDLWHPHQWHVWGLPLQXpTXDQGO¶DWWHQWLRQ HVWGpSOR\pH:DUGHW0F&OHOODQG

0L[WH8QSURFHVVXVVpULHOSUpFpGpG¶XQHSKDVHGH SUpWUDLWHPHQWHQSDUDOOqOHGHO¶DIILFKDJH5D\QHUHW )LVKHU

(15)

% 5 q J OH G ·D U U r W Q p J D W LY H 5 H F K H U F K H F R P S Oq WH ❚

([KDXVWLYLWp6WHUQEHUJ

5 H F K H U F K H L Q F R P S Oq WH ❚

$UUrWDSUqVXQWHPSVDOpDWRLUH%XQGHVVHQ

$UUrWVHORQODVDLOODQFH:ROIH

$UUrWDSUqVXQQRPEUHDOpDWRLUHGHFRPSDUDLVRQV

% ' p E X W G H O D U H F K H U F K H

(16)

& 3 U R F H V V X V G H U H F R Q Q D LV V D Q F H ❚

5HFRQQDLVVDQFHKROLVWLTXHODWRWDOLWpGHO¶REMHWHQWUH GDQVOHPpFDQLVPHGHUHFRQQDLVVDQFH:DUG'XQFDQHW 6KDSLUR

5pGXFWLRQG¶LQIRUPDWLRQ6HXOO¶LQIRUPDWLRQGLDJQRVWLF HVWXWLOLVpH+DLGHUHW)UHQVFK

0pFDQLVPHVGHVHXLO/HVpYLGHQFHVV¶DFFXPXOHQW MXVTX¶jFHTX¶XQVHXLOVRLWDWWHLQW

%DVpVXUXQHpYLGHQFH6LJQDO'HWHFWLRQ7KHRU\/XFH

%DVpVXUSOXVLHXUVpYLGHQFHV$FFXPXODWHXUVHW 0DUFKHVDOpDWRLUHV5DQGRPZDON5DWFOLII

& & D S D F LW p G X S U R F H V V X V G H U H F R Q Q D LV V D Q F H

(17)

5 p V X OW D W V $ U F K LW H F W X U H G H U H F K H U F K H H W 5 q J OH G ·D U U r W

(18)

5 p V X OW D W V G H O D U H F K H U F K H 6 , 0 , O ID X W WH Q LU F R P S WH G H ❙

01

9$5HW

0LVV

2 E V H U Y D WL R Q V ❙

/HV01QHVRQWSDVOLQpDLUHV

/HV6'VRQWWUqVpOHYpV

/HV0LVVDXJPHQWHQWDYHFOD WDLOOHGHO¶DIILFKDJHG

(19)

8 Q P R G q OH S R X U O D U q J OH G ·D U U r W ❚ 3 R V WX OD W L O H [ LV WH X Q H S U R E D E LO LW p S T X H O H V X MH W LQ WH U U R P S W OD U H F K H U F K H D S U q V D Y R LU W H U P LQ p X Q H F R P S D U D LV R Q & H S V ¶H V WL P H G LU H F WH P H Q W j S D U WL U G X W D X [ G ¶H V V D LV P D Q T X p V ❚ 6 X S S R V D Q W X Q P R G q OH V p U LH O T X D V L H [ K D X V WL I ❚ / D I R U P X OH S U p F LV H S R X U O D F R U U H F WL R Q V X U ( G H W 9 D U G H V W V R OY D E OH

) ( ) (

) ( ) ( ) ( T VAR d d VAR

I E T E d d MN ⋅ = + ⋅ = −

− ) ( ) ( 2 T E d Var ⋅ +

(20)

/HV01VRQWELHQHVWLPpV

±

PV 3HXVXUSUHQDQWSXLVTXHOLQpDLUHV /HV6'VRQWELHQHVWLPpVPV VDXISRXUG /HV0LVVQHV¶DFFURLVVHQWSDVGH IDoRQFRQWLQXH 3HXWrWUHXQFULWqUHSGLIIpUHQWSDUG" S3HQWHREVHUYpH3HQWHFRUULJpH SPVREMHWPVREMHW SaPVREMHWPVREMHW S

PVREMHWPVREMHW

5 p V X OW D W V G X P R G q OH F R Q G LW LR Q V 6 , 0

D if re n c e e n tr e l e s d o n n é e s e m p ir iq u e s e t c o rr ig é e s

05

10

15

20 124

MN - ( ms )

1 4 5 6 05

10

15

20 124 Display size

SD - ( ms )

1 4 5 6

su je ts

-1%

1%

3%

5%

7%

9%

11%

13%

15% 124 Display size

% M is s

1 4 5 6

(21)

8 Q H S H W LW H S H U OH V X MH W V H V V j 2 E V H U Y D WL R Q ❙

$XFXQ0LVVHQVHVVLRQVGDQVOD FRQGLWLRQ6,0HVVDLV

(IIHWGHFKDUJHSDUIDLWHPHQW OLQpDLUHSHQWHVH[DFWHPHQWGDQV OHUDSSRUWGXVLPSOHDXGRXEOH

/HVYDULDQFHVQpJDWLYHVVRQW OLQpDLUHVODILJXUHPRQWUHOHV6'

⇒ $ X F X Q H F R U U H F WL R Q Q p F H V V D LU H S

(22)

5 p V X OW D W V ' p E X W G H O D U H F K H U F K H

(23)

' p E X W G H O D U H F K H U F K H E ff et + 1 F ( d -1 ) E ff et + ½ F ( d -1 )

?

/DWWHQWH VXSSOpPHQWDLUH LQWURGXLWHSDUOHV GpODLVHQWUHOHV IUDPHVHVWPRLWLp PRLQGUHSRXUOHV HVVDLVQpJDWLIV

(24)

8 Q P R G q OH S R X U O H G p E X W G H O D U H F K H U F K H ❚ 3 R V WX OD W O H V X MH W F R Q F H Q WU H V R Q D WW H Q WL R Q V X U X Q H O R F D WL R Q L H W D WW H Q G T X ¶X Q R E MH W \ D S S D U D LV V H S R X U G p P D U U H U O D U H F K H U F K H

(QPR\HQQHODPRLWLpGHVGREMHWVSHXYHQWDSSDUDvWUH DYDQWTX¶XQREMHWDSSDUDLVVHHQSRVLWLRQLjXQWDX[ GHSUpVHQWDWLRQGH)

HIIHWò)G

❚ 3 R V V LE OH V H X OH P H Q W S D U F H T X H O H V X MH W V D LW R  O H V R E MH WV Y R Q W D S S D U D vW U H S U p V H Q F H G H V F H U F OH V

(25)

' p E X W G H O D U H F K H U F K H T X D Q G L O Q ¶\ D S D V G H F H U F OH W U D Q V I H U W ? E ff et + 1 F ( d -1 )

/¶HIIHW)GSHUPHWDX VXMHWGpYDOXHUODWDLOOHGH DIILFKDJH /DFRQVWDQWHHVWXQWDPSRQ SRXUVDVVXUHUTXHWRXWOHV REMHWVVRQWDUULYpV

E ff et + ½ F ( d -1 ) + c st e

(26)

5 p V X OW D W V & D S D F LW p

(27)

& R P P H Q W P H V X U H W R Q O D F D S D F LW p "

7kFKHGHGpWHFWLRQGHVWUDLWV7RZQVHQGHWDODOWHUQDQW DYHFODWkFKHGHUHFKHUFKHYLVXHOOHORUVGHVSUHPLqUHV VHVVLRQV

' H X [ T X H V WL R Q V ❙

©(VWFHODFLEOH"ª SRXUTXHOHVVXMHWV IDVVHQWOHOLHQDYHF O¶DXWUHWkFKH

©)DLWHVODOLVWHGHV WUDLWVSHUoXVªHQ XWLOLVDQWODOpJHQGH

(28)

5 p V X W OD W V G H O D W k F K H G H G p W H F W LR Q ❚

/DFDSDFLWpHVWOLPLWpHSRXUWRXVVDXIXQVXMHW

/HVWUDLWVGLDJQRVWLFVSUHQQHQWPRLQVGHSODFH28VRQW VpOHFWLRQQpVHQSULRULWp

/HVFRQILJXUDWLRQVIDPLOLqUHVVRQWPLHX[UDSSRUWpHVDGGLWLI

(29)

5 p V X OW D W V 0 p F D Q LV P H V G H U H F R Q Q D LV V D Q F H

(30)

5 p V X OW D W V 5 6 ) 3 6 , 0 R U G U H Q R Q L Q I R U P D W LI E ff et 3 F

E ff et 3 F

(VVDLVFLEOHSUpVHQWHOHVWUDLWV GLDJQRVWLFVVRQWSUpVHQWpVjODILQj WRXWHVOHVSRVLWLRQV (VVDLVFLEOHDEVHQWHOHWUDLW GLDJQRVWLFHVWSUpVHQWpORUVGX SUHPLHUIUDPHjWRXWHVOHVSRVLWLRQV /HVVXMHWVVHPEOHQWDWWHQGUHOD SUpVHQWDWLRQGHWRXVOHVWUDLWVDYDQW GHUpSRQGUH

(31)

5 p V X OW D W V 5 6 ) 3 6 , 0 R U G U H L Q I R U P D W LI E ff et 2 F

(VVDLVFLEOHSUpVHQWHOHVWUDLWV GLDJQRVWLFVVRQWSUpVHQWpVDXGpEXWj WRXWHVOHVSRVLWLRQV (VVDLVFLEOHDEVHQWHOHWUDLW GLDJQRVWLFHVWSUpVHQWpjODILQj WRXWHVOHVSRVLWLRQV /HVVXMHWVQ¶DWWHQGHQWSDVOD SUpVHQWDWLRQGXGHUQLHUWUDLWVSRXU UpSRQGUH©RXLª

(32)

5 p V X OW D W V 5 6 ) 3 6 , 0 2 U G U H L Q Y H U V p W U D Q V I H U W

(VVDLVFLEOHSUpVHQWHVHXOHPHQWOD FLEOHPRQWUHVHVWUDLWVGLDJQRVWLFVHQ SUHPLHU (VVDLVFLEOHDEVHQWHFRPPH SUpFpGHPPHQW ([SOLFDWLRQ

Références