RQWTUWRRQTVGTNOÃEJCPIGFOGZRÃTKGPEGU
7PGCRRNKECVKQPCWFQOCKPGFWEQPUGKN
Eddie Soulier* — Jean Caussanel**
.CDQTCVQKTG 6GEJ%+%1 7PKXGTUKVÃ FG 6GEJPQNQIKG FG 6TQ[GU 766 TWG /CTKG%WTKG L $2
( 6TQ[GU EGFGZ GFFKGUQWNKGT"WVVHT
#VGNKGT FG 2TÃXKUKQP GV FG /QFÃNKUCVKQP CNNÃG %NCWFG (QTDKP
( #KZGP2TQXGPEG EGFGZ LGCPECWUUCPGN"WPKXWOTUHT
.C PCTTCVKQP GUV WP OGFKWO EQWTCPV GV URQPVCPÃ RQWT NG VTCPUHGTV FG EQPPCKUUCPEGU
%QPUKFÃTÃG EQOOG WP CEVG PCVWTGN GNNG POGUV RQWTVCPV SWG VTÂU RGW GZRNQKVÃG GP VCPV SWG OGFKWO KPHQTOCVKUÃ RQWT NC VTCPUOKUUKQP FOGZRÃTKGPEGU GP GPVTGRTKUG %G RCRKGT XKUG ´ OQPVTGT NOKPVÃTÄV FOÃVGPFTG NGU ÃEJCPIGU PCTTCVKHU WUWGNU FG NOQTICPKUCVKQP ´ WPG HQTOG n UWRRQTVÃG RCT QTFKPCVGWT RQWT NOKPENWTG FCPU WPG FÃOCTEJG FG ECRKVCNKUCVKQP FGU EQPPCKUUCPEGU
0CTTCVKXG KU C EWTTGPV CPF URQPVCPGQWU OGFKWO HQT MPQYNGFIG VTCPUHGTTKPI
#NVJQWIJ KV YQWNF DG EQPUKFGTGF CU C PCVWTCN CEV PCTTCVKQP JCUPOV DGGP GZRNQKVGF CU C EQORWVGTKUGF YC[ QH MPQYNGFIG VTCPUHGT KP QTICPKUCVKQPU 6JKU RCRGT CKOU VQ UJQY VJG DGPGHKVU HQT HKTOU VQ GZVGPF WUWCN PCTTCVKXGU GZEJCPIGU VQ C EQORWVGT UWRRQTVGF PCTTCVKXG FQEWOGPV CPF KPENWFKPI VJKU QDLGEV KP C INQDCN RNCP QH MPQYNGFIG ECRKVCNKUCVKQP
TGRTÃUGPVCVKQP GV VTCPUOKUUKQP FGU EQPPCKUUCPEGU PCTTCVKQP FQEWOGPVU PCTTCVKHU IGUVKQP FGU EQPPCKUUCPEGU
TGRTGUGPVKPI CPF VTCPUHGTTKPI QH MPQYNGFIG PCTTCVKXG PCTTCVKXG FQEWOGPVU MPQYNGFIG OCPCIGOGPV
+PVTQFWEVKQP
.G DKGPHQPFÃ FGU RTQLGVU FG IGUVKQP FGU EQPPCKUUCPEGU POGUV RNWU ´ FÃOQPVTGT EG SWK POGUV RCU NG ECU FG NOGHHKECEKVÃ FGU FÃOCTEJGU CEVWGNNGU GV FG NOGHHKEKGPEG FGU OQFÂNGU FG EQPPCKUUCPEGU RTQRQUÃU .G VTCXCKN SWG PQWU RTÃUGPVQPU KEK XKUG ´ OQPVTGT NOKPVÃTÄV FOWPG XQKG GZRNQKVCPV NG TÃEKV QDLGEVKXÃ CW UGKP FOWP FQEWOGPV KPHQTOCVKSWG EQOOG WP XGEVGWT FG NOGZRÃTKGPEG FOGPVTGRTKUG GV WPG DCUG FOJKUVQKTGU EQOOG WP QWVKN FG TÃUQNWVKQP EQNNGEVKXG FG RTQDNÂOGU #RTÂU CXQKT OQPVTÃ NC RNCEG SWG RGWV NÃIKVKOGOGPV QEEWRGT NC PCTTCVKQP FCPU NC VTCPUOKUUKQP FG NOGZRÃTKGPEG GP QTICPKUCVKQP PQWU RTÃUGPVGTQPU PQVTG CEEGRVKQP FG NC PQVKQP FOJKUVQKTG GV UC TGRTÃUGPVCVKQP 0QWU RTÃUGPVQPU GPUWKVG NG OQFÂNG FOKPFGZCVKQP GZRNQKVÃ RQWT NC EQPUVKVWVKQP FOWPG DCUG FG FQEWOGPVU PCTTCVKHU GV GZRQUQPU NGU OQFCNKVÃU FG TÃWVKNKUCVKQP FG EGVVG DCUG 7P GZGORNG KUUW FG PQVTG ECU FOCRRNKECVKQP KNNWUVTG EJCEWPG FG EGU RCTVKGU
.G RCTVCIG FOGZRÃTKGPEGU RCT NGU KPVGTCEVKQPU PCTTCVKXGU
5EJÃOCVKSWGOGPV NC XWG FQOKPCPVG FG NOKPIÃPKGTKG FGU EQPPCKUUCPEGU EQPUKUVG ´ GZVGTPCNKUGT NG UCXQKT RCT WPG RJCUG KPKVKCNG FG OQFÃNKUCVKQP RWKU ´ UVQEMGT NOKPHQTOCVKQP TÃUWNVCPVG FCPU FGU TÃRGTVQKTGU RCTVCIÃU UQWU HQTOG FG DCUGU FG EQPPCKUUCPEGU FG DCUGU FQEWOGPVCKTGU OWNVKOÃFKCU GV RNWU TÃEGOOGPV FG RQTVCKNU KPHQTOCVKQPPGNU %GU DCUGU QPV NG ITCPF CXCPVCIG FG RQWXQKT UOCRRW[GT UWT NGU VGEJPKSWGU KPHQTOCVKSWGU UVCPFCTF GV UQPV CWUUK OKGWZ ´ OÄOG FOKPVÃITGT TCRKFGOGPV NGU PQWXGCWZ EQPEGRVU KPHQTOCVKSWGU EQOOG NG YGD UÃOCPVKSWG
6QWVGHQKU FG RNWU GP RNWU FG EJGTEJGWTU GV FG RTQHGUUKQPPGNU EQPUKFÂTGPV SWG NOCRRTQEJG RCVTKOQPKCNG FG NC IGUVKQP FG EQPPCKUUCPEGU TGPEQPVTG EGTVCKPGU NKOKVGU GV PG RGWV EQPXGPKT ´ VQWVGU NGU UKVWCVKQPU .GU ETKVKSWGU UQPV FG RNWUKGWTU QTFTGU OCKU RQTVGPV NG RNWU UQWXGPV UWT NOÃRKUVÃOQNQIKG FGU EQPPCKUUCPEGU UQWULCEGPVGU NG TCKUQPPGOGPV PCVWTGN PG UGTCKV RCU HQPFÃ UWT FGU TÂINGU OCKU UWT NOGZRÃTKGPEG GV FQPE NOCRRTQEJG NQIKSWG PG RQWTTCKV HQPEVKQPPGT RQWT OQFÃNKUGT NGU EQPPCKUUCPEGU 'NNGU RQTVGPV CWUUK UWT NGU FKHHKEWNVÃU ´ GZRNQKVGT FGU EQPPCKUUCPEGU FÃEQPVGZVWCNKUÃGU RCT NC OQFÃNKUCVKQP GV UWT NGU FKHHKEWNVÃU FOCRRTQRTKCVKQP FG EGU DCUGU RCT NGU TÃUGCWZ UQEKCWZ FOGZRGTVU SWK TGPQPEGPV CNQTU ´ NC OCKPVGPCPEG KVÃTCVKXG FG EGU DCUGU
%QORVG VGPW FG EGU CTIWOGPVU EGU OÄOGU EJGTEJGWTU GV RTCVKEKGPU UG VQWTPGPV XGTU FOCWVTGU XQKGU HQPFÃGU UWT NG RCTVCIG FG EQPPCKUUCPEGU QW MPQYNGFIG UJCTKPI
#EMGTOCP GV CN
2QWT RQUKVKQPPGT EG RQKPV FG XWG FCPU WPG RGTURGEVKXG FOKPIÃPKGTKG FGU EQPPCKUUCPEGU PQWU NC UKVWQPU RCT TCRRQTV CWZ FKHHÃTGPVGU HCEGVVGU FW VTCPUHGTV FG EQPPCKUUCPEGU RTQRQUÃGU RCT 0QPCMC GV 6CMGWEJK EQOOG KPFKSWÃ GP HKIWTG
Vers
De Tacite Explicite
Tacite Socialisation Externalisation
Explicite Internalisation Combinaison
(KIWTG .C VTCPUOKUUKQP FGU EQPPCKUUCPEGU FCPU NOQTICPKUCVKQP FOCRTÂU 0QPCMC GV CN
0QVTG FÃOCTEJG UG EQPEGPVTG UWT NC RJCUG FOKPVGTPCNKUCVKQP GV FG UQEKCNKUCVKQP GP GZRNQKVCPV WP UWRRQTV PCVWTGN FG VTCPUOKUUKQP FG NOGZRÃTKGPEG NG TÃEKV %GTVGU EQPVTCKTGOGPV CWZ TGRTÃUGPVCVKQPU ÃXQSWÃGU RNWU JCWV NGU TÃEKVU RQUUÂFGPV WPG UVTWEVWTG UKORNG CODKIWÅ ´ HCKDNG RQWXQKT FOGZRTGUUKQP HQTOGNNG OCKU KNU RTÃUGPVGPV CWUUK NG VTÂU ITCPF CXCPVCIG FG RTÃGZKUVGT CW UGKP FG NOQTICPKUCVKQP #KPUK NC SWGUVKQP PG RQTVG RNWU UWT NG EJQKZ FOWPG UVTWEVWTG FG TGRTÃUGPVCVKQP OCKU UWT NG RTQDNÂOG RNWU UKORNG FGU OQ[GPU FG UC OÃFKCVKUCVKQP 2CT EG EJQKZ PQWU GPVGPFQPU TÃETÃGT NGU EQPFKVKQPU PCVWTGNNGU FG UQEKCNKUCVKQP FG EQPPCKUUCPEGU VCEKVGU GP ÃVGPFCPV NGU KPVGTCEVKQPU GPVTG GZRGTVU RCT WP KPVGTOÃFKCKTG SWK UGTCKV WPG DCUG FG TÃEKVU
.G RTQLGV *5-/
.G RTQLGV *5-/ GUV WPG GZRÃTKGPEG XKUCPV ´ OQPVTGT NOKPVÃTÄV FOWPG CRRTQEJG FG NC IGUVKQP FGU EQPPCKUUCPEGU SWK GZRNQKVGPV NGU TÃEKVU EQOOG UWRRQTVU ´ NOGZRÃTKGPEG FOGPVTGRTKUG +N UOCIKV FG FÃXGNQRRGT WP QWVKN FOCKFG ´ NC ECRKVCNKUCVKQP GV CW TGVQWT FOGZRÃTKGPEGU EGPVTÃ UWT NC PCTTCVKQP RQWT WPG ÃSWKRG FG EQPUWNVCPVU FCPU NG FQOCKPG FW -PQYNGFIG /CPCIGOGPV NOQWVKN *[RGT5VQTKC-/ .OGPVTGRTKUG SWK RCTVKEKRG ´ EGVVG GZRÃTKGPEG GUV NC UQEKÃVÃ %CR )GOKPK 'TPUV CPF ;QWPI %)';
'NNG KORNKSWG ´ NOJGWTG CEVWGNNG EKPS EQPUWNVCPVU UWT WPG OKUUKQP FG VCKNNG OQ[GPPG CW UGKP FOWPG KORQTVCPVG UQEKÃVÃ FGU VÃNÃEQOOWPKECVKQPU
2TÃEKUQPU SWG EG RTQLGV EQORTGPF VTQKU XQNGVU FQPV PQWU POCDQTFGTQPU KEK SWG NG VTQKUKÂOG .GU RTGOKGT GV FGWZKÂOG XQNGVU OGPÃU GP RCTCNNÂNG XKUGPV TGURGEVKXGOGPV
´ RTQRQUGT WP NQIKEKGN RQWT NOÃNCDQTCVKQP EQQRÃTCVKXG FG TÃEKVU UQWU HQTOG FG TÃUWOÃU FOJKUVQKTGU 5QWNKGT GV CN GV ´ GZRNQKVGT NG TÃEKV EQOOG UWRRQTV ´ NC TÃUQNWVKQP EQNNGEVKXG FG RTQDNÂOGU 5QWNKGT GV CN
.C OKUG GP JKUVQKTG FGU GZRÃTKGPEGU .C PQVKQP FOJKUVQKTG
5GNQP $TWPGT WPG JKUVQKTG EQPUKUVG GP WPG FKCNGEVKSWG GPVTG EG SWG PQWU CVVGPFQPU GV EG SWK UG RTQFWKV GHHGEVKXGOGPV .GU JKUVQKTGU UOCPETGPV FQPE FCPU WPG
VJÃQTKG FG NOCVVGPVG .GU VJÃQTKGU FG NOCVVGPVG TGITQWRGPV NGU VJÃQTKGU SWK EQPUKFÂTGPV SWG NGU RGTUQPPGU HQTOWNGPV FGU RTQLGVU GV FGU DWVU GP CPVKEKRGPV NGU TÃUWNVCVU RWKU NGU ÃXCNWGPV $CPFWTC 1T RQWT SWOKN [ CKV WPG JKUVQKTG KN HCWV LWUVGOGPV SWOWP ÃXÃPGOGPV KORTÃXW UWTXKGPPG &CPU NG ECU EQPVTCKTG KN PO[ C RCU n FOJKUVQKTG $TGH NC PQVKQP FOJKUVQKTG GUV NKÃG ´ VQWV EG SWK EQPVTCTKG PQVTG UGPU FW n PQTOCN GV EOGUV NC TCKUQP RQWT NCSWGNNG KN GUV RQUUKDNG FG FÃHKPKT WPG JKUVQKTG EQOOG WPG TWRVWTG FG RNCP
&OWPG OCPKÂTG IÃPÃTCNG PQWU EQPUKFÃTQPU WPG JKUVQKTG EQOOG NC TGRTÃUGPVCVKQP FOWP ÃXÃPGOGPV %GVVG FÃHKPKVKQP RGWV ÄVTG GPTKEJKG CHKP FG RTÃEKUGT NC PQVKQP FOÃXÃPGOGPV GV UC EQORQUKVKQP GPUGODNG FG RTQRQUKVKQPU EJTQPQNQIKSWGOGPV QW ECWUCNGOGPV QTFQPPÃGU SWK OQFKHKGPV NGU TGRTÃUGPVCVKQPU FGU CEVGWTU FG NC UKVWCVKQP 7PG ECTCEVÃTKUVKSWG GUUGPVKGNNG FG NOÃXÃPGOGPV GUV SWOKN GUV KORTÃXKUKDNG UQKV FCPU NG OQOGPV RTÃEKU FG UQP QEEWTTGPEG UQKV FCPU UQP EQPVGPW QW FCPU UGU TÃUWNVCVU RCTHQKU FCPU EGU VTQKU CURGEVU %QPUVTWKVGU CWVQWT FG VGNU ÃXÃPGOGPVU QP VTQWXGTC FCPU NGU QTICPKUCVKQPU CW OQKPU NGU VTQKU V[RGU UWKXCPVU FOJKUVQKTGU
L NGU JKUVQKTGU QTICPKUCVKQPPGNNGU SWK UQPV FÃL´ EQNNGEVKXGU GV TÃKHKÃGU 'NNGU TÃUWNVGPV FOWP ÃXÃPGOGPV RWDNKE KFGPVKHKÃ RCT NC RNWRCTV FGU OGODTGU FG NOQTICPKUCVKQP HWUKQP RTQLGV OÃOQTCDNG RGTUQPPCNKVÃ JQTU FW EQOOWP EKTEQPUVCPEG GZEGRVKQPPGNNG GV SWK UOGUV FÃRQUÃ FCPU WPG HQTOG UVCDKNKUÃG FG FKUEQWTU
L NGU JKUVQKTGU FOGZRÃTKGPEGU RGTUQPPGNNGU XÃEWGU NKOKVÃGU ´ WP RGVKV PQODTG FOKPVGTNQEWVGWTU GV FQPV NGU ÃXÃPGOGPVU TCEQPVÃU CKPUK SWG NC OCPKÂTG FG NGU TCEQPVGT RGWXGPV EJCPIGT GP HQPEVKQP FGU EKTEQPUVCPEGU FG NC PCTTCVKQP
L NGU CPGEFQVGU SWK PG EQPUVKVWGPV RCU ´ RTQRTGOGPV RCTNGT FGU JKUVQKTGU OCKU RNWVÏV FGU HTCIOGPVU FOJKUVQKTGU NG RNWU UQWXGPV TGNCVKXGOGPV DCPCNGU GV SWK UQPV GP EQWTU FG OKUG GP KPVTKIWG
0QWU VTCKVQPU RNWVÏV NG UGEQPF V[RG FOJKUVQKTGU FCPU PQVTG FÃOCTEJG NGU RTGOKÂTGU HCKUCPV FÃL´ RCTVKG FG NC EWNVWTG FG NOQTICPKUCVKQP GV NGU FGTPKÂTGU PG NG n OÃTKVCPV RCU GPEQTG
.C FKOGPUKQP CEVCPEKGNNG FGU JKUVQKTGU
0QVTG CPCN[UG FG NOJKUVQKTG UOKPURKTG FG NO7+(
ÃNCDQTÃ URÃEKHKSWGOGPV RCT 5EJCPM RQWT NOKPFGZCVKQP FOJKUVQKTGU &CPU NO7+( NG TCRRGN FOWPG JKUVQKTG GUV HQPFÃ FOWPG RCTV UWT NOKFGPVKHKECVKQP CW UGKP FW TÃEKV FOWP EQORQTVGOGPV KPVGPVKQPPGN FOWP CIGPV PCTTCVGWT VÃOQKP QW CIGPV FG NOCEVKQP CRRGNÃ KEK EJCÉPG KPVGPVKQPPGNNG FOCWVTG RCTV UWT NOCPQOCNKG SWK CHHGEVG NG EQORQTVGOGPV FG NOCEVGWT
.C EJCÉPG KPVGPVKQPPGNNG ECTCEVÃTKUG NGU QDLGEVKHU FW RTKPEKRCN RTQVCIQPKUVG FG NOJKUVQKTG 'NNG GUV FÃETKVG RCT WP DWV WP RNCP ÃNCDQTÃ RQWT CVVGKPFTG EG DWV WP TÃUWNVCV GHHGEVKH GV FOÃXGPVWGNU GHHGVU PÃICVKHU QW RQUKVKHU FG EG TÃUWNVCV 7PG FKHHKEWNVÃ OCLGWTG FG NC RJCUG FOCPCN[UG GUV SWG FCPU NC OCLQTKVÃ FGU ECU NG TÃEKV TGPF GZRNKEKVGOGPV EQORVG FG EG SWK C ÃVÃ HCKV CEVKQPU GV FG EG SWK UOGUV RTQFWKV ÃXÃPGOGPVU OCKU POKPFKSWG TKGP SWCPV ´ NC NOKPVGPVKQP SWK IWKFCKV EGU CEVKQPU %GNC UKIPKHKG SWG NGU KPVGPVKQPU FGU CEVGWTU FQKXGPV ÄVTG KPHÃTÃGU RCT NOKPIÃPKGWT FG NC EQPPCKUUCPEG UQKV RCTEG SWG NOKPVGPVKQP GUV ÃXKFGPVG RQWT NG PCTTCVGWT UQKV RCTEG SWG NG DWV RGWV PG RCU ÄVTG EQPPW QW EQORTKU FW PCTTCVGWT UQKV GPHKP RCTEG SWG NG PCTTCVGWT RGWV PG RCU UQWJCKVGT TÃXÃNGT NGU TÃGNNGU KPVGPVKQPU FGU RTQVCIQPKUVGU FQPV KN RGWV HCKTG RCTVKG
# VKVTG FOGZGORNG GZCOKPQPU WPG JKUVQKTG KUUWG FG PQVTG ECU FOGZRÃTKOGPVCVKQP n /QK RQWT FÃOCTTGT WPG OKUUKQP GPHKP EOGUV VQWLQWTU EQOOG ÁC SWG LOCIKU LG UWKU VTÂU ÃVCV FG NOCTV FQPE CW FÃDWV LOCK VGPFCPEG ´ XQWNQKT CXCPV FOCNNGT XQKT NG ENKGPV VQWV FG UWKVG OOKORTÃIPGT WP RGW FG NC OKUUKQP GV RWKU UCXQKT GP KPVGTPG EG SWOQP ´ FÃL´ HCKV FCPU NG FQOCKPG 'V LG UCKU SWO´ WP OQOGPV FQPPÃ QP OOC FKV N/CKU KN HCWV VQWV FG UWKVG SWG VW CKNNGU XQKT NG ENKGPV O /QK LG PG XQKU RCU NGU EJQUGU EQOOG ÁC ,G PG OG XQ[CKU RCU CNNGT XQKT WP ENKGPV GP NWK FKUCPV O3WOGUVEG SWG VW OOCRRQTVGU !O CNQTU SWG LG UWKU EQPUWNVCPVG RQWT EGVVG OKUUKQP GV FQPE EGPUÃG NWK CRRQTVGT FGU EJQUGU SWQK 2QWT OQK ÁC OG RCTCÉV ÃXKFGPV KN HCWV CW FÃDWV SWG LG EQORWNUG WP RGW RQWT CXQKT WPG KFÃG RNWU RTÃEKUG 1T RGWV ÄVTG SWOKN [ C WPG RTGOKÂTG CRRTQEJG ´ HCKTG CWRTÂU FW ENKGPV CXCPV ÁC EOGUV FOÄVTG XKGTIG GV FG RTGPFTG VQWV VQWV EG SWOKN [ C GV KPVGTXKGYGT /CKU LG PG XQ[CKU RCU ÁC VQWV ´ HCKV EQOOG ÁC CW FÃDWV /CKU LG RGPUG SWOKN HCWV WP OKPKOWO CW FÃDWV SWCPF OÄOG +N HCWV IÃTGT NG VGORU RCUUÃ GP OKUUKQP ECT FG VQWVG HCÁQP NG VGORU VQWTPGW 5K LOCK VTQKU OQKU GV SWG LG RCUUG FGWZ OQKU ´ EQORWNUGT KN PG OG TGUVG RNWU SWOWP OQKU ´ OGVVTG GP HQTOG GV ´ HQWTPKT 'V FQPE KN HCWV UG HKZGT WPG NKOKVG 'V RWKU UCPU FQWVG SWOKN HCWV RGWV ÄVTG RCUUGT WP VKGTU FG VGORU ´ TGICTFGT GV EQORWNUGT WP VKGTU ´ HCKTG GV RWKU WP VKGTU ´ TÃCLWUVGT &OCKNNGWTU EOGUV EQOOG ÁC SWOQP HCKV +N GUV RQUUKDNG CWUUK SWG UK QP RCTV FCPU FG OCWXCKUGU FKTGEVKQPU QP XC HQWTPKT CW ENKGPV FGU QWVKNU SWK PG UQPV RCU WVKNGU FQPE VTÂU XKVG SWCPV OÄOG KN HCWV RTGPFTG NG DGUQKP FW ENKGPV
O
.C EJCÉPG KPVGPVKQPPGNNG VKTÃG FG EGV GZVTCKV HWV NC UWKXCPVG
$WV FÃOCTTGT WPG OKUUKQP 2NCP HCKTG WP ÃVCV FG NOCTV CWVQWT FW RTQDNÂOG FW ENKGPV 4ÃUWNVCV CESWÃTKT NGU UQNWVKQPU RQUUKDNGU CW RTQDNÂOG FW ENKGPV 'HHGV RQUKVKH CESWÃTKT NOGZRGTVKUG UWT NG RTQDNÂOG FW ENKGPV 'HHGV PÃICVKH KIPQTGT NGU RCTVKEWNCTKVÃU FW ENKGPV
%GRGPFCPV VQWVGU NGU JKUVQKTGU PG RTÃUGPVGPV RCU WP ECTCEVÂTG FOKPVGPVKQPPCNKVÃ UWHHKUCPV RQWT SWOGNNGU RWKUUGPV ÄVTG GZRNQKVÃGU FCPU WPG FÃOCTEJG FG VTCPUHGTV FOGZRÃTKGPEGU 0QWU FKUVKPIWQPU CKPUK FGWZ V[RGU FOJKUVQKTGU HCEVWGNNGU QW KPVGPVKQPPGNNGU EGU FGTPKÂTGU RQWXCPV GNNGUOÄOGU CRRCTVGPKT RNWUKGWTU UQWU ECVÃIQTKGU &CPU NGU JKUVQKTGU HCEVWGNNGU KN POGUV RCU RQUUKDNG FG FÃVGTOKPGT WP EQORQTVGOGPV KPVGPVKQPPGN 5K FGU CEVGWTU UQPV OGPVKQPPÃU KNU UQPV TÃKHKÃU GV NOQP POGP FQPPG UQWXGPV SWG FGU RTQRTKÃVÃU TKGP UWT NG EQORQTVGOGPV
O
5K NOÃXÃPGOGPV GUV CW EWT FG NOJKUVQKTG KN FQKV RQWT SWOKN [ CKV GHHGEVKXGOGPV n JKUVQKTG ÄVTG NC ECWUG FOWP CWVTG RJÃPQOÂPG U[ODQNKUÃ RCT NC PQVKQP FOCPQOCNKG .OCPQOCNKG TGRTÃUGPVG NC FKHHÃTGPEG GPVTG NOCVVGPVG FOWP CIGPV CW UGPU NCTIG GV EG SWK UG RCUUG GP TÃCNKVÃ FCPU NC UKVWCVKQP FÃETKVG RCT NOJKUVQKTG 0QWU RTQRQUQPU EGVVG PQVKQP n FOCPQOCNKG ´ RCTVKT FG NC PQVKQP FG n FÃHCKNNCPEG GZRGEVCVKXG RTQRQUÃG RCT 5EJCPM +N UOCIKV FOWPG EQPVTCFKEVKQP FCPU NG U[UVÂOG FOCVVGPVG GV FG RTÃFKEVKQP FG NOCIGPV EQPEGTPCPV NC UKVWCVKQP UQP RTQRTG EQORQTVGOGPV QW GPEQTG NG EQORQTVGOGPV FOWP CWVTG CIGPV %OGUV GP EGNC SWG NGU CPQOCNKGU EQPEGPVTGPV EG SWK HCKV NG ECTCEVÂTG UWTRTGPCPV FOWPG JKUVQKTG +NNWUVTQPU NOCPQOCNKG FCPU NG ECU QÔ WP XGPFGWT PQWU TCEQPVG EQOOGPV KN C TCVÃ WPG XGPVG
'ZGORNG WP XGPFGWT GURÂTG SWOKN RQWTTC VTCPSWKNNKUGT NG ENKGPV C RTQRQU FG UQP CEJCV OCKU CEVWGNNGOGPV KN RGTF NC XGPVG
.G VÃOQKP GUV NC RGTUQPPG FQPV NOCVVGPVG C ÃVÃ XKQNÃG 5QWXGPV EOGUV NG PCTTCVGWT .OCIGPV POGUV RNWU NG TÏNG FKUEWTUKH OCKU NOCEVGWT EQPETGV FG NOCEVKQP &G OCPKÂTG UVTWEVWTGNNG $WTMG FÃHKPKUUGPV NOCPQOCNKG FG NC HCÁQP UWKXCPVG
n 7P CEVGWT : UOCVVGPFCKV =ÃVCV KPVGPVKQPPGN? ´ EG SWG ; CTTKXG OCKU EOGUV < SWK GUV CTTKXÃ
.GU ÃVCVU KPVGPVKQPPGNU QPV ÃVÃ TGEGPUÃGU CW UGKP FG VCZQPQOKGU UKORNKHKECVTKEGU EQOOG EGNNG RTQRQUÃG RCT 5GCTNG SWK HCEVQTKUG NGU VTÂU PQODTGWUGU HQTOGU FOKPVGPVKQPPCNKVÃ ´ FGU OQFGU RU[EJQNQIKSWGU HQPFCOGPVCWZ EQOOG NC RGTEGRVKQP NOCEVKQP NOKPVGPVKQP NC ETQ[CPEG QW NG FÃUKT &OCWVTG RCTV RQWT VQWV ÃVCV KPVGPVKQPPGN KN GUV RQUUKDNG FOKFGPVKHKGT UGU EQPFKVKQPU FG UCVKUHCEVKQP QW CW EQPVTCKTG FGU EQPFKVKQPU FG HTWUVTCVKQP FG EGV ÃVCV #KPUK WPG ETQ[CPEG RGWV ÄVTG XTCKG QW FÃOGPVKG WP FÃUKT UCVKUHCKV QW KPCUUQWXK WPG CEVKQP CEEQORNKG QW KPCEJGXÃG 2CT EQPUÃSWGPV QP FKURQUG FG TGRÂTGU RQWT KFGPVKHKGT NGU CPQOCNKGU GV UWDUÃSWGOOGPV NGU JKUVQKTGU SWG TGUVKVWGPV RNWU QW OQKPU FKTGEVGOGPV NGU TÃEKVU FGU CIGPVU KPVGTXKGYÃU
&CPU NG ECU FG NOGZGORNG TCRRQTVÃG GP HKIWTG NOÃXÃPGOGPV KFGPVKHKÃ GUV NOCXGTVKUUGOGPV FQPPÃ RCT UGU EQNNÂIWGU CW EQPUWNVCPV ,WPKQT n =W?
=W? +EK NG PCTTCVGWT KPFKSWG GZRNKEKVGOGPV NOCPQOCNKG 'NNG GUV OÄOG NOQDLGV FW TÃEKV EG SWK TGRTÃUGPVG WP ECU RNWVÏV TCTG .G
RNWU UQWXGPV NG PCTTCVGWT TGNCVG FGU HCKVU SWK HQPV CRRCTCÉVTG WP FÃECNCIG GPVTG NOKPVGPVKQP FW RTQVCIQPKUVG GV NGU HCKVU OCKU KN POKFGPVKHKG RCU GZRNKEKVGOGPV NOCPQOCNKG .G TÃEKV FCPU NGSWGN NOCPQOCNKG GUV KFGPVKHKÃG RGWV CNQTU ÄVTG CLQWVÃ ´ NC DCUG UQWU NC HQTOG FOWP FQEWOGPV KPFGZÃ UWKXCPV NGU FKXGTUGU FKOGPUKQPU SWK ECTCEVÃTKUGPV EGV ÃNÃOGPV FG NOGZRÃTKGPEG FOGPVTGRTKUG
2QWT ECRVWTGT NC FÃHCKNNCPEG GZRGEVCVKXG KN UWHHKV FOQRRQUGT NOCVVGPVG FOWPG RGTUQPPG CXGE EG SWK ÃVCKV GP VTCKP FOCTTKXGT FCPU NC UKVWCVKQP FÃETKVG RCT NOJKUVQKTG 2QWT TCHHKPGT NC NQECNKUCVKQP FG NOCPQOCNKG GV FÃVGTOKPGT UQP V[RG PQWU CXQPU ÃNCDQTÃ WPG VCZQPQOKG FGU FÃHCKNNCPEGU GZRGEVCVKXGU NG V[RG FOGTTGWT GP HQPEVKQP FGU ECTCEVÂTGU EQIPKVKHU FG NOCEVKXKVÃ HQPFÃG UWT NGU VTCXCWZ FG TÃHÃTGPEG UWT NGU GTTGWTU 4GCUQP #OCNDGTVK HKIWTG &CPU PQVTG TGRTÃUGPVCVKQP FG NOJKUVQKTG NOCPQOCNKG GUV ECTCEVÃTKUÃG RCT WP WP WPG FG NOGTTGWT GV WP O FÃRGPFCPV FG NC NQECNKUCVKQP
.QECNKUCVKQP FG
NOCPQOCNKG /ÃECPKUOGU ´ NC DCUG FG
NOCPQOCNKG V[RGU FOGTTGWTU %CU FOGTTGWTU
#EVKQP
'ZÃEWVKQP FG NOCEVKQP JGWTKUVKSWGU FOQTICPKUCVKQP FG NOCEVKQP TÃIWNCVKQP FG NOCEVKXKVÃ EQPVTÏNG FG NOGZÃEWVKQP TÃEWRÃTCVKQP FOGTTGWTU ÃXCNWCVKQP FGU TÃUWNVCVU FG NOCEVKQP
4CVÃU FG NOCEVKQP GTTGWTU CVVGPVKQPPGNNGU
4CKUQPPGOGPV
+PVGTRTÃVCVKQP EQORTÃJGPUKQP RNCPKHKECVKQP FGU CEVKQPU TÃUQNWVKQP FG RTQDNÂOG
4ÂINGU KPEQORNÂVGU TCKUQPPGOGPV HCWZ CRRNKECVKQP FG OCWXCKUGU TÂINGU CRRNKECVKQP GTTQPÃG FG DQPPGU TÂINGU OCKPVKGP FOWPG J[RQVJÂUG GTTQPÃG VTCPUHGTV CPCNQIKSWG KPCRRTQRTKÃG FOWPG RTQEÃFWTG
$WV
)ÃPÃTCVKQP FOKPVGPVKQPU UÃNGEVKQP FGU V¸EJGU ´ TÃCNKUGT QTFQPPCPEGOGPV FGU UQWU DWVU EQPVTÏNG RCT NGU QDLGEVKHU ÃXCNWCVKQPU KPVGTOÃFKCKTGU
$WV GTTQPÃ
UQWUURÃEKHKECVKQP FGU UQWUDWVU
%QPPCKUUCPEG 0QWXGNNG UKVWCVKQP EQPPCKUUCPEGU IÃPÃTCNGU EQPPCKUUCPEGU URÃEKHKSWGU
+PEQORNÃVWFG FGU EQPPCKUUCPEGU RGTVKPGPVGU ´ NOGURCEGRTQDNÂOG +PRWV 2GTEGRVKQP CVVGPVKQP
TGRTÃUGPVCVKQP +PCVVGPVKQP CVVGPVKQP GZEGUUKXG GTTGWT RQPEVWGNNG FG RTKUG FOKPHQTOCVKQP
#KPUK FCPU NG ECU FG PQVTG GZGORNG FOJKUVQKTG NOCPQOCNKG GUV FÃETKVG RCT NGU CVVTKDWVU UWKXCPVU
#PQOCNKG RTCVKSWG PQP EQPXGPVKQPPGNNG GP OKUUKQP FG EQPUGKN .QECNKUCVKQP FG NOÃECTV RNCP 6[RG FOGTTGWT EQPPCKUUCPEGU URÃEKHKSWGU %CU FOGTTGWT KPEQORNÃVWFGU FGU EQPPCKUUCPEGU RGTVKPGPVGU ´ NOGURCEG RTQDNÂOG
)GPÂUG GV FKHHWUKQP FGU JKUVQKTGU FCPU NOGPVTGRTKUG
.C DCUG FG FQEWOGPVU PCTTCVKHU SWK UG EQPUVKVWG RCT KPFGZCVKQP UWEEGUUKXG FGU JKUVQKTGU GZVTCKVGU FGU KPVGTXKGYU HQWTPKV WP ECRKVCN FOGZRÃTKGPEGU FG NOQTICPKUCVKQP CEEGUUKDNG UWT FGU ETKVÂTGU UÃOCPVKSWGU CPQOCNKG KPVGPVKQP FOCEVGWTU EQORÃVGPEG QW TÏNG FCPU NG FQOCKPG FW -/ GV UQWU WPG HQTOG NG FQEWOGPV PCTTCVKH OWNVKOÃFKC FKTGEVGOGPV EQORTÃJGPUKDNG RCT NGU CIGPVU FG NOQTICPKUCVKQP HCXQTKUCPV CKPUK UQP KPVGTPCNKUCVKQP GV UC FKHHWUKQP 0QVTG QDLGEVKH GUV SWG EGVVG FKHHWUKQP SWK UG HCKV RCT FGU FQEWOGPVU KPHQTOCVKSWGU XKGPPGPV EQORNÃVGT QW UWRRNÃGT RCTHQKU CWZ OQFCNKVÃU RNWU VTCFKVKQPPGNNGU FG EQOOWPKECVKQPU FGU TÃEKVU OQFCNKVÃU SWK RTÃGZKUVGPV OCKU SWK PG UQPV RCU RTQRKEGU ´ WPG ECRKVCNKUCVKQP ´ ITCPFG ÃEJGNNG 2TGPCPV CRRWK UWT NG EQPEGRV FG EQOOWPCWVÃ FG RTCVKSWG EGTVCKPU GVJPQNQIWGU FG NOQTICPKUCVKQP QPV GP GHHGV OQPVTÃ NOGZKUVGPEG GV NOKORQTVCPEG FG EGU ÃEJCPIGU FOJKUVQKTGU #KPUK 1TT GV 9GPIGT QPV ÃVÃ RCTOK NGU RTGOKGTU ´ ÃVWFKGT CXGE WP TGICTF GVJPQITCRJKSWG NGU RTCVKSWGU FG RCTVCIG FG UCXQKTU GPVTG VGEJPKEKGPU FG OCKPVGPCPEG EJG\ :GTQZ 5GNQP GWZ NOÃNÃOGPV GUUGPVKGN FG EGU RTCVKSWGU TGRQUG UWT NC PCTTCVKQP GV NG RCTVCIG FOJKUVQKTGU +NU EQPUKFÂTGPV SWG NGU JKUVQKTGU TCEQPVÃGU RCT NGU VGEJPKEKGPU EQPUVKVWGPV FOCDQTF WPG OÃVJQFG FG TÃUQNWVKQP EQNNGEVKXG FG RTQDNÂOG 1TT PQVG SWG NC PCTTCVKQP GUV NG RNWU UQWXGPV WPG EQPXGTUCVKQP RNWU RTÃEKUÃOGPV WPG EQPCTTCVKQP ECT NGU VGEJPKEKGPU ÃEJCPIGPV NGWTU GZRÃTKGPEGU UQWU HQTOG FOJKUVQKTGU SWK UG TÃRQPFGPV NGU WPGU NGU CWVTGU .QTUSWOWP RTQDNÂOG KPJCDKVWGN C ÃVÃ TÃUQNW NG VGEJPKEKGP SWK GP C GW NC EJCTIG TCEQPVG NOJKUVQKTG FG UC TÃUQNWVKQP ´ UGU EQNNÂIWGU FG VTCXCKN UQKV GP EQWTU FOCEVKQP UQKV +N PQWU RCTCÉV FQPE KORQTVCPV FG NKGT FCPU WP OÄOG UEJÃOC NC FKOGPUKQP KPFKXKFWGNNG TÃWVKNKUCVKQP FOWP ECU FCPU NG TCKUQPPGOGPV GV NC FKOGPUKQP EQNNGEVKXG FG NC PCTTCVKQP EQOOWPKECVKQP FW ECU FCPU WPG EQPXGTUCVKQP RQWT TÃUQNWVKQP
#KPUK HCEG ´ WPG UKVWCVKQP PQWXGNNG ÃXÃPGOGPVKGNNG
L NOGZRGTV TGEJGTEJG FCPU UC OÃOQKTG FOGZRÃTKGPEG QTICPKUÃG UQWU HQTOG FG EQPPCKUUCPEGU IÃPÃTCNGU GV FOJKUVQKTGU EG SWK GUV CW RNWU RTÂU FG NC UKVWCVKQP RTQDNÂOG EQWTCPVG
L NOGZRGTV TÃWVKNKUG NOJKUVQKTG VTQWXÃG GP NOCFCRVCPV CW EQPVGZVG EQWTCPV UK NOJKUVQKTG GUV VTÂU UKOKNCKTG ´ NC UKVWCVKQP GP EQWTU KN NC UVQEMG EQOOG UQNWVKQP EQPHKTOÃG #W EQPVTCKTG UK NC TÃWVKNKUCVKQP FG NOJKUVQKTG GPIGPFTG WPG n FÃHCKNNCPEG GZRGEVCVKXG NG UWLGV UOGPICIG FCPU WP E[ENG FG SWGUVKQPUGZRNKECVKQPU &CPU NGU
FGWZ ECU NOGZRGTV TÃQTICPKUG UC OÃOQKTG RQWT [ KPVÃITGT NG PQWXGN ÃRKUQFG UQWU HQTOG FG UVÃTÃQV[RGU TGPHQTEÃU FCPU NG RTGOKGT ECU UETKRV QW JCDKVWFG UQWU HQTOG FOJKUVQKTGU FCPU NG UGEQPF
L NOGZRGTV TCEQPVG GPUWKVG NGU JKUVQKTGU n CPQTOCNGU FOWPG RCTV RQWT OKGWZ NGU OÃOQTKUGT CW PKXGCW KPFKXKFWGN GV FOCWVTG RCTV RQWT RCTVCIGT NGU UCXQKTU SWOGNNGU EQPVKGPPGPV CW UGKP FG UC EQOOWPCWVÃ FG RTCVKSWG
(CEG ´ WPG UKVWCVKQP QW WP RTQDNÂOG PQWXGCWZ NG UWLGV WVKNKUCPV NGU IÃPÃTCNKUCVKQPU SWOKN C EQPUVTWKVGU GV UGU GZRÃTKGPEGU RTÃEÃFGPVGU ÃOGV WPG J[RQVJÂUG UWT NG EQORQTVGOGPV SWOCWTC WP RTQDNÂOG UOKN CRRNKSWG WPG UQNWVKQP FQPPÃG %GVVG J[RQVJÂUG UGTC KPHKTOÃG QW EQPHKTOÃG UGNQP SWG NC IÃPÃTCNKUCVKQP WVKNKUÃG ÃVCKV EQTTGEVG QW PQP 5K NC IÃPÃTCNKUCVKQP GUV KPEQTTGEVG NG UWLGV OGV CNQTU ´ LQWT UC OÃOQKTG GP VGPCPV EQORVG FG NOGZRÃTKGPEG HCKVG GV FG NOKPCFÃSWCVKQP FG UQP J[RQVJÂUG %OGUV EG SWG 5EJCPM CRRGNNG %G RTQEGUUWU GUV DCPCN GV VTÂU EQWTCPV &CPU NG OQPFG FW VTCXCKN NGU QRÃTCVGWTU HQPV NOGZRÃTKGPEG RGTOCPGPVG FG FÃHCKNNCPEG GZRGEVCVKXG NGU UGWNGU GZEGRVKQPU RQUUKDNGU ÃVCPV NGU VTCXCKNNGWTU SWK HQPV WP VTCXCKN VQVCNGOGPV TQWVKPKGT /QKPU NG VTCXCKN GUV RTGUETKV RNWU NGU FÃHCKNNCPEGU GZRGEVCVKXGU UQPV PQODTGWUGU GV RNWU NOQTICPKUCVKQP FG NOGZRÃTKGPEG UOCXÂTG PÃEGUUCKTG .QTUSWG NGU KPFKXKFWU HQPV NOGZRÃTKGPEG FOWPG FÃHCKNNCPEG GZRGEVCVKXG NGWT GURTKV ETÃG WPG UVTCVÃIKG FG TCRRGN %GVVG RÃFCIQIKG FW F[UHQPEVKQPPGOGPV RTÃRCTG NGU IGPU ´ IÃTGT NGU UKVWCVKQPU QÔ NGU EJQUGU PG UG FÃTQWNGPV RCU EQPHQTOÃOGPV CW RNCP 'NNG HCKV RCTVKG FGU RTGOKGTU QDLGEVKHU FG PQVTG FÃOCTEJG FG ECRKVCNKUCVKQP
%QQRÃTCVKQP RCT ÃEJCPIGU FOJKUVQKTGU
0QVTG CEEGRVKQP FG NC EQQRÃTCVKQP GUV EGNNG FG <CEMNCF RQWT SWK n O ! "
O O ! O # " .C PCTTCVKQP GUV WPG CEVKXKVÃ EQQRÃTCVKXG FQPV NC HKPCNKVÃ GUV UQKV FG EQPVTKDWGT RCT NG FKCNQIWG ´ NC EQQTFKPCVKQP FOWPG TÃUQNWVKQP GP EQWTU GP TCEQPVCPV UQP GZRÃTKGPEG RGTUQPPGNNG GV GP ÃEQWVCPV EGNNG FOCWVTGU CEVGWTU UQKV FG RCTVCIGT UQP GZRÃTKGPEG RGTUQPPGNNG FOWPG TÃUQNWVKQP FG RTQDNÂOG CPVÃTKGWTG CW EQWTU FOWPG EQPXGTUCVKQP QTFKPCKTG 2QWT OÃOQTKUGT PQU GZRÃTKGPEGU PQWU FGXQPU NGU TCEQPVGT UCPU SWQK CRTÂU WP EGTVCKP VGORU EGNNGUEK PG RCTXKGPPGPV RNWU ´ UOCTVKEWNGT ´ PQU UVTWEVWTGU EQIPKVKXGU GV TGPHQTEGT CKPUK PQU EQORÃVGPEGU
.C RTGOKÂTG ÃVCRG FG EG RTQEGUUWU EQORNGZG GUV NC RTQFWEVKQP FOWP TÃEKV FG NC V¸EJG FKCIPQUVKE EQORTÃJGPUKQP RNCPKHKECVKQPW .C RTQFWEVKQP RGTOGV FG EQPFGPUGT NOGZRÃTKGPEG UQWU NC HQTOG FG UVTWEVWTGU FG EQPPCKUUCPEGU KPFGZÃGU GP OÃOQKTG .GU ÃXÃPGOGPVU KORQTVCPVU LCNQPPCPV NC V¸EJG GP EQWTU FG TÃUQNWVKQP UQPV
RGTÁWU UÃSWGPVKGNNGOGPV GV UQPV VTCPUHQTOÃU GP WPG NKUVG FG RTQRQUKVKQPU GP OÃOQKTG UQWU NC HQTOG FOWP KPFGZ .C UGEQPFG ÃVCRG EQPUKUVG ´ TCEQPVGT EGVVG GZRÃTKGPEG UQWU NC HQTOG FOWP TÃEKV CW EQWTU FOWPG EQPXGTUCVKQP EGEK GP RTGOKGT NKGW RQWT PQWU TCRRGNGT EGVVG GZRÃTKGPEG GV GPUWKVG FG OCPKÂTG RNWU KPFKTGEV RQWT RQWXQKT NC RCTVCIGT %OGUV NG RTQRTGOGPV FKV .C VTQKUKÂOG ÃVCRG GUV ENCKTGOGPV EQQRÃTCVKXG GV EQPUKUVG RQWT NG PCTTCVGWT ´ TCEQPVGT UQP GZRÃTKGPEG GV UWTVQWV RQWT NOKPVGTNQEWVGWT ´ GZVTCKTG NOKPFGZ FG EGVVG GZRÃTKGPEG SWK POGUV RCU UKGPPG CHKP FG NG EQORCTGT CXGE NGU KPFGZ URÃEKHKSWGU ´ UC RTQRTG GZRÃTKGPEG %GVVG ÃVCRG FG EQORTÃJGPUKQP RGWV ÄVTG FKVG RNGKPGOGPV TÃCNKUÃG UK NOKPVGTNQEWVGWT RGWV VTQWXGT WP KPFGZ UKOKNCKTG ´ EGNWK FW PCTTCVGWT FCPU UC RTQRTG n DCUG FOJKUVQKTGU 5K VGN GUV NG ECU PQWU RQWXQPU FKTG SWOKN [ C n KPFGZ RCTVCIÃ GPVTG NG PCTTCVGWT GV NOKPVGTNQEWVGWT %OGUV RTQDCDNGOGPV EG OÃECPKUOG SWK GZRNKSWG RQWTSWQK PQWU CEEGRVQPU RCTHQKU FG TCEQPVGT NOJKUVQKTG GV FQPE NOGZRÃTKGPEG FG SWGNSWOWP FOCWVTG SWG UQK .GU TÃEKVU FG n UGEQPFGU OCKPU UQPV GP SWGNSWG UQTVG TCVKHKÃU RCT NC RGTUQPPG SWK NGU TCEQPVG ´ PQWXGCW UQWXGPV RCTEG SWOGNNGOÄOG C RW GP ÃRTQWXGT NC RGTVKPGPEG FCPU WPG UKVWCVKQP RTCVKSWG UKOKNCKTG
Production d’une histoire
Storytelling
Compréhension d’une histoire Index partagé
O
%QQTFQPPGT NC TÃUQNWVKQP FOWP RTQDNÂOG GP UOCRRW[CPV UWT NOGZRTGUUKQP FG NOGZRÃTKGPEG FGU CEVGWTU GP RTÃUGPEG GUV FQPE WPG OCPKÂTG RCTOK FOCWVTGU FOCTVKEWNGT WPG CEVKXKVÃ EQQRÃTCVKXG FG TÃUQNWVKQP FG RTQDNÂOGU
*[RGT5VQTKC TGEWGKN KPFGZCVKQP GV CEEÂU CWZ FQEWOGPVU PCTTCVKHU
.GU JKUVQKTGU UQPV TGEWGKNNKGU RCT NG DKCKU FOGPVTGVKGPU FOWP V[RG RCTVKEWNKGT NOGPVTGVKGP PCTTCVKH '0 FQPV NG DWV GUV FOQRVKOKUGT NG PQODTG FOJKUVQKTGU QDVGPWGU GV NGWT PCTTCVKXKVÃ %G OCVÃTKCW PCTTCVKH GUV GPUWKVG UGIOGPVÃ GP RGVKVU TÃEKVU QW n UVQTKGVVGU SWK UGTQPV WNVÃTKGWTGOGPV KPFGZÃU IT¸EG ´ WP OQFÂNG FOKPFGZCVKQP QTICPKUÃ CWVQWT FG FGWZ FKOGPUKQPU WPG FKOGPUKQP CEVCPEKGNNGU TGITQWRCPV FGU CVVTKDWVU RTQRTGU ´ NOJKUVQKTG GNNGOÄOG EQORQTVGOGPV KPVGPVKQPPGN GV CPQOCNKG GV WPG FKOGPUKQP EQPVGZVWGNNG NKÃU CW FQOCKPG FG EQPPCKUUCPEGU EQPUKFÃTÃ KEK NG EQPUGKN GP -/
But Plan Résultat Aspect positif Aspect négatif
Intitulé Résultat Localisation
Type d’erreur
.GU CVVTKDWVU FG NC 5VQTKGVVG
%OGUV UWT NC DCUG FG EGU J[RQVJÂUGU SWG PQWU CXQPU EJGTEJÃ ´ EQPUVTWKTG WP U[UVÂOG FOCUUKUVCPEG ´ NC TÃUQNWVKQP CW RCTVCIG GV ´ NC HQTOCVKQP FCPU NG FQOCKPG FW EQPUGKN GP -PQYNGFIG /CPCIGOGPV L *[RGT5VQTKC-/7PG CRRNKECVKQP TÃCNKUÃG RCT
*[RGT5VQTKC UGTV FGWZ QDLGEVKHU NOCUUKUVCPEG ´ NOCRRTGPVKUUCIG GV NOCUUKUVCPEG ´ NC V¸EJG FCPU PQVTG GZGORNG NOKPVGTXGPVKQP FG EQPUGKN&CPU NG ECU FG %)'; NC DCUG EQOOWPCWVCKTG FOGZRÃTKGPEG GUV FOCDQTF WVKNKUÃG RQWT HCXQTKUGT NOCRRTGPVKUUCIG FGU EQPUWNVCPVU LWPKQTU GP -PQYNGFIG /CPCIGOGPV .OCEEÂU ´ NC DCUG UG HCKV UQKV RCT OQVGWT FG TGEJGTEJG UQKV RCT WP OQFG FG PCXKICVKQP IWKFÃ RCT FGU UEÃPCTKQU RTQHGUUKQPPGNU UQKV RCT WP OQFG FOCUUKUVCPEG ´ NC V¸EJG UQKV GPHKP RCT WP OQFG CRRTGPVKUUCIG CUUQEKÃ ´ WP .GCTPKPI /CPCIGOGPV 5[UVGO ./5'P HCKV
*[RGT5VQTKC RGWV RTGPFTG RNCEG FCPU FG PQODTGWZ UEÃPCTKQU FOWVKNKUCVKQP FG NC DCUG FOJKUVQKTGU.C ECVÃIQTKUCVKQP OWNVKRNG HQWTPKV GP GHHGV WP KPFGZ OWNVKRNG GZRNQKVÃ RQWT WPG TGEJGTEJG IWKFÃG FOJKUVQKTG.OCEEÂU ´ WP GPUGODNG FOJKUVQKTGU SWK RCT NGWTU CPQOCNKGU RCT NGWTU EJCÉPGU KPVGPVKQPPGNNGU RCT NGU EQORÃVGPEGU UQNNKEKVÃGU QW GPEQTG RCT NGU UVCVWVU FG NGWTU CEVGWTU GV NC UKVWCVKQP FCPU NCSWGNNG KNU RTGPPGPV RNCEG TCOÂPGPV ´ WPG UKVWCVKQP XÃEWG FG NOCIGPV EQPVTKDWG ´ RNCEGT EG FGTPKGT FCPU NC UKVWCVKQP FG TÃUQNWVKQP FG RTQDNÂOGU EQOOG FCPU NG ECU n PCVWTGN FOÃEJCPIG FOJKUVQKTGU CKPUK SWG NG PQVCKV 1TT 1TT 0QWU VTCXCKNNQPU ÃICNGOGPV ´ FQPPGT
´ EGV QWVKN FGU HQPEVKQPU RGTOGVVCPV CWZ OCPCIGT FG NOWVKNKUGT EQOOG WPG UQWTEG KORQTVCPVG FOKPXGUVKICVKQP SWCPV ´ NC PCVWTG OQ[GPPG FGU RTQDNÂOGU TGPEQPVTÃU RCT NGU ÃSWKRGU GP HQPEVKQP FW ITCFG FG NOÃVCRG FW RTQEGUUWU FGU EQORÃVGPEGUW
*[RGT5VQTKC C ÃVÃ FÃXGNQRRÃ UGNQP WP OQFÂNG ENKGPVUGTXGWT ´ ENKGPV NÃIGT PCXKICVGWT KPVGTPGV GP WVKNKUCPV NG UGTXGWT FOCRRNKECVKQP 2*2 GV NG 5)$& /[USN+N RGTOGV CWLQWTFOJWK FOGPTGIKUVTGT GV FOKPFGZGT WPG JKUVQKTG UGNQP FGU ETKVÂTGU RTQRTGU CWZ FKOGPUKQPU FW EQPUGKN GP -/ 5QWNKGT GV CN .C DCUG EQPVKGPV ´ NOJGWTG CEVWGNNG NC VTGPVCKPG FG 5VQTKGVVGU KUUWGU FG PQVTG ECU FOÃVWFG5K FCPU NGU TÃEKVU EQNNGEVÃU NGU JKUVQKTGU ECPQPKSWGU UQPV TCTGU KPHÃTKGWT ´ GNNGU UQPV TKEJGU GP GPUGKIPGOGPVU GV OÃTKVGPV FOÄVTG EQOOWPKSWÃGU RQWT CRRQTVGT WPG GZRÃTKGPEG RGTVKPGPVG ´ WP CEVGWT EQPHTQPVÃ ´ WP RTQDNÂOG UKOKNCKTG
+N GZKUVG FCPU NGU QTICPKUCVKQPU WPG VGPFCPEG PCVWTGNNG CWZ KPVGTCEVKQPU RCT NC PCTTCVKQP RQWT HCKTG RCTVCIGT FGU GZRÃTKGPEGU n GZVTC QTFKPCKTGU .C FÃOCTEJG SWG PQWU RTÃUGPVQPU KEK XKUG ´ ÃVGPFTG EGVVG VGPFCPEG ´ NC HQKU FCPU NG VGORU GV NOGURCEG GP OÃFKCVKUCPV NC PCTTCVKQP CW VTCXGTU FOWP OQFÂNG FOJKUVQKTG FOWP FQEWOGPV UWRRQTV CW TÃEKV FOWPG DCUG QTICPKUÃG FOWP OQFÂNG FOKPFGZCVKQP GV FOWP QWVKN FG TGEJGTEJG 5QWNKGT GV CN
#WFGN´ FG EGTVCKPGU EQTTGEVKQPU SWG EGVVG GZRÃTKOGPVCVKQP PQWU COÂPGTC ´ CRRQTVGT CWZ OQFÂNGU CEVWGNU PQVTG VTCXCKN RTÃUGPV EQPUKUVG ´ ÃVGPFTG NOQWVKN XGTU WP EQNNGEVKEKGN'P RGTOGVVCPV FOCPCN[UGT FG TGRTÃUGPVGT GV FOÃEJCPIGT FGU JKUVQKTGU GPVTG NGU WVKNKUCVGWTU EGV QWVKN FGXTCKV RGTOGVVTG FG NKOKVGT NC RCTV FG UWDLGEVKXKVÃ SWG RGWV KPVTQFWKTG NOKPIÃPKGWT FG NC EQPPCKUUCPEG FCPU UQP CPCN[UG GV RGTOGVVTG CKPUK FG EQPHTQPVGT FGU XWGU OWNVKRNGU UWT NGU JKUVQKTGU TGEWGKNNKGU
#EMGTOCP / 2KRGM 8 9WNH 8 GFU /CUUCEJWUGVVU +PUVKVWVG QH 6GEJPQNQI[
#OCNDGTVK 4 2CTKU 27(
$CPFWTC # (TGGOCP CPF %QORCP[ 0GY ;QTM
$TWPGT , ! 2CTKU 'FKVKQPU 4GV\
$WTMG 4 -CUU # "# $ % KP .GCMG &$ GFU %CUG
$CUGF 4GCUQPKPI 'ZRGTKGPEGU .GUUQPU CPF (WVWTG &KTGEVKQPU ###+ 2TGUU6JG /+6 2TGUU
0QPCMC + 6CMGWEJK * % $ $ 1ZHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU
1TT ,' %& ' ( )' %QTPGNN 7PKXGTUKV[
2TGUU
4GCUQP , * %CODTKFIG %CODTKFIG 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU
5EJCPM % + $ % , 6JG +PUVKVWVG HQT VJG .GCTPKPI 5EKGPEGU
5EJCPM 4 - "# %CODTKFIG 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU
5GCTNG ,4 , ( %CODTKFIG 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU
5QWNKGT ' .GYMQYKE\ / n 5WOOKV WR UWRRQTV ´ NC EQEQPUVTWEVKQP FOWPG TGRTÃUGPVCVKQP RCTVCIÃG FOWPG UKVWCVKQP ( $,% .//0 GV FÃEGODTG 6TQ[GU 5QWNKGT ' %CWUUCPGN , n .C PCTTCVKQP RQWT NC EQORTÃJGPUKQP GV NC TÃUQNWVKQP FG RTQDNÂOG
EQNNGEVKXG ,1 $ ,$O.//. 4QWGP ,WKP
5QWNKGT ' %CWUUCPGN , n /ÃFKCVKUGT NC PCTTCVKQP RQWT NG VTCPUHGTV FOGZRÃTKGPEGU )1
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9GPIGT ' $ 3 3 , %CODTKFIG 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU
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