Introduction to agroecology

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Introduction to agroecology

Marc Barzman, Alain Ratnadass

To cite this version:

Marc Barzman, Alain Ratnadass. Introduction to agroecology. Master. IV. ENDURE Summer School - Agroecological Engineering for Crop Protection (Agroecological engineering for crop protection), 2012, 36 diapos. �hal-02803979�

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D U R E, F eb ru ary 20 07

FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY

Marco Barzman, ENDURE & Alain Ratnadass, CIRAD

IV ENDURE Summer School Agroecological engineering for crop protection

Volterra, 8 oct. 2012

Introduction to

agroecology

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FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY

! Latin America: 1970s – 1980s – difficult political

situations

! Nth America: environmental protection, think

globally act locally

! United Nations Conference on Environment

and Development, Rio Summit 1992

! Reaction to green revolution

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è  Increase yields

è  (control pop. growth)

Assumptions…

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! 12 Myths, Frances Moore-Lappé, 1986

…and reaction

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! Norman Borlaug – high

yielding varieties + high input

! CGIAR – IRRI – CIMMYT – FAO

! World Bank – UNDP

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Doubly green revolution

and now à

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! Social justice – unequal distribution

of benefits

! Technology & dependence

(machinery, seed, NPK, loans, markets, …)

! Knowledge – expert K vs. IKS

! Appropriateness of Northern model

applied to unknown system

! Unexpected consequences

§  Diet (e.g. rice in Bangladesh)

§  Public health (e.g. water buffalo)

§  Biodiversity

! Local resources, local systems

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! …

Critique

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! …

Critique

Local rice variety use among project farmers

0 20 40 60 80 100 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Monsoon seasons % of fa rm er s us in g lo ca l va rie tie s Genetic erosion from Barzman, 2000

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! Genetic erosion – in-situ conservation

! Biopiracy – address rights of traditional

communities

! Social justice – land reform

! Indigenous Knowledge Systems /

understanding traditional systems

! Autonomy / food sovereignty

! Appropriate technology

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! …

…

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EN D U R E, F eb ru ary 20 07

! …

…

IKS: weaver ant in VN

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! …

…

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! Miguel Altieri - Agroecology: the

science of sustainable agriculture, 1986

Some of the people…

! Peter Rosset - Small

Is Bountiful, 1999

! Fernando Funes,

Cuba

! Ivette Perfecto,

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Strategies

! Anti-GMO movement

! Locavore: Food-shed, CSAs, Farmers’

markets, U pick, agroecotourism

! School programmes – school gardens,

organic lunch, salad bar

! Intentional communities

! Farm worker rights

! Urban ag

! Organic ag

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! Wildlife-friendly agriculture

! Native spp.

! Low-input organic farming

! Permaculture

! Biodynamic

! French intensive horticulture

! Urban agriculture

! Crop-livestock integration

! Agroforestry

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What is agroecology?

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! Agroecology as a scientific approach?

§  Holistic vs. reductionist approach §  Systems sciences

§  Multi-disciplinary approaches

ex. NMJ weed sci  farm management Q

§  Multi-sector – who is the expert?

§  Ecology – from “contemplative Ecology” of ‘natural’

systems to management of agroecosystems

§  Ethnobotany / understanding traditional systems §  Descriptive agroecology on developed country

agriculture?

§  Ecosystem services (multi-functional agriculture)

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The application of ecological concepts and principles to the design and management of sustainable agroecosystems

A definition within scope of ag production

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Sustainability in ag

! Minimal impact on environment

! Preserve & rebuild soil fertility

! Use water efficiently

! Rely on internal resources & nutrient cycling

! Conserve biological diversity

! Enable local control of agricultural resources &

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Relying on ecosystem

processes

! Energy flow ! Nutrient cycling ! Soil building ! Succession ! Disturbance ! Interactions between species ! Abiotic/biotic interactions

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Need for a shift from

Agrochemistry to Agroecology

Agrochemistry

Human & environmental health

Soil fer7lity

Quan7ty of farm produc7on Pest & disease impact

Chemical pes7cide & fer7lizer applica7on

Beneﬁcial organisms Agroecology

/ Ecological intensiﬁca7on

Plant species diversiﬁca7on

(PSD)

Quality of farm Soil biological ac7vity

Posi%ve impact

Nega%ve impact Mixed impact

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Agroecology

Agronomy

IPM Conservation _Agriculture

Philosophical & Social Movements Ecologically intensive Agriculture Organic Agriculture Ecology Eco-‐ Agriculture

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Agroecology Agronomy IPM Conservation Agriculture Philosophic al & Social Movements Ecologically intensive Organic Agriculture

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Eco-D U R E, F eb ru ary 20 07

Agroecology Agronomy IPM Agriculture de conservation Philosophic al & Social Movements Agriculture écologique-ment intensive Organic Agriculture

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Eco-FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY

Agroecology Agronomy IPM Conservation Agriculture Philosophic al & social Movements Ecologically intensive Organic Agriculture Ecology Eco-Agriculture

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Agroecology

Agronomy

IPM Conservation _Agriculture

Philosophic al & Social Movements Ecologically intensive Agriculture Organic Agriculture Ecology Eco-Agriculture

(33)

Agroecology

Agronomy

IPM Conservation _Agriculture

Philosophic al & Social Movements Ecologically intensive Organic Agriculture Ecology Eco-Agriculture

(34)

Agroecology Agronomy IPM Conservation Agriculture Philosophical & Social Movements Ecologically intensive Agriculture Organic Agriculture Ecology Eco-Agriculture

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Agroecology IPM IPM Conservation Agriculture Philosophic al & Social Movements Ecologically intensive Organic Agriculture Agronomie Eco-Agriculture

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Agroecology IPM Agriculture biologique Agriculture de conservatio n Terre & Humanisme Ecologically intensive Agriculture Agriculture HVE Agronomie Eco-Agriculture

Facing up to the paradigm of ecological intensification in agronomy: Revisiting methods, concepts and knowledge

Thierry Doré, David Makowski, Eric Malézieux, Nathalie Munier-Jolain, Marc Tchamitchian, Pablo Tittonell

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