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Elaboration d'une méthode différentielle pour l'étude de fibres optiques microstructurées

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HAL Id: tel-00374468

https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00374468

Submitted on 8 Apr 2009

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Elaboration d’une méthode différentielle pour l’étude de fibres optiques microstructurées

Philippe Boyer

To cite this version:

Philippe Boyer. Elaboration d’une méthode différentielle pour l’étude de fibres optiques microstruc-

turées. Physique [physics]. Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille III, 2006. Français. �tel-00374468�

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