ثقافة المؤسسة والتغيير

(1)

République Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire ﻲــــﻟﺎـﻌﻟﺍ ﻢـﻴﻠﻌـﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭ ﻲـﻤﻠـﻌﻟﺍ ﺚﺤـﺒﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺓﺮــﻳﻮﺒﻟﺍ ﺔــﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺝﺎﺤﻟﻭﺍ ﺪﻨﺤﻣ ﻲﻠﻛﺃ ﺪﻴﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺮـﻳﻮﺒﻟﺍ

@ @

@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ا مو !"ر$%ا ،!"د$()*ا م+ا ,-+. /(0ا : !234ا 5و د$()ا ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺱﻨﺎﺴﻴﻠﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻬﺸ لﻴﻨ ﺕﺎﺒﻠﻁﺘﻤ ﻥﻤﻀ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ ﺓﺭﻜﺫﻤ ﻥﺍﻭﻨﻋ ﺕﺤﺘ

ا دا إ : ذا فاإ : ﻒﺳﻮﻳ ﻲﺷﺎﻗ ﺔﻴﻛﺯ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻏ ﻒﺳﻮﻳ ﻲﺷﺎﻗ ﺔﻴﻛﺯ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻏ ﻒﺳﻮﻳ ﻲﺷﺎﻗ ﺔﻴﻛﺯ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻏ ﻒﺳﻮﻳ ﻲﺷﺎﻗ ﺔﻴﻛﺯ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻏ ﺔﻤﻴﻜﺣ ﻲﻤﻟﺎﺳ ﺔﻤﻴﻜﺣ ﻲﻤﻟﺎﺳﺔﻤﻴﻜﺣ ﻲﻤﻟﺎﺳ ﺔﻤﻴﻜﺣ ﻲﻤﻟﺎﺳ ﻢﻳﺮﻣ ﺱﻮﻳ ﺮﻴﻐﺻ ﻢﻳﺮﻣ ﺱﻮﻳ ﺮﻴﻐﺻ ﻢﻳﺮﻣ ﺱﻮﻳ ﺮﻴﻐﺻ ﻢﻳﺮﻣ ﺱﻮﻳ ﺮﻴﻐﺻ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ 2011 / 2012

Ministère de l’enseignement supérieur et de la recherche scientifique

Centre Universitaire

Colonel Akli Mohend Oulhadj Bouira

ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜ

Ministère de l’enseignement supérieur et de la recherche scientifique

Université de Bouira

Colonel Akli Mohend Oulhadj Bouira

(2)

ﺮﻜﺷ ﺔﻤﻠﻛ

ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻟ ﺎﻗﺍﺪﺼﻣ ﻰﻟﺎﻌﺗ : " ﻢﻜﻧﺪﻳﺯﻷ ﻢﺗﺮﻜﺷ ﻦﺌﻟ " ﺎﻨﻟ ﺮﺴﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺪﻘﻟﺍ ﻲﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﷲﺍ ﺮﻜﺸﻧ ﻊﺿﺍﻮﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻡﺎﻤﺗﺇ ﻝﺎﺣ ﻞﻛ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﻤﺤﻟﺍ ﻚﻟﻭ ﻰﺿﺮﻟﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺪﻤﺤﻟﺍ ﻚﻟﻭ ﻰﺿﺮﺗ ﻰﺘﺣ ﺪﻤﺤﻟﺍ ﻚﻠﻓ ﺮﻜﺸﻟﺎﺑ ﻡﺪﻘﺘﻧ ﻥﺍ ﻻﺇ ﺮﻴﺧﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﻌﺴﻳ ﻻﻭ ﻥﻮﻌﻟﺍ ﺪﻳ ﺎﻨﻟ ﺪﻣﻭ ﺎﻧﺪﻋﺎﺳ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻛ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﻑﺮﺸﻤﻟﺍ ﺫﺎﺘﺳﻷﺍ ﻢﻬﺘﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻬﻟ ﺮﻃﺆ " ﻒﺳﻮﻳ ﻲﺷﺎﻗ " ﺎﻨﻟ ﺍﺪﻨﺳﻭ ﺎﻤﻋﺩ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻪﺗﺎﻬﻴﺟﻮﺗﻭ ﻪﺤﺋﺎﺼﻨﺑ ﺎﻨﻴﻠﻋ ﻞﺨﺒﻳ ﻢﻟ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻣ ﻝﺎﻤﻋﻭ ﺓﺬﺗﺎﺳﺃ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻛ ﺮﻜﺸﻧ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺓﺮﻳﻮﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺓﺫﺎﺘﺳﻷﺍ ﺮﻛﺬﻟﺎﺑ ﺺﺨﻧﻭ " ﺔﻳﺎﺑ ﻮﻋﺎﺳ " ﺪﻴﻌﺑ ﻭﺃ ﺐﻳﺮﻗ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺯﺎﺠﻧﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻢﻫﺎﺳ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻛﻭ ﺍﺮﻜﺷﻭ

(3)

ﺀﺍﺪﻫﻹﺍ

ﻱﺪﻫﺃ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻱﺪﻬﺟ ﺓﺮﻤﺛ : ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﻢﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺐﺣ ﻲﻨﻤﻠﻋ ﻦﻣ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻦﻣ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺽﺎﻓﺃ ﻪﻧﺎﻨﺣﻭ ﻪﻤﻠﻌﺑ ﻲﻠﻋ ﻰﻟﺇ " ﺰﻳﺰﻌﻟﺍ ﻱﺪﻟﺍﻭ " ﺎﻬﻧﺎﻨﺣﻭ ﺎﻬﺒﺤﺑ ﺎﻣﻭﺩ ﻲﻨﺗﺮﻤﻏ ﻦﻣ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺀﻲﺷ ﻞﻛ ﺀﻲﻀﻳ ﺍﺭﻮﻧ ﺎﻫﺅﺎﻋﺩ ﻥﺎﻛ ﻦﻣ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻰﻟﺇ " ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﻲﺗﺪﻟﺍﻭ " ﻲﻨﻴﻋﺃ ﺓﺮﻗ ﻲﺗﻮﺧﺇ ﻰﻟﺇ " ﺔﻴﻤﺳ ،ﻂﺳﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ،ﺪﻴﻤﺤﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ،ﻕﺍﺯﺮﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ " ﷲﺍ ﻢﻬﻈﻔﺣ ﻩﺩﻻﻭﺃﻭ ﻪﺘﺟﻭﺯﻭ ﻲﻤﻋ ﻰﻟﺇ : ﺔﺴﻴﻣﻭﺭ ،ﻝﺎﻣﺃ ﺏﻮﻳﺃ ،ﻒﺳﻮﻳ ﺮﻓ ،ﺎﻫﺩﻻﻭﺃﻭ ﻲﺘﻤﻋ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻢﻴﻠﺤﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ،ﻲﻠﻋ ،ﺪﻳ ﺎﻤﻫﺮﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﷲﺍ ﻝﺎﻃﺃ ﻱﺪﺟﻭ ﻲﺗﺪﺟ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻲﺑﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﻓﺭ ﺀﺎﺧﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﺒﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﺏﻭﺭﺩ ﻢﻬﺑ ﻲﻨﺘﻌﻤﺟﻭ ﺭﺪﻘﻟﺍ ﻢﻬﺑ ﻲﻧﺎﻘﻟ ﻦﻣ ﻰﻠﺣﺃ ﻰﻟﺇ ' ،ﺓﺰﻳﺎﻓ ،ﺔﻘﻳﺯﺭ ﺮﻴﺠﻫ ،ﺔﻤﻴﻠﺣ ،ﺓﺪﻴﻤﺣ ،ﺔﻨﻴﻣﺃ ،ﺔﻌﻴﺑﺭ ،ﺓﺭﻮﻧ ،ﺔﻠﻴﻘﻋ ﺔﻠﻴﺒﻧ ،ﺔﻤﻴﺴﻧ ،ﺔﻠﻴﻀﻓ ،ﺓﺩﻮﻌﺴﻣ ،ﺔﺴﻴﻧﺃ ،ﺔﻤﻴﻄﻓ ،ﺓ ." ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺔﻘﺸﻣ ﻲﻌﻣ ﻦﻤﺳﺎﻘﺗ ﻦﻣ ﻰﻟﺇﻭ " ﻢﻳﺮﻣ ،ﺔﻴﻛﺯ " ﻲﺗﺮﻛﺬﻣ ﻢﻬﻠﻤﺤﺗ ﻢﻟﻭ ﻲﺗﺮﻛﺍﺫ ﻢﻬﺘﻠﻤﺣ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻛ ﻰﻟﺇ

ﺔﻤﻴﻜﺤ

(4)

ﺀﺍﺪﻫﺇ

ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻟﺍ ﺪﻴﺳﻭ ﺏﻮﻠﻘﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﻧ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻱﺪﻫﺃ ﻢﻠﺳﻭ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﷲﺍ ﻰﻠﺻ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﻥﺃ ﻊﻴﻄﺘﺳﺃ ﻦﻟ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺎﻬﻣﺍﺪﻗﺃ ﺖﺤﺗ ﺔﻨﺠﻟﺍ ﺖﻠﻌﺟ ﻦﻣ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺎﻴﻧﺪﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻚﻠﻣﺃ ﺎﻣ ﺰﻋﺃ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺎﻬﻟ ﺖﻣﺪﻗ ﺎﻤﻬﻣ ﺎﻬﻘﺣ ﻲﻓﻭﺃ ﷲﺍ ﺎﻬﻈﻔﺣ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﻲﻣﺃ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻤﺤﺗ ﻦﻣ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻲﺘﻴﺑﺮﺗ ﻦﺴﺣﺄﻓ ﻲﻧﺎﺑﺭﻭ ﻕﻼﺧﻷﺍ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺱﺮﻏ ﻦﻣ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻞ ﻲﻠﺟﻷ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻟﺍ ﻕﺎﺸﻣ " ﻲﺑﺃ ﻲﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ " ﷲﺍ ﻪﻈﻔﺣ ﻦﻴﺗﺰﻳﺰﻌﻟﺍ ﻱﺎﺘﺧﺃ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺔﺴﻴﻔﻧﻭ ﻡﻮﻄﻓ ﺔﻴﻔﺻ ﻪﺘﺟﻭﺯﻭ ﺪﻤﺣﺃ ﻲﺧﺃ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺔﺒﻴﺒﺣ ﻪﺘﺟﻭﺯﻭ ﻝﺎﻤﺟ ﺰﻳﺰﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﺧﺃ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻖﻴﻓﺭ ،ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﺡﺎﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺔﻠﺋﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺖﻴﻛﺎﺘﻛ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺮﻴﻨﻣ ،ﻊﻴﻤﺴﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ،ﺩﺎﻤﻋ ﺑﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻠﺋﺎﻋﻭ ﺔﻳﺭﻮﺣ ،ﻪﺘﻠﺋﺎﻋﻭ ﺮﻣﺎﻋ ،ﻪﺘﻠﺋﺎﻋﻭ ﺢﺑﺍﺭ ﻲﻣﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺓﺰﻳﺰﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﺗﺪﺟ ﻰﻟﺇ ،ﺪﻌﺳ ﺎﻬﻨﺑﺍ ﺺﺧﻷﺎ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺇ ﺎﻬﺘﻠﺋﺎﻋﻭ ،ﻢﻳﺮﻣ ،ﺔﻤﻴﻜﺣ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻲﻧﻮﻤﺳﺎﻗ ﻦﻣ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺔﻴﻤﺳ ،ﺡﺎﺒﺻ ،ﺔﺻﺎﺧ ﺕﺎﻘﻳﺪﺼﻟﺍ ﻞﻛ ﻰﻟ ،ﻦﻳﺮﻗ ﺔﻠﻴﻟﺩ ،ﻲﻄﻔﻧ ﺔﻴﻤﺳ ، ،ﺐﻟﺎﻃﻮﺑ ﺔﻴﻣﺎﺳ ،ﺔﻤﻃﺎﻓ ،ﺯﻭﺮﻴﻓ ﻠﻴﺳ ،ﺓﻮﻫﺯ ،ﺔﻨﻳﺮﺒﺻ ،ﺔﻨﻴﻣﺃ ،ﻦﻴﻤﺳﺎﻳ ،ﺔﻜﻴﻠﻣ ،ﺎﻴ ،ﺓﺭﺍﻮﻧ ،ﺔﻠﻴﺒﻧ ،ﻝﺎﻣﺁ ،ﺔﻳﺭﻮﻧ ،ﺶﻳﻭﺯ ﺔﻴﻣﺎﺳ ،ﺔﻠﻴﻬﺳ ،ﻡﻮﻄﻓ ﺔﻘﻳﺯﺭ ،ﺔﺴﻴﻧﺃ ،ﺓﺪﻴﻤﺣ . ﺝﻮﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻟﺎﻃ ﻞﻛ ﻰﻟﺇ 4 ، ﻞﺟﺃ ﺎﻬﺘﻳﺎﻬﻧﻭ ﻞﻤﻋ ﺎﻫﺮﺳ ﻞﻣﺃ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻟﺍ ﻥﺄﺑ ﻦﻣﺆﻳ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻛ ﻰﻟﺇ

ﺔﻴﻜﺯ

(5)

ﻱﺪﻫﺃ ﻊﺿﺍﻮﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺐﺒﺳ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﻦﻣ ﻰﻟﺇ ﷲﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﺣﺭ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﻲﻣﺃ ﻩﺮﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﷲﺍ ﻝﺎﻃﺃ ﺰﻳﺰﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﻲﺑﺃ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻲﻨﺑﺍ ﻲﻨﻴﻋ ﺓﺮﻗﻭ ﻝﺎﻤﻛ ﺰﻳﺰﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﺟﻭﺯ ﻰﻟﺇ " ﻝﻼﺑ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ " ﺎﻬﺘﻠﺋﺎﻋﻭ ﺓﺩﻮﻌﺴﻣ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺵﻭﺪﻤﺣ ﻩﺪﺟﻭ ﺔﺑﻮﺠﺤﻣ ﻲﻨﺑﺍ ﺓﺪﺟﻭ ﻲﺟﻭﺯ ﻡﺃ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻴﻋ ﺓﺮﻗﻭ ﺔﺸﺋﺎﻋ ﻲﺑﺃ ﺔﺟﻭﺯ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺔﺨﻴﻟﻭﺯ ﺎﻬﻨ ﺔﻨﻴﻣﺃ ،ﺔﻴﺿﺍﺭ ،ﻦﻴﺴﺤﻟﺍﻭ ﻦﺴﺤﻟﺍ ﺩﻮﻠﻴﻣ ﻰﻟﺇ ،ﺔﻴﺿﺍﺭ ،ﻥﺎﻤﻳﺇ ،ﺮﻴﺒﻋ ﻪﺗﺎﻨﺑﻭ ﻲﻟﻼﻴﺟ ﺎﻬﺟﻭﺯﻭ ﺔﺸﺋﺎﻋ ﻲﺘﺧﺃ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻞﻴﻋﺎﻤﺳﺇ ﺎﻬﺘﻠﺋﺎﻋﻭ ﻪﺘﺟﻭﺯﻭ ﺩﺍﺮﻣ ﻰﻟﺇ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺣ ،ﻡﻼﺳﺍ ﻪﺋﺎﻨﺑﺍﻭ ﻪﺘﺟﻭﺯﻭ ’ ﻰﻟﺇ ،ﺰﻳﺰﻋ ،ﺔﺴﻴﻣ ،ﺔﻠﺒﻋ ،ﺓﺭﺎﺳ ،ﺭﺩﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺖﻤﻳﻮﺷ ﺎﻬﺘﻠﺋﺎﻋﻭ ﺓﺭﻮﻧ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻪﻣﺃﻭ ﻲﻨﺑﺍ ﺔﻤﻋ ،ﺱﺎﻧﻮﻟ ﻨﻟ ﺎﻬﺘﻠﺋﺎﻋﻭ ﺓﺮﻴﻤﺳ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺔﻠﺋﺎﻋ ﻊﻴﻤﺟ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻖﻳﺯﺭ ،ﻦﻴﺳﺎﻳ ،ﺱﺎﻨﻳﺮﻔﻜﺗ ،ﻢﻴﻜﺣ ،ﻥﺎﻨﻴﻬﻨﺗ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻰﻔﻄﺼﻣ ﺭﺎﻘ ﺔﻠﺋﺎﻋﻭ ﺵﺍﺪﻤﺣ ﻼﻋ ﺓﺪﻠﺟﻮﺑ ﺔﻠﺋﺎﻋﻭ ﺎﻬﺟﻭﺯﻭ ﺔﻤﻴﻌﻧ ﺏ ﺔﻠﺋﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻞﻛﻭ ﺩﺎﻌﺳﻭ ﺔﺸﺋﺎﻋ ﺎﻬﺘﺧﺃ . ﻼﻓ ﻲﺟﺎﺑﻭﺃ ﺔﻠﺋﺎﻋ ﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﻠﻃ ﺺﺧﻷﺎﺑﻭ ﺕﺎﻘﻳﺪﺼﻟﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﻗﺪﺻﻷﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺟ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺭﺎﻤﻋ ﺮﻴﻐﺻ ﻕ ﺔ . ﻰﻟﺇ ﻠﻫﺃﻭ ،ﺔﻤﻴﻜﺣ ،ﺔﻴﻛﺯ ﺏﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻲﺘﻘﻴﻓﺭ ﻬ ﻟﺇ ﺎﻤ ﻕﺎﺼﻟ ﺓﺫﺎﺘﺳﻷﺍ ﺔﺻﺎﺧﻭ ﺓﺬﺗﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺟ ﻰ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻟﺇ ﺪﻴﻌﺑ ﻭﺃ ﺐﻳﺮﻗ ﻦﻣ ﻲﻧﺪﻋﺎﺳ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻛ ﻊﺿﺍﻮﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻠﻤﻋ ﺓﺮﻤﺛ ﻱﺪﻫﺃ ﺀﻻﺆﻫ ﻞﻛ ﻰ

ﻡﻴﺭﻤ ﻡﻜﺘﺨﺃ

(6)

لﺎﻜﺸﻷﺍ ﺔﻤﺌﺎﻗ ﺔﻤﺎﻋ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ ... ... ... ﺃ -ﺏ -ﺝ -ﺩ لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜ لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻬﻤﺘ ... ... ... 06 لﻭﻷﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻤ . ... ... 07 لﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻭ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ... ... 07 ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺎﻬﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺓﺄﺸﻨ . ... ... 08 ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤ ... . 11 ﻊﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃﻭ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨ ... .... 15 ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜ ... ... 18 لﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﻪﺘﺎﻗﻭﻌﻤ ،ﻪﺘﺍﺩﺩﺤﻤ ،ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ... ... 18 ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﻪﺘﻴﻤﻫﺃﻭ ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍ ﻡﻴﻴﻘﺘ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ . ... ... 21 ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﻪﺘﺎﻤﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍ ﻡﻴﻴﻘﺘ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ . ... .... 23 ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭﻭ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ . ... ... 24 لﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘ ... ... 24 ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻗﺍﺭﻤ . ... ... 25 ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺎﻬﻔﺌﺎﻅﻭﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘ . ... ... 26 لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﻼﺨ ... ... ... 29 ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻬﻤﺘ ... ... ... 31 لﻭﻷﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻤ . ... ... 32 لﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻭ ... ... 32 ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ . ... ... 34 ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ ... ... 36 ﻊﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ . ... ... 37

(7)

ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤ ،ﻲﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻁﻐﻀﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ... 40 ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﻪﺜﺍﺩﺤﺇ ﺕﺍﻭﻁﺨﻭ ﻲﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ ... 43 ﻊﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻭﺎﻘﻤ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ ... ... 45 ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﻲﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ... ... 48 لﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﻲﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍﻭ لﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ . ... ... 48 ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﻑﻴﻘﺜﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻝﺁ ... ... 50 ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩﻤ ﻡﻫﺃﻭ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ . ... ... 51 ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﻼﺨ ... ... ... 53 ﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺙﻝﺎ : ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻬﻤﺘ ... ... ... 55 لﻭﻷﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘﻝﺍﻭ . ... ... 56 لﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜ ... ... 56 ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺒ ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺜﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻌ . ... . 57 ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ لﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻩﺭﻭﺩﻭ ﻲﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ . ... 59 ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜ . ... ... 60 لﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻁﺍﺭﻗﻭﺭﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻜﻭﻠﺴﻝﺍ . ... 60 ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ لﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻙﻭﻠﺴ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺱﻜﺎﻌﺘ . ... 61 ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺱﺴﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘ ... 61 ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ... .... 63 لﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻁﺴﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﻜﻭﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘ ... .... 63 ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘ ... 63 ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : لﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺏﻭﻏﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻠﻜﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ . ... 66 ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﻼﺨ . ... ... ... 68 ﺔﻤﺘﺎﺨﻝﺍ ... ... ... 70 ﻊﺠﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺌﺎﻗ ... ... ... 73

(8)

01 ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ 11 02 ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤ 13 03 ﻪﻠﺤﺍﺭﻤﻭ لﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﺤﻨﻤ 48

(9)

ﺔﻤﺎﻋ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ

(10)

أ ﻤﺎﻋ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ ﺔ : ،ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻡﺩﻗ ﺔﻤﻴﺩﻗ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ ﺕﺭﻭﻁﺘﻭ ﻪﻌﻤ ﺕﺩﺠﻭ ﺙﻴﺤﺒ ﺎﻬﻁﺒﺭﺘ ﺡﻭﺘﻔﻤ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻤﻨﺘﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺘﺎﻤﺎﻬﺴﺇ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺭﻴﻐﺘﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺼﺤﺘ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺎﻓ ،ﺭﺜﺄﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﻁﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺫﺨﻷﺎﺒ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﺘﻭ ﺓﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺨﻭ ﻊﻠﺴ لﻜﺸ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﺠﺭﺨﻤ ﺡﺭﻁﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺃ ﺩﺍﻭﻤ ،ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ،ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺕﻼﺨﺩﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﺩ ﺎﻬﻘﻴﻭﺴﺘﻝ . ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻭ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻋﻭ ﺕﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺩﻘﺘﻌﻤﻭ ﻡﻴﻘﺒ ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺤﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ لﺒﻘﺘﺴﺘ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺎﻓ ﻫﺩﻭﺠﻭﻓ ،ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ لﻼﺨ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻬﻴﻓ ﺕﻨﻭﻜﺘﻭ ﺫﻫ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﻓﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﺒ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﻴ ﺎ ﻩ ﻓﺎﻘﺜﻭ ﻡﻴﻗ ﻊﻤ ﻪﺘﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﺍﻭ ﻪﻤﻴﻗ ﻡﺀﻼﺘﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺝﺎﻤﺩﻨﺍ ﻯﺩﻤﺒ ﺓﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔ ﻪﺘﺎﺒﻏﺭﻭ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﺒ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﻭﻫﻭ . ﺃ ﺡﺎﺠﻨ لﺒﺴ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺫﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﻱ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﻭﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻬﺠﻝﺍ ل ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ ﺎﻫﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺀﻻﻭ ﺓﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻤﻀﺘ ﻲﻜﻝﻭ ،ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﺃ ﺔﻓﺎﻜﺒ ﺎﻬﻓﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻕﺎﻔﺘﺍ ﺀﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻕﻠﺨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜ ﺩﺎﺠﻴﺇﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﺀﻻﺅﻫ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻭ ﻡﻴﻗﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﺜﺅﺘ ﻲﻬﻓ ،ﺕﺍﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻁﻠﻝ ﻲﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻙﺭﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﻘﺘﻌﻤﻭ ﻡﻴﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻝﺍﺩ ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜ ﻥﺃ ﻙﻝﺫ ،ﺎﻬﻝﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻌﻔﺘﺭﻤ ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﺅﻤﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺎﻤ ﻥﻭﻓﺭﻌﻴ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻬﻓ ،ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻜﻭﻠﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺜﺅﻴ ﻲﻓﺎﻘﺜ ﺞﺘﻨﻤ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻓ ،ﺔﺴﺴ ﺩﺤﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﺃ ﻪﻌﺒﺘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻙﻭﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻁﻤﻨ ﺱﻜﻌﺘ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺎﻓ ﺍﺫﻜﻫ ،ﻪﻠﻤﻋ ﻡﺘﻴ ﺍﺫﺎﻤﻭ ﻡﻬﻨﻤ ﻊﻗﻭﺘﻴ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻭ ﺎﻫﺀﺎﺸﻨﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﻴﻭ ﺫﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﻗ ﺎﻫ ﻅﺎﻔﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﻴ ﺎﻤﺒ ﺭﻜ ﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ لﺌﺎﺴﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﻴﺴﻭﻭ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻠﻝ ﺓﺍﺩﺄﻜ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺘ ﻲﻬﻓ ،لﻴﺠ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻴﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻝﺎﻘﺘﻨﺍﻭ ﺕﺎ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﺎﻬﺘﻭﻗﻭ ﺓﺩﺌﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻙﺴﺎﻤﺘ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﺏﻌﻠﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻲﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴ ،ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﻋ ﻪﺠﻭﺃ ﺓﺩﻋ ﻲﻓ . ﻭﺘﺘ ﺔﺤﻠﻤ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﻲﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﺢﺒﺼًﺃ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻓ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻑﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﺌﺎﻗ ﺓﺭﺩﻗﻭ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﺒ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻪﺤﺎﺠﻨ ﺯﻜﺘﺭﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﻭﺫ ﺩﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻌﺠﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻲﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ لﺘﺤﻴﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

(11)

ب ﻥﻤ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻡﻜﺤﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺸﻨﻭ ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘﻝ ﻪﻠﻫﺅﺘ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﺼﻭﺼﺨ ﻪﻜﻭﻠﺴ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺍﺯﺘﻝﻻﺍ لﻼﺨ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺩﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻊﻀﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻪﻝﺎﻌﻓﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻝﺍﻭﻗﺃ ﺩﻴﺴﺠﺘﻭ . ﺕﺄﺸﻨ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻠﻝ ﺓﺭﻴﺎﻐﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺔﺌﻴﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﺤﺎﺘﻔﻨﺍ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ،ﺓﺩﺌﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺏﺠﻭﺃ ﺎﻤﻤ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ) ،ﻑﻴﻅﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﺭﻁ ،ﺯﻓﺍﻭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻭﻅﻨﻤ ﺔﻴﻗﺭﺘﻝﺍﻭ (... ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍ ﺡﺭﻁﻨ ﻕﺒﺴ ﺎﻤ ﺀﻭﻀ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ : ﻲﻓ ﻲﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜ ﻪﺒﻌﻠﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﺎﻋ ﺔﻴ ؟ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺌﺴﻷﺍ ﺡﺭﻁ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻨﺒ ﻱﺩﺅﺘ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍ ﻩﺫﻫﻭ : -؟ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﺒ ﺩﺼﻘﻨ ﺍﺫﺎﻤ -ﻌﺘ لﻫ ؟ﻲﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﺤﺎﺼﻤ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻓ ﺭﺒﺘ -؟ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﺡﺎﺠﻨ ﺏﺒﺴ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤ ﺔﻏﺎﻴﺼﺒ ﺎﻨﻤﻗ ﺔﻴﻋﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺌﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﺤﻭﺭﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ : -ﻌﻓ ﺩﺠ لﻤﺎﻋ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜ لﺜﻤﺘ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ لﺎ لﻜﻜ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ . -ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﻲﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻨﺭﺘﻘﻤ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻓ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ ﻻ . ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜ ﻡﺀﻼﺘ ﻯﺩﻤﺒ ﻥﺭﺘﻘﻴ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﺤﻼﺼﻹﺍ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﺡﺎﺠﻨ ﻥﺇ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ لﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ . ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻤﻫﺃ : لﺜﻤﺘﺘ ﻓ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻀ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻨﺩﻠﺒ ﺢﺒﺼﻴ ﻥﺄﺒ ﺢﻤﻁﻨ ﻥﻴﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠ ﺎﻨﻨﻭﻜ ﻲ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺎﻬﻜﻠﺘﻤﺘ ﻻ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺍﺭﻐﺠﻝﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﻭﺭﺸﻝﺍ لﻜ ﺎﻨﻜﻼﺘﻤﻻ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻏﺭ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻑﻠﺨﺘ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻤﺌﺍﺩ لﺀﺎﺴﺘﻨﻭ ،ﺔﻤﺩﻘﺘﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻑﺎﺼﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻫ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ لﻼﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺫﻨﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﻼﺼﻹﺍ .

(12)

ج ﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻑ : -ﺓﺭﻓﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺩﻷﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻭ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤﻭ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ . ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻴﻁﺒﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ لﻜﺸﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﻌﺒﻷ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﺃﻭ ﺓﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ . -ﻝ ﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺙﺤﺒ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ﻲﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﻝﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺴﻭﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻤﻠ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ . ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ : -ﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻭﻘﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻠﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻘﻴﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﺢﺠﺎﻨﻝﺍﻭ لﺎ لﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﻔﻠﻝ ﻲﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘ ﻲﻫ . -ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺘﺒﻭﻌﺼﻭ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻴﺤ . ﻊﺒﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ : -ﻁ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﻺﻝ ﺎﻨﻤ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺼ ﻯﺩﻤ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﺍﻭ ﺎﻫﺎﻨﺤﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻨﺩﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍﻭ لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﻲﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﺩﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺔﺤﺭﺘﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻁﺎﺒﻨﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ . ـﺒﻭﻌﺼ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎ : ﻝ ﺎﻨﻀﺭﻌﺘ ﻊﺠﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﻘﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻠﺜﻤﺘ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﺎﻨﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ لﻜﺎﺸﻤﻭ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﻌﺼ ﺓﺩﻌ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ . ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﺴﻘﺘ : ﺎﻨﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ لﻭﺼﻓ ﺙﻼﺜ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﻤﻴﺴﻘﺘﺒ ﺎﻨﻤﻗ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤﺒ ﺔﺤﺎﻁﻹﺍ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ لﻭﻷﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻤ ﺙﻼﺜ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻱﻭﺘﺤﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜ لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ،ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻤﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ : ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ

(13)

د ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﻤﻀ ﺝﺭﺩﺃ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺜﻤﺘﻴ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭﻭ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺹﺨﻴﻓ ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ﻲﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻤ لﻭﻷﺍ ﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺎﻨﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ﻲﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﺘﺤﻴﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ لﻭﻷﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ لﻭﺤ ﻥﺎﻜﻓ ﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍﻭ ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ .

(14)

لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ

:

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜ

(15)

- 6 - ﺩﻴﻬﻤﺘ : ﻲﻓ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﺎﺒ ﻰﻅﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻀﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ،ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺭﻔﻠﻝ ﻲﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻭﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﻫﻭﺠ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﺘﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻘﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﺭﺒﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻜﻭﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﻴﻝﺎﻘﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ . ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺯﺍﺭﺒﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﻨﺴ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺎﻨﻠﺼﻓ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻓﻭ ،ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜ ﺯﺭﺒﻨﺴ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﺃ ،لﻭﻷﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻅﻭﻭ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺙﺩﺤﺘﻨﺴ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺌﺎ .

(16)

- 7 - لﻭﻷﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻤ ﻱﺭﻅﻨﻤ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﺎﺒ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻲﻅﺤ ﺩﻘﻝ ﻹﺍ ﻙﻭﻠﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩ ﻩﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﺍﺫﻜﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇﻭ ﻲﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺃ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺤ ﻕﻭﻔﺘﻭ ﺡﺎﺠﻨﻝ ﺩﺩﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﺒ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ،ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜ ﻙﻠﻤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺎﻓ ،ﺎﻬﻓﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻭ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺸ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻌﻴﺭﺴ ﻁﺎﺒﻀﻨﻻﺍﻭ ﻡﺍﺯﺘﻝﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻫﺀﺎﻀﻋﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﺘ ﺔﻴﻭﻗﻭ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜﺘ ﺒﻹﺍﻭ ، ﻰﻝﺇ ﻡﻬﻌﻓﺩﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻉﺍﺩ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻤ ﻱﺩﺭﻓ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ . لﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺭﻭﻁﺘ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻰﻅﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﻸﻝ ﺍﺭﻅﻨ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺓﺍﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﻝ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺼﺘﻘﺘ ﻑﻭﺴ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻺ . 1 -ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ : ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻠﻝ ﺍﺭﻅﻨ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ﺕﻔﻠﺘﺨﺍﻭ ﺕﺩﺩﻌﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺩﻬﺸ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒﻨﺍﻭﺠ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ) ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﺃ ،ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻁﺎﺸﻨ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻝﺎﻜﺸﺃ ،ﺎﻬﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘ ﻕﺭﻁ (... ﺍﺫﻫ ﻡﻫﺎﺴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﻻﺍ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝ ﺩﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ لﻤﺎﺸ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﺎﻨﻨﻜﻤﻴ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻻﺇ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍﻭ ﻲﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ لﺜﻤﺘﻴ : 1 -1 ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ : ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻌﺘ " : ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍﻭ ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻭﺫﻭ ﺎﻴﻝﺎﻤ لﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﻊﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ،ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﻋ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻭ ﻊﻠﺴ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻑﺩﻬﻴ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻁﻭﺭﺸ ﻕﻓﻭ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺌﻴﺒ ﻉﻭﻨﻭ ﻡﺠﺤﻝ ﺎﻌﺒﺘ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ " ) 1 ( . 1 ،ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﻤﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ،ﻥﻭﺩﻋ ﻱﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺼﺎﻨ ،ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻌﺒﻁ ﻥﻭﺩﺒ 1998 ﺹ ، 8 .

(17)

- 8 - 2 -ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺭﻭﻁﺘ : ﺕﻝﺍﺯﻻﻭ ﺕﻓﺭﻋ ﺓﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻷ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤ ﺕﺎﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘﻭ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ﺓﺩﻋ ﺕﺭﻬﻅ ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﺘ ﻊﻤ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺔﻌﺴﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺫﺠ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﻁﺘ ﻑﺭﻌﺘ . 2 -1 ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻜ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ : ﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻊﻤﺠﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻭﻜ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ لﺎﻌﻓ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺔﻤﻫﺎﺴ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﻤﺠ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﺔﻴﻐﺒ ) 1 ( . 2 -2 ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻜ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ : ﻙﺭﺎﺸﺘ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺎﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠ ﻡﻫﺎﺴﺘﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻭ ﻊﻠﺴ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺈﺒ لﻜﻴﻬﻤ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘ ) 2 ( . 2 -3 ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ : ﻪﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺠﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﺎﻤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻠﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺩﺠﻭ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻊﻴﺒﻭ ،ﺀﺍﺭﺸﻭ ،ﻥﻴﺯﺨﺘ ) 3 ( . ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺎﻬﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺓﺄﺸﻨ : ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻭ ﺓﺄﺸﻨ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻕﺭﻁﺘﻨ ﻑﻭﺴ . 1 -ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺓﺄﺸﻨ : ﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻤﺠﻤ لﺜﻤﺘ ﻲﻬﻓ ﺔﺘﺤﺒ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ ﻡﻴﻘﻝﺍ ،ﺕﺎﻜﻭ ﺫﻨﻤ ﺽﺭﻷﺍ ﻪﺠﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺭﻭﻬﻅ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﻬﻅ ﻡﺯﻻ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻜﺭﺘﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍﻭ لﻤﺄﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻪﺴﻤﻠﻨ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺒﻘﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺼﺌﺎﺼﺨﻭ ﺎﻬﻤﻝﺎﻌﻤ ﺕﻔﺘﺨﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺩﻴﻌﺒﻝﺍ لﺯﻷﺍ ﺠﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺕﻌﺴﻭﺘﻭ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺭﻭﻁﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻔﻠﺨﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺴﻨﺎ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻬﻅﺒ ﺕﻠﺠﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﺩﺤﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺤ ﺯﺎﻐﻝﺍ ،ﻡﺤﻔﻝﺎﻜ ﺔﻗﺎﻁﻠﻝ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻊﺒﺎﻨﻤﻝ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻑﺎﺸﺘﻜﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻥﻤﺍﺯﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺜﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﻋ ... ﻭﻁﺘﻭ ﺭﻭﻬﻅ ﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻨﺎﻤﺜﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﻭﻌﻴ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻑﺎﺸﺘﻜﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻀﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﺭ ﺔﺒﺎﻗﺭﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻘﺜﻝﺎﻜ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺒﺎﻴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺩﻘﺘﻌﻤﻭ ﺎﻬﻤﻴﻗ ﺕﺩﻤﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺒﺎﻴﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺕﺭﻬﻅﺃ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻪﺘﻠﺌﺎﻋﻭ لﻤﺎﻌﻝﺎﺒ لﻤﺎﺸﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻁﻭﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻤﻀﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ " Z " ﺔﺌﻴﺒ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﺸﻴﻌﻴ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻬﻝ ﻡﺩﻘﺘ ﻡﻋﺩﻝﺍ 1 ﺹ ،ﻩﺭﻜﺫ ﻕﺒﺴ ﻊﺠﺭﻤ ،ﻥﻭﺩﻋ ﻱﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺼﺎﻨ 14 . 2 ،ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﺒﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﻭﻴﺩ ،ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘ ،ﺭﻴﻨﻤ ﻱﺭﻭﻨ 2010 ﺹ ، 13 . 3 ﺔﻌﺒﻁﻝﺍ ،ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﺒﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﻭﻴﺩ ،ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ،ﻱﺭﺨﺼ ﺭﻤﻋ 6 ، 2008 ﺹ ، 24 .

(18)

- 9 - ﻥﻭﻨﻭﻜﻴ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻭ ،لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻕﺎﻁﻨ ﺝﺭﺎﺨ ﺔﺒﻴﻁﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﻅﺎﻔﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﺤﺎﺠﻨ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺎﻓ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻙﺍﺭﺘﺸﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﺒ ﺢﻤﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻘﺜﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺸﻨ ﺍﺫﻜﻭ ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻜﻤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ،لﺎ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻗﻼﺨﺃﻭ ﻡﻴﻗ ﺱﻴﺭﻜﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻫﺎﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻠﺴﻝﺍ لﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ) 1 ( . 2 -ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ : ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﻥﺇ " ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ " ﺕﺎﻬﺠﻭ ﺩﺩﻌﺘﻝ ﻪﻤﻫﺎﻔﻤﻭ ﻪﻴﻨﺎﻌﻤ ﺩﺩﻌﺘﺘ ،ﻊﺴﺍﻭ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﻭﻫ ﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﻥﻭﻤﻀﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺼﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﹼﻻﺇ ﺩﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻡﻏﺭﻭ ،ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺭﻜﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻅﻨ ﺎﻬﻓﺭﻋ ﺩﻘﻓ ، " ﺭﻭﻠﻴﺎﺘ " – ﻱﺯﻴﻠﺠﻨﻹﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ -ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ " : ،ﺓﺩﻴﻘﻌﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻬﻅﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺏﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ لﻜﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ،ﻥﻔﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻭﻀﻌﻜ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺎﻬﺒﺴﺘﻜﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﻭ ﺩﻴﻝﺎﻘﺘﻝﺍ ،ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ،ﻕﻼﺨﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﻌﻤ " ) 2 ( . ﺎﻤﺃ " ﻥﻭﺴﻴﺭﺎﻫ ﺭﺠﻭﺭ " ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺎﻬﻓﺭﻌﻴﻓ " : ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﻹﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﻭﺭﻐﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺩﻘﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻙﻠﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺒﺠﻭﻤﺒ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺠﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﺭﻁﻠﻝ ﺔﺨﺴﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﻴﺃﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﻜ ﺕﺎﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ." ﻑﺭﻌﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ " Wheelen " ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ " : ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﺃ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻌﻗﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻘﺘﻋﻻﺍ " ) 3 ( . ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺎﻬﻓﺭﻌﻴﻭ " ﻱﺩﻨﻴﻜﻭ لﻴﺩ " ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ " : ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻷﺍﻭ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻀﺍﺭﺘﻓﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻁﻴﺤﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻤﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﻙﻭﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﻜﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻤﻀﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍﻭ " ) 4 ( . 1 ﺝﺍﺭﻓ ،ﻥﺎﻤﺜﻋ " ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺔﺌﺸﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋﻭ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ " ،ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﺒﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﻭﻴﺩ ، 1992 ﺹ ، 36 -38 . 2 ،ﺔﻴﺭﺩﻨﻜﺴﻹﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺔﺒﻗﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻁﻴﻁﺨﺘﻝﺍ ،ﻱﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﺩﻤﺤﺃ 2003 ﺹ ، 6 . 3 -،ﺭﺸﻨﻠﻝ لﺌﺍﻭ ﺭﺍﺩ ،لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻅﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻭﻠﺴﻝﺍ ،ﻥﺎﻴﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﻠﺴ ﺩﻭﻤﺤﻤ ﺔﻌﺒﻁﻝﺍ 4 ،ﻥﺩﺭﻷﺍ ، 2008 ﺹ ، 309 . 4 ،ﺔﻴﺩﻭﻌﺴﻝﺍ ،ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺸﻨﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﺯﺭﻭﺨ ،ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ،ﺏﺎﺒﺼﻝﺍ ﷲﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﺩﻤﺤﺃ 2005 ﺹ ، 391 -392 .

(19)

- 10 - ﻥﺎﺒﺘﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻘﻴ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ " Jean langatte " ، " Jaque maller " ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺎﻤﻬﺒﺎﺘﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ " : ،ﺕﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﻻﺍ ،ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻡﻴﻘﻝﺍ ،ﺕﺍﺩﻘﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ " ) 1 ( . ﻴﻤﺎﻫ ﺯﻝﺭﺎﺸﺘ ﺎﻬﻓﺭﻌﻴﻭ ﻥﺩ charles hamden ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜ ": ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁ ﻭﺃ ﻁﻤﻨ ﺎﻤﺒ ﺕﺭﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺓﺩﺌﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﻋﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻨﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻴﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻙﻭﻠﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺀﺍﺩﻬﺸﻝﺍ ﺹﺼﻗﻭ ﺔﻝﻭﻁﺒﻝﺍ ﺹﺼﻗﻭ ﺩﺌﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻙﻭﻠﺴﻠﻝ ﺔﻬﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ لﺎﺜﻤﻷﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻔﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺱﻭﻘﻁﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﺭﺤﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﻅﺤﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺤﺭﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺯﻭﻤﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺯﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ." ) 2 ( ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻠﻝ لﻤﺎﺸ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﺹﻼﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻩﺭﻜﺫ ﻕﺒﺴ ﺎﻤ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ": لﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﺯﻭﻤﺭﻭ ،ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻠﻋﺎﻔﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﻘﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻜﺭﺘﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻘﻠﻝ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﺭﺩﻺﻝ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻬﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻀﺍﺭﺘﻓﻻﺍﻭ ﺎﻴﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻙﻭﻠﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﻙﺍ ". ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺡﻭﺭ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻲﻔﺨﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﺒﺎﻁﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﺼﺨﺸﻝ . ﺹﻴﺨﻠﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴﻭ ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ) 3 ( : 1 - ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﺤﺇ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ : ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻜﺤ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺩﻭﺴﺘ ﺎﻴﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﺎﺠﻬﻨﻤ لﺜﻤﺘ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺫﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺎﻓ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ،ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﻻﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺯﺭﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺹﺎﺨﺸﻷﺍﻭ ﺭﺒﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ . 2 - ﺩﻴﺤﻭﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻭﻌﺸ ﺩﺎﺠﻴﺇ : ﻡﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺯﺯﻌﺘﻭ ﺭﺍﻭﺩﻸﻝ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﻲﻁﻌﺘﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻜﻭﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺩﺠﻭﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﺎﻌﻤﻭ ﺔﻜﺭﺘﺸﻤﻝﺍ . 3 - ﺱﺎﺴﺤﻹﺍ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ : ﻲﻓ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺎﻜ ﻡﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺯﻴﺯﻌﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺎﻤﺘﻨﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﻨﺎﺠﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍ ﺏﻴﺭﺩﺘ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﺯﻴﺯﻌﺘ ،ﺩﺭﻔﻠﻝ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺏ ﻡﻬﻝ ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻨ ﺢﻨﻤﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ لﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﻭ . 1 ،ﺔﻴﺭﺩﻨﻜﺴﻹﺍ ،ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﻝﺍ ،ﺕﺎﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻭﻠﺴﻝﺍ ،ﻥﺎﺴﺤ ﺔﻴﺍﻭﺭ 1999 ﺹ ، 12 . 2 ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻭ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ،ﺭﺼﻨﻝﺍ ﻭﺒﺃ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﺕﺤﺩﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ) ﺓﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﻻﺍ ( ،ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻌﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ لﻴﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ، ،ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺍ 2007 ﺹ ، 412 . 3 ،ﻱﺭﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺴﺤﻤ ﻱﺩﻬﻤ ﺢﻝﺎﺼ ﻥﺩﺭﻷﺍ ،ﺭﺸﻨﻠﻝ لﺌﺍﻭ ﺭﺍﺩ ،لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ 2007 ﺹ ، 125 ، 126 .

(20)

- 11 - 4 -ﺀﺎﻀﻋﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ لﺩﺎﺒﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ : لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻕﺭﻓ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﺘﺄﻴ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻕﻴﺴﻨﺘﻝﺍﻭ . ) 1 ( ﺢﻴﻀﻭﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴﻭ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ : ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ لﺜﻤﺘﺘ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤﻭ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﺓﺩﻋ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻠﻝ : 1 -ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤ : ﻲﻫ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﺘ : 1 -1 ﺯﻭﻤﺭﻝﺍ : ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﻭﺃ ﺏﺴﺘﻜﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻤﻴﻹﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺀﺎﻴﺸﻷﺍ ﺩﻴﻝﺎﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﻨﺎﻌﻤ ﻑﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍﻭ ) 2 ( ﺽﻌﺒ لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻌﻓ ،ﻥﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﻩﺍﺭﺘ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ لﻭﻘﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺯﻭﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﻤﻴ ﺎﻤﻭ ، 1 ﺹ ،ﻩﺭﻜﺫ ﻕﺒﺴ ﻊﺠﺭﻤ ،ﻱﺭﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺴﺤﻤ ﻱﺩﻬﻤ ﺢﻝﺎﺼ 126 . 2 ،ﻡﻝﺎﺴ ﺩﻴﻌﺴ ﺩﻴﺅﻤ ،ﻥﺎﻤﻋ ،ﺭﺸﻨﻠﻝ لﺌﺍﻭ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ 2005 ﺹ ، 235 . ﺭﺩﺼﻤﻝﺍ : ﺹ ،ﻩﺭﻜﺫ ﻕﺒﺴ ﻊﺠﺭﻤ ،ﻱﺭﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺴﺤﻤ ﻱﺩﻬﻤ ﺢﻝﺎﺼ 126 . ﺩﻴﺤﻭﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻭﻌﺸ ﺩﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﺔﻜﺴﺎﻤﺘﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﻗ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺱﺎﺴﺤﺇ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﺀﺎﻤﺘﻨﻻﺎﺒ ﺱﺎﺴﺤﺇ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ لﺩﺎﺒﺘﻝﺍ لﻴﻌﻔﺘ ﻡﻗﺭ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ) 01 :( ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ

(21)

- 12 - ﺔﻜﺭﺸ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﻡﻫﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﻲﺤﻭﺘﻝ ﺏﺎﺠﻋﻺﻝ ﺓﺭﻴﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺨﻀﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺘ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺭﻭﻤﺃ ﺓﺩﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺯﻭﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﺯﺭﺒﺘﻭ ،ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﻨﺎﻜﻤ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺔﻤﺨﻀ ) 1 ( : ﻲﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ لﻜﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﻜﻌﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﻤﺘ ﻲﻬﻓ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ . -ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻩﺎﺠﺘﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻬﻅ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﺃ . -ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻜﻭﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭﻗ . -ﻲﻨﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻀﻔﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﺘﺭﺘﻭ ﺔﺌﻴﻬﺘ . 1 -2 لﺎﻁﺒﻷﺍ : ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜﺘﺴﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺍﺯﺎﺠﻨﺈﺒ ﺍﻭﺯﻴﻤﺘ ﻭﺃ ﺍﻭﺩﺭﻔﺘ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﻡﻫﻭ ﻝ ﻑﺭﺘﻌﺘﻭ ﻬ ﻡ ،ﻥﻭﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﻻﺅﻫ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻥﻴﻴﻘﻴﻘﺤ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻴﻴﻝﺎﻴﺨ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﺭﻴﺩﻘﺘﻭ ﻡﺍﺭﺘﺤﺍ لﻜﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﺒ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻗﻭ ﻁﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺩﺩﺠﻴﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻜﺍﺫ ﻥﻤ ﺍﺀﺯﺠ ﺡﺎﺠﻨﻠﻝ ﻥﻭﻠﻌﺠﻴ ﻡﻬﻓ ﻡﺎﻬﻤ ﺓﺩﻋ لﺎﻁﺒﻷﺍ لﻐﺘﺸﻴ ﺓﺩﻋ لﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﻔﺤﺘﺒ ﻥﻭﻤﺘﻬﻴﻭ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﻥﻭﻠﻜﺸﻴﻭ ) 2 ( . 1 -3 ﺭﺌﺎﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺱﻭﻘﻁﻝﺍ : ﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﻻﺎﻔﺘﺤﻻﺍ لﻤﺠﻤ ﻲﻫ ﺭﺎﻜﺫﺘﺴﻻ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻴﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝ ﺒﺴﻨﻤ ﺯﻴﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺯﺎﺠﻨﻹﺍ ﺕﺎ . 1 -4 ﻡﻴﻘﻝﺍ : ﺔﻔﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺩﻘﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻷﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻲﻫﻭ ) ﻪﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍ ( ﺩﻭﻘﺘﻭ ،ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﻕﻠﺨ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺸ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜ ﺱﻜﻌﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ،ﻡﺎﺠﺴﻨﻻﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻝ ﻡﻬﺘ ﺎﻴﻜﻭﻠﺴ ﺘ ﺩﺭﻔﻠﻝ ﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﺌﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺡﺎﺠﻨﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻜ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻁﻝﺍ لﻜ ﺔﺌﺒﻌﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻫﺎﺴ ﻥﺎﻋﻭﻨ ﻡﻴﻘﻠﻝﻭ ،ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻗﺍﺭﻤﻭ ﺕﺎﺌﻓﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﻭﺃ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻫﻭ ) 3 ( : • ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻬﻨ ﻡﻴﻗ : ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﺒﺘﺘ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺎﻬﻘﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻌﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻬﻨﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻡﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ : ﻉﺍﺩﺒﻹﺍ ،ﻭﻤﻨﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺤﺒﺭﻝﺍ ،ﺕﺎﺒﺜﻝﺍ ،ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ... 1 لﺎﻁﻔﻨ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ،ﻉﺍﺭﺼﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜ ﺭﻭﺩ ،ﺔﻤﻴﺴﻨ ﻥﺎﻜﺭﺒ " ﺓﺭﻴﻭﺒﻝﺎﺒ ﻊﻴﻤﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺭﺘﺒﻝﺍ ﺯﺎﻏ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ " ، ﻴﻨﻝ ﺝﺭﺨﺘ ﺓﺭﻜﺫﻤ ﻋﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻉﺭﻓ ،ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻡﺴﻗ ،ﺱﻨﺎﺴﻴﻠﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻬﺸ ل ﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ،لﺎﻤ ،ﺓﺭﻴﻭﺒﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﻌ 2009 / 2010 ﺹ ، 22 . 2 ﺹ ،ﻩﺭﻜﺫ ﻕﺒﺴ ﻊﺠﺭﻤ ،ﻱﺭﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺴﺤﻤ ﻱﺩﻬﻤ ﺢﻝﺎﺼ 127 . 3 ﺹ ،ﻩﺭﻜﺫ ﻕﺒﺴ ﻊﺠﺭﻤ ،ﻡﻝﺎﺴ ﺩﻴﻌﺴ ﺩﻴﺅﻤ 237 .

(22)

- 13 - • ﺔﻴﻠﻴﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻘﻝﺍ : لﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻩﺭﺸﻨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﺭﺤﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺏﻭﻏﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻭﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﻥﻤﻭ : ﺔﻨﺎﻤﻷﺍ ،ﺭﺫﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻁﻴﺤﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺭﺘﺤﺍ ،ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺭﺘﺤﺍ ،لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﺤﺘ . ﻥﺃ ﺭﻜﺫﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺨﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺭﺜﺅﺘ ﺩﻗ ﺭﻜﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻝﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﺠﻤ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺢﻴﻀﻭﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ : ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﺜﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻜﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻝﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻁﺒﺭﻝﺍ ﻡﺘﻴ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﻺﻝﻭ ﻡﻫﻭ ﺎﻬﻁﻴﺸﻨﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻭﻠﻤﻌﻴ ﺹﺎﺨﺸﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﺔﺘﺴ : ﺍﺫﻫ ،ﺱﺌﺎﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺤﺼﺃﻭ ﺱﻴﺴﺍﻭﺠﻝﺍ ،ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ لﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﺒ ﻥﻭﻨﻬﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻥﻭﺜﺩﺤﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻫﻭ ﻥﺎﻁﺭﺸ ﻕﻘﺤﺘ ﺍﺫﻝ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﻲﺒﺎﺠﻴﺇ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﺘﻭ : -ﺔﻤﺠﺴﻨﻤ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ . -ﺔﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﺎﻁﺒﻷﺍ ﻊﻀﻴ ﻥﺃ . -ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝﺍ -ﺔﻔﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ -ﻡﻴﻘﻝﺍ -ﺕﺎﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤﻝﺍ -ﺕﺍﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜ -ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝﺍ -لﻜﻴﻬﻝﺍ -ﻡﻅﻨﻝﺍ -ﺕﺎﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ -ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤ ﺭﺩﺼﻤﻝﺍ : ﺹ ،ﻩﺭﻜﺫ ﻕﺒﺴ ﻊﺠﺭﻤ ،ﻡﻝﺎﺴ ﺩﻴﻌﺴ ﺩﻴﺅﻤ 235 . ﻡﻗﺭ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ) 02 :( ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤ

(23)

- 14 - 2 ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺙﻼﺜ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺠﻭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﺘ ﻲﻫ : ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﺴﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤﺒ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ،ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ،ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻬﻓ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻠﻝ ﻕﻴﻗﺩﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﻴ ﻡ لﺨﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﻊﻤ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ لﻋﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ لﺜﻤﺘﺘﻭ ) 1 ( : 2 -1 ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜ : ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺌﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﻻﺍﻭ ﻡﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ لﺜﻤﺘﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﻠﻘﻨﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺭﺜﺄﺘﺘﻭ ،ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﺘﻭ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ،ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ لﺜﻤ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻯﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺩﻌﺒ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻴﺎﻌﻤﻭ ﺎﻬﻓﺍﺩﻫﺃﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻝﺎﺴﺭﻭ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺜﺅﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺘﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤﻭ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻘﻓﺍﻭﺘﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﺴﺎﻴﺴﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻤﺩﺨﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻝﺎﺴﺭ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻜﻤﺘﺘﻭ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﻤ لﻭﺒﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﺘﻜﺘ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜ ﺎﻬﻓﺍﺩﻫﺃﻭ . 2 -2 ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜ / ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ : ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺒﺎﺸﺘ ﺩﺠﻭﻴ ﺼﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺕﺎﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻓﻼﺘﺨﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺩﻘﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻨﻌﻴﻭ ،ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻨ ﺱﻔﻨ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﻜ ﻭﺃ ﻡﻅﻌﻤ ﺎﻬﻘﻨﺘﻌﺘ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺠﻨ ﺎﻤ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﻪﻝ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﻁﻤﻨ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﻴ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋﻭ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﻤﻀﻤﻭ ،ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍ ﻁﻤﻨ لﺜﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﻴﺌﺭ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﻴﻤﻤ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﻷﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﻁﻤﻨﻭ ﺕﺎﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻭ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺓﺩﺌﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﺀﺎﻴﺸﻷﺍﻭ . 2 -3 ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜ : ﻭﺃ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻜﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻅﻨﻤﻠﻝ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺩﻗ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺭﻴﻐﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺕﺎﻓﺎﻘﺜ ﺔﻴﻁﺍﺭﻗﻭﺭﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻓﺎﻘﺜ ﺔﻴﻋﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ لﺨﺍﺩ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﺎﻤﺃ ﻭﺃ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ،ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻁﻗ ﻭﺃ ﻡﺎﺴﻗﺃﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺩﺇ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺤ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤ ﻥﻭﻬﺠﺍﻭﻴ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻊﺠﺭﻴﻭ 1 ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺭﻜﺒ ﻭﺒﺃ ﻰﻔﻁﺼﻤ ) ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻝ لﺨﺩﻤ ( ،ﺔﻴﺭﺩﻨﻜﺴﻹﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﻝﺍ ، 2008 ﺹ ، 77 .

(24)

- 15 - ﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ لﻴﻜﺸﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻡﻬﻌﻓﺩﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﻁﻭﻐﻀﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻨﻴﺎﺒﺘﻤ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃﻭ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤﻝ ﻥﻭﻀﺭﻌﺘﻴﻭ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨ ﻡﻫﺩﺠﺍﻭﺘ ﻲﻤﺤﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻥﻭﺩﻘﺘﻌﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻡﻬﻜﻭﻠﺴ ﻡﻜﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻀﺍﺭﺘﻓﻻﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺩﻘﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ . ﻊﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃﻭ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﺓﺩﻌﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ لﻋﺎﻔﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ لﻜﺸﺘﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﻕﺭﻁﺘﻨﺴ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﻻﺍﻭ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻌﻝﺍ : 1 -1 ﺏﻜﺭﻤ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ : ﺽﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺒ ﻊﻤ لﻋﺎﻔﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻀﻹﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺩﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﺘ ﻨﻜ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ لﻤﺸﺘﻭ ﻥﻴﺭﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜ لﻴﻜﺸﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﻜﺭﻤ ﻡﺎﻅ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺜﻼﺜﻝﺍ : -ﻱﻭﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻝﺍ ) : ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻷﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺩﻘﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻕﻼﺨﻷﺍﻭ ﻡﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻤﺎﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﺴﻨﻝﺍ .( -ﻲﻜﻭﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻝﺍ ) : ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻥﻭﻨﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍﻭ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺩﻴﻝﺎﻘﺘﻭ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻋ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ .( -ﻱﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻝﺍ ) : ﺔﺴﻭﻤﻠﻤ ﺀﺎﻴﺸﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﺃ ﻪﺠﺘﻨﻴ ﺎﻤ لﻜ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍﻭ ﻲﻨﺎﺒﻤﻝﺎﻜ ﻙﻝﺫ لﺇ ﺎﻤﻭ ﺔﻤﻌﻁﻷﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺩﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ( ) 1 ( . 1 -2 لﻤﺎﻜﺘﻤ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ : ﺎﻬﻨﻭﻜﺒ ﻲﻬﻓ ) ﻥﻴﺒ ﻡﺎﺠﺴﻨﻻﺍ ﻕﻠﺨ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﻪﺠﺘﺘ ﺏﻜﺭﻤ لﻜ ﺱﻜﻌﻨﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺙﺒﻠﻴ ﻻ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻁﻤﻨ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠ ﺩﺤﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺃﺭﻁﻴ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘ ﻱﺄﻓ ﻡﺜ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﻲﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻁﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﻲﻗﺎﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻩﺭﺜﺃ ) 2 ( . 1 -3 ﻪﺒ ﺩﻴﻘﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻙﻭﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺎﻅﺘﻨﻻﺍ : ﺔﻐﻝ ﻥﻭﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻴ ﻡﻬﻨﺈﻓ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻥﻴﺒ لﻋﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﻑﺭﺼﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻭﻠﺴﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻜﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﺱﻭﻘﻁﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﻋﻭ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤﻭ ) 3 ( . 1 ﻊﺠﺭﻤ ،ﺭﻜﺒ ﻭﺒﺃ ﺩﻭﻤﺤﻤ ﻰﻔﻁﺼﻤ ﺹ ،ﻩﺭﻜﺫ ﻕﺒﺴ 77 . 2 -ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﺹ ، 77 . 3 ﺹ ،ﻩﺭﻜﺫ ﻕﺒﺴ ﻊﺠﺭﻤ ،ﻥﺎﻴﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﻠﺴ ﺩﻭﻤﺤﻤ 314 -316 .

(25)

- 16 - 1 -4 ﺭﻴﻴﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ : ﻩﺯﺎﺠﻨﺇ ﺏﺠﺍﻭﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﺠﺤﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺔﻴﻜﻭﻠﺴ ﺭﻴﻴﺎﻌﻤ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ) ﺍﺩﺠ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ لﻤﻌﻨ ﻻ ﻼﻴﻠﻗ ﻻﻭ ﺍﺩﺠ ( ) 1 ( . 1 -5 ﺔﻜﺭﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻘﻝﺍ : ﺎﻬﺒ ﻡﺍﺯﺘﻝﻻﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻭﻀﻋ لﻜ ﻥﻤ ﻊﻗﻭﺘﻴﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺎﻨﺒﺘﺘ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻡﻴﻗ ﺩﺠﻭﻴ ﺏﺎﻴﻐﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﺩﺘﻤ ﺔﺒﺴﻨ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻝﺍ لﺜﻤ ) 2 ( ... 1 -6 ﺔﻔﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ : ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻌﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤ لﻜﻝ ) 3 ( 1 -7 -ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ : ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﺩﺸ ﻲﻓ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﺘﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺭﺩﺼﺘ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻲﻫ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﻝ ﺔﻤﻭﺴﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻘﻠﻝ ﺎﻘﻓﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﻴ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ . ) 4 ( 2 -ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ : ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﺓﺩﻋ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻠﻝ ﺯﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺽﻌﺒﻝﺍ : ) 5 ( 2 -1 : ﺔﻔﻴﻌﻀﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ : ﺔﻔﻴﻌﻀﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ لﻭﺒﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻘﺜﻝﺎﺒ ﻰﻅﺤﺘ ﻻﻭ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺓﻭﻘﺒ ﺎﻬﻗﺎﻨﺘﻋﺍ ﻡﺘﻴ ﻻ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﻥﻭﺩﺠﻴﺴ ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻓ ﺎﻨﻫﻭ ،ﺕﺍﺩﻘﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻴﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﺴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻘﺘﻔﺘﻭ ﻪﻨﻤ ﻊﺴﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﻴﻗﻭ ﺎﻬﻓﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﻊﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺩﺤﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻕﻓﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼ . 2 -2 : ﺔﻴﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻴﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻥﻤ لﻭﺒﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻘﺜﻝﺎﺒ ﻰﻅﺤﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﻠﻜ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺭﺸﺘﻨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻀﺍﺭﺘﻓﻻﺍﻭ ﺭﻴﻴﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﻴﻝﺎﻘﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺩﻘﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺍﻭﻜﺭﺘﺸﻴ ﻥﺃﻭ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﻡﻬﻜﻭﻠﺴ ﻡﻜﺤﺘ . 1 ﺹ ،ﻩﺭﻜﺫ ﻕﺒﺴ ﻊﺠﺭﻤ ،ﻥﺎﻴﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﻠﺴ ﺩﻭﻤﺤﻤ 316 . 2 -ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﺹ ، 314 -316 . -ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﺹ ، 316 3 -ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﺹ ، 316 4 ﺹ ،ﻩﺭﻜﺫ ﻕﺒﺴ ﻊﺠﺭﻤ ،ﺭﻜﺒ ﻭﺒﺃ ﺩﻭﻤﺤﻤ ﻰﻔﻁﺼﻤ 83 ، 84 5

(26)

- 17 - ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜ ﻕﻠﺨ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺤﺠﻨ ﺩﻗ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺈﻓ ﻊﺴﺘﻤ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺎﻬﻤﻴﻗ ﺭﺸﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺢﺠﻨﺘ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻭﻗ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺽﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺒﺒ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﻁﺒﺭﺘ ﺔﻨﻴﺘﻤ ﺔﻁﺒﺍﺭ لﺜﻤﺘ ﺔﻴﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﺌﻼﻤﻋ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﻴﺘﺤﻻ ﺔﻤﺌﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﺠﺘﻨﻤ ﺕﺎﻓﺭﺼﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﺘﻗﺎﻁ ﻪﻴﺠﻭﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻔﺒ ﺩﻜﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻋﻭ ﺽﻭﻤﻐﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﺫ ﻑﺍﺭﻁﻷﺍ ﺏﻝﺎﻁﻤﻭ ﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻤﺘ ﺎﻬﻓﺍﺩﻫﺃﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻝﺎﺴﺭ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻥ . ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺭﻜﺫﻨ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﺓﺩﻌﺒ ﺔﻴﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﺘﻭ : ) 1 ( • ﺔﻘﺜﻝﺍ : لﻤﺍﻭﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻤﺎﻫ ﻼﻤﺎﻋ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻥﻫﺫﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻭ ﺏﻴﺫﻬﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻗﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺸﺘ ﺔﻌﻔﺘﺭﻤ ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ . • ﺓﺩﻭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻔﻝﻷﺍ : ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻤﺤﻭ ﺔﻨﻴﺘﻤ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﺔﻤﺎﻗﺇ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺘﺄﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺓﺩﻭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻔﻝﻷﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻊﻤ ﻡﻫﺯﻴﻔﺤﺘﻭ ﻡﻬﻤﻋﺩﻭ ﻡﻬﺒ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ،ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ . 2 -3 ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ : ﻯﺭﻴ Drucker ﻥﺴﺤﺃ ﺯﻴﻤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺓﺩﻴﺤﻭﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺜﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀ لﻜ ﺎﻬﻜﻠﺘﻤﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ،ﺔﺤﺠﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺭﻴﻭ ﺡﺎﺠﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﻏﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻭﺼﺃ ﻲﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓ " ﺭﻭﻠﻴﺎﺘ ﻙﻴﺭﻴﺩﻴﺭﻓ " Frederick Taylor " ﺭﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺽﻭﻤﻏ ﻥﻭﺩﺒ لﻜﺎﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻱﺃ ﺀﺍﺩﻸﻝ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﺴﺤﺃ ﺔﻤﻬﻤ لﻜﻝ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻲﻓﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻨﺃ ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘﻝ ﻰﻠﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺙﺤﺒﻴ . ) 2 ( 1 ،ﻡﻭﻴﻨﻤﻝﻸﻝ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ،ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ،ﻡﻝﺎﺴ ﺱﺎﻴﻝﺇ algal ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ، EARA ،ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺘﺴﺠ ﺎﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻬﺸ لﻴﻨﻝ ﺝﺭﺨﺘ ﺓﺭﻜﺫﻤ ،ﺔﻴﻠﺴﻤﻝﺎﺒ ،ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻡﺴﻗ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ،لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻉﺭﻓ ،ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ،ﻑﺎﻴﻀﻭﺒ 2006 ﺹ ، 21 . 2 ﺹ ،ﻩﺭﻜﺫ ﻕﺒﺴ ﻊﺠﺭﻤ ،ﺔﻤﻴﺴﻨ ﻥﺎﻜﺭﺒ 26 .