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E/CN .14/SrJCD/SO 20 ()ctober 1960
Criginal~ ENGLISH
•
~CONOMIC COW~ISSION FOR AFRICA Africa Regional CGnference on the
integrated Approach to Rural Development
~'iCJsfli (Tanzania) 13-24 October 1969
THE INTEGRATED APPROACH TO R1~1 DEVELOPMB..'NT
/
<, "...
(BJ' C.D. Msuya~ Ministry of 1ccnomic Affairs and Development Planning;
Dar-es--SaLaam )
INTRODUCTION:
The use of the definite title of this paper
sug~eststhat there is only one integrated approach to rural development.
This is not the case. It is therefore more appropriate
to view our SUbject as a strategy of development under specific conditions in a society with certain specified socio-economic policies. This does not imply that the ideas expressed here are of limited application, but this approach permits a
greater consistency of ideas, and sets reference points for fUrther discussions.
A second point which needs tc be made concerns the scope of this paper. To ensure that the discussion is conducted at practical level, Tanzania approach is taken as an example to illustrate the principles involved. In this paper,it is proposed firstly to briefly review the development prospects prior to independence; secondly outline the experience gained up to 1966; and finally the principles underlying the change of strategy which was introduced in 1967 by the Arusha Declaration and subsequent measures
whiCh clarified the Government policies for Rural Development.
By way of background, it would be helpful to summarize
some of the major characteristics of Tanzania
;~th ~urea of be ..
36~,000
sq. miles, Tanzania has a total
popula~lonaccording to 1967 census of 12.25 million. This population which is mostly concentrated along the borders is expected to grow at an annual rate of 2.7%. In other words every year there will be a net addition of about 350,000 people and over the five years period a total additional population of 1.75 million people. About 94% of these people live in rural areas under peasant agriculture. Our people live in average families of 5 - 7 people, cultivating small family shambas from where they get their food. On the average it is estimated that this popUlation comprises of 8 million children who are maintained by a working population of
just over four million adults. Their incomes are marginal and lead very poor standards of living.
• •••• /The total
- 2 -
The total wage earners in Tanzania in 1969 is about 360,000 people and is expected to increase on the averaGe at about 20,000 waGe earners annually
reachin~a total of 460,000 in 1974. It will therefore be seen that while there will be a total addition of 1.75 million neople over the next five years only about 100,000 people will be able to find
wage employment. The rest will have to be absorbed in farming and agriculture as there are no other oPDortunities. These figures have also significant importance in t',..., :"rvi:1ion of education and health services. One can reasonably say that over the five years there will be about 1.75 million children born who will have to be educated and cared for in subsequent years.
The pattern of economic development in Tanzania is uneven.
The major difference is between Dar os Salaam, a few other towns and the rest of the country, but there are also
considerable differences in prosnerity within the rural areas.
Two major factors contribute to this uneven pattern of
growth. Firstly, naturalresources are very different from one part of the country to another and secondly there was an
unbalanced, export oriented development of the economy during the colonial period. The most fundamental of the natural resources for agriculture are wa
tcr and good soil. The people of Tanzania have generally recognized and developed those areas where these two resources are abundant and these are our areas of high population density. Exceptions occur;
for example, parts of Dodoma region are heavily peopled in relation to the poo r and unc cr-tia
in rainfall and the general indifferent soils.
In common with many African countries, Tanzania has for the first sixty years of this century existed under a colonial administration. During this period, development were linked with the interests of the metropolitan power and the colonial administrative situation. Not only was
the economy heavily dependent on external trade, and therefore primary commodity markets, but much of the "modern" economy
e.g.banking, insurance, industry etc, was foreign owned, The economy was poorly developed and most of the people earned very low incomes. On indipendence over 85% of all
jobs in Tanzania requiring University education were occupied by non-Africans.
• ••• /In a country
In a country of over 10 million, tbere were at that time only 12 African Civil Engineers, no mechanical or
electrical Enginor:rs , five chemi;,3ts, one
for cs
tor-, nine verterin2rians, no geologists, 38 ifrican Graduate
teachcrs amonGst six hundred
~raduateteachers.
It is important to understand this bw,kr:round be cauce no serious and me''1ingful examination of the development
problems of a country can be
mride VJi thout a f1,11 understanding of the prevailing conditions.
new born sovereign state.
It was somewhat a sffiilar indeDendent
Govern~entof this independence in 1961
of its people in the
with full
oi
c
tur e ,
which faced the country when it gained
commitment to improve the lot
The TA.J\TU Government which cane into
povcr'in 1961 had both in its party constitution
~ndthe Republic constitution clearly sy'cified its ob,jectives. It had committed to work to build a society where an individual would be recoGnized and respected and where the state will
strive to imnrove the welfane of the peonle within the
resources availablo. It was against this policy and against the prevailing economic situation,
tih.rt '::'ANUand the
Government set out to restructure
the~onomywith the
interest of
~heindividual as its central focus of emphasis.
THE FIRST FIVE
Y~ARPLAN:
To shift from this situation to GCOnOmlC independence and development based on the wefare of majority of the people is by no means an easy task. The development strategy which nas adoDted in first half of 1960s had a serious commitnent to develoTJment. It set out to increase the per
ca~it8income, to
im~rovehealth and
consequently provide lonser expectations of life and finally to provide manpower self sufficiency by 1980. This development was to be carried out with substantial support from
external aour-c, s and it emphasized amone; other things,
modernization of the rural sector through the "transformation approach".
• •.. /ThG first five
- Lj. -
1.
The first Five Plan established investment and
output
tar~etsfor all sectors of the economy. These
tar~ets"ere based upon a conception of the gro"rth r at.e necessary to achieve long-term d r;velopmcmt p;0Clls. On the as sumotid on that population was r;rowing at roughly 2% per annum it was felt th t growth at 6.7% per annum would be nrecessary in order to 3.chieve the objective of doublinc; ",er caDita income by
1980. Lit t Lewas known about capital formation in the past, except in the most aggregate forrll, so that the capital formation targets were only very roughly relC1tecl to the
out'Put targets.
This programme was ambitious , involving a very high rate of expansion of investment, especi'llly in the first year of the Plan. Implicit in the capital formation targets were the assumptions that:
(a) Investment could be boosted raDidly with very little time lag;
(b) The investment programmes having been achieved, production Growth would result immediately •.
The Develonment Plan emphasized, among other things, the modernization of the rural sector.
2.
It was made clear in the First Plan document and in numerous policy statements both Drior and subsequent to the publication of the "Ian tlL,t one major objective was the transformation of rural life. This went beyond a desire to raise the level of agricultural production. There was a wish to chance the nature of rural society in a fundamental
fashion. One of the more substantial programmes in the First Five Year Plan aimed to achieve rU"al transformation through Village settlements. These village settlements were intended to change the
pat~ernof residence, increase productivity in
~fricanagriCUlture and improve drastically the social environment.
3.
In the field of educqtion there was an early commitment to systematic manpower
~lanning.The first Plan included
as one of its major objectives the achievement of self
sufficiency in high level manpower by
1980,starting from a si tuation of extreme scnrci ty of tir a i.ricd local manpower, the result of the deplorable neglect of higher education during the colonial period.
-r
The Plan, therefore, em-,)hasised e xrian s
ion in s e c ond ar-v and in higher education
~cilities,accordinF, to
apattern which would generate the r''''luired
manpowerwhile avoiding the creation of excess capacity in such
eA~Gn8ivefacilities.
of restraint in the expansion of
At the same time a policy
primary education was adonted
~JCCo.u 'of limited resources.
Because of the poor base at the beginning of the Plan period, considerable sums were earmarked for the development of the b3sic communication infrustructure. More emphasis
was laid on the main trunk roads compared to rural feeddr roads.
In the field of social c:quali ty, Government through fiF;cal and other
T']3'l~UreSwas to intcrvr,"o c - i '.ered necessary. In this context snecific statutory minimum
wage W8.S introduced for the benefit of ·,-m.e-earners. In this context a ranF,e of instruments for implementation of the
economic policy were oro l.ve-L,
In the industrial soctor, " import substitution"
industries to meet domestic consuffiDtion needs and for inputs into agriCUlture were to be established but no
clear cut policies on location and employment were enunciated.
In conclusion it was hoped to achieve the objectives of transforming the rural society in Tanzania in planned development the imDlementation of nhich depended on
external financial support.
The performance of the first
~'lanwas quite satisfactory although falling short of its initial objectivQs. In the
course of the five years of the Plan, several lessons were learnt. In the first instance there were powerful factors of importance which wcrG bGyond the control of the
Government or any Government. Firstly, the weather which govern8 the fundamental conditions for agricultural
production. Even thouCh good years and bad years tend to even out in the long run, such changes disrupt the anticipated targets. Secondly, Tanzania is, as the other African countries, strongly dependent on selling agriCUltural products abroad, and world m'lrket prices tend to fluctuate·
in an inpredictable manner. '.'Ihen the price of say, coffee, goes down Tanzania gets less revenue from abroad, and this automatically reduces the incomes of the farmers •
•••••. /In addition
- s -
In adQition to t~e uncert~~intius of t~e weather and
world market prLcec , e;ctcr~l'3.1 .Lr.n.mcc fc,r several reasons, did not matec:'ialize nt t (181ntici1':lt2,1 levels i-vit h consequent
delays in pro je ct .impLe ncut.ar.Lon , The ,;;:3.1' be twe en urban .nd rural Lnccm-s was .i.nc r e a s i.ng Qt 'l f'.is't r~,t8 thus c cnfi n.i ng the
economic be ncfi.ts to 0. fe',l pe op Le v.lio ar e r:";it_l-:"Gr -dage e ar-ne r s or self employed in the ur-b..n c-lrc:J.s. 'there wer-e clear signs of the development of ,~ ,'Jerlll:;hiC:T 130CtLon of society, wh.Lcn if unchecked could 12o.d to the devclopnent of a "dual" economy.
The growth of the i-'riv,lte sector wh.i.ch 'ii,:!,S e:;j:;ectcd to play a n important role di I not u,~ltl;:ullze'. It Ins then deciJed tllat to en,"_ble Governlil8ut to 1l",v2 sub ct lnti3.1 say and .inf'Luc nc e in che direction of the nabi on.tL dev81opm8nt effort, a r cvi.cw of the strater;YJi'3_s needed. It ',jo,s aGainst this cackgr ourd thdt a change of str;ltegy "JeiS intr,jduced in
1967
by thellimSHA DECL;,.;1\'2ICN. 'I'he DecL~r]_tion,';l<l steps taken to ir;Jpleci3Dt i t transformed the Lnst i.tnrt i onnL 3,3::;tiI',~ -:md r-odcf i ne d the
nnt i o na I objectives, creating tJ,e 118cd for.1 rethinking of the national path to better life in future.
T"'.8 new emphu si s spelt out in t;u::: _~~rusllc1,. Decl:l.r:J.tion is e:.lbodied in the SeccuQ Five ¥rJclr Fl,w_ ',lhich Lncoo po r rrt e s five )rinciple s:
(a) SociJ.l 2qu[\li"tl: - 'rIle p l..u; _'.lDS to spru'1d the: b,,)llc,fi ts of d8Vc-luplil)nt,;~-,I"lyt'l.rou:;hout society;
(b) Ujman.'l - I'h, Plan emph~\sj~svs t~h-, clc,vGlopmont f or-ns of CC0110Elic uct I vi tJ .rhich 2ncourage collective lnd coop~r£ltivc efforts and avoid
"Nida di f' f er-cnc c s of wc a Ltn .:to_lcl Lr.corno ;
(c) Solf rclia,nce - 'rho Plan c.:npb,isisus d evcLopmcn't through tr,:J max.i mun ;dobilizrcti',)n of d ome s'ti c r-e sour cc s , partiGul"Lrl;y t~lrouL)l ncbi.Li.z.rt Lon of t~18 peo)le;
(d) ;<;conomic dnd ieJocial Trdn3forr~Cltioll- The PLan emphasises rapid ozp2.nsiol1 of productive capacity to cr-ont o the boo' sis for futuro cconomic and
sociul transformation.
(e) AfricCln economic integr:ltion - The Plan orrpha s i.sc s the extension of economic co-operation with other ,,-fricon st'ltcs.
The objective of this dcvelopm~nt strutegy is to provide ultimately the citizens of this country 0ith adequate food
and water, employment :md
Lncoue ,
educ::ttion'.nd training , health services and social security witnin avoiloole resources.At this s'c':l:3c, i t is reL,vant that one should review the major features
0::
thee main compo.vcnt s of the Tanzanian Plan to illustrate the 'lain points of emphasis.In rural development, following the guiding principles, th,_" main theme of the l'lan is to stimulate the modernization of the a(';ricultural sector. A large number of Government and parastatal I'rogra!l1Qos are aimou at achieving this objective.
In this field, a
'o"t
of crop priorities based on the potential of the land. and ;J"-,:ck,,t prospects h avc been worked out. It has also be -n r:)Co~.Jl1lZ< \1- t11at itl this context, the object is not only to acbi cvs hi:sllcr yi.oLds from f::,rming. '1'he quality of rural life wi.L.'. also bo dependcmt upon the provision of improved s3rvico:J, c xpa.a s i.on 0 f literac3' and the d8velopmont of more e.:r:' ectivi: s.oci.nL o.ncl ,-)roduction .i.nst
Lt.ut ions inUjama,1 villages. I" this rc;pecc:,:lucial emphasis will be put on f o od procll1.ction. To stiIDLlJ.at,,, tho pe o p l e for greater effort, pr-ova s i.o-i hur: been made for financial aasi s tianc e to support self h oLp acti.vi ti,c s a i.mcd at the improvement of rural infrastructure ffi,d othor development targets •
.lith respect to orgo.r.izationCil structure, the Republic inherited a privixco sc c co r com.rc i.aed of numerous estates of varyin sizes aEC',tV03t number- of small farmers with small holdings. Durin::: the past five YOetrs attempts were made to
develop a public :J8ctor; to "ncourage the growth of co-operative production, and to c:,:-,';8.tc1 villa[';e s ct t Lernent s on the transfor- mation approach. .'l fe'.'! stat,) farms have be en established.
There has be on .lilit;;d suc c.». in tho village settloment production and the p:'.'oC;ramme h.id to be rovi,,,,-,d early in the plan period mainly b;;causc) of the cost involved.
In fact, tlw ovi.duncc .3Ug,osts that most of the
agricultural eXJJ8.:1sion duri.ng til:: lcl.st fivo years occured on small hoLdi ng c owned by the; ccuJall farmers. Durin; the second Plan pe r-i.cd mor:o'<;r"nuous cf.'ortc,; will be .aadc towards co- operative .~)I'oductio:':l in Ujamau viJ.ld.ovs.
• •••• /The challege
8 -
The challenge v.nt.ch t.u., .L{ej)uc.lic f ac e s hel"'8 lS 3. big one, s i.nco in thL~ prl~,'~:Cil-'C CirC"Llc.'.J'L;:-:'"-lC'-": --.: .it.. ..uc c c s s in ·~st::blishing
a s o ci . nL i . st 3t~).t'J dill c " l c n c n d on it;s 3-Qilit~T to s c c u re a hiGh
Lovo I of nsr Leu I t.ur oL pr-oo.uct Lcn vi thin the or-rrarri.z ati onaI structure which it d\>;~;j) a noc e ..::;S'·Ll':y i":Ji:lture 0:' such u. st
s.t
e , The 103sons 0 _ history iT,-dic,-j:;(, t.b at; , ta}::iE!~ th,; acricultural sector as a whole, d rol~tivcly high volume: of production per unit of Land Ls atcOlin"ci. by bh.. .ipp Li.c at Lor; of modern pz-od uct i on mc tihod s b,~,ttcr ',')J:'"C or3.J.niz""tion and ',t',ood Le adc r eh i.p ,The new prosra,tillne of uj:.,mi8 villages e nvi s ago s tho
<establishment of cooix,r,'J.tive productive forms in tlw rur,al_U'eas The establishment of such cooperative farming activities must be established voluntarily because of the committment to
democracy. A COi.'31try \ii,lc cduc.rt LonaL campaign aimed at the var-Lcus Le ve Ls o , lcac;,en,hip inrANU, Government and Local Gover=ent institc:tieHlG, lEls be," .nount cd , Experience to date indicate th,J.t the uj am.i~~ Jill:l,;cs11el'102 been ':!idely accepted and some have been o ";~~lbJ.i,;llGd underlifferent conditions and at differ nt stas, 0 0:':' c1;JveloCl['l,mt ac c e p b nb Le to the p.ir-tLc Lpuntis ,
Taking the,; aoc i.e cy as c, \'!cl01c, our 112W strategy is to build up a bro""d b,',c, or vj,lla's"" organized as int"srated pro- duct Lvc units with th',eir o wn int,rnal dOI:l2.nc1 - s u p ; : J l y r-c l at i.onsh i.ps , but also fit tine, ':iitilin a:,1 areal, ~:\ regiono.l and Q national
framework. Thif; f1'.ilia"h'ntnl unit of social s cruc tur-o exyI:lplifi',)c, t 'e uj ama a conc cpt , which envi:ocCi:;C3 coc i.cty a" a set of inter- dependent r-e Lat i.cr..ihi.ps st':;,rtins from the viI ~a:~" Lo vc L and cxpand i.ng in an Luc r-e as i.ng.Ly mul tidim:msional pnt t.cr-n through socio-economic, political and cultural til:~, first with more developed national popnlo.tion c Lu ctor s , th"n "'ith other r-e gi onn l sto.tes, and filially at the" internation::c.l l,~vel.
Above the' level of the orc;n,nizc,d villag,,;,, La r-ge r population clusters are beine; develaped.'hich Vlill serve as sub-centres
for more heavily populat ..,cl clusters. At t.h a apcx rri I l bo tho strong centres earmarked. throu3hout thec Republic to serve as growth polos for fairly well-d.efined peripheries. The larger the population C:"ustur, th", mOl~C c ompLcx will b. tho soo iao-, economic r-c Lat i o.rcn i.pa an.: tho ::;reilt:'r will be the potential for industrial dcv',;lo,)i'1( nt with mor'e advanced teechnology than that us cd Qt tl: ~\lj_llJ.0~ level.
In Educ.rt i.o n , in pursuit of our policy of self-reliance and the development of our people, the second emphasis in the Pl.an is, on educot i.on , In t1w First Plan, the ovcz-r i.d i.ng pri- nciple : Vias to C":I)~,n(: E,;condil17 and hi[';her cduc at i.on manpower •
••.• /Considornble
;~.l1d h.ighsr- od uca'ti.o n , It; :iJ; nO\.~T tl::....l"':.Lore t i.nc for shifting this emphasis. Tlll.ri11S t~ClC First l?lan thcr<J V,;:lS har-dl.y any
ch ango in tili.. ~>-.-rc0n.t;-l;~0 ().r chi.Ll.r.m who '.:ler~ of'fe r cd education.
It is no». t1181"' ,.i·(~,::,c 'i;imo t'or- shi_,~cing t hi « c.nphaai s , in tV!O directione:-
(i) TransLlrm"tion of th.: content of prima.ry education so th",t ')ri,TI:::tr;y school:J srlO,ll pr-op ar-o thc rural people) i'o,P r-ur-i; L'ivi n.; , r:lth;)r than concentrating on tile ]'l"cp:'T:ctiol1 of ';.:all uinori ty who go into soconda:cy educ,tiol1 acco r-di ng ,
(ii) ,'~"co"dar;; ;~c1-,Dol Gduc rti.on ;3118,11 b.. changed to make i t mor c priCCti.c aL rind c nub10 to produce required voc.rti.o:,-:',1 ,;:lrills.
Dur-Lrig tho Fir;;'e Fl.::m i;hoI': ';llS hardly any ch.ingc in the
percentage ox chi L« ..r, wrio vlore ofl>::"2d 0duo.ltion. It is now the-' ob,jectivo to .ichi.,'J., un i.v.rr saL PrinlRry~ducC\tiol1 by 1989.
Governmc'nt ha:3 ,lL"o ('-:;ci:l,~d to ~;ivv evc:ry child a comp.Le
t
e SOVGn Y2:U' pri,i'Lh7 ::duC:ltion. By the; end of the-' Second Flan, Standard IV exm.,LntioJl is to bc'.bolL3hod. 'I'hi.s moans bhrrt by 1989 wo/ril1 h,v,: ,:ow7-ti"c;s [(3 many chi Llven in Strmdard Ias \V2 havo today. 'I'hL, , is l.-'- trc:trJcndous t,'lsL JS durinc; this p'2riod ..JC wou.Ld need t.o .i.nc·Ln,~-~-.J tin.. numbor- of cLa s s r-o omn and teachors to four--ciIlh:-'S a s O_L .J.10rJ. Yot , t hi.s is f'undnrncnt a I
co dovcLopmo rrt , l'OJ:' ",d,tho'xG cducrrti
ng
our chi Ldveri ',l,c cannot hope to -bui.Ld a mcd crn society in future. Mo r-o significantly, the curriculum oCprim,:',J:'/ education v.i Ll. be r ad i.c aLl.y changed during the Socor:cl Pl~m \'!ith~mph(lsis on the r oqu i.r-cme nt of making I', h appi or- ~",,-I llttJ:'llCtiv;) rt',ral Li.fe , Primary 0ducation wi.Ll. emphasisJ .c:l'cD'in[s toelmi .u.s s , crafts , nutrition, hygiene arid other pr/lctic,,::, ·;ubj.:-cts. It will be educut
i on forself-roli:J.nco.
'I'hc 0XpT1lsion of SGCOlldill'Y schools b:lscdn our target of solf-suf' .ici.cr.cy lU hi;,;h-L vol mtnpowc r by 1980 will
continue. DurLn.r -'ell\.-.: Pl,J..n ~crioc.. two new f:.Jculti8s at the
Uni.ver i at.y ; the f::'lCnlt~T of "'Griculturo and th.: faculty of Engi- neering ';lre, p.Lnn-icd , 'I'ho M::dieal School will be oxt.cndcd with a vi ow to incre',sin" th.: annuiL output of doctors from
25
to n0Qrly 100.
• •••• /The emphasis
- 10 -
The cr.ph.rsi : pl.:~c,::~d on improving hun.an r-c sour-ce s in this strategy indic(':.t(; ~ tho ir:11iort':i.J.lce of p2ogramm.es for universal primary educrrt i.on , IlJ,~SS ,,,ducation and vo c atri or.aL training.
Illiterate and 0J .ntc.:.l~·_y und isc Lp I Lne d ma ss c s are poor m3.t.::ri':-.l for rapid e concn.i.c OJJ.Q social cnange , tllerei'ore the se rroGrar11In,',;"' are ac co r d cd a lligl'l pri.crLty.
Through mclS~ cduc.rti.o a and voc.vti.onr.L training, adults and adoLc sc ent.s , t':J.c majo.ri.ty of whorn have r-eco i.vcd no formal oducation, will be i;ivvn oppo r-t.uni t i c s to i:Dprovv t)l~ir minds, to Lcc.r-n skil13, ~~~ld tu U1J'.-1.,"j:.st'lnd t.h.ii.r- roles us part ne r-c in the co-opGrTGive effort to i;;mrov; thuir cnv.i.r-onment and standard of Lit e , B:', this p}'Osr'lmm0 it is hopod that tradi- tional attitud~~; ClD:JI!.ij t.h. r\:l',~.l ]Copulation vi Ll. b-.l r-cp Laccd by a mor-e sc i.cnt i.t Lc and entrepr;nGurial approach so that in clue course of t;j,l1L; the pe".sa.nt ·;Jill givcO ,,'my to the f ar-mer-,
th~ intuntion is to concentrate on poor initial statu and n onvy capital
uubst~ntial injcction to pr ovi si on of
rvquire h'ill
,:ill be:
costs of curltiv~ f8ciliti~0,
He0.1th: ",I
t1'1
0\J;;h pr-ovcnt ivo m.vdi.cL: ,; th~of capital.
Rural He.i.Lth
The n.rtur-c D" ur bun ~X'OHth c innot b.: di v ~rGl.?d from the problem of rur "2. 0(;'l,.loprpu'lt. If tr, . "Torrth of urban areas
is noG cnc ckc d , thi(-3 could CO:;'l:.~U1h"3 fun":.:3 whi.c h vou.Ld be invested in rural nr-o as , :',}so urban c.C'ly.:th must be p l anno d to support rural clevc:lo-;:Y1L<::11-C by ,;p:,~'oJdillG s,)cond:-:lry ef~8cts like pr-ovi s i.cn of mar-k.rts fur .rur-r-ound i.ng aI',:;",s. Hence
9
to' .ns 11a ve beenchosen for int,,'I.siv,-, d,uYolopillGnt. In thJ fi,}ld of housing it is propos cd tho.t I.;mph::-lsin will be on:
(a) provision~; lo~ cost hCl1Sil1{ at vcOry minimal costs.
(b) Provision 0.'. on-vsi t.; dcv~'1:)'pL10~1t to st i.mu.Loti.. 8\.)1.f help
rl.ctiviti~3 in ur-ban l.O.raa.:;.
(c) Provision of limitod facilities in urban areas for tho b cnct i.t: of Lo: income urban dwo Ll.o r s ,
\7i th rUGelrd;] to Hcc;iolwl Dovo Lopnc nt , i t is intended that s pec i.aL effort~3 '.v"ill b·.: nf:"'L.J.0 to ct.ri.vc tio rl:drcss the; r.)gionul unbn.l Lancc by proJiloting an ,ccononomically effective regional division of lab0ur uith th~ Obj8Ct of utilizing Ullutilized human und nn t ur-r.L l.',:f-.'GUrC2S.
On0 of the css0.:tltial ('caturtJs of t.h ; new strat\;g'y is thO vleight 2;iv,Jll tel X',-',giOllo.l economic planning" 'The prcptlr::~tion
•••• /of
Five-Year
proj0ctio:1S of ti:l....: 0COD0LiJ b:"',L:',jeJ. :);"1 a(3S~Ssm~nts of sectoral pez-f'o rmcnc o s i~:; a vury Y1.2CtJS,S"_LCY c.xc.cci.s.: , but ~lS D. method
of
pln~ni~g th0:~ :lC~ Sl~~_r'J li~it:ltions bJC~U3ethe poor
qua.Laty of production stc~:t u. tics iJ..1. th~ money s act
or- and the sec cor vstim,-~-1:;,,1 t.o c.. ::>nc,-third ::>f the; economy, make; m,lcro- o conomi c pLuc.ninc: 'Lmrc,,1i';tic in our stage of dcveLcpmerrt , During the: ccrri.n.: f:; 'IG ,"),'ll'S t;l,' inE;titntional framework for['tage, will DD built up , Th,,-;s',:jnti:,l f:j"ture of this kind of p LnnnLng ,spri"\ :'~ fr;):1 t~_l(J I'i_<lJ.iz:ltion
t
hit s ect.o rr.L planningig~lOr(jS t hc l'.~ic co-ordil:::c,tivQ function of the p l.ann i.ng process.
In lL':Sioll:.l1 ECO~:Vl~~ic Pl~~~nj:!.i;_1e;, proj ct impl~;ncnt,-~~tionis v i.ewed ets an c xc r-ci ',J ill co-o ,:'diEO,tion .u.d in the rational usc) of
8 conomic Si),'J.CC; ~Lr. l;::ll.; -.::c; -;-;:-:.b1 i3hr:L3 nt 0 f v.ir-ti.c aL and horizont 0.1 link:JC';vs b"t\'18dl conomic nctiviti,~s; in dc;t8rmininc; and
recognisinG E;uic:-J)J. __ 0ro~·It~l po108 ~'.nd in ::l8~)c'~;'.3ins the vveibht of oompar-nt i vo c:~,.dJ f'rct o rs in (1;-:::t,~·r"1irl.otionof ir:"cl.ustry
location. 'This ("~')l:,C:()',clt to r:l'Ull1 i r l 2 r"c<:g n isc o th",t the; o ptri.mu.;
r",tu:ccns rr-om i)L',,':10(~ :;c,~'c:)-,ic C':·o·,,·t;l~ c an only be at .cincd by p ro pc r co-eord i.n ~.-;~ior'. 'Ji. -'1.11 :ldm5_j~istr
.t
iv.: '_lctivi.;iJ,s andf,roj<)ct Lm ~_~El,;_:d;·~.t:L0n; OJ t 1:"8 ~3YSt~I:1C).tic co Ll.c ct i.on , storage, Qnd flow of cocr)[u~C).tiv,) datec, and by the establishment of an Lnsc Lt uti orir.J. l'r2.l:1 ...·:\rOI.'!'{ ',.,;Lich d:'~D()Cr·~tises decision making and pro:13ct Lmpl omcnu.rti o n ex.nc i.sc s ,
I t i.~ fully Llppre')i::\Ld t.hat 'It this st:ct;2 no sophisticated
m o .t . h . s mv t.ic a L r0:~~i . o n . il . .~CO:dJ. r . i . c pl.::ulniJ-l~·; IJO,j(;1 scan b o a p pI ied to Tanzania, but th"r0 [',rr) '3im0L, touls whi ch C'1n be usud , and in course of tiE10 tll.if; iilicrO-2CCHC,IJ.ic appr-o.ich to planning will pr-o v i.d o the d~ltQ
G.'u
ndr;Llistr"tiv8 o xpor-Lcrice which will give mort) m0 anin,; to ourrent macro-u conomic planning. Though b as i.c aLl.y t h., :CC;:;iOllc,l p.Lnnn i.ng coric opt is sprltial and not canti 6u o u :-3 , f::;h~; c;~j_,stinL~ s.dninistr,.ti.V8 system of seventeen ROGions lnd fifty-sovDn di;tricts will bu uSiJd as the insti- tutional frO,mcwI';( for pLlImini'~. Ul,>CG arc) thr", .. main structur,"lcrithin "[;h2 .fr:'lY>.;\78r:~;:. Th0 fi:i:,'~:<: is rl j}rime.rily po Lit Lc a.l one e xt cndi.ng down,m,:cd f'r-o m t h.. Pr0sid0nt, through 3egional and Area COlIlinissionors "hom he nppoints to Hegions and Districts respGctivvly.1'hu'kcoril, ic; (l prhnrily adrmnd s
t
c rt i.ve ve r-ti.cr.L
structure; QSC'Jl1Ull1g through tho Ministrias to the C'lbinet of which th,; Prdsidv:'.:i; .is ChQirri'JJl, and de"c8nding to the Regions,•••• /Districts, and
1:::
Di3tricts, :lll(l. vill:::._;,....'~_; tLro··.,-~h o.c~ic~rs of tho v-iri o us riIinistri,-":,, Tho third iSe\riT,:.l.',-ily Dl:~:J.cliDC;· structure c:.t the top of which
i.') tih., Ministry :Jf ECOJ.iOIi.1ic .'u~f .Lrs Qnd Development Pl.anru.ng , functioninG ecCl .:c ,-,cone),.Lc ;::;8cr0t ,::cL:t to tho Nnt i.ona L Economic Committee of :;':ichi;hc President iCl Chairman, '"ith its br ...nch offices I3xtcl:::.cL.:cl ,Juju Lntc tho :lcgions and District and he nd od by Econonic PIE-:ll .cr,.;. -"nc:l of th cEe.: c· tructu:ccE ext ends from the.: [',pox oi' t h.: poli~ic'11 pov.e.r ,-;y",t,:n right down to tih o baac , but at .uch po l ic i.c a.l l,v:'" 2CCJllO,.iG e xpo r c.i se Ls available, to prova.:'-1 for 88L1C:: d():!'~'-'iJ,' of .I'.-'."t;:inll3.1ity in th.:; drci s i.on making prOC',)3S.
It mi[sh~ b.. fit-cine: rt thic:i uoi nt to giv\J practical
e xanp.Lc s of h.». i:yt~c;:c.i;,d rur;l.l de:ve.:lopment policy and regional e conorri c .i.Jlnnnil-w; t-;C~l'::liquv',__~ [U"-J f>.)in2.: app l i.o d to s p.ici.fLc
ar e0..8 in t.h.; H2 .ll~j ~t.i.c ,
'I'h, t;;',in te',7;ls of "cr1)"sha and :,,;o;:;hi in the Arusha-Kilima- njaro 60ne hrvo be on vlrr'jCJ.rL"d ".Cl ero ';th poles. Due .t.o
historical force.:schL, ::\rua h' 8 been c c.onorri.c nl.Ly oriented to Nairobi .cnd I\!lomo,,-,c;a in the ud.jo i.n i.nc stTte of Kenya. The tir-ndi.ti.or.ul. tio;c eli' th..c.. t',;o t:J.',US \ i l l corrt Lnuc to grow
bee .ius e 0 -,~ th~ i:rc~:r-d8pL'ncl'~';~~lCL: 01. Ke nyn and 'I'anz an i.a 3.8 mo Glb-.:r3 of the ~aDt ~ .rri.crm COlilE1l_lD.it:y, belt th,-:y .iLc o h.iv : an Lmportarrc r-o Lo to p Lay :'.U f;:c:1 :)oiut,,, for t.hc dovelopme.:nt of the nor-tih.ir-n r':Q;ions of t h.. J.~0)ublic. 1.·-,-ruE:l::'" ,,',Thich wi t.h i.n rOcl;nt YGClrS
h.i s r0cordc,d " f -,,;t :c 2,"0'-"th r(\tc: t h an I,Joshi, has alrcwdy been c ho s cn 3.8 th~ CO'-.1TJl1Xi.lity cupi G,:_~l, J.ll.u t.n.: K'i.L'inan.jn r o intern3.- tional a i.r-po r-t i.s b,-,ine; con s t.cuct cd mid\,7D.Y b .t\'/e.;n both t.owno , Tho Lndi c.rti or.s nye.: t]'.at "it:l t h.. erection of the: community
bu.i.Ld i.ng s in i;.L'w::J.c: ;lllQ the inc)', .i.,.. in tourist tr:,ffic, following tIN c o.np Lot Lon of th.. int"Tna t i;')Il,,;,l airport, both Moshi and
":J..rusha \,7ill cr,;,'.t;c :J. ;=-;tI"~Jnt'; u.rb __11 c oripLox o vcr- t>, dist,.:rlcl; of appr-oxi n.rto ly fjJty i'liIe.: s. This \;ill ,,'l'omot0 v cry import C\llt structural ch.in.:.. s ire ;;his ecunomic z oric , Tho agr-i cu Lt ur a L
be.:l';un to undorgo mod'criltions due
rUlli changc;s in domand for the crops
grown in this z~'n,--. as 8. rc[',ult oJ: t h.. fall in cof GC: pr i.c e s , some coffce grG'.';~1'8 h.iv., C:)I"V0rtod pilrt of th0 ir f"lrms to dairy production. Cotcon production has bC'JYl in doclin.c and th0l",j hQS bc cri DJl \JX:PC\Jl~~lOn in such crops rlS wh.i.vt , m:1.iZ0, beans, dairy produce .uid V,:~.,l;:lblus, for wh i.c h internal d,)m:md has be en rising, SOTL or the.: ll11der-employ.cd Labour in trcditional agriculturu will bc:;,~ttlod on st;J.tu Ln'ffis nm! being ostablisr,c.:1.
on t.h.. Petro pl"in:::;, c;'lJ, "Oell' will eovo int0 construction
\Jmployr:i~nt. In nrl :·~.L·0UllC~ l~OS::li and Ll.rusha th<....r,..: ar-e numerous :30.:;.11 mr:1.11ufe.cturins units }:l-:...ki.n..' COn,:iUITi,-,r CO.Jds f r-on wocd , Ie :ltlLr and t,xtilvs. ~ Su:cv,-,y vfill b.: c o nduct cd to det e r-m i.ne ';}hich of th~s:J l..Pli-cs -:;hC~11d b., ~'X.pt;Il'.i_2~ to ~nc0t increasing; dem::,ulc.0
for houacho Ld ~:c .o s and buil,ling ccnst.r-uct i cn mat..;ri:J.l, and voc rti cnc L cl cSSos ''-ii,ll'), ,st::"rtc'cl to incr,;::,s" t.h. supply of skills in short d:,':l;"Q.
Thc; 'to-vn o .' .,.I'l.Llho.. h2.;~ ;;r~:~t tourist poucrrti a L, This
~,~v'ill bo c xp l.oitr.:.; l;y 5_:,lcr-=';':',i:Jill:.'; t:l z sup.'ly of tra~lition,'J.l
"tourist f,~lCiliti,-;f..;, ::Jllt i t ::'.,:< :-tlSG i::':lt,,:1.1Cl,.::d tJ (icv,:jlop :111 uj::rr.],'l..~l
concept or "to;._.· :;_:~-'c vi] ,'1e:·-s " \'.ih=_ch wi L! off~~r a ~\vid0r rnUt;0 or so r-v i.c.o s an. :,-iill b.. r:l;XC,~ su~~:~.J)l for inrligC:llOU:::; tourists.
·Th... so villa~;'"'~J '\o'~lt ,':1:,.r)1 f:yc ,i:~n touri.s C3 to li-;r-:: G.t1on.f~
the n.ic i.v.. ~)o:rUJ_,<:_:-,).Ll -=~l1d 1_: \;h"":j' "i.-~h -;)..-,. '.i.ci.p.rte in cott.-tge ar.d c~"lft indu;.:;;,;:_,_:r :1~):l..oduc't iou ,
- 14 -
CONCLUSION.
Tanzania is conscious of the complexities arising fron its secio-economic and politiocal goals.
Its development programmes are aimed at keeping the society along its chosen path, while at the same time ensuring sufficient flexibility in its policy to permit change. Concepts of equality demand that the whole society must be on the nove, therefore high priority is given to an integrated approach which aims at involving all sections of the society in plan formulation, execution and implementation. The co)ntry has
~admild experience of the risk of pursuin[ an urban policy at the expense of rural backwardness, and it has therefore devised a system aimed at building up the division of labour in rural comcunities thus broadening the base of the internal market.
Furthermore, the tGchnique of regional economic planning has been adopted, thus providing a system which ,till permit a rational use of economic space throughout the planning period. As pointed out
earlier, the approach towards development is not doctrinair8' The country thinks that it has adopted a course which
will enable it to avoid some of the social and political problems which now plague some of the more advanced
economies. There is no illusion that the course ahead is smooth, or that all errors will be avoided, but the spirit of enquiry, and readiness to learn from past experience in other countries will, it is expected, enable the society to make steady progress towards its ideal.
• ••• /Froo the r-ev i.ov ,
Fr03 the review of the T~nzani~ strategy
outlined above, there appears to be certain fundcmental issues which should be considered in tbe context of the subject of intergrated rural development.
It appears to me that the follodint': are the crucial issues:-
(i) An 8Gsontial feature of a policy of intergrakel r-ur-aI d ove Lopnerrt nu s
t
encompa"s a n~tional committment to work for the provision of the essential prerequisites to society n~ilely fooel and '"n:ter, educ atri on and training, app r-opr-i nt
e ompl oyuent
and income distribution,he:11 th services and social .moni ties and securities. Tl18 ffi:1jori ty of the people in the develnpinc; countries
as in 'I'an aan.i a , live in the rur-al, areas.
Given such ~\ coran.it t.mcnt , rural developh1ent uus
t
b., the contral focus of the nct i orial developnont effort. The nature of rural development proc;r'=e in different countries will vo.ry in r,,,la.tion to t.he Lc vo L ofd2velopment of tbe country in question.
(ii) The ac c cp tnnce of an interlsrated :l;:J'lro0.ch to r-urc L clevclopnent I:lUSt imply an unplici t acc ep
t
anc« of re-ox::uJil1ation of a who l e r::mc;o of sectoral pro,;l"UaI1G8 and other po La cdc-: which ::tfIcctt
he interest of Lndi,vi du.xl. 'leI:lb'cr of society to (mouretlJ:'.t bhoy ar-o c onni st errt with the interests
...• /of the ~ajority.
- 16 -
of the D3jority. A necessary feature of such a strategy is the acc~rtanc8 of 2n vquitab1e distribution of national wealth and introduction of acquitable prices policy.
(iii) A successful interp:r"tcd r-ur-aL devolopf.l8nt progro.D11C Dust above all take o.ccount of its institutional frauowork to ensure that it provides a
nat.Lonul.
driving force along the chosen path of socioty.The socio-oconoDic goals set by tho society can only be atrt a i.nc d i f there, ar-e political institutions to provide the driving force and keep the society moving along its chosen path. Tile political f r ariewo r-k must th,refare be SUCll as to provide a st i.nul us to the broad fJaSS of tho population. 'I'ar.z r.ni a has the advanto.ge of having been able to 'estclblisll a one-party syst en , so that most of the conflicts whi.ch ar-i.s o becausc of regional, e c onomi.c , tribal and r,lic;ious differences, and w.rich are usually played out in I:lulti-party politics, all have to be worked out within the one-party systeI:l.
This avoids the display of much pub I i,c emotion which detracts effort and attention fron national development priorit i.e s , More t.i ue 'J.Ed effort can b: spent ther8fore on organizinG .:1;1 cfL:ctiV(j party TDchinc and rldvclopin'"
poli tical consciousness :"nd p.:;"rticipation oraon.; the no s s c s , T11e Tnnc:anyik't !dric::.n NJ.tirJn3.1 Union (rANU)
w1~,ich is the only polit.ic al. pGrty in tho state, h a s as an Lnst i tu td ono.I O,'3.se n t..n - cell Syst8I1 in whi c h every ten households forn a unit. The cell leader, .vho is elected, represents his unit at Branch Conferences,
••• •/th.::
Branch.- 17 -
the Branch being the lowest Dajor d e I
i,be r a
tiv-:body.
Therr]
is also provision for repr(;sontation of
Ujcu::::J.aaVill:::tges, factory
workor-s ,
orien ' S or-g amz atd ons ,
T.MllJYouth
Lcaguo and Elders at
Branc h level, Tho cell
structure at village lovel forns the
bQ.3Cof a representative party
pyr~id,with provision for branch, district and
regional conferQncos and
~lannual party congress.
Party policy is dot0rminec. thrOUGh the dolioorative process and implemented by COLU1ittees established at branch, district, regional
andnational level.
The
Dachincry provides for a two - way flow of opinion, so that the loadership is kept in close touch with,
and isin
Qposition to influence,
nassbehaviour.
'I'hecxporLmco to
dat;c in'1ica.tes that the masses do r8spond to 'education' from political leaders, 90ssibly at tines with spoed vITlich
18cobarrasing, when the administrati
vo nac l.i.nocannot
kCGppace
wi.tIlpublic
crrt hu s i.aan ,
The T,::mznnia stro.t..::[Sy
nay b.:of
Lnt.e r e s
tto the conference. The ultin8.te solution to the
~rob128of r-ur-al, d evo
Lopaerrtin the developing countries, rrus t
~l')\~-everbe ovol"led by cac h s oc
i oty ,If it is
t.ikcn
with scr-i ou snc s s , the supr cne dropline t::o.t
;~cC:s wi,th it
wi.LLa I s o have to be
ac c cptcd by aI L,C • D. Meuya ,
Ministry of :Zconouic Affo.irs and
Dovc
Lopnon
tPlanning,
Dar e s S;:U3.::un.