Harnessing of hydroelectric energy and interconnection of electricity networks of ECOWAS countries

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~conomic Commission for 'Africa west African states

BUJlll88IR 0., BYDJlOBLBCftIC . . . .GY

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DECEMBER 1992 By: IGIALlLOU SALL

ISSA DRAKE

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ABN:

CTCA:

AGRHYMET : ALG:

BAD:

CBG:

CEAO:ECA:

CEB:ECOWAS:

CEET:

ClE:

ClLLS:

CRES:

EAGB:

ECG:

EDM:EECI:

GNELGUI:

GUC:

LEC:

HRU:

NEPA:

NIGELEC:

NPA:OLADE:

OMVG:

OMVS:

OHERSOL:

UNDP:

SBEC:

SENELEC:

SOHABEL:

SONALEC:

SONICHAR:

UPDEA:

VRA:

Niger Basin Authority

Cultural and Technical Cooperation Agency Agro- Hydro- Meteorological Centre

Authority for the Integrated Development of the Liptako-Gourma Region

African Development Bank Guinea Bauxite Corporation Economic Commission for Africa community of west African states Benin Electricity community

Economic community of West African states Togo Electric Energy corporation

Cote d'Ivoire Electricity Corporation

Inter-state Committee on Drought control in the Sahel

Regional Solar Energy Centre

Guinea Bissau Water and Electricity corporation Electricity Corporation of Ghana

Mali Energy

COte d'Ivoire Electric Energy Guinea Electric Energy

Gambia utility Corporation

Liberia Electricity Corporation Mano River Union

Nigeria Electric Power Authority Nigeria Electricity corporation National Power Authority

Latin American Energy Organization

Organization for the Development of the Gambia River Organization for the Development of the Senegal River

Niger Solar Energy Corporation

united Nations Development Programme Benin water and Electricity Corporation Senegal Electricity Corporation

Burkina Paso Electricity Corporation

National water and Electricity Corporation Niger Coal corporation

Union or Electricity producers and Distributors in Africa

Volta River Authority

Units

Joule (J) in the international unit system is the legal instrument for measuring energy:

1J = 0.24 calorie (cal.) or 1 cal.

=

lWatt hour = lwh = 1

·s

Ton oil equivalent (Toe) is a measurement unit which allows

J

for the conversion of energy units into calorie equivalent. •

lToe =

Table of multiples TEBA{TI GIGA{GI

000

1

MEGACMI or million

000 000

1

KILO{KI Thousand

000 000000

1

(J,W, Toe, Wh etc.)

000 000000 000 Examples: 1M. Toe = 1 million Toe

1GWH = 1 gigawatt- hour + 10³ Megawatt hour (10³ MWh)=10⁶ Kilowatt-hour (10^{6 KWh) •}

Resource Crude oil

Natural gas pit coal Firewood

Wood charcoal Bagasse

Other biomasses

*

** Toe/million m³

Calorific value (Million Kcal/ton)

10.038 0.008*

6.214 2.339 2.339 6.886 1.857 2.1

oil equivalent (Toe/ton)

1

797.**

0.619 0.233 0.686 0.185 0.209

,,

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ABBREVIATIONS AND UNITS

Table of contlln~s

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Pages i-iii

2.1 Purpose of the study 2.2 Methodology

2.3 Definitions II. INTRODUCTION

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1. SUMMARY

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1 6 6 6 8

III. ENERGY SITUATION OF THE ECOWAS SUB-REGION 10 3.1 country profile

. . . . . . . . .

3.1.1 3.1. 2

Situation of primary energy

Status of theelectriclty sector _•

10 29 3.2 Presentation of the ECOWAS subregion 51

3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.2.5

Energy planning and management Primary energy situation • • • Hydrology of the subreqJ,on • • •

Situatio~ of the electricity sector Reflection on the energy situation of

sUbregion .

• the

. .

51 54 57 62 65

IV. PRESENT AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENT ,OF HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY 70 4.1 Existing or on-going constructions • • .;'. • • • 70

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<\.1.1 4.1.2

Physical Characteristics of t.heJsites';

Electrical,characteristics ofexistil)g and studied works . . . ' • •

70 73 4.2 Short,' medium and long-term projects 74 4.2.1 Short-term' _proj~cts (1992-1997) . 77 , ".2.% ' ' Medium-term projects (1997-2002) 77 4.2.3 Long-term projects (2002-2010) • • 79

1: _,,~.,-.., ,\:,'" ::,_~f..! -~:~

4. 3 1iroj~ction ^of ener~dema,~~'.of_{• ,~, ~• • • ,_. '0,'.".} the subreqfon_{" a} :~~'j;_{. . .} ⁸²

., Consumpti9,~.ce~~~es, zones and axes

Energy ne~ds in-the years 1977~2002-2010 82 90

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5.1 Interconnection projects studied

5.2 Proposals for a pragmatic interconnection

V. INTERCONNECTION SCENARIOS OF THE ELECTRICITY NETWORKS

94

• 95

• 100 101

101

....

101102

.

102

•

103 103 104 104 105 National and bilateral links

Regional programme links '. •

UPDECA preliminary study

ADB stUdy for Region A ⁱ

ADB stUdy for Region B • • ADB stUdy on the appropriateness of interconnections • • • • • • • •

ABN study on the integration of electric systems of·the.countries of

the Niger Basin . • . . • • • . • . CTCA study for Region C • • . • • • Conclusions arising from the analysis

of .interconnection, studies 4.4.1

4.4.2

5.1.1 5.1.2 5.1. 3 5.1. 4 5.1.5

·5.1.6 5.1. 7

sector108 .. • 111 5.2.1

5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4

5.2.5

Generality • • • • • • . • . • 105 Current status of the interconnection 106 Current interconnection projects whose implementation is slated for 1997 • 107 Investments necessary for the full realization of the interconnection of the· electricity networks of all the countries of the

SUbregion .

Self-sufficiency of the hydroelectric . of the SUbregion •. .• • • •.• ..

VI. CONCLUSION. ¹¹³ •

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VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY VIII ANNEXES

115

A1. Energy profiles of ECOWAS countries

A2. Potential hydroelectric energy profiles of West African countries

A3. National networks

A4. Localization of energy consumption zones, centres and axes in West Africa

AS. Interconnection)1I"PEt:, ,'." . , •

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Electricity

=

=

lToe 4000 electric KWh lKToe

=

CFA = African Financial community 1U5$ CFA frs. 270 in the last

quarter of 1992 Hydraulic source:

CUrrency unit:

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1.1 General

1.1.1 An assistance to ECOWAS was financed by UNDP under RAF 88/047. One electrical engineer and one civil engineer were entrusted with the implementation of the energy component of this assistance. In this connection, the two consultants visited 10 west African countries to meet officials of the government and of

sUbregional organizations dealing with energy matters.

1.1. 2 The energy team collected the data relating to the energy status and programmes in the countries.

1.2 Energy resources of the subregion

~

t' 1.2 • 1 In terms of energy resources, the ECOWAS sUbregion has all the forms of primary energy in quantities that are more or less exploitable, and distributed unevenly among the countries. Nigeria is an exception in the subregion in that it has all the known energy resources with in most cases enormous reserves.

1.2.2 combustible wood products, plant and animal wastes constitute the main source of energy in the countries of the sUbregion. The exploitable fuel wood reserve without damage to the environment is estimated at 1719 million m³ equivalent to 400 M.Toe which could be rapidly undermined unless something is done to reduce the pressure on the forest reserves.

1.2.3 oil is concentrated in Nigeria while small deposits are exploited in Benin, Ghana and COte d'Ivoire. The same goes for natural gas, which Nigeria has in abundance compared to COte d'Ivoire with a relatively large deposit and Senegal with a small deposit.

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1.2.4 Only Niger has a large uranium reserve compared to Nigeria with a small reserve which cannot be exploited under profitable conditions.

1.2.5 Niger has plenty of pit coal but of average quality.

Nigeria also has it in abundance while Senegal has an average peat deposit.

1.2.6 The SUbregion has large quantities of solar and wind energy; unfortunately, solar and wind energies are not the SUbject of concerted regional development programmes. Niger is the first country to have established a solar energy centre" followed by 11 ECOWAS and CILLS countries which established CRES (Regional Solar Energy Centre).

1.2.7 The hydroelectric potential of West Africa is estimated at 23 900 MW for an annual production of about 100,000 GWH. The most privileged countries in the following order are Nigeria,

Guinea, Ghana, COte d'Ivoire, Liberia, sierra Leone, Mali, Togo, Benin, Nigeria and Burkina Faso.

1.3 Production and consumption of energy in the subregion 1.3.1 In the countries with adequate forest reserve, the production of firewood is higher than consumption, despite the difficulties in carting the firewood to the populations. However, in the entire subregion, production is almost equal to consumption estimated at 35.5 M.Toe in 1990. Furthermore, production of oil and natural gas in 1990 was estimated at 142 M.Toe, 99.5 per cent of which came from Nigeria. During the same period, the production of pit coal was 2.3 M.Toe (Nigeria and Niger) while hydroelectric dams produced about 3.3 M.Toe. Lastly, 2,300 tons of uranium were

• produced in Niger, all of which are exported.

I '

1.3.2 Consumption of primary energy in 1990 was estimated at close to 64.5 M.Toe, of which 35.5 M.Toe of firewood,22.5 M.Toe of petroleum products, 2.5 M.Toe of hydroelectricity, and the rest equitably shared between charcoal and biomass (plant and animal wastes),'

1.4 Hydroelectricity in thE! SUbregion

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'1.4.1 Despite a large hydroelectric potential, only 3,897 MW, i.e 16 per cent of the total potential are either equipped or underway. The dams are rock-filled and essentially in concrete and earth. They are mostly gravity and low dams, the major ones, by virtue of their electrical characteristics being the Akossombo dam in Ghana, the Rainji, Jebba and Shiroro dams in Nigeria, the Rossou and Buyo dams in COte d'Ivoire.

1.4.2 Between 1987 and 1990, electricity production increased from 21,236 Gwh to 27632 GWh with an annual growth rate of 10 per cent and with hydroelectricity accounting for 44 per cent. In 1990, electricity production distribution was 11,938 GWh of hydroelectricity and 16594 Gwh of thermic gas, oil and charcoal.

With this level of production allowing for the provision of electricity to only 30 per cent of the population and the acquisi- tion of equipment by private individuals (industrial self-pro- ducers, physical and moral persons, etc), it can be said that supply is far below demand •

1.4.3 Several sites of hydroelectric dams have been studied, identified or simply surveyed. The potential of the sites studied was estimated at 10,600 HW. On the whole, the sites are on rocky bases and the building materials prospected are apparently adequate. ThE! analysis of the llhort, medium and long....term projects has revealed that the subregion could produce about 15,000 Gwh in 1997, 17,000 GWh in 2002 and over 23,000 GWh in 2010.

1.5 Electricity transportation in the subregion

1.5.1 There is a diversity of high tensions in the SUbregion (330 KV, 161 KV, 150 KV, 132 xv, 110 Kv, 90 Kv etc.) This diversity stems from the colonial history of the countries as well as from the international trado data where the developed countries impose their norms. The present 21,000 Km of electric networks are characterized by the obsolete nature of the equipment and the high rate of losses between production and consumption. wi th a cover of 1 km of electric line for 200 km² inhabited, the SUbregion is no doubt one of the least electrified regions of the world.

1.6 Basic electric energy in the SUbregion

1..6.1 Nigeria decided to postpone the construction of its hydroe1.ectric dams. It produce.s electricity at a cheaper cost from its abundant natural gas extracted at the same time as oil. The gas which is burnt in cressets is collected and used in rehabili- tated power stations. Unlike the other countries of the subregion, Nigeria's basic electric energy is thermic.

1.6.2 COte d'Ivoire is a special case, producing equal quan- tities of hydraulic and thermic power. The country decided to exploit its natural gas deposit to produce electricity and liquefied gas for domestic uses and for export to the neighboaring countries, especially Burkina Paso and Mali.

1.7 Interconnection of the electricity networks of the subre- gion

1.7.1 The interconnection studies undertaken by UPDEA, ABN and ADB were examined. The conclusion derived therefrom points to the need to define a global and pragmatic approach to arrive at the establishment of the inter-connected networks of the region, beginning with inter-state linl<.s, simple and constructed with local resources in order to promote exchange of electricity which will be extended to all the parties concerned.

L 7.2 Despite the efforts deployed by UPDEA and ADB, only regions A of UPDEA Classification is interconnected. In this regions, the existing interconnections are:

•I

•

Nigeria Ghana Ghana

Niger;

CEB countries (Benin and Togo);

COte d'Ivoire.

A decision has been taken regarding the construction of the 330 Kv Lagos-Tema link. When this link becomes operational the six countries of region A will be interconnected.

(b)

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1.7.3 The interconnection of region B (UPOEA classification) concerning COte d'Ivoire, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Mali Burkina Faso and Niger has not yet started' despite various projects, so~e of which have been negotiated~

The interconnection of region B could begin:

(a) .In the short-term with the following projects which have been negotiated and for which funding has yet to be found;

Ferkessedougou (COte d'Ivoire) - Bobodioulasso (Burkina Faso) link;

Ferkessedougou - Siama gold mines (Mali) link.

In the medium-term with the following projects:

Fomi hydroelectric dam in Guinea;

oanane(COte d'!voire) - Monrovia link;

Fomi - Odienne (COte d'Ivoire) link;

Selingue (Mali) - Odienn6 link.

1.7.4 The interconnection of region C (UPOEA classification) concerning Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Senegal, Mauritania and Mali should in principle begin in 1996 with the installation of the power station of the Manantali dam in Mali and the Manarttali- Mauritania-Senegal and Manantali-Bamako links.

1.7.5 The interconnection of the electricity networks envisaged by the present study wi11be done ih a pragmatic manner by linking the current and future production centres with the present consumption zones, ,centres and axes or those with a high potential. With this interconnection, all the coastal countries from Nigeria to Guinea will be linked. Nigeria is already linked to Niger which is itself linked to all the countries of the Sahel up to Gambia and Guinea Bissau.Verticalcohnectionswill also link the countries of the South and those of the North. . Such ~s

the case of: COte d' Ivoire-Burkina Faso, Ghana-Burkina Faso, Guinea-Mali, etc .

L 7.6 The possibilities offered by the INGA site and the Zaire-Egypt interconnection, the feasibility study of which was financed by ADB, shows that it is possible for West Africa to appeal to other African SUbregions for its electricity requirements instead of wanting to equip at any price sites whose investment costs are beyond the means of the countries.

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'II. INTRODUCTION 2.1 PurpOse of the study

This report concerns the energy component of a project funded by UNDP under RAF/88/047, with ECA as the lead agency. The objective of the project can be summed up thus:

Assistance to ECOWAS seoretariat for the implementation of programmes adopted by the Heads of state and Government of the Community.

In order to attain this objective, the project should strengthen ECOWAS Secretariat for a more effective cooperation and economic integration assistance in such priority areas as agricul- tural production, industrial development, transport and communica- tions, trade, energy, finance and money.

with regard to the energy component., a team composed of an Electrical Engineer (coordinator) a Civil Engineer and an Economist was charged to prepare the following studies:

(a) Assessment of the hydroelectric potential of the ECOWAS SUbregion;

(b) Summary of all existing studies within the hydroelec- tric sector;

(c) Current and future development study on the hydroelec- tric energy of the SUbregion; and

,

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(d)

networks electric

Proposal to increase energy.

for a new interconnection of electricity and render more effective the use of hydro- The present

countries. Cape interconnection.

study concerns only the 15 mainland ECOWAS Verde being an island is not concerned by the 2 • 2 Methodology

In order to prepare the study, the energy team adopted a methodology comprising the followingphasesi

(a) Data collection

Data collection was done at the level of SUbregional instit~~

tions dealing with energy problems and of countries with a hydroelectric potential or a great demand for energy.

Since this phase involves"ci'atll:Cbllection, the team undertook missions to the following countries: COte d'Ivoire, Nigeria,

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Ghana. Sierra Leone, Guinea. Senegal, Mali. Burkina Faso. Niger and Togo.

I

During these missions, the team met with the authorities responsible for energy and officials of the following institutions:

ECOWAS in Lagos

ADB and UPDEA in Abidjan MRU in Freetown

OMVG and OMVS in Dakar CRES in Bamako

Liptako Gourma in ouagadougou ABN and AGRHYMET in Niamey.

A report was prepared at the end of the missions and submitted to ECA and ECOWAS.

(b) Analysis of the data collected

During the visits to the above-mentioned countries. the team acquainted itself with the various hydroelectric projects already implemented. underway. already studied or being studied. The status of these projects has been the sUbject of serious dis- cussions which made it possible to know the position of the ofricialsof the energy sector in the different countries.

Several electricity network interconnection projects exist and the team was able to see the progress so far made in regard to their implementation.

(c) Interconnection simulation

Initially. the team proposed to its interlocutors an interconnection sketch of ECOWAS electricity networks and was able to collect their views and comments. That made it possible to evaluate the physical. psychological, economic, financial, fiscal, legal and even political· constraints that may arise from the .". interconnection of national electricity networks.

(d) Proposal for a realistic and pragmatic interconnection

•• On the basis of all the data collected, the team was able to make a critical appraisal of the various interconnection projects already studied and to gather all the material needed to formulate its proposal by improving on the sketch initially made.

It is different from producible 2.3 pefinitions

In the report, we have used a number of terms which we think should be defined from the onset in order to facilitate the reading of the report. These definitions concern hydroelectric installa- tions.

1. HYdroelectric potential of a river:

It is the total energy that can be theoretically derived from the river by using the total mass of water and the maximum gradients of the river. It is the average flow calculated on the basis of the level difference between the 2 (two) extreme points of the river. Where this involves a basin, this potential is the sum total of the potentials of the different rivers of the basin. This potential is theoretical and cannot be used fUlly on account of the difficulties in installing equipment in certain areas. There is therefore a useful potential.

2. Useful potential of a river or potential that can be equipped:

This is the energy that can be obtained from the river. by equipping all accessible falls.

3. Installed power:

It is the sum total of the maximum powers that can be provided by the turboalternator units of a power plant. It is the power available on the turbine shaft.

4. Producible energy

It is the production from a hydroelectric dam during a given period. Thus, we have the following producibles:

(a) Producible of annual average hydraulicity which is generally used to characterize a dam;

(b) Producible in a given year (dry year, humid year);

(c) Energy produced.

energy for various reasons:

Equipment operation constraints;

Stoppage of the units for maintenance purposes;

Constraints arising from the filling of reservoirs upstream the dam;

Difficulty in evacuating the energy produced.

5. Guaranteed power: For a given network, the power used by all the consumers is based on the daily or seasonal maximum power.

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For example in the evening when.all refrigerators, lamps and televisions are fed in a town or when all office air-conditioners function in the afternoons during the hot season.

The guaranteed power of a plant is the power that the plant can supply during the period of maximum demand.

6. Peak power of a plant

It is the power that the plant can produce to meet the peak supply consumed by the network during a short period.

7. Production centre

, - - tc-

.' These are sites of hydroelectric energy production dams or energy production sites.

8. Consumption centre:

where demand for energy is surface.

9. Consumption zone

These are the towns or big villages high and concentrated on a limited

These are consumption centres covering a relatively large area .such as hydroagricultural establishments, mining zones with several

extraction points, economic regions, etc.

10. Consumption axes

This is a consumption zone along a:river, an important road or railway line. These axes can comprise several consumption centres •

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III. ENERGY SITUATION ;IN THE SUBREGIO~' We shall present this situation countrY

then ·for the entire ECOWAS region; "

i .

by country first and 3.1 Country by country presentation

3.1.1 Primary energy situation A. Nigeria

(a) Energy resources

Nigeria is one of the African countries which have practically all the energy resources known. It has large reserves of oil and natural gas, as well as the biggest reserve of pit-coal of West Africa and the largest in Africa after south Africa •.

The North of the country has a Sahel ian climate, which explains the scarcity of firewood resources. In the south and especially in the east, however, the resources are abundant. Th~ir evaluation, as in almost the whole Africa, is more or less accurate.

with River Niger and its Benue tributary running across it from North-west to central-east, Nigeri", has a great potential of hydroelectric energy with numerous sites whose total power is estimated at more than 12,000 MW, 1100 MW of which are equipped and represent 16 per cent of the overall potential. The rest of the sites with more moderate power have been the sUbject of prefeasibility and feasibility studies (7 per cent) and of mere exploration or identification (2 per cent). .

In the documents made available to us, mention is made of a lOOT uranium reserve which seems to be relatively low to us for any viable exploitation.

No accurate evaluation of solar energy resources has been made.

However, it can be said that the incident average annual solar energy is 2,300 kwh/m² or 6.4 kwh/m² per day. Periods of insolation are 2000 h/year in Lagos, 2,716 h/year in Birnin Kebbi in the north close to the Niger border. Considering the size of the country, it can be said that Nigeria's solar energy resources are enormous but inadequately exploited.

(b) Production

Nigeria produces a lot of energy in the oil, gas, coal and hydroelectricity sectors. The quantities are given in the country's energy profile (Annex A1.1). Compared to the rest of Africa, it can be said that Nigeria is:

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The first (1st) oil producing country before Egypt, Algeria and Libya;

An average gas producer because the gas extracted from oil is not yet recuperated and utilized;

A major hydroelectric energy producer; however, this energy represents only one third of the country's electric energy production;

A major consumer of combustible wood products which remain the main resource used by the rural and peri-urban popula- tions. They represent 45 per cent of the energy consump- tion .

(c) Consumption

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Per capita consumption is relatively low but overall consump- tion is quite high. The 1990 consumption is broken down as follows:

Consumption M. Toe

oil 13.4

Pit-coal 1.8

Electricity 4.9

including: Hydroelectricity 1.1

Thermic 3.8

(d) Energy distribution

Nigeria's primary energy balance in 1990 is as follows:

---

M. Toe M. Toe M. Toe

oil 13.4 36.6 137.1 +127.7

Natural gas 4 10.9 4;5 + 0.5

Pit-coal 1.8 5.0 2.1 + 0.3

Hydroelectricity 1.1 3.0 1.2 + 0.1

Combustible wood

products 16.3 .4.L..2 16.3 + 0.0

TOTAL _..

_-

In Nigeria, combustible wood products represent only 45% of the total energy distribution because of a high use of Kerosene and natural gas for domestic purposes. Nigeria is totally independent as far as its energy supply is concerned; it is an exporter of

modern energy and ,self-sufficient as far as conventional energies are concerned.

B. Benin

(a) Energy resources

Benin .is one of the few West African countries to have an oil reserve, estimated at 9 million Toe, 6 million of which can viably be exploited. Natural gas reserves are estimated at 2.83 billion m³ but their exploitation has not yet started.

The other energy resources are wood with a potential of 120 million m³ and hydroelectri~energy with a 300 MW power and a 1200 GWh producible per annum. Benin also has abundant biomass made up of agricultural and forest wastes.

(b) Production

Between 1987 and 1988, oil production reached a record level with 1.6 million tons. In 1989, however, it dropped considerably and has now stabilized at 2000,000 Toe per annum, corresponding to twice the country's consumption.

Benin has practically no renewable energy exploitation and imports within the framework of the Benin Electricity community the electricity it needs for the coastal area. In the Northern region, the electricity produced is from thermic source.

Combustible ligneous production is 1.1M.Toe, representing one hundredth of exploitable reserves. This production should in principle not endanger the forest estate except around some towns or densely popUlated areas.

Regarding renewable energies, Benin produces a large amount of bagasse and agricultural wastes.

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{cJ s;:onsumption ,

• consumption of petroleum products is lower than production.

Benin in principle has no shortage of primary energy.

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Consumption %

!(I. Toe ,'

Petroleum products 0.1 7.7 e

Combustible wood products ^{0.1 84.9}

Hydroe1ectricity ^{0.'041 3.2}

Miscellaneous 0.054 -L..a. , _',;

TOTAL ^{1.295 100}

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Electricity consumption also includes thermic energy but the percentage is relatively low (less than 5%).

(e) Energy distribution

The energy distribution in 1990 was as follows:

Production Consumption % Export + Import

-

M.Toe M.Toe

Petroleum products 0.25 0.1 7.7 +0.15

Combustible wood

products 1.1 1.1 84.9 O.

-

Hydroelectricity ^{, .,} 0.- 0.041 3.2 0.041 Miscellaneous 0.054 0.054 .--L..2. Q....--.::

TOTAL 1.404 1.295 100.0 0.109

It . has a small 200 MW which'can

..

Benin's annual oil production which was 1.6 M.Toe has now dropped to 0.6 M.Toe.Without hydroelectric energy production, its dependence on the outside world increased from 8 per cent in 1987 to 55 per cent in 1991.

(c) ~

(a) Energy resources

Togo has no oil reserve that is

known

exploitable hydroelectric potential estimated at produce 1000 GWh per annum.

Timber reserves represent 55 million m³ covering the entire national territory with a low densification towards the northern part of the country.

•

(b) Primary energy production

Timber production is relatively low and represents 170,000 'Toe/year. That is the main source of primary energy production,

Togo imports 226 GWh/yearof hydroelectricity from Ghana and has since 1988 been producing close to 100 GWh per annum from the Nangbeto dam.

Renewable energies are constituted by agricultural waste products,especially bagasse.

(c)ConsYmption

Consumption concerns petroleum products, combustible ligneous products and hydroelectricity.

The table below shows the level of consumption of the various types of energy in 1990:

.' ..^'

, consumption %

M.Toe

Petroleum products 0.18 42.6 ..

combustible ligneous products 0.17 40.1

Hydroelectricity 0.078 16.6

Miscellaneous

o.

TOTAL . 0.453 100.

Wood represents 40 per cent of primary energy consumption at the same level as petroleum products. This is an encouraginqsign of the development of the modern energy sector at the expense"of conventional energies.

(d) Energy distribution

In 1990, Togo's electricity consumption was as.follows:

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Consumption % .. ^..

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(GWh) ^{.. -}

National hydroelectricity 86.5 27.0 Imported hydroelectricity 226.6 70.• 8

National thermic energy 7.0 -k.1

TOTAL 320.1 ^. .109:· ,",

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Togo is totally dependent on the outside world for its petroleum product needs. In view of a small hydroelectric energy production, its dependence on modern energies which was 95% in 1987 dropped to 86% in 1991.

D. Ghana

(a) Energy resources

Ghana's energy resources are constituted mainly by hydroelec- tricity energy and combustible ligneous products. The oil resources are small and allow for only a low production of 0.1 M.Toe per annum. Since early independence, Ghana has turned to hydroelectric energy and has put all its financial reserves into the construction of Akossombo dam on the Volta River.

(b) Production

This concerns mainly timber and electric energy. Energy production is essentially geared towards local consumption except for hydroelectricity, a portion of which is exported to the neighbouring countries.

(c) ~onsumption

It includes mainly combustible ligneous products M.Toe/year), oil (1. 1M. Toe/year) and hydroelectric

(1.4M.Toe/year). Solar energy represents a small share overall energy consumption.

(d Energy distribution

Ghana's primary energy balance in 1990 is as follows:

(6.3) energy in the

, -

. -.

Consumption % Production Export+

_. ^Import-

M.Toe M.Toe M.Toe

oil ^{1.0 11.8 0.1 1- 0.9}

Natural gas 0.007 0.0 0 0.002

Pit-coal 0.002 0.0 0 0.002

Hydroelectricity 1.4 16.5 1.43 + 0.03

Combustible ligneous

products 6.1 71.7 .2...l ^{+ 0.0}

8.509 100. 7.63 - 0.0866

- 0

Combustible ligneous products still represent 72% of Ghana's energy consumption despite' the hydroelectricity which feeds the towns and cities. A vigorous sensitization programme was launched

16

in the towns andvil~ageswi.th a view to encouraging people to, use ,gas and ke~osen~ asa subst~tute energy for wood.

Ghana is almost entirely dependent on the outside world for its oil. As far as mqdern energies are concerned, its dependence dropped from 61% in 1987 to 56% in 1990.

E. COte d'Iyoire

(a) Energy resources

.~

Like Ghana, ',COte, d' Ivoire , has' 'rel~tiv~!'lY/large hydroelectric

and firewood resources. .'J.'he production 'of oil' and I'elated'gas,lis .J

low, 0.13 M.Toe/year and 0.009 M.Toe/year respectively. The • country has offshore natural gas reserve estimated:at'15 billion lit^3•

A decision was taken regarding its exploitation for the production of electricity in 1996 from a combined'cycle therillic plant, with an installed power of 150 MW andGPL gas.

. . l

0 '

, ,Tl1eUinl::uilr·resout'ces are significant but intensive exploitation since.i.'rldependence l1as,'reducloldcohsiderably the :forest' reserves.

with a'heavy agricultural production part'ially processed labaIIy, COte d'Ivoire has a large amount of biomass which is not adequately used. This biomass is composed of rice straw, palm kennel, coconut shell, coffee and cocoa pods, bagasse etc.

(b) Production

, B.aSlild on t:he 19liO data,~~:rg'y prlld).lc,tj,~n" Qf\ly",qqpc;erps cOlllbust;;tPle liqneous. products an(,t,';~cH:tlEl.IElCt;~c J1!ne~gy.· ⁱ ,'Wte production of 011 and rel<!-~ed gas/fs ~ta:U,lo~.(q.l41;,M."Tem.l¥filM'~'

As far as renewable energies are concernffl";,,qOte.,q'~'il:voire

consumes 0.6 M.Toe/year, constituted mainly by ag:t~curtural'wastes.

•

'. (

! .' ,

:.' ;

(c) consumption

. i : ,',',i ()(; '_ _!.~», 1 »t:"'t ;,'.~:"; ~";" '. _-·t;'.~••~ ^{',' :} '~"j j :'T'-" :.'~ .;,~ j:.<t·,y_~ .F:,V'"'' ", ^',',1,.1t ,';

':,s:~~; ,<V;j:YQ,4~ Fo~a!c,p1<~ma:::y~nerqy'c,con~Wl\pt-!,qrhUl,1\1,90,:wcU, 4,;.1 l'l.Tde ..;/i.~' r; " '," ' j - " : ,\,.,,·,1 ~"c,:·i·.rj ^(-- 'i,:'-~'- \"'(;'t' >i

, --

.,.., "'.. , ....

In terms of electricity, the 1990 consumption is as follows:

.,

Consumption %

,

M.Toe ^. _•• ^,

Hydro~lectricity 0

.

;Tq.li\!l:II\'lQ,,, _~.iiil,"u«. ".) i,·

,

,

..Hy(i:::qe.l,e$J:'ici tllkfJ;;QJlI.,C?h~. ;) '1. 'Bi"'J~;':1 !~Q <Pikl',nj'F

,.

.

lh4li: '10']

;:)l:-:I.:.t:')$i:3Cl·:',byti~:::·:r1)J ·{L::p./r:t(~_:',!-;l'~'!,. ~~Cn ,;~').JO\fI'-r:, ?·:,tc!:, .t,-;t3,;:~ ~'.lJl

,s! afSp I)9J'b[!:t:f lias (co ,'1::> f-,;oi'-::i:.,'ubo'1<{ B'I1ⁱ .,,~1~.~:'J'~UJCf;'S~·f ,b(>~"-,,:,,,.,,-:t:::.E! Ln6

~riT <Y,_:,I.i7:.\.IJ.::)G,;-;~.q·f ~:;t:":'-t"-{\~;)T-1~ ;)f)O~n hr'"c. '1H,~"~'\:~(:T,,'M \.0 \'::,~cI

_ _ __._,lo~,••_ ~

'-

(d) Energy distribution

..:.,,!.

COte d'Ivoire primary energy distribution in 1990 is as follows:_,

Consumption % Production Export+

Import-

M.Toe M.Toe M.Toe

oil 1.20 29.1 0.13 -1.07

Gas 0.023 0.6 0.11 -0.012

Hydroelectricity 0.422 7.5 0.255 -0.052

Combustible lig- 2.49 60.4 2.49 0.0

neous products

Renewable energy ^.Q...l --.b..i ^{.Q...l .Q...L}

TOTAL 4.120 100.0 2.984 -1.134

cote d'Ivoire is an oil, natural gas and hydroelectric energy importing country. ~t the beginning of the Ghana - C~te d'Ivoire electric link, there wall exchange of energy. However, ,for the past two (2). years, the exchange has been in one direction only, L e

from Ghana to cOte d'Ivoire. .

Combustible ligneous products represent 61% of the overall energy consumption. This iSl:lecause due account has not been. taken of gas Which is widely used in the towns and of biomass made up of agricUltural and forest wastes.

Regarding modern energies, COte d' Ivoire dependence on the outside world is estimated around 70% (1990).

F. Liberia

(a) Energy resourc~s

Liberia has hydroelectric potentials estimated at 4000MW, half .of which are expl,.oited under profitable conditions. The country has forest reserves on the entire territory and is largely self';' .' " sufficient in firewood. . . .

.

Timber production slumped because of the war, from 1.12 M.Toe in 1989 to O.7M.Toe in 1990. Hydroelectricity reached almost 200 GWh in 1989. It should be noted that hydroelectric production is partially a private venture.

',.~-

:'_.

(c) Consumption

,,.~.

,^'

Using 1988 as year of reference, Le. before the curren,1:, po+itica1 events, Liberia's total consumption amounted to 1.49 M.Toe, of which 21 percent oil and 74 per cent firewood. ^','I Electricity consumption in 1988, amounted to 540.5GWh, 31 per cent of which was hydroelectric energy and the rest thermic energy.

, \ ^'

(d) Energy distribution

Liberia's primary energy distribution in 1988 is as follows:

Consumption % Production Export + Import -

M.Toe M,.Toe M.Toe

Oil 0.32 21.5 0.0 ^.' -0.32

Natural gas 0.001 0 0.0 -0.001

Hydroelectricity 0.069 4.6 0.076 0.007

Combustible 11g- 1.1 73.8 1.1 (losses)

neous products 0

Renewable energy 0.002 0.1 0.002

TOTAL 1.492 100.0 1.178

"

with regard to modern energy, especially oil, Liberia is al1.

importing country and totally depends on the outside world.

G. sierra Leone

(a) Energy resources

Sierra Leone has only two exploited energy resources, namely combustible ligneous products (firewood) and hydroelectric energy. ' It also has a small pit-coal reserve estimated at 1.5 million tons which is not yet exploited. Under the colonial regime, coal was used for the locomotives. The country is covered by forest and timber and forest waste reserves are estimated at 146 million m^3•

The potential of hydroelectric sites is estimated at 1700 MW, 1200 of which are exploitable under acceptable conditions.

(b) Production

,

The production mostly includes timber and hydroelectric energy estimated at 1.2 M.Toe in 1990. Renewable energies are constituted by forest wastes, bagasse and agricultural wastes. Regarding electricity, private production is practically double the state production.

,I

•

·

·

,

,I

Peat has been discovered in some regions along the Atlantic Ocean and a peat thermic plant project was envisaged. The reserves are estimated at 60 million tons, 800,000 tons of which are exploitable.

Hydroelectric reserves are relatively low because Senegal is a flat country with the exception of the eastern region where are found the first spurs of the Fanta Ojallon highlands. The overall potential, composed mainly of micro sites, is estimated at 1000 MW, one third of which is exploitable.

Solar energy potential is ver~ enormous because Senegal, especially northern Senegal, exper i.encea an annual insolation period of 2983 hours at the rate of 18.4KWh/m^2/day, making a total of 3000 days of sunshine per annum. This potential is inadequately exploited based on small pilot projects with conclusive results.

(b) Production

Att,;,mpts were made to extract oil in 1987 and 1988 but the results were not encouraging.

Natural gas has been exploited in small quantities for over 20 years now. It is burned by the Electricity Corporation in one of 'its plants. The exploitation of peat even for domestic use has not yet started. Production of combustible ligneous products amounted to 1 million Toe/year but is falling with the diminution of the forests.

There is no production of hydroelectric energy. The production of renewable energy is limited to that of agricultural wastes which are relatively considerable, estimated at 150K.Toe/year.

(c) Consumption

For 1990, used as year of reference, primary energy consumption is as follows in millions of Toe:

. ^-

Combustible ligneous products Renewable energies

TOTAL

1.0 0.02 0.96 0.15

2.13

Electricity consumption from thermic source was 722 GWh equivalent to 189K.Toe.

(d) Ener,9Y. distribution

Energy distribution in 1990 is as follows:

Production Consumption % Export + Import -

M.Toe M.Toe M.Toe

Oil 0.0 1.0 46.95

-

Natural gas 0.015 0.02 0.95

-

Combustible lig-

neous products 0.96 0.96 45.1 0

Renewable energy .Q...ll .Q...ll _~ ----2.

TOTAl, 1.125 2.13 100.- -1.005

-

Senegal will be able to reduce its oil imports when the Mananta1i hydroelectric plant in Mali is constructed within the framework of OMVS. Senegal hopes to receive 500 GWh/year, i.e.

125,000 Toe. The Kekreti dam in Eastern Senegal could also deliver 48MW power and an average annual producible of 188 GWhi however, it is still at the project stage within the framework of the OMVG programme.

Senegal depends on the outside world for 95 per cent of its modern energy needs.

L. Mauritania

(a) Energy resources

Mauritania has only one exploited energy resource but in limited quantity. These are combustible ligneous resources located mainly along river Senegal.

The solar and wind energy potential is quite enormous but not well known. The solar energy deposit is estimated between 17 and 25KWh/m^2/day with an insolation of more than 3000h/year. The wind energy deposit can provide winds of 6 to 9m/s. With this poten- tials, the solar and wind energy deposits could be profitably exploited.

(b) ProductiQn

This concerns only timber and biomass.

(c) Consumptio~

Because of its iron ores in the North and copper mines in the Akjoujt region, Mauritania's oil consumption is relatively high.

I

•

•

(c) Consumption

Using 1990 as year of reference, primary energy consumption amounted to 1.4 M.Toe, 81 per cent of which represented combustible ligneous products (firewood). Electricity consumption for the same period was 229GWh produced essentially with imported oil.

Hydroelectricity represented only 4 to 5 per cent of their

~. consumption.

I

• ^{(el Energy} distributio~

. ..

•

•

primary energy distribution in 1990 is as follows:

consumption % Production Export + Import

-

oil 0.27 19.2

-

Natural gas 0.0 0.0

-

Combustible lig-

neous products 1.13 80.5 1.13 0

Hydroelectricity 0.0014 0.1 0.002 0.006 Renewable energy 0.003 0.2 0.003 (losses)

TOTAL 1. 4044 100. 1.135

sierra Leone is self-sufficient in conventional energies and almost entirely dependent on the outside world for its modern energy needs. Its large hydroelectric potential which is not yet exploited makes it a genuine partner in the interconnection drive based on hydroelectric possibilities.

H. Guinea

(al Energy resources

Guinea is practically in the forest zone of the sUbregion, thus making it a country with a great potential of combustible ligneous products •

Called the Castle of West Africa because of the Fonta Ojallon Highlands from where emanate practically all the major West African rivers, Guinea has a hydroelectric potential estimated at 6400 MW which can produce 32 000 GWh/year, 63 per cent of which are exploitable. out of an exploitable potential of 4000 MW, a little over 50 MW, i.e slightly more than 1 per cent were equipped, which means that the hydroelectric resources of Guinea are not yet

exploited despite the numerous studies conducted under the colonial regime and during the 34 years of independence.

(B) Production

In addition to the combustible ligneous products (firewood) which constitute the main production, mention should be made of renewable energies made up of agricultural and forest wastes.

Electricity production was 267 GWh in 1990, of which 71 per cent hydraulic and 28 per cent thermic.

(c) Consumptio~

The major energies consumed are wood and its derivatives, oil and electricity. Between 1987 and 1990, oil consumption increased only 4 per cent on the average to reach 0.34 M.Toe in 1990. Timber consumption in so far as it could be estimated accurately increased by only 8 per cent in 4 years, i. e. at the same rate as the population growth rate. Agricultural and forest wastes represent 1 per cent of the total consumption of combustible ligneous products.

Hydroelectric energy consumption in 1990 was 169 GWh, i.e. 57 per cent of the total electricity consumed.

(d) Energy distribution

The energy distribution in 1990 is as follows:

Production consumption % Export + Import -

M.Toe M.Toe M.Toe

oil 0.0 0.34 14.2 -0.34

Natural gas 0.0 0.002 0.0 -0.002

Combustible lig-

neous products 2.0 2.0 83.5 0

Hydroelectricity 0.048 0.042 1.8 0.006

Renewable energy 0.012 0.012 _Q...2 (losses)

TOTAL 2.060 2.396 100.0 0

Guinea has serious classical energy problems due mainly to the non-utilization of its immense hydroelectric potential l.ocated essentially in the Fonta-Djallon Highlands. The Conakry-Kindia axis is fed by small hydroelectric facilities with a total installed power of 47 MW for an average annual producible of 171 GWh. The Faranah and Labe towns are fed respectively by the DaboIa dam (1.5 MWi 6Wh/year) and the Kinkon dam (3.2 MW; 9GWh/year).

I

•

•

• •

The solar energy potential of Guinea is generally low;

However, that of Upper Guinea is estimated at 4 KWh/m^2/days with an' average annual insolation of 2000 hours. There are no data on solar and wind energy deposits becaUse no evaluation has been made by government services or CRES, of which Guinea is not a member •.

Guinea's energy dependence on the outside world as far as modern energies are concerned amounted to 89 per cent between 1987 and 1990 •

.." I. Guinea Bissau

(a) Energy resources

The only two (2) _eri~rgy resources that Guinea Bissau has are the forest which covers the major part of the country and hydro- electFic resources whose potential reserves are estimated at 500 MW, 40 per cent of which are exploitable.

(b) Production

Since Guinea Bissau has no equipped hydroelectric site, production concerns only.combustible ligneous products estimated at 100 K. Toe in 1990. Electricity production by the para-statal company, which is entirely thermic, was 30 GWh.

(c) consumption

Each year Guinea Bissau imports 35 K.Toe of oil and 22 K. Toe of gas.

Electricity consumption amounted to 67GWh in 1990.

consumption includes private production. This

..

(e) Energy distribution

The energy distribution in 1990 is as follows:

Production consumption^'.' % Export+

Import-

M.Toe M.TCle M.Toe

oil ^'.-, 0.0

.

--.

Natural gas 0.0 0,Q22 14.0 -0.022

Combust:i:ble liq... · 0.1 ^. Q.i.l ' ~^. -,- ^{n ::;.}

'neot/s prbtrocts", . 0.1 0.157 100;0 . ^{, ..}

. . , ^- - ^.._t.

ADIon<,f'i'ts hydroelectric site~, Guinea Bissau has(dQenti'f'ied the Salthino project, the studies of which were conductedw.ithln·the

framewor~ of OMV~" The site is located on the Corubal,Rlver 170 Km

from BissaiI. The IBM power plant Can_{r .-} partiallyt~ed"l!5'6\:ithern

I ' ..~...

o-~".:

: J'.J2.(~

'.j

t'f',':J

,1-h-· .

.. ~~ ~~

...

However, seriously Seneqal and Gambia; i t will be one of:the interconnection produc- tion centres.

Guinea Bissau is totally

dep~ndent

< '

modern energy needs.

J. Gambia

(a) Energy resources

Gambia is a country built around the river that bears its name.

The country is flat and has no exploitable hydroelectricpotentiai. ~

A larqe part of the country is covered by forest.

desertification and the expansion of the towns have reduced the production derived from the forest.

The country's averagein~olation is estimated at 5.5j/m^2/dtloy with an insolation of almost 3000 h/year, while the wind blows at an average speed of 3.5m/s. These data shows that the solar fimergy potential ,is quite significant but is not unfortunately exploited.

(b) Production.

Gambia imports and consumes 'about 61.K.Toe/year of petrQleum products. Gas consumption is not yet very developed but will soon be because of clandestine imports from neighbouring Senegal where

gas is heavily subsidized. . .

Electricity consumption amounted to 80GWh in 1990 coming exclusively from thermic plants.

(d) Energy situation

Gambia is entirely dependent en the outside world for its petroleum product needs. Attempts to develop solar energy in the rural areas are currently underway. Combustible ligneous prqducts represented 77 per cent of the total energy consumed in 1990.

K. Senegal

(a) . Energy resources

, Senegal energy resources 'are made up of combustible ligneous' products located mainly in the south and east of the country; oil prospecting has revealed that in Dome Flore there is a heavy oil reserve estilll,at~dat 105M.Toe which are. not easily exploii:,abl-e under the present oil market conditions. Almost 30 years ago, a small reserve of gas ,estimated at 5.'6 billion m^{3 ,} of which less than 10 per centis exploitable, was discovered.

- .

.r

It also imports and consumes pit-coal equivalent to about 10000 Toe/year.

'The 1990 consumption is as follows:

,

"

Consumpj:ion %

M.Toe

Petroleum products 0.32 61.6

Pit-coal 0.01 1.9

,(:om,bustible ligneous products 0.17 32.7 ^{. " ~}..

Hydroelectricity 0.0 ^0:'0

Miscellaneous .Q...Q.2 ....h.!l

TOTAL 0.52 100.0

Petroleum products represent 62 per cent of the total consump- tion because of the mining industries and transport arid 'aiso because a large portion of the country is a desert and does not have enough timber. The population uses agricultural and animal wastes which are not easy to evaluate. The total of the electric- ity consumed, is from thermic source and is inclUded in the consumption of petroleum products.

(e}Energy situation

Mauritania depends entirely on the outside world tor oil which is the main energy of all the modern sectors of the economy.

M. IDUi

(a) Energy resources

Mali is a country without oil but with an enormous hydroelec- tric potential estimated at close to 1850 MW, 1050 of which are exploitable under the present conditions.

The potential of combustible ligneous resources is relatively low because Mali is entirely in the Sudano-Sahel ian zone., A small ,portion of its'berritory is in the h\U!lid zone with, forest reserves.

with "17KWh/m^{2 / d a y} and an insolation of 2778 hours/year in

"Bamako'EI01~r~mergyresources are' enormous and ,i:he wind energy deposit makes it-possible to have winds of 4 to 7m/s. Manysolar energy pilot projects were implemented in Mali.

The country also has enormous agriCUltural and plant wastes which constitute a significant biomass potential.

.'~.'

~,,:o'::'

nthk

~;.n'.t?.

it

_S',:./ "

C:(.I~

.-<:.ins"t

,:,~:n:.

This CQncerns cQmbustible ligneous r~sourc~s, the prQductiQn Qf which amounted tQ 1.12 M. TQe in 1990, as well as hydrQelectric energy amQunting tQ 181 GWhlyear:" , Biomass produced in the

di~ferent farming areas is estimated at 40,000 TQe/year.' (c) CQnsumption

Mali impQrts and' cOnsumes petroleum products and gas. The

cQuntry is self-sufficient as far as other sources of energy are ~

concerned~ .

Electricity consumption in 1990 amount.ed to 176 GWh, 82 per' cent of which were from hydroelectric source and the rest from thermic'source.

(d) Energy situatiQn

with the Manantali plant which will be operatiQnal in 1996, Mali will receive 300 GWh/year which can CQver thermic production and meet the high demand.

with the constructiQn of the Felou and Gouina dams, Mali will have an excess hydroelectric energy production, which makes it a genuine partner in the interconnectiQn ventur~.

ImpQrts of petroleum products fQr the cities, fQr transport and agricultural purposes could decrease gradually in relative terms.

In 1990, combustible ligneous pr-oduct.Lcn amourrced to 1.12 M.Toe, i.e 83 per cent of the tQtal energy cQnsumption.

N. Burkina FasQ,

(a) Energy reSQurces

Burkina Faso has tWQ (2) mainenergysQurces, namely combust- ible ligneous reSQurces and hydroelectric energy whQse explQitable reserves are estimated respectively at 35 million m³ and 150 MW.

The renewable energy potential conce~ns solar energy which is considerable throughout the countrry (14KWh/m^{2 / d a y} for an average insolatiQn of 2500 h/year, and.biQmass made up of forest, plant and animal wastes.

(b) Production

The evaluation of cQmbustible ligneQus production varies from one year tQ another and isrioi

very

•

. ,

outside world was 78 per cent in 1987 but dropped to 67.5 per cent ili"1.990.

3.1. 2 status of the electricity sector

"

The situation of the electricity sector in each country of the SUbregion is described belOW, showing the productiqn, distribution and consumption. Electricity energy everywhere is either thermic and/or hydraUlic.

A. Nigeria

••

Electric

electricity production are managed by the state Power Authority).

installations for commercial Company known as NEPA (Nigeria (a) Production

Between 1987 and 1990 NEPA production had experienced a tremendous increase, rising from 11516 GWh to 17490 GWh with an average annual gJ;'owth rate of 15 per cent. For 1991, NEPA production was estimated at 18490 GWh. Hydroelectricity which represented 31 per cent of the production dropped steadily to 27 per cent in 1991. The total installed power is 1900 MW.

(b) Distribution network

The distribution network has in the past experienced signifi- cant losses (losses in terms of lines ,frauds etc.) amounting to 40 per cent compared to production. They were reduced considerably to 23 per cent of the production in 1990. The distribution network extends from the Lagos region from where emanate two single triple- phase lines of 132 Kv each. The same network feeds Niger and Eastern Nigeria. Its major characteristics are as follows:

4500 kmof 330 Kv line

22 330Kv/132Kv transformers

4500 of 132Kv line with 80 transformers on tha main distribution network of 33Kv and l1Kv.

There is irrtrie pipeline the interconnection of the network by a J30Kv1ine wiiich should 1.inlt Lagos to Tema (Ghana) with, as variant, the extension of the line to prestea, the arrival point of the. 225XV line' from COte d'Ivoire. A second 132XV line is envisaged with Niger through Maradi in the North ..

(e) consumption

National consumption i.ncreased from 11076 GWh in 1987 to 1326,1 GWR in 1990, with an average growth rate of 6%. One the ot~r

hand, export to Niger increased from 145 GWh to 174 GWh ~tw~en

1987 and' 4·989 ,;'arid then dropped to 168 GWh in 1990. .'

'-~,'-'-

I .

-n ^{I ' .}

Tables 3.1 and 3 .,2 below sum up the electricity prQductioJ) anp, consumption situation (including export to Niger) in Nigeria between 1987 and 1991. '

Table 3,1

NEPA electricity production (1987~1991)

(GWh)

Sources 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991

Hydroelectric 3535 3650 3650 4650 4950

Thermic 7981 8855 10860 12840 13540

TOTAL 11516 12505 14510 ,, 17490 18490 Table 3.2

Nigeria electricity consumptions and export (1987-1991) (GWh)

Sources ¹⁹⁸⁷ 1988 1989 1990 1991

,

Hydroelectric 3468 3503 3600 4450 4750

Thermic 7753 8502 9096 8979 9456

TOTAL 11221 12005 12696 13429 14206

Including:

consumption (Nigeria) 11076 11852 12522 13261 14038

Export (Niger) 145 153 174 168 168

B. Benin and Togo

The Benin Electric community (CEB) is an international establishment to which the Governments of Benin and Togo have entrusted the production and transport of electric energy, which is later distributed by the national companies, the "societe beninoire d'electricite et d'eau" (SBEE) for Benin and the "Compaqnie d'energie Uectrique du Togo (CEET) for Togo.

(a) Production

CBE electric ,energy sources ar$ hydraulic, Which enables it to serve only an interconnected network. The rest of the territory is fed by local diesel plants managed by the national power author- ities.

The hydroelectric sources are: (i) the Nangbeto dam on the Mono in Togo with an installed capacitf0f 65MW and an annual producible ,of 150 GWh; (ii) ,the interconnection with Ghana whose vaUd agreements up to, 1,997 have fi~eq.th'!a supply capacity at 67MW for'an

" " . 't

"

.1

.,

Hydroelectricity production began Kompienga dam which produces 46 GWh per forest wastes represent 35K.Toe/year.

only in 1989 with the annum. Agricultural and

Hydroele Thermic

TOT

..

••

..

(c) ~onsumption

Burkina Faso imports and consumes l80K.Toe/year of petroleum products in addition to combustible ligneous products, hydroelec- tricity and biomass estimated at 1.76 M.Toe in 1990.

The country's total consumption in 1990 amounted to close to 1.94 M.Toe. Electricity consumption amounted to 144 GWh broken down as follows:

=

--_.

M.Toe

ctricity 8.8 26.7

energy _~ 73.3

AL 33.0 100

-

(d) Energy situation

Burkina Faso is entirely dependent on the outside world for its modern energy needs (petroleum products and electricity) and is self-sufficient in conventional energies (wood,various wastes that make up biomass). Combustible ligneous resources represented 86 per cent of the total energy consumption in 1990.

with the launching of the Bagre dam which can supply 45GWh/year and the effective interconnections with cOte d'Ivoire on the one hand, and Ghana on the other, Burkina Faso can improve its energy situation and reduce its costs.

since 1989, Burkina Faso has been producing hydroelectricity and in 1990 was dependent on the outside world for 95 per cent of its modern energy needs.

O. Niger

(a) Energy resources

Niger has three (3) main energy resources which are used locally and a resource that is exported, viz uranium.

Niger has a pit-coal reserve which is not very rich and which contains too much ashes. However, this coal is already used in the thermic plant which feeds the uranium production industrial zone in AXr.