UNITED NATIONS
ECONOMIC
SOCIAL COUNCIL AND
Distr.
LIMITED
/
21 December I967
ENGLISH
ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR AFRICA SuT>-regional meeting on energy for Central Africa
Brazzaville, 29-31 January I968
MERGT IN ZAMBIA
M67-18O6
Contents
Page
A. EKtracts from the document E/CN.I4/IER/IO4, up-dated
in December 1967 1
B. Extracts from the Report on the official mission to eight countries of the East African Sub-rsgion
(15 May - 29 June 1966) 11
A. Extracts from the Document E/CN.l4/lNR/lO4.
brought up-to-date in December 1967
I. Primary energy resources 1. Hydropower .
Zambia's hydro potential is mainly concentrated on the Zambezi River, which is shared with Rhodesia. The Kariba scheme, already partly developed, will have an ultimate installed capacity of 1605 MW and an annual pro
duction of 8.5 TWh. A further 60 m is being installed at Victoria Falls, and will raise the Zambezi's total producibility to about 8.8 TWh a year.
For the Kafue scheme, six sites for a total capacity of 805 Mff were identified during a UITOP/FAO pre-investment survey. The total hydro resources of
the country (less whatever portion must go to Rho.desia) amount to at
least 12 TWh a year, divided into:
1,000 m firm capacity, load factor 100 = 8.8 TWh, and 1,000 m seasonal " . " . " 40^= 3.4 !TWh
.12.2 Tflh
2. Hydrocarbons
Zambia has no hydrocarbon resources, nor are any likely to be found.
At the end of 1968, a 1700 km pipeline (200 mm diameter) will be
constructed' between I>ar-Vs-Salaam" and Bwana Mbukwa (near Kdola) for transport of,, petroleum, products to the Copperbe'lt area.
3. Coal
Coal is reported in the Gwembe district of the middle Zambezi, in the Launo and Shangani valleys, and in the (Kafue Plats), but the seams appear to be thin, with a high ash content and badly broken up by faulting, so that they do not lend themselves to economic working. The most promising deposits are in the Kandabwe area of the Gwembe.. district, where there
is a seam 2 to 3 metres thick, with an ash content of 22 per cent. To
a depth of 300 metres, the deposit contains 20 million metric tons of
E/CH.14/EP/32
Page 2■
coal wita a calorific value of 5?5OO kcal/kg. In document 7j the reserves
are reported"t'o be 50 million metric tons.
Zambia began producing coal in I966 when the Gwembe mines went into operation; the Siankandoba mine started production in 1967* It is hoped that Zambia will soon be self-sufficient in coal.
4. Non-conventional sources of energy
(a) Radio—active minerals;
The "Copper Belt" of Zambia is considered a most promising area for the existence of uranium, but little has been found so far owing to the thick over-burden which covers the entire country. Uranium is found in low concentrations in most of the large copper mines.
(b) Geothermal energy
Hot springs are reported in the Zambesi River basin near the confluence of the Gwai and Sanyati rivers. These springs probably indicate the presence of geothermal steam.
II. Production, ..Trade and Consumption of Primary Energy
1. Production
The only primary onorsy which has been produced in the country up
to 1966 is hydro-electric energy:
Remark: Kariba I Hydro- power station is treated for statistical purposes as a Rhodesian producer.
1961 1962
1963 1964 1965
Conversion ratio ;
Hydro-energy GWh
272 297
311 305 276
1 kUh =■1000 toe 136
148.5 155.5 152.5 138
0,5 kg ceal
E/CN.U/EP/32
Page 3
2. Irade (imports)
Primary energy is imported from neighbouring countries in the
form of coal, refined petroleum products and hydroelectric energy.Imports (in standard units)
Coal 1000 tons
Refined petroleum products
1000 tons a/
Electric energy GWh
1961 1962
1963 1964 1965
1083 993
9421037
1214130 140 140 '150 190
2236.1 2385.4 2558.4 2635-5 29T9.5
a/ Rounded....
Imports (in 1,000 tons of coal equivalent)
Coal Refined petr, products
Electric
energy- Total
1961 1962
1963 1964 1965
1083
993 9421037
1214195
207 210 219"285
1118 1193
1279
1318'1455
2396 2393 2431 2574 2954
Consumption (in 1000' tons of ooal equivalent
Production
(Hydro-energy)
Imports 0*o tal1961 1962
1963 1964 1965
136.0
148.5 155.5 152.5
138.02396 2393 2431 2574 2954
2532.0
2541.5
2586.52726.5
3092.0E/CK.14/EP/32
Page 4
The average growth rate of primary energy consumption for .the period I961-Z965 was about 5.10 per cent.
Per capita consumption was!
1961 767 kg of coal equivalent
1962 747 » » " "
19.63 . . 740 " " " "
1964 758 " " " »
1965 832 " M " "III. Electric Enc-mc. (2.4) 1. Existing power plants:
(a) Installed capacities (in MW) at the end of December 1964
Territory or Thermal Hydro Load factor
enterprise
Copperbelt mines Broken Hill mine Lusaka ■
Victoria Falls Others
TOTAL
Total TE + HE
(TE)
193.1-
15.0
-
0,3 208,4
263.
(HE)
_.
42.7
-
8.0 4.8
55.5 1
1962 82
76 54
^ 30
1964 85.37 89 55.6 65 34
1965
84.58
60.0
Document 6 mentions some other diesel power plants (situation at the end of December i960)s
Mongu 300 kW
Choma 600 " ...
Monze 228 »
Mazabuka 558 "
Kafue 48O »
Fort Jameson 495 "
Port Rosebery 2,000 "
E/CT.14/EP/32
Page 5
Abercorn 500 kW
Kasama . 495 "
TOTAL 5,656 kW
It is not known which of these power plants are still operating.
Produotion in
Broken Hill Mines Victoria Falls ...
Others ...
, l.HE[.Total
Copper Belt Mines Lusaka
fldola Chilanga
TE Total:
HE + TE Total ■"
(c) Import
1959
1959
228.017.9
4.4250.3 : 827.0
37o852,3
20.3 937*41,187.7
in GWh
I960 233-6
21,8 5*5
260.946.8
44c 5 15^5
■■■561.9
■o22;S
I960 1961
1961
236.0*
22.9
7-3
266.2340.9*
21.5
15.3 14.9
392.6 658.8]962
1962
26:: >2*
27.3
7-8 297.3
313.2*
15-3
4.7
333.2
630.5
19O
1963
^72.5*
30.4
8.4
311.3 400,5-
' 14-9
3.9*
419.3 730,6
19 6 4
1964
263.5*
32.3
305*5 372.4 14.8.
1.9*
■389,1...
694.6
1965
1965
276
346;-
14.
7.
. m«5 .644-5
1966 6 4
5*
Congo .; 744.7 522.4 . 463.2 470.3 279.1' 201.5 263.6 314.7
Rhodesia (KariT^)' 0.5 ' 801.6 1,124,4 1,296.0 1,565.9.- 1?848.9 2,032*9 2,085.7 TOTA.L 745.2 1,324.0 1,587.6 1,766.3 1,845.0 2,050,4 2,296.5 2,400,4
Exports ? 12.9 10o3 -11.-4 ■' '17-2 - 18,2 21.5 9.1
Net imports ? 1,311.1 1,577.3 1,754-9 1,827.8 2?032,2 2,275-0 2,391-3
it Estimates.
Page 6
(d) Consumption! power-station consumption and losses in
1959 I960 1961 1962 1963 I964 1965 1966
Production 1,187.7 822.8 658,8 63O.5 730.6 694.6 644.5 593-4 Net Imports 745.2 1,311.1 1,577-3 1,754-9 1,827-8 1,940.9 2,275.0 2,391,3 TOTAL 1,932.9 2,133-9 2,236.1 2,385-4 2,558.4 2,635-5 2,919.5 2,984.7
From 1959 to 1966, the average rate of increase in consumption was 6.5 per cent,
(e) Breakdown of consumption by sector in Gwh
1959 I960 I96I 1962 1963 1964
Farms Mines Industry Domestic Others S;.'les Total Consumption Power station Consumption and losses.
In $ of con
sumption
0.1
1,625.3
46.2
135.7 36.5
1,843-81,932.9
89.I
4.6
0.4
1,773.7 45.4
128.665-4 .2,013.5 2,133.9
120.4
5.65
0.7 1,828.7
61.1
137-5 75.7 2,103.7 2,236.1
132.4
5.92
0.8 1,907.8 71.8
147.7
91.1 2,219.22,385.4
166.2
6.96
1.2
2,031.5
8O.5
154-7 97.5 2,365.4 2*558-4
193.0
7.55
1.5 2,176,4
98.8
157.1 105-3 2,539.1 2-,63!3.5
■ 96.4"
3.66-
a/ Internal power station consumption and losses seem to be abnormally low* It is
quite likely that some of the figures are inaccurate.
(f) Transmission.and distribution
Interconnexion between Zambia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo exists in the form of a 220 kV transmission line-from Jadotville
(Congo) to the Kitwe sub-station where two step-up transformers effect liaison
with Zambia's 330 kV system, through the Kitwe-Lusaka and Lusaka-Kariba
(Rhodesia) transmission lines. The capacity of the two lines connecting
E/CH.H/EP/32
Page 7
Kariba with Lusaka and -Kitwe with a total length of 600 km, is about 550 Mtf.
At-Lusaka, there are two 330/88 kV step-down transformers. The ■ ■
medium-voltage transmission lines and distribution feeders in Zambia
are of 88.33 and 11 kV.
Distribution of electric power is handled by four enterprises. The
largest is the Copperbelt Power Company, Ltd. Kitwe, (CPC) which distributes
about 86 per cent of the total energy, mainly to the mines. It also sells power at wholesale prices to the municipalities of the region
(Ndola, Kitwe, etc.) and to the Northern Electricity Supply Corporation.
There are two other major enterprises? the Central Electricity Corporation
(Lusaka) and the Victoria Palls Electricity Board- Prices offered by
the Central Electricity Corporation, Ltd., Lusaka, to energy consumers averaged:1962/63 1963/64 1964/65
1.77 1.74 1-68
The dissolution of the Federation of Rhodesia and Hyasaland resulted in the transfer of responsibility for Kariba power development from the former Federal Power Board to the Central African Power Corporation, which now has.the responsibility- for operating and developing the system on behalf of the Governments of Zambia and Rhodesia.
(g) Tariffs:
Document 7 gives the following informations "The normal tariff is approximately 0.70 pence per kflh but for large consumers who use power with 80 to 90 per cent of the maximum load, the charge would be 0.40 pence per k¥h»"
2. Future development (4)
Th.eTes.TQ no fixed development plans but in document 4 some projec tions and recommendations are made.
E/CN.14/EP/32 Page 8
(a) Electric energy consumption in 1970 Cxn Gffh)
1962 1970
Mines: supplied "by CP'C ' ■ Broken Hill
Industry: .Fertilizers T Others
Domestic Con. rcial
Agriculture. ..-,..
Railways . .
..Total ....
a/ This figure is not consistent with the figure for consumption in the
foregoing table, but the difference is not large,
The average rate of growth during this eight—year period is.,7^3, per cent*
There is no information about maximum demand in Mtf.
(b) Hew generating capacitys . . .. . . .
:- The Kariba hydropower- plant was planned'to be developed in two stages. The first of these, Kariba I, consists of a .■
dam and a generating plant on the south bank of the.,Zambezi
River (in Rhodesia). The second, Kariba II, will oonsist of
corresponding installations on the north bank in Zambia.Total investments, excluding transmission lines, are estimated as follows:
1,900 220 0 70 150
90 . 1 0
2,431^
2,800 260 120 190 46O 280
5
150. . 4,265
Kariba I Kariba II
Installed capacity
705
900
Specif.
investment
78 21
-Total investment
55 19
TOTAL 1,605 46 74
E/CN.14/EP/32
Page 9 ■
Kariba II is an extremely inexpensive installation, amounting to
$59 per kW installed. As a completely Zambxan hydro-electric scheme, however, the installation at the Kafue Gorge seems to "be more interesting.
The development of the Kafue River should start early enough to meet the needs after 1970*
After 1970, construction of a hydro power station in the fifth
gorge of"the Victoria Falls (184 Mtf) and its connexion with the Kariba-
system should "be considered.
Page 10
DOCUMENTS USED
1. African Electric Power Meeting, Addis Ababa, October I963
E/CN.I4/EP/3 Part I.
2. Ibid., Part II.
3. Ibid., Add.l.
4- Report of the UN/ECA/FAO Economic Survey Mission on the Economic
Development of Zambia; Ndola, 1964*
5, United Nations, World Energy Supplies, New York 1964, No. 7-10.
6. Federation of Rhodesia -^nd ITyasaland: Fourth Report of the Under secretary for Power, covering the period 1 July 1959 "to 31 December I960, Salisbury I96I.
7- Development of the steel industry in East and Central Africa, W.S,
Atkins & Partners, Preprint 1965*
8. Central Electricity Corporation, Ltd., Twelfth Annual Report and
Accounts 1964^1965.
9* Copperbelt Power Company Ltd., Operating Report
10. Republic of Zambia: Monthly Digest of Statistics! July 1967*
Abbreviations and symbols used:
m - Megawatt « 1,000 kW
GWh- Gigawatthour » l?000,000 kflh Q?Wh- Terawatthour = 1,000 GWh
tee— tons (metric) of coal equivalent
DE — Diesel electric power plant TE - Thermal power plant
HE — Hydroelectric power plant
E/CN.14/EP/32
Page 11
B.■ Exiaraots from the Report on the official mission to eight countries of the
East African. Sub-region
■(15 May - 29 June 1966)
Electric energy situation
(a) Electric utilities active in Zambia
There are in Zambia four organizations which are responsible for production, transmission and distribution of electric energy:
- Copperbelt Power Company Ltd., Kitwe, in the central—northern part of the country;
- Central Electricity Corporation Ltd., liusaka, for the area in and around Lusaka and down to the Zambezi River 5
- Victoria Falls Electricity Board, for the area to the north of the Victoria Falls; and
- North Electricity Supply Corporation, Lusaka, for the north eastern and north-western parts of the country.
The dissolution of the former Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland resulted in the transfer of responsibility for Kariba power development and the 330—kV transmission systemj from the former Federal Power Board to the Central African Power .Corporation, which now has responsibility for operating and developing the system on behalf of the Governments of Zambia and Rhodesia,
(b) Installed capacities in Corporation's system
with the Kariba hydropower station No. I, which has an installed power of 705 MW and is. the central and main produoar of electrio energy for Zambia and Rhodesia, the 330-kV transmission system extends to Kitwe in the north and to Bulawayo in the south.
e/cn. 14/^/32
Page 12
To this inter-connected power system, according to our information, the following power stations are connected:
Thermal power stations In Zambia: Copperbelt Mines 193.1 MW
Lusaka 15*0 MW
In Rhodesia: Salisbury 153.0 MW
Bulawayo 148-5 MW
Umniati 120.0 Mtf
Shabani 30.0 MW
Gwanda 12.5 MW
Total 672.1 MW
Hydropower stations
In Zambia: : Broken Hill Mines 42,7 Mtf
Victoria Falls )
(old station) 8.0 MW) Not yet
,r. j. • -n -n ) inter-
Victoria Falls < , ,
( j j. cr\ a -mtu) connected
(under construe— 60.0 Wa\'uion) (
Total 110.7
The Victoria Palls power station will be inter-connected after the new
capacity of 60 Mtf goes on stream. By that time (about 1968), the total
installed power in the inter-connected system will be: . .Hydropower stations:
Thermal power stations:
Corporation's System
Kariba I
Other stations
Hydro total
: total
705 110
815 672 1,487
MW MW
MW
MW
MW
With regard to the thermal—power stations, the following observa tion must be made: all the existing thermal—power stations had been
Page 13
constructed, long, before-Kariba I started operating in i960. Subsequently, the production.in thermal-power plantj slowly diminished as the production of Kariba I increased and some of them are working now mainly for security reasons.to have a spinning reserve for pumping water in the mines, in
case^of a failure of the energy supply from Kariba I. For security reasons, about 55 WS of thermal power are constantly running.
Even now, Kariba I is not fully loaded : in 1966, with a maximum
demand in the system of about 620 Mtf, Kariba I is loaded only to some 80 per cent of the installed power. With regard to this fact, it was agreed that the Central African Power Corporation should control pro—"duction in the thermal-power plants of the System, thus paying fuel expenses only for that production which was agreed previously, or
became necessary in emergency cases. ■
As a result of this, only a small part of the existing thermal- power plants are operating continuously. Some of them are kept avail able for. us©, b.ut, are used, infrequently and some have been shut down completely. The total installed capacity of the thermal-power plants could be made available now only by bringing all of them into perfect operating conditions. That would certainly require some capital ex penditure, but it is not possible to assess the necessary amount without having inspected the plants.
At Luano in the north of the Copperbelt, the Corporation's System is inter-connected by a 220-kV transmission line to the Katanga power system at Jadotville in the Congo. Zambia imported from the Congo
some 200 GWh per year (in 1964), but this import is also steadily
decreasing, because of the increased requirements in the Katanga area.There is. no national yearly report published on the country's situation in the electric energy field, and only some of the individual electric utilities' reports were available. . ifr.
Electricity prices to consumers vary to a large extent throughout
the country. For the year 1964/1965, the Central Electricity Corpora tion Ltd., had an average price of 1,7 d ( = 1.97 US cents) per unit
sold. For other companies such information was not available.
E/CN.I4/EP/32
Page 14
(0) Estimates of the future maximum demand and energy consumption in the Corporation's S?/-_steia (including distribution losses)
Including the area supplied by the Victoria Palls Electricity Board, which will "be inter-connected with the Corporation's System after the
commissioning of the new 60-4TW capacity at Victoria Falls, the following estimates can be made for I966;
Maximum demand 63O MW
Energy produced 4)200 GWh
Because of the Copperbelt's equalized consumption, Zambia has a -very good overall load factor-in the System which can be estimated at some
O.85.
Rhodesia's load factor, according to information for 1964, is about 0,70» By means of these factors; the following consumption breakdown could be assessed:
Maximum Consumption supplied demand by the System
MW
Zambia 280 2?130
Rhodesia 350 2>O7O
System 630 4?2O0
To determine Zambia's total consumption-, imports from the Congo and consumption in the non—interconnected areas should be added to the figure in the.table above. In I964? Zambia'3 total consumption was about 2,652 Gffli.
Projections for the System's f\iture maximum demand and consumption,, will be made on the basis of the following assumptions for the period
1966-198O*
- Zambia's consumption (supplied by the System) will have an
growth rate of 7^0 per cents that is a little more than
b/cn. 14/BP/32
Page 15
in the past period I959-I964 (6*5 per cent). Besides, starting with 1970, imports from the Congo (200 Gtfh per year) should "be
replaced by the Systemu
- Zambia's load factor will slowly decrease from the present
■value of 0*85, expected for 19663 to 0.80 in 198O.
- RhodesiaTs consumption will increase by a growth rate of 6#0
per cent. For the period I959-I966 it was estimated to have been only 4 per oento- Rhodesia's load factor will progressively decrease from the
present value of 0.7 to 0,65 in I98O.
In the assumptions made above, no provisions have been made for exceptionally large new consumers in any given country, as there is no information available ±n th?.t ?
With these assumptions, the following projections could be mades
Consumption in GHH
Load factor
Yearly hours of
utilization Maximum demand in Mff
Zambia
Rhodesia Octal
Zambia Rhodesia
Zambia Rhodesia
Zambia Rhodesia
System
1966 2 3130
2,130 2,070 4,200
0,85
0.70
7,500 6,000 280 350 630
. 1970
2,800 200 3,000 2,600 5,600
7,300 5,900
410 440 850
1975
3,900 200 4,100 3,500 7,600
7,150 5,800 590 605
1,195
198O 5,500 200 5,700 4,700 10,400
0.80 '
0.65
7,000 5,700
815
825
1,640Page 16
(d) Covering future energy requirements by existing and new
power stations
To the consumption figures given in the table above (which also include distribution losses), two elements have to be added to get the
necessary generation:
— .transmission losses and consumption in the power stations which . will be assessed together on 5 P©^ cent if thermal generation
does not become a substantial power of the total generation;
- the outage and spinning reserves of 15 per cent should exist in the System over the required maximum demand.
The compound of both these elements gives an addition of 21 per cent- The System's generating plants should in future have the follow ing installed power in MW:
1966 1970
1975 1980
Maximum demand
Addition 21 per cent
Required capacity in MW
630 130
760
850 180
1,195 255
1,640
350 1,030 1,450 1,990The necessary-generation in the System will be Just 5 P©r cent higher than the".projected consumption to cover the transmission losses:
1966
1970 1975
I98OGeneration in OHh 4,400 5,900 8,000 10,900
In what way can the requirements calculated above be met, and by which power plants?
Theoretically, the existing System's power plants would be able to cover all requirements till 1975 ^y making use of all the thermal- power plants. This is certainly impracticable because of the obsolescence
E/CN.14/EP/32
Page 17 '
of some thermal—power plants, which would require too much capital expendi ture to bring them up to the desired working conditions.
If we estimate that some 400 Mff of the total thermal capacity can work without large additional capital expenditure, the total disposable Systen'e generating capacity, after commissioning the new Victoria Falls power station, oould be calculated at some 1,215 MW. This oapaoity would be suffioient to meet all the System's requirements till 1972 or 19735 by that time a new capacity would have to be erected.
There are two main possibilities for installing new hydro capacity:
— Kariba II or Kariba North power station with a proposed capacity of 6 x 150 = 900 MW on the northern bank, under the Kariba dam.
Investment cost for the power station including the main switch ing station is estimated at about £19*3 million, which gives a very low specific investment of £21.5 P©*1 kW or US$60 per kW installed. In this way, the total capacity of both Kariba power stations I and II would amount to 1,600 MW. The production
capacity of both power stations is estimated at some 8,500 GWh
per year.
Total investment of the Kariba I and II power stations, excluding transmission lines, would amount to:
Kariba I £55 million
Kariba II £ 19 million
Total £ 74 million or US$ 208 million
Specific investment indicators would be*
208 million $
3-30 S per kW installed 1,600 MW
208 million $
~ = 2.4 US cents per kWh installed 8,500 GWh
Both specific indicators are extremely low.
Page 18
- The Kafue Gorge Project with a gross head of 1,910 feet on a distance of 20 miles is also very seriously under consideration.
The total project would have some 2?000 Mff, and it is possible
to "build it in many stages. The first stage (Dam C) with a
head of 65O feet is being designed for 200 MW. The production capacity of the first stage is supposed to be:Firm energy 800 GWh/year
Spill energy 600 GWh/year
Total energy 1,400 Gflh/year
With an investment cost of £13.3 million or $31 million, the specific indicators would "be:
185 #/kff installed, and 2.64 US cents/kWh installed.
Also, this power station is very favourable both from a technical and economic point of view.
After a comparison of the specific investment indicators between
Kariba II and the Kafue Gorge (Dam C) power stations, priority should
be given to Kariba II:
Kariba II Kafue Gorge (Dam C)
US$ kW installed 60 185
US cents/kWh installed 2.1 2.64
Besides, with Kariba II a larger capacity would be secured in approximately the same construction time of approximately two years.
(e) Safety of Zambia's supply of electric energy
For reasons well known, Zambia does not enjoy a feeling of safety with respect to the supply of electric energy from the Kariba I power
station. For the same reasons Zambia seems to prefer the Kafue Gorge alternative for a new hydro capacity. It is, however, obvious that the first stage of the Kafue Gorge Project would be able to secure only
E/CN.h/EP/32
Page 19
a small percentage of Zambic1^ povrsr requirement in the future and, therefore, this alternative cannot "be considered a good solution.
♦ It is necessary to find a solution which would give Zambia a sense
* of security regarding the supply from Kariba I power station, irrespec tive of the existing political difficulties. My proposal is as follows:
The Central African Power Corporation which is now responsible for operating and developing the 330—k\ transmission system with the Kariba I power station as the central generating plant, on behalf of the Governments of Zambia and Rhodesia, should become an international consortium with the participation of Zambia? Rhodesia and the main financial organizations which gave 56 per cent of the total loan for the construction of the
Corporation's System, mainly the World Bank and the Commonwealth Develop ment Corporation. This consortium should have an international administra
tion, and the Kariba Dam and station area should be given extra—territorial rights. The consortium will be responsible for the same field of activity
as the present Corporation, (that means) for the whole of the Corporation's
System, including the 330—kV transmission lines in Zambia and Rhodesia.
The consortium will also be responsible for the expansion of the existing System, by constructing the Kariba II power station and the necessary 330—kV transmission lines.
In this way; the best solutions economically speaking will be found for both Zambia and Rhodesia, and one of the stumbling blocks between both countries removed.
