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Records of t h e h i s t o r i c a l development of c o r p o r a t e human a c t i v i t y , such a s t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l s o c i e t i e s , a r e alwaye o f i n t e r e s t and o f t e n o f v a l u e . T h i s
i s
p a r t i c u l a r l y t r u e of i n t e r n a t i o n a l a s s o c i a t i o n s .
The l i a i s o n between t h e D i v i s i o n o f B u i l d i n g Research, N . R . C . ,
A.S.T.M. ( t h e American S o c i e t y f o r T e s t i n g and M a t e r i a l s ) and
R.I.L.E.M.
( l a Rdunion d e s L a b o r a t o i r e s d l e a s a i a e t de Recherche6 s u r l e s Materiaux e t l e s ~ o n s t r u c t i o n s ) makes t h i s t r a n s l a t i o n o f s p e c i a l r e l e v a n c e t o i t s work, s i n c e b o t h of t h e s e o r g a n i z a t i o n s grew o u t o f t h e ( o l d ) I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n f o r t h e T e s t i n g o f M a t e r i a l s , of t h e development o f which t h i s i s such an i n t e r - e s t i n g r e c o r d .The paper was p r e p a r e d f o r i n c l u s i o n i n t h e d e d i c a t o r y volume o f t h e opening of t h e new l a b o r a t o r i e s a t Dubendorf, Zurich, of t h e E i d g e n o s s i s c h e Materialprfifungs- und V e r s u c h s a n s t a l t (E.M.P.A.)
( p u b l i s h e d in 1965 by Verlag-AG ~ h u n ) . The a u t h o r of t h i s d e l i g h t - f u l p e r s o n a l r e c o r d
i s
P r o f e s s o r F. Campus, who hae r e c e n t l yr e t i r e d a f t e r l o n g s e r v i c e w i t h t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Liege, Belgium, and he h a s k i n d l y agreed t o t h e i n c l u s i o n of t h e t r a n s l a t i o n i n t h e N . R . C . s e r i e s , a s h a s a l s o P r o f . M. Arnstutz, D i r e c t o r a t e o f E.M.P.A.
The D i v i s i o n
is
i n d e b t e d t o Mr. RaymondE.
Hess, l a t e l y A s s o c i a t e Executive S e c r e t a r y of A.S.T.M., f o r b r i n g i n g t h e p a p e r t o i t s a t t e n t i o n , and t o M r . D.A. S i n c l a i r , head o f t h e T r a n s l a t i o n s S e c t i o n of t h e N a t i o n a l Research Council, f o r p r e p a r i n g t h e t r a n s l a - t i o n , which was checked by M r . W.R. S c h r i e v e r , Head of t h e D i v i s i o n l s B u i l d i n g S t r u c t u r e s S e c t i o n .Ottawa
February
1966
R.F. Legget D i r e c t o r
NATIONAL
RESEARCH
COUNCILOF
CANADATechnical T r a n s l ~ t l o n
1236
T i t l e
:I n t e r n a t i o n a l organizations i n the f i e l d of t e s t i n g of materials
(Lee organisations i n t e r n a t i o n a l e s dans 1e domaine de l ' e s s a i
des matdriaux)
Author
r
F.Campus
Referenee
r
Materialpdfungs- und
.Versuchswesen
I n d e rSohweiz und
imAusland,
p.613-620.
Verlage-AQ Thun, 1965
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN THE FIELD OF TESTING OF MATERIALS
The f i r s t organized l a b o r a t o r i e s f o r t h e t e s t i n g of m a t e r i a l s were
founded during t h e l a s t t h i r d of t h e 19th century t o s a t i s f y t h e requirements of i n d u s t r i a l development. P r i o r t o t h a t time t h e r e had been occasional
experiments on t h e s t r e n g t h of d i f f e r e n t m a t e r i a l s with a view t o the b u i l d i n g of c e r t a i n s t r u c t u r e s . The progress r e a l i z e d by the organized m a t e r i a l s t e s t - i n g l a b o r a t o r i e s was a r e s u l t of t h e permanent establishment of teams of
experimenters and t h e i r apparatus. This permanence led t o the accumulation of observations and r e s u l t s , t h e i r comparison and systematic c l a u s i f i c a t i o n , t h e progressive improvement of methods and instruments, and t h e enhancement of t h e i r accuracy. It a l s o led t o the t r a i n i n g of p r o f e s s i o n a l experimenters devoted t o e v e r g r e a t e r a c t i v i t y i n the t e s t i n g of m a t e r i a l s . Thus t h e condi- t i o n s necessary f o r the b i r t h of a t r u e science of m a t e r i a l s t e s t i n g came i n t o being.
The beginnings of a science a r e always e x c i t i n g f o r
i t s
pioneers, and permits them t o give everything they have t o i t . It i s not s u r p r i s i n g t h a t t h e founders of the f i r s t l a b o r a t o r i e s and t h e i r accomplishments have achieved g r e a t fame. That these beginnings made t h e i r impressioni s
proved by t h e f a c t t h a t numerous l a b o r a t o r i e s were created i n various European c o u n t r i e s in the course of a few decades, d e s p i t e t h e e x i s t e n c e of a l l kinds of d i f f i c u l t i e s , e s p e c i a l l y m a t e r i a l ones, a t t h e time.A f t e r Kirkaldy i n London, 1865, J. Bauschinger founded h i s m a t e r i a l s t e s t i n g l a b o r a t o r y a t t h e Munich Polytechnical I n s t i t u t e i n 1871; A. Martens
In
B e r l i n the same year; K. Jenny, Vienna, 1873; C. von Bach, S t u t t g a r t , i n1879. In the following year t h e Zurich l a b o r a t o r y was opened under t h e d i r e c - t i o n of L. von Tetmayer. In Belgium, t h e f i r s t m a t e r i a l s t e s t i n g l a b o r a t o r y was s e t up i n 1886 i n t h e Arsenal des Chemins de f e r de l l E t a t a t Malines.
The same needs led t o t h e same consequences i n a l l the i q d u s t r i a l c o u n t r i e s and a l s o had t h e i r e f f e c t s on i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r a d e i n manufactured products. Information about t h e m a t e r i a l s t e s t i n g l a b o r a t o r i e s and t h e i r op- e r a t i o n s were c r o s s i n g t h e f r o n t i e r s a t the same time. Contacts were
e s t a b l i s h e d between t h e e x p e r t s and the need became evident t o compare d i f - f e r e n t methods, s o t h a t r e s u l t s could, i n t u r n , be compared.
A s e a r l y a s 1884,
J.
Bauschinger i n v i t e d h i s colleagues from neighbouring c o u n t r i e s t o an i n t e r n a t i o n a l conference in Munich. The number of p a r t i c i p a n t s was s t i l l small, but t h e success of the conference was g r e a t . A committee wasset
up t o s t u d y t h e m a t t e r of uniform s t a n d a r d s f o r t e s t s , andi t s
p r e l i m i n a r y r e s u l t s were approved a t a second, s i m i l a r c o n f e r e n c e I n Dresden i n 1886. Two o t h e r s followed: B e r l i n i n 1890 and Vienna i n1893,
t h e y e a r o f B a u s c h i n g e r ' s d e a t h . In t h e meantime, an i n t e r n a t i o n a l congreos o f a p p l i e d mechanics had been h e l d i n P a r i s a t t h e time o f t h e u n i v e r s a l e x p o s i t i o n of1889,
and an i m p o r t a n t s e c t i o n o f i t had been devoted t o t h e t e s t i n g of m a t e r i a l s .Thus, f r e q u e n t c o n t a c t s had been e s t a b l i s h e d between m a t e r i a l s t e s t i n g s p e c i a l i s t s i n many c o u n t r i e s , b u t t h e y were n o t governed by any permanent o r g a n i z a t i o n .
The i n i t i a t i v e came from Zurich, t h e s e a t o f t h e F e d e r a l L a b o r a t o r y f o r t h e T e s t i n g of M a t e r i a l s , t a k e n by i t s d i r e c t o r , L. von Tetmayer, f o r f o u n d i n g t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n o f M a t e r i a l s T e s t i n g (A.I.E.M.-Association
I n t e r n a t i o n a l e d f E s s a i s d e s ~ a t g r i a u x ) . In
1895
a l l c o n d i t i o n s needed f o r t h e s u c c e s s o f t h i s p r o p o s a l (which, no doubt, had been c a r e f u l l y p r e p a r e d ) were f u l f i l l e d . It was a b o u t t h i s time, moreover, t h a t t h e f i r s t g r e a t I n t e r n a - t i o n a l t e c h n i c a l a s s o c i a t i o n s were b e i n g formed, which o f t e n had an a l m o s t o f f i c i a l c h a r a c t e r , l i k e t h a t of r a i l r o a d s ( 1 8 8 5 ) , n a v i g a t i o n ( 1 8 8 5 ) and r o a d s (1908).
A f t e r t h e A s s o c i a t i o n was founded i n Zurich, t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n g r e s s e s o f
A . I . E . M . t o o k p l a c e : Stockholm ( 1 8 9 7 ) , Budapest ( 1 9 0 1 ) , B r u s s e l s ( 1 9 0 6 ) , Copenhagen (1910) and New York ( 1 9 1 2 ) .
In t h e meantime, w i t h i n t h e framework o f t h e u n i v e r s a l e x p o s i t i o n o f 1900, t h e government o f t h e French Republic had o f f i c i a l l y i n v i t e d f o r e i g n c o u n t r i e s t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n an i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o n g r e s s in P a r i s on methods o f t e s t i n g m a t e r i a l s . A . I . E . M . l e d t h e f o r e i g n c o u n t r i e s , a s an i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n , i n t h e l o n g l i s t o f honorary p r e s i d e n t s , w i t h i t s p r e s i d e n t
L.
de Tetmayer de P r z e r v a . It was r e p r e s e n t e d i n P a r i s by P r o f e s s o rN . A . Belelubsky, Russian C o u n s e l l o r of S t a t e , one o f t h e a c t i v e founders and
a
member of t h e s t e e r i n g committee o f A.I.E.M. Among t h e o t h e r honorary p r e s i - d e n t s we f i n d t h e names o f W. Exner ( ~ l e n n a ) ,
H.J.
Hannover (copenhagen),W.C. Unwin and A. Siemens ( u n i t e d Kingdom), D. Chernof ( ~ u s s i a ) . Among t h e v i c e - p r e s i d e n t s and s e c r e t a r i e s were Barba, Candlot, Durand-Claye, F e r e t , Mesnager, Rateau ( F r a n c e ) , Camerman ( ~ e l g i u m ) , R i b e r a ( S p a i n ) , B i e n f a i t
( N e t h e r l a n d s ) .
The p r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e Congress o f P a r i s f i l l e d t h r e e l a r g e volumes w i t h some v e r y fundamental p a p e r s , t h e development o f which goes d e c i d e d l y beyond t h a t o f c o n g r e s s communications, r e a c h i n g t h e l e v e l o f s y n t h e s i s o f t h e o r y and a p p l i c a t i o n . Exchanges of o p i n i o n s and d i s c u s s i o n s a r e a l s o v e r y prominent. Among t h e names o f t h e c o n t r i b u t o r s we may n o t e t h o s e o f Hartmann, Mesnager, F e r e t , Fremont, Le C h z t e l i e r , Charpy, Considkre ( F r a n c e ) , Thurston, Howe (USA), B r i n e 1 1
wede en),
S e e f e h l n e r ( ~ u d a p e s t ) , P e t r o d ( R u s s i a ) , e t c .These a r e a l l names o f g r e a t renown i n t h e f i e l d of t e s t i n g o f m a t e r i a l e . The a c t i o n of t h e s e i l l u s t r i o u s p i o n e e r s b e a r s w i t n e s s i n
a
s t r i k i n g way t ot h e w i l l t o i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o l l a b o r a t i o n i n a s p r a c t i c a l a s c i e n c e a s t h e knowledge and t e s t i n g o f m a t e r i a l s , d e s p i t e t h e p o l i t i c a l d i f f i c u l t i e s of t h e
t i m e . The l a t t e r were t o l e a d t o t h e F i r s t World liar, and t h e s t i l l y o u t h f u l c r e a t i o n of t h e s e p i o n e e r s would founder i n i t , l i k e s o many o t h e r o l d e r i n s t i t u t i o n s . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e i r s p i r i t s u r v i v e d , a l o n g w i t h t h e d i f f i c u l - t i e s , which had p e r h a p s become even g r e a t e r t h a n b e f o r e . T h i s i s why i t was n o t u n t i l 1926 t h a t r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of two n e u t r a l c o u n t r i e s , t h e N e t h e r l a n d s and S w i t z e r l a n d ( t h e l a t t e r r e p r e s e n t e d by t h e new d i r e c t o r of t h e E.M.P.A., P r o f . M. R o s ) , met t o p r e p a r e f o r a resumption of i n t e r n a t i o n a l a c t i v i t y i n t h e f i e l d of t e s t i n g o f m a t e r i a l s . C o n t a c t s were renewed among t h e members of t h e now d e f u n c t I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n , i n o r d e r t o c o n s u l t t h e i n t e r e s t e d c i r c l e s . F i n a l l y , a meeting was organized i n Z u r i c h , i n September 1926, t o which t h e d e l e g a t e s of 1 6 c o u n t r i e s were i n v i t e d . A t t h i s meeting t h e d e s i r e t o resume i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o l l a b o r a t i o n , a t f i r s t i n the form of a c o n g r e s s t o be h e l d i n Amsterdam i n September, 1927, was unanimously e x p r e s s e d .
It was a t t h i s Congress t h a t t h e New I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n f o r t h e T e s t i n g o f M a t e r i a l s ( N . A . I.E.
M.
-Nouvelle A s s o c i a t i o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l e pour 1 ' E s s a i d e s ~ a t d r i a u x ) was founded, and among i t s f o u n d e r s were s e v e r a l f i g u r e s from t h e e a r l i e r a s s o c i a t i o n , namely Mesnager and F e r e t ( ~ r a n c e ) , Rosenhain (United ~ i n g d o m ),
Roos a f H j e l m s s t e r (Sweden ), H h i g s b e r g ( ~ u s t r i a ),Memrnler ( ~ e r m a n y ) , Rabozee (Belgium). Homage was paid t o famous ones who had passed on, i n c l u d i n g K i r k a l d y and W8hler. Among t h e f o u n d e r s of N.A.I.E.M. we n o t e t h e names of Baes (Belgium), Tjaden
e ether lands),
Czako ( ~ u n g a r y ) , Vandone ( I t a l y ) , Tomitch ( ~ u g o s l a v i a ), Johansson (Sweden ), Klokner( ~ z e c h o s l o v a k i a ) , F u l r i e i l e r (USA), A . Meyer and Ros ( ~ w i t z e r l a n d ) .
The p r e s i d e n t of t h e Amsterdam Congress was M.E.H. Tjaden. The proceed- i n g s i n c l u d e f i r s t of a l l f o u r fundamental conmunicatlons by T.D. Lynch ( U S A ) , A . Mesnager, F. Korber ( D f i s s e l d o r f ) and W. Rosenhain. They were followed by
a l a r g e number of s h o r t , more p e r s o n a l communications. Among t h e a u t h o r s
we
n o t e t h e names of t h e v e t e r a n s F e r e t , Le ~ h s t e l i e r , van d e r Kloes
( N e t h e r l a n d s ) , Emperger, M a i l l a r t , P r o b s t , and o t h e r s who had appeared more r e c e n t l y b u t have a l s o passed on s i n c e : P o r t e v i n , G r h , Graf, C e l l e r i e r , Magnel, S c h l y t e r
wede en),
a s w e l l a s many o t h e r s s t i l l l i v i n g .The f i r s t p r e s i d e n t o f N.A.I.E.M. was A . Mesnager and h i s s e c r e t a r y g e n e r a l was M. Ros, who was c e r t a i n l y t h e p r o t a g o n i s t of t h e new i n s t i t u t i o n . Four groups were s e t up, each under t h e d i r e c t i o n of a chairman. During t h e p r e s i d e n c y of M. Mesnager, t h e chairmen of t h e s e groups were W. Rosenhain
Roos a f H j e l m s l t e r (group 111, o r g a n i c m a t e r i a l s ) and W . von Moellendorf (group
IV,
m a t t e r s of g e n e r a l i n t e r e s t ) .With t h e a i d of a permanent committee made up of d e l e g a t e s from a l l t h e member c o u n t r i e s , t h i s d i r e c t o r a t e a s s i d u o u s l y prepared f o r t h e f i r s t r e g u l a r c o n g r e s s of N.A.I.E.M., which took p l a c e a t t h e s e a t of t h e a s s o c i a t i o n i n Zurich i n 1931, one y e a r a f t e r t h e c e l e b r a t i o n of t h e 5 0 t h a n n i v e r s a r y of t h e foundlng of t h e F e d e r a l Laboratory f o r t h e T e s t i n g of M a t e r i a l s .
It i s n o t p o s s i b l e t o d e s c r i b e t h i s a n n i v e r s a r y c e l e b r a t i o n h e r e , which was an i m p o r t a n t e v e n t i n i n t e r n a t i o n a l r e l a t i o n s w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e t e s t i n g of m a t e r i a l s . It was t h e o c c a s i o n of s p e c i a l homage t o L . von Tetmayer, founder of both A.I.E.M. and E.M.P.A., and of e x p r e s s i o n s of a d m i r a t i o n f o r
M. Ros, second s u c c e s s o r of L. von Tetmayer a s d i r e c t o r of E.M.P.A., who i n t h e p u r s u i t of h l s work e s t a b l i s h e d a f o c a l p o i n t i n Zurich whence t h e s c i e n c e of t h e t e s t i n g of m a t e r i a l s r a d i a t e d o v e r t h e e n t i r e world, and who had
c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e r e v i v a l of t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l a s s o c i a t i o n i n i t s new form. The r e l a t i o n s between t h e J u b i l e e and t h e N.A.I.E.M. were r e v e a l e d i n t h e awarding of t h e honorary d o c t o r a t e i n t e c h n i c a l s c i e n c e s of t h e E.T.H.
( ~ i d g e n 8 s s l s c h e Technische Hochschule) t o t h e p r e s i d e n t of t h e new a s s o c i a t i o n , P r o f e s s o r Augustin Mesnager, member of l l I n s t i t u t de France i n P a r i s " i n
honour of h i s s c i e n t i f i c and p r a c t i c a l works i n t h e f i e l d of t e s t i n g of mater- i a l s and t h e i r a p p l i c a t i o n " . The award t o M. Nesnager took p l a c e d u r i n g t h e solemn academic s e s s i o n of t h e J u b i l e e i n t h e Auditorium Naximum of t h e E.T.H.* The a u t h o r was p r e s e n t on t h a t o c c a s i o n and r e t a l n s a v i v i d and profound
Impression of i t ; he r e c a l l s a s though i t were y e s t e r d a y M. Mesnager a s c e n d i n g t h e s t e e p s t e p s l e a d i n g t o t h e t r i b u n a l t o r e c e i v e t h e diploma which had been awarded him from t h e hands of R e c t o r P. N i g g l i .
There i s no need t o d i s c u s s a t l e n g t h h e r e t h e p r o c e e d i n g s of t h e
N.A.I.E.M. Congress of Zurich i n 1931. It was v e r y i m p o r t a n t and l e d t o t h e p u b l i c a t i o n of many l a r g e volumes of r e p o r t s , c o m u n l c a t i o n s , a n d p a p e r s , which may be c o n s u l t e d . Many c o r d i a l f r i e n d s h i p s were formed among t h e many p a r t i c i p a n t s a t t h i s Congress, where t h e e x c e l l e n t c l i m a t e o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l s c i e n t i f i c c o l l a b o r a t i o n was manifested i n a moving way by t h e o v a t i o n t h a t was given t o R . F e r e t a s he mounted t h e s t a g e t o g i v e h i s p a p e r , and which d i s c o n c e r t e d t h i s eminent, b u t v e r y modest man. The meeting was s a l u t i n g , i n him, t h e o n l y member who had been p r e s e n t a t t h e f i r s t congress of t h e A.I.E.M.
*
P r o f e s s o r W. Exner, former p r e s i d e n t of t h e S t a t e O f f i c e of T e c h n i c a lT e s t i n g i n Vienna, r e c e i v e d t h e same award " i n r e c o g n i t i o n of h i s c o n t r l b u - t i o n t o t h e s c i e n t i f i c e x p e r i m e n t a l and t e c h n i c a l development of t h e t e s t - i n g of m a t e r i a l s g e n e r a l l y " . A p i o n e e r i n t h e f i e l d of i n t e r n a t i o n a l
organization of t h e t e s t i n g of m a t e r i a l s , he had j u s t d i e d on May
31,
1931, a t t h e age of95
y e a r s .i n Zurich
36
y e a r s p r e v i o u s l y .The second Congress of t h e N.A.I.E.M. took p l a c e i n London i n 1937. I t s
chairman was S i r W i l l i a m Bragg. P r o f e s s o r H . J . Gough was t h e n p r e s i d e n t of the a s s o c i a t i o n , h a v i n g succeeded D r . W. Rosenhain i n 1935. The group c h a i r - men were Benedlcks ( ~ w e d e n , group I ) , Suenson, (Denmark, group 11), ~ a r t a
( ~ z e c h o s l o v a k i a , group 111) and
G.K.
Burgess (USA, group I V ) , who was r e p l a c e d by P r o f e s s o r H . Rabozee ( ~ e l ~ i u m )a t
t h e Congress I t s e l f .The t o n e of t h e second N.A.I.E.M. Congress d i f f e r e d somewhat from t h a t of t h e f i r s t , a l t h o u g h t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n a l p r i n c i p l e s remained t h e same. A s i n g l e volume of abridged p a p e r s was p u b l i s h e d , c o n s t i t u t i n g a very summary r e p o r t of t h e d i s c u s s i o n s . The a u t h o r had no d i r e c t i n f o r m a t i o n about t h e discussions which took p l a c e a f t e r 1931 i n t h e permanent Committee of t h e N.A.I.E.M., b u t i t was w e l l known t h a t o b j e c t i o n s were b e i n g r a i s e d from t h a t time on a g a i n s t t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n a l p r i n c i p l e s of N.A. I.E.M., whose a c t i v i t y manifested i t -
s e l f o n l y v e r y i n t e r m i t t e n t l y i n huge c o n g r e s s e s a t r a t h e r l o n g i n t e r v a l s
( 6
y e a r s between Zurich and on don). The f o u r groups, which showed a tendency towards d e c e n t r a l i z a t i o n , appeared t o have no r e a l a c t i v i t y of t h e i r own and u l t i m a t e l y met o n l y i n s e p a r a t e s e s s i o n s a t t h e time of t h e c o n g r e s s e s .Moreover, t h e i r s u b d i v i s i o n a c c o r d i n g t o broad c a t e g o r i e s of m a t e r i a l s was n o t s a t i s f a c t o r y and d i d n o t a p p e a r t o g i v e s u f f i c i e n t prominence t o t e s t i n g
methods, e s p e c i a l l y t h e most r e c e n t ones founded on t h e p r o g r e s s t h a t had been made i n modern p h y s i c s . The l a t t e r p o i n t was brought o u t c l e a r l y i n t h e
London Congress, which had adopted t h e s u b d i v i s i o n of t h e f o u r groups i n t o numerous sub-groups, some of which showed g r e a t development o r a p a r t i c u l a r I n t e r e s t . The e x c e s s i v e l y e n c y l o p e d i c c h a r a c t e r of t h e g e n e r a l c o n g r e s s e s was t h u s r e v e a l e d and a t t a c k e d .
It i s n o t impossible t h a t a l r e a d y a t t h i s time t h e p o l i t i c a l c l o u d s which were g a t h e r i n g were a l s o r e n d e r i n g i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o l l a b o r a t i o n more d i f f i c u l t
.
It i s c e r t a i n l y r e g r e t t a b l e t h a t such a l e t down could t a k e p l a c e , b u t t h e a u t h o r i s convinced t h a t t h a t was of no g r e a t p r a c t i c a l importance. Although t h e Second World War p u t an end t o t h e N.A.I.E.M., i t a p p e a r s c e r t a i n t h a t a s e a r l y a s 1937 i t s f a r - r e a c h i n g reform was b e i n g contemplated. I t s d i s s o l u t i o n by t h e f o r c e of e v e n t s merely p r e c i p i t a t e d t h i s reform and p r o b a b l yf a c i l i t a t e d i t .
In any e v e n t , a f t e r t h e war i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o l l a b o r a t i o n i n t h e f i e l d of t e s t i n g m a t e r i a l s was n o t t o be r e b o r n i n t h e forms t h a t had been given i t by t h e a s s o c i a t i o n s of 1895 and 1927. During my f i r s t v i s i t t o S w i t z e r l a n d , f o l l o w i n g t h e Second World Liar, i n t h e summer v a c a t i o n of 1946, P r o f e s s o r
M. Ros t o l d me of t h e new p r o s p e c t s of i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o l l a b o r a t i o n t h a t had been born from an exchange of i d e a s between him and
Mr.
R. LfHermite,d i r e c t o r of t h e L a b o r a t o i r e s du Batiment e t d e s Travaux P u b l i c s i n P a r i s . These i d e a s came t o f r u i t i o n when t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union of T e s t i n g and Research L a b o r a t o r i e s f o r M a t e r i a l s and S t r u c t u r e s (II.1.L.E.M.-Rdunion
I n t e r n a t i o n a l e d e s L a b o r a t o i r e s d t E s s a i s s u r l e s C o n s t r u c t i o n s e t l e s
Matgriaux) was c o n s t i t u t e d i n P a r i s i n June, 1947. T h i s development i s s t i l l t o o r e c e n t f o r d e t a i l e d d i s c u s s i o n h e r e . I s h a l l n o t pre-empt commemoration of t h e 20th a n n i v e r s a r y of t h i s i n s t i t u t i o n , which w i l l c e r t a i n l y be t h e occasion f o r an o f f i c i a l review of i t s h i s t o r y . It had one d e f i n i t e s i g n i f i - cance, namely t h e abandoning of t h e i d e a of l a r g e g e n e r a l congresses t h a t had c h a r a c t e r i z e d t h e e a r l i e r p e r i o d .
When we c o n s i d e r e v e r y t h i n g a s
a
whole, we observe an e v o l u t i o n l e a d i n g back almost t o t h e beginning, namely t h e conferences of Bauschinger, a l t h o u g h n o t i n t h a t i d e n t i c a l manner. The e a r l i e r conferences were meetings ofs p e c i a l i s t s i n t h e t e s t i n g of m a t e r i a l s , b u t t h e t e s t s themselves were s c a r c e - l y s p e c i a l i z e d i n t h e e a r l y l a b o r a t o r i e s . N e v e r t h e l e s s t h e s e were meetings of people having common aims and who worked t o g e t h e r i n r a t h e r l i m i t e d numbers. This q u a l i f i e d i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o l l a b o r a t i o n c e r t a i n l y c o n t r i b u t e d much t o t h e development of t h e modern s c i e n c e of t e s t i n g of m a t e r i a l s , which touched e v e r wider c i r c l e s of people who had reason t o become i n t e r e s t e d i n i t b u t were n o t engaged i n i t . The development of i n t e r n a t i o n a l a s s o c i a t i o n s f o r t h e t e s t i n g of m a t e r i a l s went hand i n hand w i t h t h a t of n a t i o n a l a s s o c i a t i o n s and c o n t r i b - uted g r e a t l y t o t h e d i s s e m i n a t i o n , i n e v e r l a r g e r s p h e r e s , of knowledge about m a t e r i a l s and t h e i r t e s t i n g .
This was a l l t h e more u s e f u l because, a l l t h i n g s considered, t h e q u a l i - t i e s of m a t e r i a l s were e v o l v i n g and p e r m i t t i n g e v e r b o l d e r and more novel t e c h n i c a l developments. Thus, t h e l a r g e i n t e r n a t i o n a l congresses p r i o r t o 1940 counted among them a l a r g e number of p a s s i v e members who took p a r t i n an e d u c a t i o n a l and information d i s s e m i n a t i n g a c t i v i t y which was o f t e n of a v e r y g e n e r a l n a t u r e . This c h a r a c t e r t h e r e b y departed more and more from
Bauschinger's conferences of s p e c i a l i s t s
.
However, s i n c e t h a t time, t h e f i e l d of t e s t i n g of m a t e r i a l s had grown t o t h e p o i n t where i t Included a l a r g enumber of s p e c i a l i s t s . These s p e c i a l i s t s no l o n g e r found any s a t i s f a c t i o n i n l a r g e meetings, which were t o o nwnerous and t o o d i v e r s e i n t h e i r composition.
A t most t h e y had an o p p o r t u n i t y t o g e t t o g e t h e r i n t h e crowd, without b e i n g a b l e t o a b s t r a c t themselves s u f f i c i e n t l y from i t . One can o n l y a g r e e t h a t t h e most v a l u a b l e a s p e c t of t h e s e conferences was t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of t h e s e c o n t a c t s , which t h e r e a f t e r were pursued on a p e r s o n a l b a s i s .
However, t h i s p r o c e s s l e d n a t u r a l l y t o t h e d e s i r e f o r r e s t r i c t e d meetings among people d e a l i n g w i t h t h e same q u e s t i o n s , and a s f a r a s p o s s i b l e people a l r e a d y acquainted w i t h each o t h e r . This
i s
t h e formula of i n t e r n a t i o n a lc o l l o q u i a i n
i t s
v a r i o u s f l e x i b l e and a d a p t a b l e forms, t o which t h e R .I.L.E.M.
gave b i r t h and has p r a c t i s e d with r e s u l t s which one must admit a r e g e n e r a l l y s a t i s f a c t o r y .
Experience has j u s t i f i e d t h e new choice and t h e abandonment of t h e o l d formulae. I n q u i r i e s undertaken i n 1948 among t h e former n a t i o n a l d e l e g a t e s t o t h e N.A.I.E.M. t o determine t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of r e c o n s t i t u t i n g an i n t e r n a - t i o n a l a s s o c i a t i o n on t h e model of t h e two p r e v i o u s ones, were r e c e i v e d , t o t h e b e s t of my knowledge, with d i s f a v o u r . Thus t h e views of t h e founders of R. I. L.E.M., t h e 20th a n n i v e r s a r y of which w i l l mark i t a s l o n g e r l i v e d t h a n e i t h e r of i t s two p r e d e c e s s o r s , were j u s t i f i e d by counterproof.
Outside of R. I. L.E.M., o t h e r i n t e r n a t i o n a l groupings f o r s p e c i a l purposes have been c o n s t i t u t e d d u r i n g r e c e n t y e a r s , o f t e n devoted t o q u e s t i o n s t h a t had been r a i s e d by t h e former i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s f o r t h e t e s t i n g of
m a t e r i a l s , f o r example endurance t e s t i n g , n o n - d e s t r u c t i v e t e s t i n g , c a b l e
t e s t i n g ; and o t h e r s r e l a t e d t o new techniques such a s f u s i o n welding. Some of t h e s e s t u d y groups may have been supported f o r a l i m i t e d time by i n t e r n a t i o n a l p o l i t i c a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s . I n g e n e r a l t h e s e groups a r e o f t e n concerned w i t h s p e c i a l t e c h n i q u e s . However, more fundamental q u e s t i o n s , such a s a d e t a i l e d knowledge of t h e behaviour of nevi o r o l d m a t e r i a l s under v a r i o u s circumstances, a r e n o t only t h e s u b j e c t of i n t e r n a t i o n a l congresses of rheology, b u t a l s o a r e of i n t e r e s t t o i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s of b u i l d i n g e n g i n e e r s . Nor must we l o s e s i g h t of t h e f a c t t h a t t h e t e s t i n g of m a t e r i a l s i s an important a u x i l i a r y i n s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n , t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n of which i s t h e I.S.O. We
have t h u s come t o an important juncture i n t h e whole f i e l d of t e s t i n g of m a t e r i a l s , where a s e a r l y a s 1931 i n the work of a W. Exner a c a p a c i t y t o c o n t r i b u t e t o i t s development i s a l r e a d y e v i d e n t . It corresponds t o a p r o l i f - e r a t i o n of i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s made n e c e s s a r y because t h e r e no l o n g e r seems t o be any p o i n t i n c a l l i n g t o g e t h e r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of a l l t h e v a r i o u s branches a t long i n t e r v a l s . The absence of c o o r d i n a t i o n does n o t appear t o
c r e a t e any r e a l d i f f i c u l t y , owing t o t h e e a s e of communications. However, we can be happy t h a t t h e founding of R.I.L.E.M. took p l a c e r a t h e r r a p i d l y , s o t h a t t h i s o r g a n i z a t i o n was a b l e t o b r i n g t o g e t h e r and r e t a i n a l a r g e number of t h e elements of t h e expanding f i e l d of t e s t i n g of m a t e r i a l s and a l a r g e number of people. Its a c t i o n was favoured by g r e a t f l e x i b i l i t y and genuine good w i l l i n i t s r e l a t i o n s with a l l i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s d e a l i n g with a s s o c i a t e d q u e s t i o n s , and one cannot b u t hope f o r t h e b e n e f i t of i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o l l a b o r a - t i o n g e n e r a l l y t h a t R. I. L.E.M. w i l l p e r s e v e r e and endure. We must a l s o hope t h a t i t s a c t i o n s w i l l favour t h e maintenance and development of l a r g e g e n e r a l m a t e r i a l s t e s t i n g l a b o r a t o r i e s such a s E.M.P.A., t h e d i v i s i o n of which i n t o
r e c o g n i t i o n of d i v e r s i t y must n o t l e a d t o h e r m e t i c compartmentalization, which would e n t a i l t h e danger of s u b s t i t u t i n g t e c h n i q u e s f o r s c i e n c e . The s p i r i t of s y n t h e s i s remains e s s e n t i a l i n t h e new i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n .
T h i s v e r y b r i e f account of t h r e e q u a r t e r s of a c e n t u r y of i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n i n t h e f i e l d of t e s t i n g of m a t e r i a l s does n o t do j u s t i c e t o t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s t h a t had t o be overcome i n r e a l i z i n g i t , n o r t o i t s f e r t i l i t y and t h e wealth o f i t s r e s u l t s .
The h i s t o r y o f t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s , i n a l l p r o b a b i l i t y , w i l l n e v e r be w r i t t e n . They were sometimes of a p a r t i c u l a r t e c h n i c a l n a t u r e , sometimes p e r s o n a l , b u t c e r t a i n l y most of them were of a g e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r . The p o l i t i -
c a l c o n v u l s i o n s of 1870 t o 1945 d i d n o t f a v o u r i n t e r n a t i o n a l r e l a t i o n s . If t h e p r e o c c u p a t i o n s , and t h e d e d i c a t i o n t o t h e i r s c i e n c e , common t o a l l
p i o n e e r s , were a b l e t o p r e v a i l o v e r what tended t o keep them a p a r t , t h a t was c e r t a i n l y due i n p a r t t o t h e i r high-mindedness b u t . a l s o t o t h e i r d i p l o m a t i c t a l e n t s . F o r ends a r e n e v e r r e a l i z e d w i t h o u t means. It
i s
j u s t and n e c e s s a r y t o pay h o m a g e t o t h e s e l f l e s s n e s s , g e n e r o s i t y , and h i g h comprehension oft h a t which u n i t e s o v e r t h a t which d i v i d e s , of t h e s e e n l i g h t e n e d men whom some might perhaps be tempted t o d e s c r i b e a s t e c h n i c i a n s .
The f e r t i l i t y of t h e i r work and t h e w e a l t h o f i t s r e s u l t s f o r t h e u n i v e r s a l good a r e I l l u s t r a t e d by t h e e n t i r e h i s t o r y of t h e i r s c i e n c e .
To conclude t h i s somewhat a r i d account, l e t me evoke b r i e f l y some p e r s o n a l and fragmentary memories c o n c e r n i n g some o f t h o s e no l o n g e r w i t h us, w i t h whom I became a c q u a i n t e d i n t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s of t e s t i n g o f m a t e r i a l s .
I was n o t p r e s e n t a t t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l congress of t e s t i n g of m a t e r i a l s i n Amsterdam i n 1927, because a t t h a t time I d i d n o t y e t have a l a b o r a t o r y . The f o l l o w i n g y e a r i n 1928, however, I was a b l e t o a p p r e c i a t e t h e e n t i r e v a l u e o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o o p e r a t i o n by t h e b e n e f i t which I drew from my v i s i t s t o S w i t z e r l a n d and France.
I do n o t wish t o r e p e a t h e r e t h e o r i g i n and t h e development o f t h e f r i e n d s h i p born from my f i r s t meeting w i t h M r . Ros, i n 1928 a t t h e E.M.P.A.
A few days l a t e r , i n Lausanne, I made t h e a c q u a i n t a n c e of J. Bolomey and
A . Dumas. The l a t t e r ' s wisdom was tempered by a somewhat s c e p t i c a l humour. He came t o g i v e some v e r y l e a r n e d l e c t u r e s i n ~ i 5 ~ e b e f o r e t h e war. He was one o f t h e f i r s t Swiss colleagues whom I met I n Lausanne a f t e r t h e war; t h e i m p r e s s i o n t h a t t h e war had l e f t on him showed him a s a s e n s i t i v e man.
A f t e r Z u r i c h and Lausanne, I met A . Mesnager i n P a r i s i n 1928, a
g r a c i o u s man d e s p i t e h i s eminence and h i s p r e o c c u p a t i o n s , a f r i e n d of t h e f r e e c o n f r o n t a t i o n of i d e a s and open d i s c u s s i o n , b u t a l r e a d y somewhat removed from t h e l a b o r a t o r y . It was h i s a s s i s t a n t , E. Marcotte, who r e c e i v e d me i n t h e former l a b o r a t o r y of t h e Ecole n a t i o n a l e d e s Ponte e t ~ h a u s s e / e s i n t h e Avenue
d11&a i n P a r i s . T h i s v e r y c o r d i a l , l i k a b l e and d e d i c a t e d man, a l a s , d i e d
s h o r t l y t h e r e a f t e r . I n t h e same l a b o r a t o r y I met M. T e s a r , who waa s t u d y i n g p h o t o e l a s t i c i t y t h e r e . I had o c c a s i o n t o s e e him a g a i n I n Belgrade, i n 1959, d u r i n g a meeting o f t h e permanent committee o f R.I.L.E.M.
I concluded my t r l p I n
1928
bya
v i s i t t o t h e l a b o r a t o r y o f R . F e r e t i n Boulogne-sur-mer, t h e c u r i o u s and u n f o r g e t t a b l e marine g r o t t o atmosphere of which i t would t o o l o n g t o evoke h e r e . However, i t was a r e a s s u r i n g e n c o u n t e r f o r a b e g i n n e r w i t h n o t h i n g b u t i n t e n t i o n and d e s i r e , f o r i t showed t h a t i ti s
p o s s i b l e t o work with s m a l l r e s o u r c e s and t h a t t h e value of a man can some- times be measured by h i s modesty.Ros, Mesnager, P e r e t a r e t h r e e g r e a t names i n i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t l o n i n t h e f i e l d of t e s t i n g o f m a t e r i a l s ; f o r me t h r e e p i o n e e r s who provided t h e a c c e s s t o t h e b e n e f i t s of i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o o p e r a t i o n , t h r e e venerated memories which I s h a l l conserve with a devout f e e l i n g of f r i e n d s h i p and g r a t i t u d e .
The modest l a b o r a t o r y t h a t I succeeded I n e s t a b l l s h l n g i n t h e c e l l a r s of a primary s c h o o l was o n l y a y e a r o l d when, w i t h my c o l l a b o r a t o r M.R. Dantlnne,
I a t t e n d e d t h e f i r s t N.A.I.E.M. congress I n Zurich, i n
1931.
I n t h e crowd o f d e l e g a t e s It was d i f f i c u l t f o r a newcomer t o make many c o n t a c t s , e s p e c i a l l yas
everyone was v e r y busy. Among o t h e r e n c o u n t e r s I may c i t e P r o f e s s o r R . G r h , D r . V i e r 1 S e v i e r i ( o f F l o r e n c e ) , who would l a t e r show such g r e a t I n t e r e s t i n t h e t e s t i n g o f t h e behaviour of h y d r a u l i c cements i n s e a water, undertaken i n 1934 a t Ostend; P r o f e s s o r C . Guldl of Rome, P r o f e s s o r C. Teodorescu o f
Timisoara, P r o f e s s o r M. Huber o f IJarsaw, P r o f e s s o r Tornltch o f Belgrade,
A . P o r t e v l n , P . Chevenard, who was s o wise, s o c o n s c i e n t i o u s and s o sympathet- i c , R. S c h l y t e r who, i n t h e S t a t e n s P r o v n i n g s a n s t a l t of Stockholm gave me t h e f i r s t s u g g e s t i o n s which enabled me t o d i s p l a y a t t h e i n a u g u r a t i o n o f my new l a b o r a t o r i e s i n
1937,
a workshop f o r t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of samples of n a t u r a l s t o n e s , equlpped e n t i r e l y w i t h diamond-tipped t o o l s . F i n a l l y , I s h a l l mention0. Graf of S t u t t g a r t , whose unexpected v l s i t t o my l a b o r a t o r y i n t h e s p r i n g of
1939
was un u n f o r g e t t a b l e e x p e r i e n c e . He appeared f u l l of apprehension f o r t h e f u t u r e . A f t e r t h e war I l e a r n e d t h a t he was hoping f o r a resumption of i n t e r n a t i o n a l r e l a t i o n s between m a t e r i a l s t e s t i n g l a b o r a t o r i e s , b u t h i s age and t h e t r l a l s he had undergone d i d n o t p e r m l t him t o t a k e an a c t i v e p a r t i n them.The v i c i s s i t u d e s of I n t e r n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n I n t h e f l e l d of t e s t i n g of materials show how u n j u s t It i s t o h o l d s c i e n t i s t s and e n g i n e e r s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e t r a g i c e v e n t s t h a t have convulsed t h e world. U n f o r t u n a t e l y t h e y a l s o r e v e a l t h a t t h e i r good w i l l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o l l a b o r a t i o n h a s no a p p r e c i a b l e e f f e c t on t h e c o u r s e of e v e n t s , wlilch have p e r l o d i c a l l y d e s t r o y e d t h e i r
o r g a n i z a t i o n f o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o o p e r a t i o n . It i s t o t h e i r * c r e d i t t h a t t h e y have n e v e r given up, and have always recemented t h e bonds which were broken by
v i o l e n c e in which t h e y had no p a r t . T h e i r s p i r i t
w i l l
never d i e .It i s t o t h e c r e d i t , a l e o , o f t h e Swiss C o n f e d e r a t i o n of Z u r i c h and t h e F e d e r a l Laboratory of M a t e r i a l T e s t i n g t h a t t h e y have s o r e c e i v e d t h e
i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n , and t o t h e d i r e c t o r s of t h e E.M.P.A. t h a t t h e y have devoted such g r e a t e f f o r t t o i t . Thus, t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of t h e new l a b o r a t o r i e s of Dubendorf i s o f b e n e f i t t o t h e t e s t i n g of m a t e r i a l s throughout t h e world, which a s i n t h e p a s t , e x p e c t s much i n s p i r a t i o n from i t .
