Fire Tests on Building Materials

(1)

Publisher’s version / Version de l'éditeur:

Technical Translation (National Research Council of Canada), 1960

READ THESE TERMS AND CONDITIONS CAREFULLY BEFORE USING THIS WEBSITE.

https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/copyright

Vous avez des questions? Nous pouvons vous aider. Pour communiquer directement avec un auteur, consultez la

première page de la revue dans laquelle son article a été publié afin de trouver ses coordonnées. Si vous n’arrivez pas à les repérer, communiquez avec nous à PublicationsArchive-ArchivesPublications@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca.

Questions? Contact the NRC Publications Archive team at

PublicationsArchive-ArchivesPublications@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca. If you wish to email the authors directly, please see the first page of the publication for their contact information.

Archives des publications du CNRC

For the publisher’s version, please access the DOI link below./ Pour consulter la version de l’éditeur, utilisez le lien DOI ci-dessous.

https://doi.org/10.4224/20386725

Access and use of this website and the material on it are subject to the Terms and Conditions set forth at

Fire Tests on Building Materials

Lie, T. T.

https://publications-cnrc.canada.ca/fra/droits

L’accès à ce site Web et l’utilisation de son contenu sont assujettis aux conditions présentées dans le site LISEZ CES CONDITIONS ATTENTIVEMENT AVANT D’UTILISER CE SITE WEB.

NRC Publications Record / Notice d'Archives des publications de CNRC:

https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/object/?id=01e4a6c7-1e17-488a-9c45-6ffb305151b6 https://publications-cnrc.canada.ca/fra/voir/objet/?id=01e4a6c7-1e17-488a-9c45-6ffb305151b6

(2)

ｾＵ｣Ｌｲ

Q

1.1

ro

t f NRC

wJVl" _{TT· 918}

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF CANADA

TECHNICAL TRANSLATION 918

FIRE TESTS ON BUILDING MATERIALS

BY T. T. LIE FROM BOUW, 13 (34): 862 - 868. 1958 TRANSLATED BY H. A. G. NATHAN

THIS IS THE SEVENTIETH OF THE SERIES OF TRANSLATIONS PREPARED FOR THE DIVISION OF BUILDING RESEARCH

OTTAWA 1960

NRC TT - 918

(3)

In the last thirty years wallboards incorporating combustible materials have been increasingly used, particularly in dwellings; there is same evidence that this practice has been accompanied by an increase in the hazard to life from fire. Society protects itself from dangers of this kind by means of building by-laws, but before action can be taken in this or other ways

it is necessary to have means of measuring the hazard associated with each individual product. To this end a variety of tests can be and have been devised, but there is no agreement even on an adequate collective term for these test methods, which are sometimes called "fire hazard" tests, sometimes tests of "flame spread" or "reaction to fire".

Latterly, work has been done in several countries on tests in which a specimen is subjected to heat in an enclosure and the extra heat released is measured. This type of test 1s generally thought to have advantages over tests in which specimens are irradiated in the open. The report that follows is an account of a Netherlands contribution to the subject which will be of general

interest, in addition to providing information of special value to the Fire Research Section of the Division of Building Research. It has been translated by Mr. H.A.G. Nathan of the N.R.C. Translations Section.

Ottawa,

November 1960

R.F. Legget, Director

(4)

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF CANADA

Technical Translation 918

Title: Fire tests on building materials (Bouwmaterlalen blj verhlttlng)

Author: T.T. Lie

Reference: BOUW, 13 (34): 862-868, 1958

Translator:

H.A.G.

Nathan, Translations Section, N.R.C. Library

(5)

An Estimate of the Behaviour of Fire in an Enclosed SQace

I. Introduction

In oruer to estimate the fire hazard of building materials a

number of widely differing methods of investigation are used.

These

are listed in references No. 1-16.

In the Netherlands three methods

have been standardized and incorporated in standard sheet NEN 1076.

These methods of investigation also correspond to the concepts

defined in this standard sheet, namely, combustibility, inflammability

and flame spread.

However, it has become evident that the results obtained from

tests carried out according to NEN 1076 frequently do not truly

reflect the fire hazard and often they cannot be interpreted

satis-factorily.

This is particularly true of the flame-spread test,

which does not take into account the heat produced by the material

and of the inflammability test, which does not satisfactorily express

the intensity of possible

ｦｬｾｭｩｮｧＮ

The angle of 45 degrees at which

the specimen was held is not satisfactory either.

The specimen

should preferably be tested in the most hazardous, i.e., the vertical

position.

Therefore, an attempt is made to evolve a more satisfactory

method.

II. Behaviour of

｟ｾｵｩｬ､ｩｮｧｾｾｾｲｾ｡ｬｳ

EXQosed to Fire

In order to estimate the fire hazard of a building material,

it must be known how it behaves when it is exposed to heat and

particularly whether it can catch fire and how a possible fire may

develop on the material.

Wherever materials in an enclosed space are involved the method

of investigation must take into account the heat released from the

material after it has caught fire, since this heat is always retained

within the space and thus contributes to the heating of the material.

(6)

-4-Fire on a given material thus spreads faster in an enclosed

space than in the open air.

The 19n1tion of the material and the

development of the fire can only take place if sufficient heat is

provided in order to release enough combustible gases to ignite the

material and maintain the fire.

In a room this development of the

fire results in flashover.

By this is meant the spark-over of

flames to parts that have not yet been ignited due to the fact that

the combustible gases which have been generated as

a

result of the

accumulation of heat in the material suddenly burst into flames.

In

the method that has been evolved and which has thus been adapted to

the conditions in an enclosed space, the material

is

first of all

exposed to a small heat source and is then checked in order to

determine whether it can catch fire as a result of this heat source

and whether flashover can occur because of this.

If this is not

the case, additional heat is supplied and the amount of heat required

to cause flashover within a given period of time is determined.

The

required heat intensity is a criterion of the fire hazard presented

by the material in question.

Compared with (i) the time required

to set a material on fire when

a

certain amount of heat

1s

added,

(ii) the speed at which possible flames may spread and (iii) the

distance over which the flames spread after a certain time

1

the

intensity as the criterion, has the advantage that it states directly

the condit ions under which the

rna

terial causes flashover after a

given time, i.e., under which it presents a real fire hazard.

In what follows this is designated

as

the spontaneous ignltlon

intensi ty.

III. Description-.Q.f the ARpar:-atus

｡ＡｬＮｕＮｨｩｌｊＺｬｬｬｩｾｾ｡ｳｬｾｭ･ｲｾｴＮ

(cf. Fig.

1

and 2)

The test box

(1)

is made of asbestos.

In the centre

12

fila-ments (2) have been attached to quartz bars.

A variable electric

current may be conducted through these wires, which are of chromium

nickel and have a diameter of 0.6 mm.

Two specimens having the dimensions 30 • 30 • d cm (where d

=

(7)

T

f r I 1- -5-the filaments.

This is done by clamping the specimens between steel stays (3)

in the test box and a moveable asbestos wa L'L of :) em thickness. On either side of the asbestos wall asbestos strips of 1 em thickness are mounted vertically, against which the speci'nens are placed so that specimen and asbestos wall are separated from one another by a

1 em air gap. One of the specimens may be exposed to the action of

9 gas jets, each having a length of 2 em. The gas is supplied through

a chromium-nickel steel tube (4) having an outside diameter of 11 mm

and an inside diameter of 8 mm.

The gas ports (5) arc 1 em in diameter and spaced 3 em apart. With the aid of thermocouples the temperature may be measured

at two points, i.e., at the centre of the test box (6) ｾｮ､ at the

centre of the surface of the specimen not exposed to the gas jet (7). Other dimensions of the test box and details, such as ventilating

aperture (8), thermocouple tubes (10,11) steel border bracing (12),

funnel (9) and mounting of filaments, can be seen in the drawing

(Fig. 1). The ventilating aperture has been so chosen thut reduction

of the aperture has an unfavourable effect on the development of the fire in the test box.

The measurements are carried out in the following way. 'file

specimen not exposed to the gas jets is first put in place. Then

the gas jets are ignited and the second specimen is placed in such

a way that it partially closes the box but is itself not

yet

brought

into contact With the gas jets.

As soon as the second specimen has been placed, the temperature

is measured at the centre of the test box. vJhen this temperature has

increased to 60°C the second specimen is pushed further inside so that it is brought into contact With the gas jets, whereupon it is clamped b et.we en the asbestos cover and the stays. The temperature

at the centre of the test box is measured for three minutes. Then,

if required, heat may be supplied by way of the filaments.

Next, the temperature of the specimen not exposed to the gas jets is measured every other minute.

(8)

-6-The temperature measurements are continued until flashover

occurs in the box, or until 40 minutes have passed, counting from

the placing of the second specimen.

Flashover is established from temperature observations in the

test box.

It is assumed that flashover has occurred:

(a) If the temperature at the centre of the test box increases

beyond 300°C within the first three minutes.

(b) If the temperature of the specimen exceeds 350°C within the

first five minutes when heat of an intensity of 0.05 cal/cm

2

sec is supplied.

These values were obtained by dividing the power supplied

by the area of the largest side of the test box, i.e., by

900 in the present case.

A heat supply of 0.05 cal/cm

2

sec thus means that an equal

amount of heat must be put into the box if this heat is

_{sec in exactly 15 minutes or less, the test}

is terminated.

If no flashover occurs after 15 minutes or not at all during

the entire test, then the amount of heat which must be

supplied in order to cause flashover in the box in exactly

15 minutes must be determined.

This is done by measuring

the times required for different energies before flashover

takes place and determining the intensity corresponding to

a flashover time of 15 minutes from the measured times by

(9)

The selectton of the 15 minute period is based on the

consideration that in ｡ｾ actual fire the inhabitants of a

building will ｾ｡ｶ･ had ample time to leave the building

and that in most cases the fire fighters will have arrived. In general, measurements of not more than three different energies suffice for the determination of the heat flow

(c

r .

Graphs 1-8).

IV. Results of Measurements

Twenty-eight different materials (or combinations of materials)

were tested in the test box.

The intensity of the energy supplied which is required to bring about flashover and the temperatures measured at the centre of the test box after three minutes have been assembled in Table I.

At the same time the flashover time of 30 minutes and the results of the flame-spread test according to NEN 1076 have been incorporated in the table for a large number of materials.

For the test materials denoted by no. 2, 4, 10, 11, 14, 16, 21 and 27 in the table the temperatures measured on the specimens at different intensities of the heat supplied have been plotted as

functions of the time in Graphs 1 to 8. The points where flashover

takes place have been marked with + in the graphs. By plotting the

intensities corresponding to these points and the times and by

drawing a curve through the points obtained the intensity

correspond-ing to a flashover time of 15 minutes may be determined. This can

be seen in the graphs.

V. Discussion and Interpretation of the Results

A. Comparison of Results of Flame Spread and Spontaneous ｉｾｮｩｴｩｯｮ In tens i ty:

A stUdy of the results obtained from the flame-spread test

according to NEN 1076 shows that of the materials tested, material 1 Up to and including material 12 (except for material 10) are all in Class I. A distinction between these "better materials" by means of

(10)

the flame-spread test cannot be made. For example, this test puts hardboard treated with 20% monoammonium phosphate (no. 12) on a level ｾｩｴｨ wood-fibre cement (no. 2 and no. 3), for which it was experimentally proved that at 800D

e

material no. 2 does not contri-bute to the development of a fire, whereas the hardboard that had been treated contributes to a fire when the temperature is as low as 250D

e.

Although in fact great differences exist between the better materials, they arc put on the same level by the flame-spread test. Therefore this test is not satisfactory.

However, with the aid of the test box a distinct difference

betwGen the better materials may be shown. A means of distinguishing

between them has thus been obtained. As mentioned in the

introduc-tion, another point where the flame-spread test is not entirely

satisfactory is the fact that it does not take into account the heat

which is generated from the material. As indicated above, this heat

is very important for building materials used in an enclosed space.

Differences in the behaviour of the material were also found

when the two methods were applied. This is true, for example, in

the case of material no. 10, which consists of plastic wallpaper on asbestos cement board.

According to the flame-spread test this material is in class II. When this material was tested in the test box it was found that it may be placed in the same class as various other materials which have been classified under I as the result of the flame-spread test. The better result obtained for this material in the test box is due to the fact that a smaller amount of heat 1s generated from the material.

As a result of the low production of heat the material behaves in an enclosed space like a material on which flames cannot spread 3asily but at the same time the production of heat is greater.

The materials nust then be placed in the same class.

When only the flame spread 1s taken into account the material is not properly appraised in the cases where much or little heat is

(11)

ｉｮｴ･ｾｄｲ･ｴ｡ｴｩｯｮ of the Spontaneous Ignition Intensity for Actual Cases

3y means of the spontaneous iGnition intensity it is thus

possible to compare the materials with one another. HONever, the

spontaneous ignition intensity may also be interpreted for practice in another way. Thus, it is possible to det e r-mne , for a sheathing material, how much heat must be supplied in a room during 15 minutes, in addition to the heat generated from the material, in order to

cause flashover. The required heat may be produced in the room but

may also be supplied from outside. These cases are described

separately.

(a) The ｨ･｡ｴＭｬｾｾ･ｮ･ｾｾｩｾ､ in.the ｲｯｯｾ

For example, a material of which the spontaneous ignition intensity is 0.5 cal/cm2 sec has been used for sheathing in a room.

Let us assume that this material is suddenly on fire. What is the

minimum amount of heat that must be released in the room, in addition to the heat generated from the material; in order to bring about

flashover in 15 minutes? This may be deduced from the spontaneous

ignition intensity measured in the test box.

In order to test the material in the test box it is exposed to

9 gas jets, which set the material on fire. Next, additional heat

per second is supplied in the test box, equivalent to 0.5 cal/cm2 _sec

multiplied by the greatest surface of the test box. Applied to a

room this means that in order to bring about flashover within 15

minutes, the sheathing material must have been set on fire (i.s., the material is on fire locally) and an amount of additional heat,

equivalent to at least 0.5 cal/cm2 sec multiplied by the greatest

area of the room, must have been released. For a room the greatest

wall area of which is 250,000 cm2 the amount of additional heat thus is 250,000 • 0.5 • 15 • 60

=

1125 • 105 _cal.

This energy may be expressed as the number of kg of wood which represent th is energy during combustion. If the combustion value of wood is taken at 4,500,000 cal/kg, then additional heat produced by 25 kg of wood must have been released in the room in order to bring

(12)

-10-about flashover in the sheathing material during 15 minutes.

As

evident from the above s t.a

t

emen

t

the additional energy required,

expressed in kg of wood, is determined by the general formula

A = 2 e

10-4

_v.a.,

where

A

=

number of kg of wood required to produce the additional heat

required,

V

=

spontaneous ignition intensity of the material under

considera-tion (cal/cm

2

sec),

o

=

greatest wall area of the room (cm

2 _{) .}

In order to determine to what extent the calculated energy is

in agreement with actual conditions, this energy may be compared

with that obtained from large-scale tests.

It is evident from the

measurements on wood-fibre cement (a) that when heat equivalent to

1.4 cal/cm

2

_sec

_vra

_{s supplied a temperature of 750°C was attained in}

the test box in 15

ｾｩｮｵｴ･ｳ

without flasbover taking place.

Let us assume that for a room the greatest wall area of which

is 0, 1.4 • 15 • 60 • 01

cal

=

1260 01 cal heat must be developed

theoretically in order to attain a temperature of 750°C in 15 minutes.

From large-scale tests it is known that 6300 02 cal heat are

required in order to attain a temperature of 750

0

_{in a room with a}

entirely different.

2. The calculated energy of 1260 0, cal is merely the so-called

additional heat and does not include the heat released from the material in question.

3. In practice some of the generated heat is usually absorbed

by objects in the room. In the test box practically all the

heat, apart from that removed by convection, is available for the walls.

Thus, the calculated energy is obviously the additional energy which obtains only under favourable conditions with respect to

ventilation, conductivity of the walls, amount of material present in the room qnd excluding losses due to radiation.

For a room of which the greatest wall area is 250,000 cm2 , the

addi t ional ene rgy, expressed in kg of wood is determined by means of

formula (1) for a number of materials. The values thus obtained

have been assembled in Table II. At the same time, the energies

which were supplied when the materials were tested in the test box

are listed for comparison. This does not include the heat from the

gas jets; it i3 considered as a low energy by means of which the

material can be ignited.

The values listed in Table II are thus valuable for comparison chiefly as relative values but they may also be considered as the lowest and thus very safe energy values for appraising a material. Materials having a spontaneous ignition intensity > 1.4 cal/cm2 _sec

and < 0.05 call em2 sec occupy an except ional position. As is evi derrt

from the test on weod-fibre cement (material no. 2), materials having

a spontaneous ignition intensity > 1.4 cal/cm2 sec do not produce flashover within 15 minutes at a temperature of at least 750°C.

Starting from the fire curve, Which has been determined experimentally and adopted by various countries (standard temperature pattern during a fire) and Which records a temperature of 750°C after 15 minutes, it must be expected that materials having a spontaneous ignition intensity > 1.4 cal/cm2 sec will not contribute to the spreading of

(14)

-12-For materials h3vlng a spontaneous ignition intensity < 0.05 cal/cm2 _{sec no reliable energy value can be given.} _{For the testing}

of these m'3.terials the maximum amount of heat supplied was equivalent to the heat released by the combustion of 30 gm of wood (from the gas

jets approxjmately 21 gm and from the filaments approximately 9 gm).

However, in the case of these materials it 1s possible that flashover

may be also b rouzht about in the test box vIi thin 15 minutes when a sna Ll e r amount of energy is supplied. Therefore, the materials having a spontaneous ignition intensity < 0.05 kg/cm2 sec must be

regarded as materials for which there is a possibility that only a

small heat source (30 gm of wood or less) may cause flashover within

15 minutes.

(b) Heat supplied from the ou.tside

In What has been said above the spontaneous ｩｾｮｩｴＱＰｮ intensity of a material has been interpreted for cases Where the heat supplied to the material develops in the room.

A similar interpretation can also be made for cases where the heat is su?plied from the outside through the windOW area.

Heat may be supplied to a room from the outside if the room 1s exposed to radiation from an adjacent building on fire.

It 1s assumed here that sparks and flying cinders of low energy may drop into the room.

There is a possibility that materials haVing a spontaneous ignltion intensity < 0.05 cal/cm2 _{sec may be ignited by the sparks}

and flying cinders, irrespective of the incident radiation, and

flashover may occur in the room within 15 minutes.

For example, the sheathing material may be set on fire directly

by the flying cinders or simply because other materials, such as paper or curtains, catch fire.

However, for materials having a spontaneous ignition intensity

ｾ 0.05 cal/cm2 sec a certain minimum radiant energy is required to bring about flashover.

Tests with certain types of wood show that in order to set them on fire in a room, heat having an average intensity of ｏＮｾｬ cal/cm2

(15)

suPPlied(21). In the test box a spontaneous ignition intensity of 0.05 cal/cm2 sec was measured. On the strength of this, for materials having a spontaneous ignition intensity ｾ 0.05 cal/cm2 _{sec, 1.e.,}

the minimum intensity at which a fire may develop in a room as a result of heat supplied from the outside, 1s 0.2 cal/cm2 sec.

It may happen that a sheathing material having a spontaneous ignition intensity gre2.ter them 0.2 cal/cm2 sec is used in a room. Whether or not the sheathinG material is going to ignite as the

resul t of this supplied heat may be determined in the f'o Ll ow Lng way. It is assumed here that only small amounts of material that can

ignite earlier than the sheathing material are present in the room. The condition that the additional energy supplied in the room from the outside must be less than the energy calculated from the spontaneous ignition intensity of the material so that no flashover can occur within fifteen minutes applies here, too, as in Section V

3 (a). It must be pointed out here that when these conditions are

satisfied the probability of ｦｬｾｳｨｯｶ･ｲ 1s slight not only during the

first 15 minutes but thereafter as well.

As stated above, the ener6y required to ｢ｲｾｮｧ about flashover

on a material in 15 minutes (which ｾ｡ｳ calculated by means of the spontaneous ignition intensity measured in the test box) is lower

t han the mean energy determined expe r-Lnent.a Lly ,

It vras found that for a material having a spontaneous ignition intensity of 1.4 cal/cm2 sec the experimentally determined mean energy 1s five times as great as the theoretical.

It is evident from the tests in the test box that when an energy approximately .1.4 times less is supplied t.he flashover time

is increased from 15 to 30 minutes (cf. Table I).

As can be seen in Fig. 3, 51 6 and 7, the flashover time

increases ､ｩｳｰｲｾｰｯｲｴｩｯｮ｡ｴ･ｬｹ as the supplied energy decreases ｳｾ that at a certain energy flashover no longer occurs.

In view of the considerable difference betvieen the calculated energy and the mean e{lergy determined experioentally it may be

expected that no flasbover will occur in practice if the conditions

(16)

-14-theoretically.

If the spontaneous ignition intensity of the material in question Ls designated by V, the condition according to v-Ihi()h no flashover occurs is as follows:

V

> '1.?

g

(This holds true if the mean intensity of the incident radiation

r 1 100 r :2 • - • 0 • T4 100

is greater than 0.2 cal/cm2 sec. If the mean intensity ｾ 0.2 cal/cm2 sec, V may assume values ｾ 0.05 cal/cm2 sec).

In the above formula

V

=

spontaneous ignition intensity of the material under considera-tion,

'1.? = mean of the so-called configuration factors which can be found

g

for different situations in the tables and figures (e.g. 17, 19, 20, 21, 22),

r

=

percentage of window area in a building on fire, 1

r₂

=

percentage of window area in the room under consideration,

a

= 1.37 • 10-1 2 cal/cm2k 4 _sec,

T

=

absolute temperature of building on fire (normally 1273°K). VI. ｾｴＡｭｭ｡ｲＬ［ｹ

The fire hazard .of building materials is estimated by the ease with Which the material may catch fire and the ease with which a fire can develop on the material.

A distinction is made between materials used in the open and those used in rooms.

Materials used in rooms are tested in a test box. The heat developed from the material 1s taken into account here. The ease with which the material can be set on fire and the ease with which the fire can develop are expressed in calories per second and per

(17)

wi thin 15 minutes. This heat supply is called the spon t.ar.cous

ｩｧｮｩｴｾｯｮ intensity.

A spontaneous ignition intensity < 0.05 cal/cm2 sec means that there is a possibility of flashover occurring in a room within

15 minutes if the material is brought into contact ｾｩｴｨ a small heat

source, such as burning matches, burning p8per, etc. This is not

the case for materials having a spontaneous ignition intensity

ｾ 0.05 cal/cm2 _sec.

h material having a spontaneous ignition intensity> 1.4 cal/cm2

sec will not contribute to the spread of a fire during the first 15 minutes.

For materials having a spontaneous ignition intensity ｾ 0.05

cal/cm2 sec up to 1.4 cal/cm2 sec the minimum amount of heat which must have been released in a room within 15 minutes (in addition to

the evolution of specific heat) in order to cause flashover on the

material lAlithin these 15 minutes may be specified. The heat must be expressed in the number of kg If.l00d which this heat can contribute

in the case of a fire. It is determined by the formula

A

=

2 • 10-4 V.O.

If the heat is supplied from the outside by radiation from an adjacent building on fire and ｦｬｹｩｮｾ cindors drop into the room, it may be expected that ｾｯｲ a material having a spontaneous ignition

intensity < 0.05 cal/cm2 _{sec flashover will occur in the room within}

15 minutes, irrespective of the radiant hes.t suppl Le d , If the mean intensity of the incident radiation is smaller than 0.2 oal/cm2 sec or equal to it, flashover to the room need not be expected for

materials having a spontaneous ignition intensity, 0.05 cnl/cm 2 _sec.

If the mean intensity is greater than 0.2 cBl/cm2 sec, provided that the flashover to the room is not determined by the more combustible material, the materials of Which the spontaneous ignition intensity

(18)

-16-formula expresses the condition that no flashover will occur:

v

> ｾ

g

r ₁

• 100

(This formula holds true if the mean intensity of the incident radiation

r

ｾ 1 2 .

a .

T4

g 100· 100

is greater than 0.2 cal/cm2 sec. If the mean intensity is 0.2 call

(19)

Ueferences

1. Brandbaar heid. ontvlarnbaarbeid. vlamuitbrcidmg .

NEN 1070.

2. Surface Spread of Flame test and Combustibility test.

Fire tests (In buildiug matcrial s and structures. British

Standard Nu. B.S. 476, 1953. 3. Tunnel Test.

FIre hasa rd clavsificnt ion of building materials. A. ].

Steiner. Bulletin of Rcse arc h No. 32, Sept. 19-14, Under.

WIiters' Labor atories Chicago.

-J. The inclined panel test.

van Kleck , Arthur and Marten, T. ]. Evaluation of

Flame-spread resistance of fiber insulation boards.

Forc vr Products laborntorv. rep. No. D. 1756.

5. Procf van Metz und Seekamp.

Mctz und Seekamp .

.. Prufgcr.it z ur Messung de r \'\liJefstandsLihigkcit von

Holz taser platten f:Cgl'fl Feuer". Holz a ls Roh- und Werkstoff ]uni 1910.

6. Proef van Schlijter. Schlijter, Ragnar.

Av. statens Provingsanstalt. Gookenda Iiyggnadskon.

str uk tionc r I de Olika Brandterniskn k lasserna ,

Meddelande 66, Statens Proningsanstalr, Stockholm 1935.

7. Eire-Tube Test.

American Society for testing m.tte ria ls.

A new test for measuring the fire resistance of wood

A.S.T.M. Proc. Vol. 29, Part II 1929. 8. Crib test.

Andrews, L. K.

A study 01 firerroo(ing standards tor pressure treated lumber A.\V.P.A. Pcne. pro ,j62--·j81, 19l2.

9. Roof .Corru-r Test.

l\fc. Nauchton G. C.

Fire rcta rdant tt e atmcn ts fnr wood Natl. Fire protect Assoc. Qunrt . janu.uy ＱＹﾷＱｾＮ

10; Sidewall Fire Tcvt. Cc.r ncr wnl l Fire Test cn

SS-A-119J Fire Test. fire Test ft.fctlJOdsIn RCSCJfCh at the

Forest product lal-oratorv, rep. No. 141; (If Forest

reo-ducts labo rntorv ｬ｜ＮｦＮＱ､ｬｾｬｬｮ 1'), \\'Jlll(!/I'lin Dcr. 19')).

11. Noor se ｳｴｲＳＡｩＡｬｾｳｰｲｯｴｦＮ

Dct Koncclikc No ritc Wi denshaber s Sclskab.

Forhand-lill/-:cr Btl XV. Nr. 10 en It.

12. Fr anse procvcn ,

j o ur n al Officid de l.r Repuhliqnr- Er ancuise.

a. ｑｵ｡ｴｲｾＭｶｩｮｧｴﾷｵｮｩｻＧｭｬＧ a n ncc. No. IHO, 31 juillct 1949, Dccrct du I' jujllet 19·j9.

b. QUJtrt'-vingt,lrnisi2:mc a nnce IlO. 173, 15 j uil let

19'1. decret du 21 juillct 19'1.

c, Quatrc-vingt-trujslcmc ounce No. 238, 8et 9octobrc

19'1. d-crct du 4 sept , 19\1 B. Oas laltenve"chlJpsfahrcn DIN ·1102. 14. Prod van jetz sch.

Iveue re ｬｊｮｴＨＧｲＮｾｬＡＨｨｬｩｮｧ･ｮ zu r Kl avsif iz icrung de r

Brenn-bnrkcit von Holz. Holz als Rob. und Werkstoff ,

Ed. 10. Okt. 19\2, btl. II, 19\3; bd. 12, 1954. IS. Australische Stralingsproef.

Ferris, ]. E.

Fire Hazards of Combustible \,(allb"artl, Special Report No. 18 Drf', of Works Commonwealth exocnmenral

Building St:1110fl. Sydney. o«. 19')5. 16. Schutze.

Unrcrvuchuncen z ur ｦｴｕＨＬｦｾＨｨｵｴｺｴｃｬｨｮｩｳ｣ｨＨＧｮ Bcurtciluon

der Eigensch:lften von Baustoffcn. V.F.D.B. Zeitschnu

For'ichung und Tcchnik im Br.rndschutz .

Y. ]ahrgang, Heft 1. j a n ua r 195(1.

17. Bevan, R. C. and Wehster, C. T.

Investig ation , on building"fires. Put III radiation from building tires.

Dvr-a rtmenr of Scientific and lndustr ia lResearch, 1950.

18. I.awson, D. r.arid Hird. D. Rudiation from burning

Buildings Department of Scientific arid Industrial

Research and Fire offices' committee, Joint Fire

Research Organization F.P.R. Note No. 58i19Sl.

19. Vintto Virtala und Unto Toivonen. Baudichte und

Brandsicherheit, Staatliche Technrsche

Forschungs-anstalt, Bericht 127, 19')5.

20. Lit: Tiam Tioan. Brnndovcrslag door stealing.

Polytechmsch Tijdschrift A, 12, 11-12, 19'C.

21. Fackler, .l. P. Securite contre lrncendie dans Ie

batiment.

Cahiers du Centre Scientifique et Technique du

Bati-ment no. 24-25. 22. Besson, ]. er Fackler ]. P.

ｅｳｰｾ｣･ｳ coupe-feu dans les grandes agglomerations. Cahiers du Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bati-ment no. 26.

23. Fire Grading of Building Part. L

Department of Scientific and Industrial Research and Fire offices' committee. 1946 pag. 18-20.

(20)

-18-T9.ble I

Intensity of energy supplied for flashover

in the test box within 15 minutes

Test box

r

Intensity Intensity 1/1.4 Mean temp.

Flame- _flashoverfor _fl9.shoverfor intensity_for at centre_{of test}

No. t1aterial tested spread in 15 min. in 30 min. flashover box after

test _(spontaneous _(cal/ _in ₁₅ _min. _{3 min. (OC)}

NEN 1076 _ignition _cm2 _sec) _(cal/

intensity) cm2 _sec)

(cal/cm2 _sec)

1 Asbestos

_I

Class I

-

85

2 Wood-fibre I

cement (a) _{ｾ Class I} >1.4

--

_I

--

75

3 '."ood-fibre cement (b) Class I 0.68 0.52 0.49 100 4 Gypsum board wi th paper

I

surface Class I I 0.56

- -

-

no

5 Softboard +

I

forming a layer j of foam Class I

!

0.53

I

0.40 0.38 95 7 '.vh1te wood + I 500 gm/m2 _p9.int I ₁

!

forming a layer

I

I of foam

--

0.50 I

--I

-

95 l 8 Softboard +

!

1000 gm/m2 _I ₁

sil I cate paint Class I 0.50

--

-

; 130

9 Plastic 'IJall

I

pap er' A on ｡ｳｾ･ｇｴｯｳＭ｣･ｭ･ｮｴ board Class I 0.50 0.38 0.36 100 10 Plastic wall II paper B on

I

I

_l

Test box

Intensity

l

Intensity 1/1.4 Mean temp.

Flame- for for intensi ty at centre

spread flashover flashoyer for of test

No. Material tested _test in 15 min. in 30 min. flashover box after

(spontaneous (call in 15 min. 3 min. (OC)

NEN 1076

ignition cm2 _sec) _(call

Lnteris i ty) cm2 _sec)

(cal/cm2 _sec)

15 Triplex, 5 mm ,

+ 600 gm/m2

silicate paint Class I 0.23 135

16 Hardbo9.rd + 1% monoamnonium phosphate Class II (boundar-y I I - TTl) 0.18 0.12 0.13 140 17 Tri plex,5 mm, + 400 gm/m2

silicate paint Class I 0.16 0.15 0.12 150

18 Soft board +

water p::lint Class I I

(boundary

I I - III) 0.15 0.05 0.10 185

19 Triplex + ｾＥ

mono9.illllonl'lm

phosphate Class III 0.13 0.10 0.09 150

20 l.Jhito wood (1.5 em t h i c 1<) 0.11 170 21 Exp9.nded cork sheathing (5 em thick) Class IV 0.08 150 22 Exparide d eork she9.thing (1 em thick) Class IV 0.06 190 23 \.Jhite wood (1 cm thick) 0.05 170

24 Hardboard Class III 0.05 140

25 Triplex Class TII 0.05 160

26 Expanded Bakelite (5 cm thick) Class IV 0.05 210 27 W'Jite wood (0.5 em thick) 0.05 220 28 50ft board Class IV 0.05 235

(22)

-20-Calculation of the additional heat required

for flashover in

15

minutes

Material

(cf. Table

I)

-r:ontaneous

19n1tion

intensity

(cal/cm

2

_sec)

T

ｾ

ａ､､ｩｴｩｯｮ｡ｬ

heat required for

f'La sho ve

r'

in

15

min. (kg wood)

Room, of wh1ch

Test box

max. wall area

is

250,000

cm

2 ＭｾＬＭＭＭＭＭＭＬＭｴＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭｉＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＫＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭ

1..Jood-fibre

cement (a)

Wood-fiore

cement (b)

White wood

+ 500

gm/cm

2

paint forming a

layer of foam

Multiplex,

10 mID,

treated with

fire-resistant

paint

Softboard

+

water paint

White wood

(1 cm thick)

Softb03.rd

supplied

0 ---

,...

r

::1

:vn-5 c " :

_...

'. : <7(J e atlon

(24)

(25)

-"23-Temp. of specimen,

°c

i

80 ｉｮｴ･ｮｳｩｴｾＺ

"

ｾＱＮＴ

cal/cm

sec

"1.4 cal/cm

2

_sec

0 0 2C0

l-Temp. at centre

of test box

2 • • • '0 ｉｾ ,. ie ,. 2.2.. _

Time in min.

cL -

---,-_---,---.,--:-::---Graph 1

(26)

Temp. of specimen,

DC

t

800 ODO

-24-Intensity:

0.56

cal/cm

2

sec

cS\1/cm

2

sec

1. \ I n

15

min.

0.56

cal/cm

2

sec

>00 0.60

cal/cm

2

_sec

r

_0.50

_{call em?}

I I I I ｾＭｬＢ

--0.. 0.>

sec

l-Temp at centre

of test box

10 >0 JO ｾｍｩｮＮ > • 0 e 10 1.:" 14 t6 18 20

Graph 2

(27)

Temp. of specimen,

1

800 600 or< V

Intensity:

0.46 cal/crn

2

_sec

0.60 /

ca l / c m

2

sec

.00 0.45

cal/cm

2

sec

ca1/cm

2

sec

ot

ｾｉｮ

15 min.

2 . 0.46

cal/cm

call

em2. 0,5

cal/cm

2

_sec

t

200 400 600 01 10 20 ｾｲＱｩｮＮ 2 4 • • 10 " 14 I. I. 20 _ _ T lme ln

min.

Graph 4

Softboard (fibre board?)

+

250 gm/m

2

paint

forming a foam layer; tested material no. 11

(29)

Temp. of

ｳｰ･｣ｩｾ･ｮＬ

°c

t

0.32

Intensi

cal/cm

by :2

_sec

600

0.5

call em:2 sec

0.3

eal/em:2 sec

400 200 o

• _{LTemp. at centre}

of test box

1 . 2 5 cal/cm:2

sec

call ern:2 sec

i

ｾｉｮ

15

min.

0.32

cal/cm

2 0.4 seq, Ol 02 0.1 10 20 Ｇｾ

Min.

O L -2 " 0 • I:) 12 ｾ 14 16 16 20 ?2 2" 20

Graph 5

Hardboar1 treated with

15;'(,

monoammon

Lurn

phosphate;

tested material no. 14

(30)

0.15

cal/cm

2

tested material no. 16

Temp. of specimen,

°c

I

(31)

Temp. of

ｳｰ･｣ｩｾ･ｮＬ

DC

t

Intensity:

0.08 cal/crn

2

_sec

800 600

In 15 min.

0 '

0.08

ca

Lz'

cm2

sec

0.'

'-...

0 '0 _{ｾｍｩｮＮ}

cal/cm

2

_sec

t

0.05 call

cm

2

_sec

, • 6 • :0 " 14 '6 I. '0

-=-

Time

in min. o

LTernp. at centre

of test box

0.10 call

crn

2

_sec

400

I

Graph 7

ｅｸｰ｡ｮ､ｾ､

cork sheathing, 5 cm thick;

tested material no. 21

(32)

-·30-Temp. of specimen,

°c

t

Intensity: <0.05 cal/cm2 sec 600 0.05 call cm2 sec .00 '00 o_t _{Temp. at centre} of.test box , • 6 8 10 ｾｔｩｭ･ in min. ｯｌＭＭＭＭｾＭ］Ｍ｟ＬＬ｟｟Ｍ Graph 8

White wood, 0.5 cm thick; tested material no. 27