~1t:~r:;~~~s,on ~

•• _€:~~

^{NatIon .}

~1t:~r:;~~~s,on ~

^{Libra ry01Can.-d.}

,

Olla....Canad. I(IA 0N4

NOTICE

BlbUoulaquen'loonlltd~eaf'iada

.

^..

^.-

Dire cloOIl ducal.loglge..~~

DivisiondesIh" "cenldle nn&1

AVIS

Prevlou Slyeopyrlghtedma l&flI II (Joumal. rticles:

publishedtes~~etc.)a~f1O~filmed. ' . .

RtprodllC'tlOl\iI\lull o,inpart oIthil'.'"lagovemed bytheCanadianCoP}"igl\ 1Acl.R.S.C.1970,c.e-3O• PI.ue readtheauthorizationformswhich ICCOmpany

th i,thesi' .

Thequ.lifyolltlismicro li(;he is"N vily dppendenlupo n Laqua llt'de UMeMICrof,chedependgrand,menld,I, lhe qu, ll1)'ofIhe orig inalIhes isI ...bmilledlorml(;rolllm. qualit' del.t.~"l"DumISCI...mi(;rolilmage,Noue.Yonl in g.Everyellol'\ has been" mildeto ensurethfthlghesl 101,11 1811po1Jrnwrefunequali la supaneure dere pro-

qu.lity

0'

repr~u(;fionPOSSibl~ ^{" d uction.; '. •. .. , '. .' " "}

IIpageleremissing ,contiCI theunlv,~ityWI1i(;h' 'S:Umanqued",pages ,veuill'!comm unlquftrIYIC

gra nt,dlhedegret . ,ru niversilllqui acon'erelegrade . '.\.

'.'.'

~~e p'ag'~s'~ay

^haveindiStinct:

prJnl,ftSpeCI~lIy

^{If" , rLa'}

qli~u'le ~;Imp~;~s;ond~'cert~';n~~ p"~ftS ~~ut'

theortgln. 1P'9'"weretypedwilhapoorlypewrller teteee r6dblre r,surtoulsli es pagesorigtf'lllel0".1IIi ribbon~rIItheunive~!tysen t1,11 .p~r Photoc~PY:" dacty!og r.ph l. " a l'. J(led·urff\lba nusio UI II'unlve relti. ."c

nc v s,alaitpIfY, nlrl.lnepIIo1ocopiede mauy.illlqUI III" '.

. ." ,'. . ' .~ . '.: .. :.'

',. Lel do CtJmeniIQ ui lontde,a"obj.el d'undroitd·'tI-' leur{articles(fe rft ue,ell8menspUb-lies,etc.}ne SOnl~

.microfilmn. \ '- " ,;j.

Larepro<h,eIion,mimep.nielle.deC8rniCfo;ilm11$1 sou mi. .al.loluniclie":"'"surIedroltd'auleu r,SRC 1910,c.e-30.Veultlel prend re connainlf'Ot des IO!"- mUI~scr....to riMtion qu.'.ceomp agnentcell' the se

nilSDISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED.

EXACT LY AS RE,CEIVED

LA

T~ESEAfre

MICROFILMEETELLE aUE. NOUSL'AVONSRI;QUE

....

THE RESPONSE OF CUlIC IOA,ETO ViSUAL STI MULI

by

SHEllEY.MA.RIE BR~NE (~): ."

L . . .

A rhestssubm it t edin pa.rtial fulfillm ent of thereq~i^{remant sfor the degreeof}

Haste-rofS'ci ence,

DepartmentofBiology

.~mor.-i ~ l UnlYer:S l ~Y' ~ ~Hl'!wfoundland

Augustl.979

/.'

..(.'.:,:

Abstr act

. " . .' " . " ~ .. '_ ' ..". ' ", .' .:. i ;.

:" Res ponseoftulit 1~aeto vistial,stjmul i.of var iousc~,lour~'a,!d_~ha~es.

. . J.'

w~ studi edo 1~

^the

T~~tam~rr~-':'Nat1o~a.l

^{'il d: H eAree,}

,Ne~' Brun~w1ck~', 1~ " " ~~~~

1977-

~nd 191~:

^...

Cullddll~ we~~ c~i .!ec.t~d .f~6~. ihr~?-d'tme~~io~a,l ,:·:.oC~be:-:::"'-- .r.. . .'\ '.

·s-haped•.fun.nel.target":,traw·o f'ft"Vte;,~1ffer,~~t cOl~urs',^..,_TheCol1ectio~s: ^{.' "" .}

"1'::

1:ndicat~d -~ d~"ff~r~nt~~.l ·pr~f~~ence. fo;t~e.

^f{ve

cOJ&~r~ ;

,Aedt nesll.nd. .,

.1

MOansonia

ii~t~ur5lt~; p~~fer~d

^{bh ck.}

r~ ",an~

^blue

:~~.

^'the-m·ost.

att~acilve

^{...-. ...}

~.~:

c~,1 ~l/rs;·~hne'~e.l1tlw.'!In/:Wh~ ~e:'~,re :~on~:/s.t.en~~.~ :Ulia~t~,;ac~~~e;_,, :~.:t;. '

..-,.:.J.

' ;~I~~~~~t~ ~ ~~~~ ' ·· ": ^{; j}

..

~a~

^:ly

'~~.~shte'nt th~U9~OU~:··:'.1.,~~~

^..

~~~ /~?,8 ,~.~\:~~,~~'r;~.~~~1·~,S,:;d

^,l:d·.-O

~c+· : .:, : : ,': "

."..!:io.'perturba nslandedingre.~t,er'Jiu.mb~rs'on,.fi,l,~ers.~.ra:lJ~mit~t ng·:wave';".·:','

~::~::::.4B:~O:::.::dl::~::n~;oi,~':::~::;Y,:::'::,:::::::r; .. '., ' ,'

..,

:_,:roll~. s~e<;:.e~ ~f,.~:de,s. a.n,~ .~

^'.

~;rtllr~ans:

^..

w~~~ .,s;~own'.'~~ : ~~~~,~,~~, ~n

^,.';.:

9~eater,nirn!bers..t:0::cUb~:ta~e,t~·t~a.n.:.py!a~f ds',wh.ile~;punc torwa,~, .c~l.-

' ~~f~:~~~~~~~i;i p1~'ti~~> ~: ,' : .,. ." .," ~ ./ ~:: , < .: '

' 9;,il:;::~::j:;;';::t::t:~;t::::i::,:::~!';::t;:~.i·:~;:,:~j .,. ..• .. . .

"'. -"':

··~'~~~,nsf~.6~i~u1t~Js;/~,·: ' ·

^{. . .:., :::':}

'~;L;: ' :::-~ .

^{I '.-(':}

1.-..' .,; "

..,.. I.~I:,,~·:

::.; ',

.,~,

'. :. '

"

'.

:."~',:' ',,"..

I.

,: '.

" ,. ,

Lh t'of Tables

~ _{: t -}

'

.. .,' Page-·

.13..

.

,

r•

Ta~~{;iedItlllS;~l Ref{~~'~nce

^{'Val uesfor}

p;t~r­

bol"DlighArtbolrd'(frtlllBradbury.HJ2}

.. ', :' '

Ta~1.e

²

l~t~ns1iY

^{of.th e}

P;ter:bOro~~

^{Ar t ::ad}

at'S~lected

,." ",, ' <. ..' \.: .w~.vel,tIl~th~

'.as

Reco~~ed ~~th,a ;pec .-or~~~,ome.te,~.

" '..

,.~l~

^{,". ' l}

[, , > : . . ;, ;: \' ? ': " \l:~;:';:,~;~i~:;'2lh'.~'~~:~ r;t~P~~f',~" " ^{; ' ::,-';;..} '.'~I:

\ '/:'; .'. :::: _j~ ;;:~;;;~:i;:\?~m;;;:;;.pi~~P::,~:~:t:r (: ' . . ' . ',, '-: ,> . , :

[. ' , i_.:-.::~.:.:,;

^.•

~.' ;·' i:K' ;::'E~'~E1 ;~::Z ^{:::::: . ; . ." . ::/ '"}

\ : ' . .

Fff~~.e~.o~, y~,

^..

~.:

^-,

pa~~ .8 ,,_:>", '" .: :.~ ::. : , ' . ~S: ·

^{.. ";'-:-}

f ':';

l.r, .''. :: . '.j~le..8,:Spec1esof ClIHt1dae'Coll ectedfrDIIIThree-Dimensional; .'-,:',\-.

. Col/?uredArtboardTal'gl!t~.,atEac.h Site (Stpdy 1)

<',

3P·•

Table'./~·· '~~~1~·S ~/c~H't·id.e 1011~~' fro-'Three'''D1~~~ot\~1 ~''~'

^{.... .}

t' :,;... ..

^{Col o ured}

A rtboard Taf9l!ts.

1917 (Study1): ' . ' -, : /,.,""

~> : _ .

^Tab"e

^{1 0 ,'~1e'~} o;';C~1~~fda~' c'c;~lec.ted ;~e-:Th~~~tifme;ns'1~1 :

f .: .;':Col ouredArtJ)o,rd.Targets•.1918 (SbldY'l) .' ..•..,...:',;. 32

'.:•.Tabl i'J:l.··Nw-bersof

CU~l Cf~lI;

^Col1Kte;'tn

t!lt~l~~~d'~~~

^•.

~

t > . ':\', .",', t;i~~T1Gt:~~ ^.: ~~-;~t'~~, s~;.s.~~~)9~~:' ^.•. ~.~~:~8., !: ^{. / 38 '.}

~.' :., V:: T;bl~~ 12': S~1es c'ot1 ~~~ f~'

^{the...to,l Oured}

Ar1:tioard~argets

"; ': , . :'.

\ ;' ' . . ' ( .: :.~.:, - , :~:~': . ".~.,'~ . . :;~~;:\~ .. ':~~:.~;d~: :::1':~:~':~~~~ '~l·~~:t.~~·, ;rit~~·~::;\ '-'~ . :';:.

^,:.4D

,:~'~',,~.;'J ^{. '}

I s ^{;.~; > ': '.} .'.,"" ". ' ~:I~~re~/rtb(l~~,

^..

T;a~,t

^•.

a~. ~.y: a.~~:~t ,N.1 ~~.t,' (~.t~Y.'.~.l '·

^..:4.1" " ,,",.".':

t, '.':'.',:"Table:14 Totl,lHinrberof.,Cu1 1C1if.e.Captllrid' 1n'Tl'aps'

of·

Two " ···.". ':·43".:."'_.:,~; ':~. ,':•.",.

'.;;,'••I ••• •" G:eomet:1~al^LSh.p~s, ·,Expo,se~.:,atfou~Str.,t a'(~t.u~,2!;

[-r'; : ,,:i;<,~'b1" ~: :~:~'c:r.~~:il::~~edcO~:'Y~1~::. ~~rl~~~'~~(~, :\' ; " ~;_, :, ^{-. ,,.,}

\I't:••..•.

,~ ·

^•.jli'·"·••.,.'.;.•.

j . . _~,,/, ^{. . .} :,' ;': .>,:;;-,; ~ ^: >:",: ; :? ,' :', - - <;"-'c' ,:"."" , ",- ", .,- ".

, . ,: :':'~~ ^{. .} " '~" : ' ~.:. , .."" '-Y;~ ' ^;...;. ~ :. "_:,~,, '.\/:" :.: :.... : j.;c.: .:.

;'.'

-j'~: -:-: ~.

^{',' ::.}

~:!;:.~.:~

^.:

:~:~,;

^{. :',}

:~)

^...-:

\.'

vtt-

vLtst.OfF1g~r~s

.27 :33'-'

·,19

,,' Page l\.

Aeria l·Viewof"theTint amfr re Na"tionalWj"ld.lff e Area.NewBr\lTlsw1c"k, 1.Sy.lvanSUe '

2.-l acustri ne Sfte . ,A.Canadian Wildli feSer vice

Field Station . Fig. 2

Three-D1mei'lSional';~ ColoiJr~d ~r't~ard i~rga~s

' . ,. ' ~:::e(1:~~'~)~ f'O~ GrOrd ~'{6 rth,!est , . " ' .

^.12

F1g.'3'Cubesand'pyram1di"Expose dat,Vary1'n'gStrata;:(St udi d ".'>~1,:

•••'f' ^r ':,i:i:~;:: ; ~;:::;:~~~:'"ot~:~;l:::r;~;Tl;::tif,~t;d: 1 ;' .'

,?f:~~.s.}pp_atat~f.,for.~}S~.1aY~~.f.K~d~k:,~f l~rs'(S:t~dY.Al:-:.:.

,'ig,'

i~:*~r:t:;::;;~:~:;r..Ph'~'Y.·Jf 'O~ ' 11t~ :

Fig.'7..landi.ng'Response,s of,Cul icidaeto jhree -uteens tcnal•.

Col.oure~~r.tboardTargets..1_97J.,(Stud~1) . .fig.8

Landi~g Responses

Of-CUl1d,dae'to

Three.01~~nst onal.

Colo\lredArtboard.Target s .,1978(Study,,1):

la~d1~g":'Re~~nSe," of " Cu ' ; 1,c~d~e , 113 Ctl~U~~'d ;' !hr~e.

~~~~~~ ~~~~i~~~~~~: .

^T

t ~j;~ril~9;8F:n~~~~n

¹

)f

~'N~~;s· ~t'i:~:1:1~1 da~

^',Co1

i e;;'~~d:

^from'

c~~e~" a'n'~:

Pyram1ds~Expose.ifat':Differeilf St rata·,'(St ildy 2)

~.~^{. ,..c}' '.:',",:" :,.';'',': :", : ". '.,",,~,~:,-" ^{... . '-"',..'""}

.F~~."l \': :ae;~~~~,~,'~:e~~~~~~13Eo~;ot~~j;,~~T:~:l~.l~~~~;~·:i

,cent agesof,lan.et1ngRate!:on:~he'Kod akFilt e-r:s'

TrCl-nsmltt1ng'NarrowWavelengthBands'of the;".

,El,ectromagnl!tfc.'Spectrum,JSt,udy4B)":'._ :

-,";".;.'~.". .,'

.

."t '.: -. ' '.\,".~

'.:-.

11

"dar-ker shadesofeachcolour-attractedthe, most~._~whi le the

light.ershades-attract edmost~;t~eniomYnchus. The darke rshades of thebrighter~olours(yellow,orange)andthe )1ght ershadesof thedar ke rcolours{blue}~rethemost att racti vetoe~.~.

4 ' . •

Sip pelandBroWIJ.(1953)'renderedobje ct smoreat tra ctiveby an ,tncreese inblackand whiteinte r face tnecheckerboard pat te rn,a

princlll'le whiCh

~,!~e a~d Bur~ess

^{l'9'60}

~pl0Yed

^{in their}

b' a~k

^and

. '

r i

whitenos quftctraps..

' . . • ! .

:-.~atis ,inmany

r es"r

t.~tereStin9 featur -eofOb~ervati on5 on"other insec'ts:.is_th~tth,vfs tble.spec-~rumext en.dSfritothenear: u1tr~vl ol etre.91pn.,"Brt'yev(1963)s.howed ultraviolettrapswere coll ectinglarger-",l!flIber::Ofmosquitoes.than'.w.ere.t hi..wtJite light trap,s.2The.incor porat.tonOf/ 11thobser:vatf cns.into.tr-a psfor .

~~~t~es

^wa'sattempted b /Headl ee-

(1937~.

^'14ei .ss'{1943}

~nd

^William;.

~il.,

^{(1955), who}

show~d' t~e ef.fectivene~s Of :lig~traps

^{tncreae ed}

Witp"sho~aVel engthsanduftrevtolet'lamps were showntoo take • _

. 1a·rgen\ntier~

^of

~sq:itQes.

^Ina,n

~att~pt .t.~ estllbl ~Sh

^the

'spe~tra'l

·lsens.it fv it y ofmosquitoes...--tandavoidingtheus e of theword·colour •

.J. : - '.

Del~ng(1954)obser vedincreases in'lnos,quito'actlvitytospectral beamsa~d ~olour,filters~1~i nthe 364- 400~mr<tnge -.Fedder an.d .e

'\lD'~ttract1ve ~~~oured clot~~'ritl:

^Theyest ablishe d.,black

gann~~t.s

^to'be

..' ...:'Al ekseyev(1'965)tnted toestabli~the Impa"'r timceof personal protectionfrom

bi~ing

^f1ies.•

··i·n~ludi ~g

^{Culici dae.by theus eof}

..

I.'

( .

.)l'IOst'at :r actfve fo--r Cul'fc'dall:whe'n,exp~sed,as clothfngon people.

"'hhe·Wh1~.

;elloW'

and)~~e?

are."" ,ait ract fve.

-to ^P

TIl;'

.~ha..e._eof anObj et:t: .and.f~S,~leintheat~r,attion

? f

rr(lsqu lt~s .bas.~otbeenextensiv~l ystudf e,dand In-fact ,nospecific repor tson-

e-".,

) ,

---~-'-'-' -"'~"-'

- -'

'.-.~-'~-

,

\

response ofecsqut rces to geometricFer-nswereencountered. Studies onmosCjultoe sprefere ncefortarg etswi thprot rudi ngsurfacesrather thanflat onesindicateddimensiontobe of sometmportance (Kel'logg and Wrig ht,1962) ,whileB~wn(1952) demonstratedtheimport anceof contour in'attractiveness bythe use ofcardbcerdcubes carryingblack and white1n equalamountin acheckerboar d or stripedpattem .

Laarman (l955,1,95B) inlabora t ory stud1esof anophelinemosquit oes.

~nd~cat edthatnos t-seekt nq consi sts ofa specialtype of beQaviour patter ninwhich bothint ernal endexter nalstimuliplayspect rtc pa~ts..Heconside redthatsever alfactors acti ngasext ernalstimuli affect. ~heorienta tio~'to ahostbythemosquito es. Hedivi ded.t hese fact ors 1nt o:

.

.

(a) visua'l'cues- s1ze .,.shape,'movement .contra~tingectton, .re n,ectionat 11ght.

(b) phys 1calcues~radi ati onandccnvecttve heat.moisture,

,sClund~~,s'u,,~~c~

^.structer-e, ,

tc)

~hel1l:~al "cJ~s' ~:'C02

^{andet herfactors -generally}consider ed asodours.

Lallrynan"(1955)suggeste d'.by

~ferri'J.g

to observat ionson the be~avi ollral mechanis~of,other aninials(Tinbergen,'1942; Det hie r,'1947),.

·~tlIa tin additi onthe insects ' need forab'lccd mea)leads.to anappeti- the eehevtcurwhich inducesthe insecttofoll ow-a chai n ofbeha'vi our,a1 respcnses ,each beingreleased byapar t icular st1mulus.,Attheend ofthischainofreact ions,ifundisturbed,tne

·i.n:e~t

^{wil lhave} satisfitditsappet,ite.·Bra dbury (1972)surnnari zes.theet vtstcn by -Smith(1966L.and

furth-el'~ub-d1vi~ion

^{byGoliili(1970)}

of

the ser-Ies

- ..

..,

..

.ofstagesinvolvedin the'feedingofStmu11idaea's fetl lows:

'--.._.~~~~

....

,"" .c."

/ ' "

,

Phaser AppetitiveBehaviour Stagel aebt tatSetect ton

2 Upwi ndOrientati on 3 xee- urtentattcn 4 landingBehaviour

~ Cra wlin9\andBurrowing Phase II t\lnsufl1JlatoryReacti on

6 ProbingandFe eding Phase lt I .Cessat1onofFeed1ng PhaseIVPhys i ologi cal Stat eof Rest

This cenere j teeds chene can be appliedto thefeedingbehavto ur-'of

.... , ..

". ^-".

^.'

mos,qut t oes.with.someminor.Il'Odffi cat i ons. An obvious modificatio n

'~~l?" be'i'n el lm~ nat;ng Sta~e

^5since

moSquitoe~.

^ifthey

~.and

^{on an'}

inappropriatefeedingar ea,will~su~"Y"t a ke .

off

andlandaga i nen a differentarearath erthan

~rawl

^{around.' •}

.-".

Brieflythehierarchy. of th"t!host-seek ingbehavi our isas .fol1ow~: Stage 1 1s beli eved operative,asspec te sof .biting flies

er e knowntopr-efer part!ctllarhab.itatS (DaviesandPe t ers on.1957 ; Bennet t, 196.0). Bitingfliesin the physiologicalstatesear ching for a bloorreaelwill

d?

sjoint~el r'pre ferred~ab1tat"•

.Stage 2in~o~ ~esoHaeto? cues such as CO2andot herhost

emanatio nswhjch

funct~n, to.6~i ent t~e

^{flytothe.host(Hocki,ng,1971).}

smith (1966)proposed thatt~e cha'n~orienting,upwindd'[rect Iy"

. v-.'

to anodourcloud or CO2~\sslight jlndtnet vision toois involved ,

bu\.onlyin as nachas1,t.

~·s·. invol ved

in navigation.' The dtstence I wher ebyvi sual

still1Jla~lo."

^{'due tothe shape,colour,size andmovement}

J

of the

~~st

^{aetuallydirectthefl}y to the hostis

consid~~ed

^{t_' _b'_ _ . ,. ,•.•.}

" L ,.-:.c ' ----'----,-,,~~~ . ,.. ' . "

.s'.

" .

, .

nearorfentation(Su ge3).

Suge4iseffectiveonly..,henthe insecthaslocatedthe hos t, Stage.,.Swhenitha slanded andSt age 6 IIlllenbl00dfeedi ngis initiated. Phases HI andIVresulttn arel ativesta t e ofrest,after the fly hasengorgedandtlle. diges tionofthe blOOdmealproceeds.

Hanisalllare of envi roJlllt'fltalsituat i onsthroughsensory perceptlons'lIllllchhecansubsequently verbalize . Mo,squ!to pe:ception of 115environmenttlln only be Int erpretedbyobserving thetnsects'

b~havto~ral

resccnses .The

re s;~nse

^tothe vt sual

st1mu1i~ ~f

^shapeand

colourliSIt.appli es;tothehost~seek.in!l'proces,~by mosquit oes tnthe neatorientat~n^{stageofPhaseh}(Appet'lt lYe)'.behaviourts-the 'primarycol1cern'ofthisst~dY.^{'SPeCif ically,thestudy}~as;desi!l~ed ^.

. .toexplore theresponse

~f

ecsqutto estothree.d1mt;nSional

tar!l~ts

^{of .}

.dif fe rent~hapesand$~ectra lcompositions·ellI'l?5e~atvarioushei ghts,. undernatur!~^{conditio ns.andtotransmitted}..,a\<elengths,ofthe. el ectl".a-llgnet ic spe-ctrlJl under laborator ycondi tio ns.

. ':- - . - - - ' - ' . _ ', ...

~-

j. '

i

I

)

Materialsand~ethods

Th ~

^{studieswereconductedintheT1ntamirre}

'Na~forial' Wlld.~ife

^.

Area .New Brunswick,situatedappr-oxtmatelyH~mnortheast of'th e town of Sackvi])e,New Brluiswick, Canada(Fig .1) . .Tne areasuppor -ts a variety ofhabi t at s , as wellas-a divers ity~f.breeding'mosquitoes . Such an area provided

.

the opportun i ty^{. . '\} tostu~y^. th~responses of

.

numerousspecies tlf\mosquitoesto visualstteuft• The areahasbeen

"

.

thorcuqh' ly described by Hernan andBennet~ (19,76~'lnd'Meyel'.and8ennett (1976).1 , " ,' -,-,, _ _ _ ." . ,. , , ' ,"

ccttecrtcnswere made fntwOsites~-tile Sylvan, site.,land

l'aCu~tri'ne

Site'"Z(·Ff9.,1).'-Tne'

~omina nt veget:~t~~n ~f

^{";1te'{ i s'}

b'la dt

s.pru~~.

_.

P"i ~ea ~a~ianjl .:~ith '~

^maxf;mum

canci~Y h~i9ht Of"~p;ra ~-

, . '

" .

^' .

!mately15m. !'bsses are'the.majo r vecetettcnofttll!fores t~lCior.

Tbepr-edomtnentvegetation'Ofthe lacustrf'nehab~tat,Sf t e12,includes cattail·(.!'.Y.P.!!!..!P1!.;) ands-edges(Carex~~J',burreed(Spa rganium~.) andsweet

fl~g (AcO~s ^iP..e...).

^'This

~tUdY

^sttets

l~~ated~ose

^to

'~he

lakeshor einanald er fr fnge. i\lnus'.ll2..,witha'canopy..hej ght

at'

,. , . , ' ~

approxi~telY3,nt.1$.t hedomi nantveg~t~ ti~n.of theIeke'h~~e. The.

qrcundcoveris compdsed,of va riousgrassesand,shr!!bs...Studfes were

.

^{. " . .}

..conducted(n'both sitesfro m'June-toAugust.fn1977and from May tc.

.

^{. ,.}

.

Jul yin1978.. " <

.:The

re~ponses

^ofmosqui

t.~es

^to

v~sua

^1's

t1m~i, 1 w~r~,-s

^{tudfed as}

foll ows :' -,

1. Response ofmosqu1toes~tovarious lycolo uredt-hr ee.d1mens.ional

square

taf'9~~s

^{' ." . . .. ,, ': ',;. , .}

. '~

^I

2. Respons e oflOOsqu1toestoth re~ -d imens io n altar ge tsoft\~'o geomet rlca1shapes'ande/lposed atfour stra ta.

) \\ ^{, .}

I

\ \.

.

)A

.

0,-1'

. . .

. . .

~

!

. .,.

-"1:

" Y ,'

.Brunswitk..1..Sy1V~'~Stte •.;

•v,", ; ;. ' . . . .

2.Lacust r1ne Site',·

.. .

".

^{\. '}

cv ;

I"

...

-

-

...:

":,'",

''' .'

'''' '10.

and.whit e rect angula r.tar get s:.

,4•.Response of

~OSqU'itO~s

^totr ansr.ni t t edl1ght,of

known"W8'~~1~9t~:

R~sponse'1n_•'^{Studie s}_{..• .}^{1,2 and 3is}_.'^recorded_{-I '0}^as_{-- .}^thetotal.numb~r··of_{. . '} ^..

nosquitoes trappedin

eecn

three-dim~lJs f2nal t~rge t:..Response in Study4',1sthetot alnumberofmosqutto'and 1~g.s·o~each,f flt er trlmsmltt1~g-,1ight ~fknownw:avelength..

v .

·~em~er~~~.~ ,~a~ _.re~O~d~d· ~f6r~· -and_ ~.~.t~:ea~h :t~~~' t~ -.S.~U:d!~~j,

,,'.'

" ~: ,a!n~ (:.~,;?~S~~~,~~i.~~S-.1~. t~e::_.il~'~a

^...

~h~ .·~h~t:- - . ~~·.,a_C.~i:~1~(o: :.~O~q.,~~~:~o~~ . :,:.

'.",

~_.f~"g~e~t1~::~ed.uced. ,at.:,t;em~~_raiUr~,Sbel0W " nOc: ~~er~

^..:

-:Ob~::'~

^leW,i,S","

1,~6)_<~ "

-:

.·,I~,d~rl,n~ '~.: ~es;t;. ~he: tem'pe~a:tu;e :d~PP~~. b~low)io.c ~:.ihe "tda~ '~~s

^{' .}

r;p.~~~~d. ;a~~,:'~~:'othe~:·t~·m'~

^{•.,;;: ."l}

" : ' ., ,~

: .. '," .') i" J.~·, .a:~·~,n,':do'c~~en:~ed:,~~ft~,a.~ CO,idn~'rea~~s

^the.

c~tch:

^{per' :,}

trap for

moSq61toe~(Newhous,e., !i il:.

1966)•.

Du ~ing.

^the.

e~posu~e,

^'of

"

t~'rg~'~s

^:(

ft~,PS l.'~"Co;·',~·om?re~~ed 'g{s'.~~.s r~le.asedir~'~·~e.eI,'.FYll,~ders

a~

^an

,approxi ~at~ ra~ :of

250·cc/afn.The emission"jet was'

pl~ced

^epprcx-,

.'"': "" :-" , "fII..",,' '. :," "", " "" ' "

'1mat ely7.m tipw1!ldfrom thetestsitel(cf.-Br adbU"7 andsenaett ,'97~). ,/

11

.'.' ,..,;. mosqui toes. Tile

1,~i;:

collectionswhic hwe.re

~i t1at~d

ⁱⁿ

~un~, ~lssed

I2 r gepor t i onofthe

Aed~s. ~h-ich

are-

preval~nt .i n·

Hay

and·~une.in ,l

thls'par tofNew

~rU~SWICk.'.

^{Ther eforeto}

o~~~~n

^.

.i;viea·te~

^{.sample of}

A~des.the studywasrepeated1n1978,beg1nning cot 'tecttcns~ar11er. in

~Y'.

^'When

.~e nurytb~!'s,

^oi,

~~sonla

,COllected'weN!

prop.or~lO~al lY

hrger tllan~{lncrellse.~ · to approx~ matelY50%ofth.~ .s~mplei.n m'id~Jul_Y1918),tll,i s-study'w/lst~i nated . : .

. "In'19'77

'COl l'~ctjo~~ ~ere '~de'

at" day.MQ

·'at·-,nig~t.

^toseeifthe'

·resp.~~~~. '~~- '~,~'~"~;t~~,~: ~_o ' ~~\o.u:r_ed·~~1muH ~\~'f~red-'a't' ·~~e.se>i·~~~>:

, ~f .~~~,~~~:~1.-11~;~spic.~~~'·e~.i ~,~,~: t hr 'aT~' 'mo:~_:~-ik~1Y -0

^,:6.e.:

r.U~d,a~n:

,.t henoct urnal;species•.-The'qu·es tioniswhet her: thaco'lcurvfsfon

.:

.a'pp~~atus'~~·~:.'~~<l~·ted --~-·f~~C·t_i:~n~ri9~.· by ·.ri;ht ~'r·-~~·,-~~e,· ~o~t~:~a~

'~pec1"\'!s'^w1thouithi~^{lli't 1ty.'In1978'}thi~rst~diwas,'n'at' repeated,

··~'s·

^.the'-

~~7j

^{'results'd1-d'no't'}

i"ndiC~te Si~~~f'can't, d!f;~l'-~nces' ~

ⁿ

\ii:~

day andn19httim~'respanses

"

^" " .,' .to'the-- -co~uredtargets ,'

. .

five .three~di mepslanal,cal~~red.~quaretar ge't s {black._'blue, .

:~d. yel,l~

^and

w~ite~ '~e~e' corist~ucted'

^from

petet~aro~gh A~tbnard2

..-'

(Flg~'

^2'),

,'T~e ~~tbaard ,w~'s t~e'same

^as

,wa.s. u~,ed ·_by B·radb~rY.and Be~n~~~

.".·(l974)•.'Spect ral analys-esof.th&..coloured

padro

are'inTab~e¹~.:.~a'b"e-;

2gf've~~'he'r~tordedint'e~s1ty'^ofref1e'~t~d"light f~^theart boanl as"

; .i..

~as~red.

^{W:i th.}

a-:s~~c'i~ra~!~~t~;->:

^".

squa~'~.' ~~,a~e'~ ', ~.or

^the

" tar~_~.ts , w~re. cons,truc~,~d

from-25;4_an X,-,_.

,>25.4' em.sprvce a'nd'a~semb1~d'i nto'cubes , each,side.meas~rf ng254

ci,

Five

'~i'de's Of'_ea~h,':~h:6e' ~e're. ca~er~d ·1n.,ih~, ca1~u·~ed.-a';t'b~~rd" ar]d

^'e_aCh.'

0'(th'en\ ? st:e~had-^a-P1 ast.1~.·'f~n~e1(d1a"me'i~r dl~e;;;ioris :^.'1n1~t

. "."" '.:,--:: 1': ... ,...". ,.'

>- "'.... . ; ', ' .: .

, 12.1en;'autJ,e 38.1CIIIJ.postt tcnedtn.thecent er to:provideentrY,f0r '.'.:;-:,..". ;""',::," '..,:'-, ': :;.:-,," ,'-, ',' -'.' . 't h"-' ',',',-..--'.

"the-IIIO,squiro.,~sto,the.int~dor"of_thecube:..The6 ,_sl..de-was ·ou,tf.itt.ed

~

_.^..2'_:.~

. Peterbo~~9fi':Art~a;.d'i ... ^{. , .} l'C~~i:l,~;;d.·Pap~r

^..."

^' 'wo'r'k~r ^{:- '. '\'} (teL ^." '-: ^{, . . ' .. ,.'}

,. -,,'-'~ ^'., -

:.(

,~ . -

.,. _., T " 'i··«'i="",,-"-,.-"-,.~~·

..

\ I

I

i

I-

12

13' ;

,-'--'

.. .;. Table1. Tabulated Mu nsellReflJctan ce~a,llle sforPet e"rborough'Artboa,rd (franBra~bl!ry. 19~2 1 - \.

·! Der1 ved-'. Munse ll Notati on

. .

luminoils ..Reflectance!

Munsell ValueinI Reh,tiv e'toMqO

Peak' '.

Wavel engt h '.Mil limic rons

Ta~Te^2. rn.~ensfty^of·the~e,t~rbo;.o1l9hA~~o.~rdat.'Select~'d

~

wavelength~.

a's

ReC~'Fde d~'w~t,~ ~ _~~~~.tro~~d1~~eter

^-"."' :. ", '. . .

16

.,. I incorporat edinto the desi"gnto evaluate theimpor t ance of-colourin

I I

i

... .

thefhos quitoe s choiceof.target. Eachta rgethadthe same funnel

'.entry and mesh slee vea,sdes cribe dinStudyI. The sle evesofthe

pyramids'<lere,pcsttfonedat the toppointofthe pyrem'id,under a removablepoint. Thedimensions ofthetar get s-andthe funnel sin thiscaseeresli ghtlylargerthan in St udy:1. The dimensions inthis cas eareas follows: Cul)e:

.eac~

^{s!.de406cm2;Pyr amid :length406em,}

width'406

e m,

height'352lim;Diameterof Funnels:inle.t50. 8 em,outle t .38.1em. "

Theexpos uretime andapparatusw;sthesameas thatdes cr-Ibed.

\ .

. .

for study1. Ho\\'everas st ra tif ication ofmosquH oes15wel l document ed .'(Haddow,!!!!...1947)-the~rgetswereexpos edat alte r nati nghei ghts

,Of

'6 1

en,122'cm" Hi3 an and244cm'( Flg.3)tocoll ect possi ble strat ifi edspecies', The seriesofexposures are giveninTable3.

.St udy3 Oi s crimi nation ofRegionsof RectangularTarg'?ts SOllieauth ors haveindi ca ted tha t bitin g fli es orie ntto'oi:ferent regi ons ofinani~ateobj ec t s (Wenk andSchliir er,1963}andStudy3was unde rta ken

t~" dhennin~

^{whichareaof anoblongorrectangularshaped}

targe tmosquitoes wouldorie nt. Two , three -di mensi onal,rectan9 ~lar ..targets~....one black andone whit e,,we reconstructedsothattheinteri o r

was pa rtitionedintothree compar tments(two en;!-ar d onecent e r ).

Each cO!l1partnlentwasequt ppedwith funnelent r-ies (FIg.4a )-;Thusthe bot tom,andtwosidesof eachc~p ar tme nthadfunnels,andthe tophad the meshsleeveasdescr-i bed previousl y.

Theexposureappara tu s (Fig4b)andttne were thesameaswas

descrfbed forSt udt es 1and2, '

J

St'"

^{4 'ad.kFilt "}

"~,,,,,,,,,

^{\ '.}

. "

I I.

Fig. 3·Cubes and Pyramids Exposed atVarying Strata·(Study 2)

l,

17

Tabl eJ, Ekpos ure FormatfartheTargets of the Pr eferredShapeStudy

.(Study 2).

He i ght ofExposed Target (em)

Target Trial1* Trla12 Tria13 Tria 14

18

Black square Black trillng1e White .sqUi! 1'f!

white triangl e

61

121

183

24)

122 IB3

183 244

244 . .61

61

24'

61

183

\

\

\

\

\ i

\

Ii

\ 1 ---:-

Fig.4a Clos e- up

of

Funnelon Rec t llngula rTargets,of~tudY,3 b Exposu reArrangementofRectangularTargets

i

10 -"

~--:~~~~...,.c""'----:~-

19

'0

Thiswas.designedto recordtherespons e of mosquttces totr-ans- mlttedl1ght ofknown wavele ngthas'opposedto St udtesvl,landJ"in which theresponses r-ecordedwer&- torefle c t edIi~~t^fromthe col oured ar tboard. This.studywas per formed HI the confinesofthe Canadian Wild li f e ServiceFieldStati on (Fig.lA).

FiveKoda kfilt e rs:IOh1ch trans mit narrow bandsofwavelengtlisof llght . were selectedto repres enttheelect rorimgnet lcspectrum-fr om

'-' . ", .

-.

- - '", ,':,': .... .' , . ..- \ .

30(J,nm(ultnviol et.r egion)-..~o.700nm(infraredreg-~O"r.\Theere ns-'-

.'mlt tance"data.tc r.'the'fh.e'··

~t'~'ter!/ ~:r/g'f;en, rT~bl e'~';> " F'~'r-ther;

^..

:'~

.: ~thriic:~:l info~:tio~ :ca~'

^'be-

fbun'~ '::i~:"K~~';i~ P~b'l~ ~~t~'~n' ~'~::;, ~abl';~:

21

.' .

Kodak' 1:lumfnous Narr.e or .Transmitta nce·Dominant FilterNo,Transmittance V1s1bleCol our.(11II) Wavelength

8Ot:ofvisi b le (!

301A InfraredCut~off light up to

(IRCO ) 640

..v

22

Table5. Inte nsityofEach Filterat Selected Wavelengths,as record ed wi th a spectreradtcseeer •

Wavel ength Fi lterao.

hili) lSA 47B 61 92 BaA

300 .261

..

_{.261 .261} '. 261' .261

'400 ;·039 .48!1 .065 ,.261 .065

;153'·· _.086^.) _{.~9 .~O9}

.~~.,~.,5J0.:c~:QO~

-095,: i9/~(X{

.600 .OOB:.~9°4'" • liD .'017 .'

650 .009 :004 .00404.340 ~O O4

700 _~O26 .004 .0042.850 .004

750- ~09r .106 :122 .866 .004

..

_.~~!l

.

^'~~~~~~.t~ val_~_e s}re

^{. . '-:':' "}

in^,.m1,;~at~5^{' ,"'. -,'}per square,cent imeter^{..,' '-'- - .}

per

These

'vai~e~'

^of

spect~ai

^.

i_ntlin~1

^ty:'have-been

~o~r~cted-"'\t'deScribed

.1n the oper a tf onmanual fo rtheSR-Mode l'Spect rora~1 omete r .Se ries 1140.OQJ."Thesecprrecte dvalueslllaybeplot te daga1nst!'Iiv e 1ength. The-,a~aunde r.the.,c\lrv~'.o verany par t 1c u lar wavel.engthinterva.1.:1.s equa l,tot.he'iJllloun t of.r:a diant,energy 1.ntensityinthewavelellgth

,int e rv al. ,.'. • .~l

\

²³

Table 6:.fonnat ofExposur-eofhi redExperiment s ofFi1tersofStudy 4, Part A

ni ter 478"+IRea· 61.IReO 92+IRCO

478' +

61I

92

..

^{,.: .;}

IReO•Infraredcut-off;filte r

. .

" " ,.: " ,'-:,;:':."

Each+

-,

.ccnstttutes^" "'one.test...-;-._and each.. " test', ,".wasrepeatedthree times;,.'/, ", .

\ I· ,

24

changingthetransmittancepa tt ern of the"filter s.

Eachfilter was,t estedagaln,st all othersinpart B.>againgiYi~g the mosquitoes'atwofil terchoice . The format ofesccsu-eof the

~ltersis in'Table7; Thefil ter swereexposedto th~mosquito esfor thhe..--t en mi ntrials,duringwhich landing s were recorde dusi ng a hand counte r.

Theappar-at usf~rdiSplayo~the f1lter swas)designed ,andto~st~

tUCtl!~ ~s_

^{follows-. Itis}

l~, ':O.S~C~f~ns

^{_!!.19.5),.. ,lhe,front bO"x. " .}

sectio nwasconst ructedof p)YwGad.and-was squareinshape,(di mensio ns-. lengt h.

50~~. ~ldth 406A '~-"~" Th~ · frO~t

^{end'ofthe,box'}

w~s~ a.Sl~'dln9

^.

ple:d.gla.ss·

w1nd~~ w~~~ ,e~ab;~"th_k' vi~er '~o '~o;nt th~' landf~g~'

^{.cn .}

the filters. which wer "!"JlKlunte~.atthe:cppcsfte:end of the

box.

this

e~d

^was

r~vable

^and·had

t~o ~qu~re W'i~do~s

^'cut·sl1.9Iltly smaller thent'he filters which measured 76. 2",cmX 76.2 em(Fi g.,6). Cardboard frameswer e placecron

th~i1 ters

^for'easy handling. The f1lters

wer.~

posl t1l~~edinslots andtapedwith.~l~dtepe't o.holdtfle~·tightl YoV,er ,t,heedgesof the windowsto pre vent.n9h·t·leakag~ ., The'mos qul tlles '

•wereplacedinsideth(sbOJ(~.^theinte~1or^{of which}was pai ntr da flat

black. )

1:

The rear secti on.o f'theappa~a ~uswasrect angU'larj!'l,.s.hape and

·housed.t be tungs tenbulb:ligh tsource. The box\lias' made of square

· w OO:;

'f r alJl!!s:alldwas

se~l~'

on five sfdes,wi thsheetsof

artboar~

stapled'tothefrallieS"..I he

box

''wasopenatone,endand,b~l1isl ig ht ly larger.than thefnmt,sec't1~ri sothat therear sect.tenslidover,the front. box,with'li:25.4'cnlover lap. A~eneralElect r i ctungatenflood- lamp(100.watts )rec~nded^b!K~ak~.was·situat ed atthe.,rearOf'~his boxand prevlded theill~j nation.fcr-the filters positIoned over.the

zs.

~ . -

/ le7. Fonnatof Exposure of PairedExperiments of Filtersof Study4, PartB

1SA 4} B" 61 92 8SA

.'

'.

/

.~ ^{I: •}

), 1-~

.. i._

.Fit.5 App&rlM fof' Displayof1COd1-'rn tff1(Stuc!14)

':

-,~

i, ....

I

I ' i

'0==

" ,

, ' ,I,,'

.

-,"

.

^{~. . '}

. -:;

~

.. ^-.-

^.~

:i:;...•~.•~-........'; ...:trr..~_-. ,-r._ .,....· ..._...4~. . . _

26

. .

,1''

·

F.~g,

^',6.Di<lgramOf.:APpa'ra!us forDi splay of' KodakFi ; ter s ShowingInterio r

( .

)

^".

^{.,, '"} _...

:;::

,g.~

~s:-

i:£

.:l

27-,

28

windowson the rearofthefrentbox s ectfcn (Fig.6). Theexperi re nt wascarri ed outIntot al dar knes swith.111U111lnatltm beingl1gt1tf"";

the tungsten lightsourc etranSlIlitted throughtheflltel'"S.

Onehundred Mansoniaperturbans we re cofIect eea.-ound livestock withaspi r a to rsIndplaced,in total darkllt'SS.insidetheexposurt' box, The lightsourcewass\oIltchedon andlandings on each'filterwere recordedfo~illtenIIlnper i od.This trial.,15repeat ed tnreert ees foreachpa i re dfil te rtes t ed.Betweeneachtrialthe light was turned.o~fandthemosquitoeswere Teftindar kne ssfor ebcutfiv e min . Dt.lring thistime themosquitoesceased flying"andres te d ont~estdes and bottom'of thebox.

In-North.Atner !~a.Mansonh.perturbansls.sometimesconsider"ed tobe of the genusCo9ullletUdla .However ;tnthl~thesis Mansoniaperturbans

is us"ed .according toCfrp~nter^andLaCas~e^{(1955) . \.}

\.

.

^./'

29

Res ults

Study'l ColouredArtboardStudy

Two siteswereused to recordresponsesofncsqut toesto five colouredtft.rgets(Tabl e8). Some differencesinthe species andnunbEtrs ofmosquitoesthat were'collected at the sylvanandlacustrinesites were noted.

In1977,8 totalof 223 aedtnes (l3, 71oftotalmosquitoes)were collected,whereas in 1978,512 eectnes (58.,7%)were collected(Tabl e8).

Aedin'es,intheTantramart-'.ars he s,.eppeerin their9r~ate~tnumber s early,in..

Ma~·

^{(lewis1975).cln19i 7,}

~,iel'ci 'studie~

^{didnot beginunttl}

June andhenceIn thisyear, the proportionof aedlnes~ollectedwas lower than1n'1978. Ccm'versely,in197,7'.B~.'-Sof the'mosquitoes collectedwere,!!:per t urbans, wllilein 1978,.t ht s spectesonly\ represented 41,31of the" totalIJlOsquitoes~^{,M. perturbans is a.late·}

, '< ' . - .

suemer fore, appearinginJlIly andpersls~lngthrough Afl9ust(Lewisl'976).

In~97B,^{fi el d}t.es ti n'g was't erminated in July'. rnt sres ult ed in the IMj or dropin proport ionof M. perturbanscollectedinthis year . The

. - I L . '

s'ame.factorscontributedto aloweredtot almosquito collectionin1978.

' .

.

In1977,aed1nemosquitoesrepresented12',7 %oftheracsquitees cofIecfed

. . .

at Site11,and'14.i%ofthose at'Site'l2 ; i n1978,aedfnesveprese nted.', 49.9%:'and 7:;:7%

of '~tlle ~'sqldtoe~

^{'i n SHes}

~':and

¹²

respectiv~i·y.

The.r~'was 11,0 indication'tha t eithe rsitew~sparticularlyfavou~edby eftlle'r'aedirlesortl-:perturbans.

.Itis

~V ident'

^{from t}he date (Tables9,10. f·i9S. 7,8l.that"there' eas II

'~lffe~~nt~al i~sponse

^to.t he vart.ous

colo~red

^{boxes.among' the}

mosquit oes. Th.roughout the;1977 and191a.study',only't hree,sp.eci es',.

. ..' .

.

~'.cant.ato."',

A .

puncto rand!!..·pe.·t urbans Wi!t E!col1.ecte(j:"jnsuf ficie nt .~"."

\ I·

I

;0

reet e8. SpeciesofCulicidaeC~l1e cU!dfnmTh~ff·Di mellSlonal ,Col oured·

'ArtooardTargetsathdlstte(StudyI)

\

\

I

I ,

I

1' --- '---- --'-- '-'----

Jl

Tabl e 9. Spec1es,ofCulicidaeCollectedfrom Three-Dimensional,Colo ured ArtboardT"rgets•.1977(St udy 1)

Species Black R,d Blue Whitt'! Yellow,-

Total

~abserratus 0 0 0 2 0 2

~.canadt!nsl s 0

,

0 0 0

,

/I..ceneetcr 4'

zs

37 221 67 411' 10

' " , _"

_1<'

~:^{c1neriu$ :2 0}

, ,

0 4

~.ellcrucians 2 2 2

,

0 7

~.~- 15421: .

,

'" , ..

^{2 61.: 7}

_'"

^.~6'

~. ~ 2.

" ^{\ '"}

^{0 0 4}

~.· "vexalis, .0 0 3

o

'0

,

'",Anopheles wal keri 0 ·-'0

"

^{,0 0}

,

'culfseta ~ 1 0 0 0' , 0

" ,

Mansoniaperturbans627

'"

^{'46 251179 131161}

'"

⁸²

^"

^.1395

'95 '96 257 177 95

,

\1620

32

Tabl e 10. Specie sofCUl1ci dae Collectedfrom

~e-Oimenslonal. Co lOiJre~

ArtboardTar gets ,1978(Study1)

. ~ .

Speci es Black Red [H ue Whi te.Yellow Total .Aedes abserra t us 4

tl.canadensh 5

A .

cantator 11744%

~.c1nerlu s 0

A .

excrud ans I

A'.:~·' 66~7'l:

!.

st~mul a~s 1

A.~ 16

~nlS.O~1 ~ pert~~·ba.ri~

'14,7.411

~.

. - \ ' . ^.

.Ftg.J ~ndtng·Rn poftu s oftullctdl.~toThrH-OI.,.~tOftll~Coloured Arttlolnl'Targtts .1977 (SbtdJ 1)

I .

I

r-- . " I

I

^{.;.- : .}

^,

~ \ ^,

^._~-\-

I ^{t .}

j'

^I

,I

^;.

.

i ^.-

^"

!

^{, I}

11

..

.... . ^{" ::} .:

<;"

Ftg,'8

la~l~g ~~~nse~ ~f ~lttt'~~e

^to'

Th~~~-D~.,enS~On~l . '~10~red

Artboard Tllrge.ts . 1918(St udy1)

,.'>

-I -

'::',',',.

~/" ,

J4

e .: . e . :::

.,U'!; 1!1I3..III'I.·I U~J~~

·

.

.-:-

35

nUfl'berstomeri tdt s cus s ton. Overall'CtJ.licidaetotalsshow bhc"kto bethe most'attractiv~ col our"targe t in 1977foll owedbyred. blue, white andyellow(Fi g. 7). In 1978 simila rresultsshow blackto be the mostattrac t ivefol lowedby blue,red,white andyellow(Fig;8).

"!1. ~ was takenmorefrequently from blac k and red targets thanfromthe other three . Th e 1977~.~ co," ec t i ons w ~re nUlnerica llyIos;thusa real tndtcattonof col our pr-efer-ence tsdif~icul t to deducefrom the target totals(Table9). rne-tszsresutt s,belng/ sGJDeWhathigher and-more"reliabl e,~how^{blackto,bethe}-most attr act ive

targ~t.

^Blue

and\;'ed cOllec~ed eqUil.l nUmbe~s

^'of.

~SqiJitoes'

^{andthe ,white}

'a~d-yell,ow'target swereu~attracti've(t~91e·1O;.F19:·

sf.

: !, , ca'ntato~ wa~ ~OI)_~1stent w,~th ~.' '~ 'i~ ,th~~

^{app'lr ent}

^{\m -} att~"actiYe~ess

. . . .

~ f

^the

Yell~ and -whi~~' targets . . ' lri~~9'77 .

,

a~d i97B\:.:Ti;~·· .

'attr~ctl on,oft~'bl ac~tar gets'was aga1ns~en'In'the1978result s for this scectes,as thetar get s collecte d44%of tbe.scect es. Bluetargets collected,311andred1711'nthisyear(Tabl e,l O;Fig. 8). Contr ary to th'is,1n1977tht sspeci es ....as takenmorefrequentlyfrom,thebluetar gets with 401from~lue,.2111fromblackand 221 from red target s. Itapp;ars that an

o~eraJ.1 pr~ieren.~e

forbl ilCk.-blue and/edexistedbU(black,and bluefluctua~ed1';the(i~ tand,~~condmos,tpre fe r red,~o,lou r, Pos i.tion~....

(Table,9;Fig.7). <If the

iF

years'ob~erYatlons..for~',~,ar.e to­

t~i,1l!d ~he o~der ~f. pi-eferenc.e

of col ourswesblack.:red.blue,

Y~lio....

and white..

,

^.

I

^blue

.

^{and red,}

n· ~","

^{whiTeyellow and}

l'! ."di""~ :.

white colours

""'.0.'

were

'" :''''' ''

ena tn-ac et ve.

f"~''''.

In 1977,

' I'~

the three mostattra cd ve colours'linorderofpre ference

wert

blac k '

(431ofthe total c~ptures),red(24S)andbluewhfc.h~ol T~

(Tbble 9; Fig.7). In1978,h~.e~.---bluec-co-tlllc~stllDSqUltoeS,..., '

~-- ,

I---c::.

' :,'7

;"'~>

^{><. > ' ,':., ,::.',.",.}

^I'

^>

\

eve~though white hed~higher'Iunt ncus-re:flettance.{T~bl'el). In1~77.

b~tbla(£a~d^bluewereof epprcxt natelyequelattra~tfvE!ness,^{with 41%}

catch .tcreach colour. Red collectedju s t 11:' in 1978 [Fabl e10; Fig.a).

Afr1edinanTwo-W.ayAnalysisofVar!.ancesupports,,~hefa:tthatthe di f fere nces observed In the nUlOOersof mosqult pesco ll~ i:tedfrom the variouscolouredtraps are significant (In1977 p(.OO l,;iri1978p<.OOll . Thus the mosquitoesareres~ndi~g~iffe.ren ti a ll Yto

thf

^{colours .}

Percentlufl)ioou srertecte nce

crv ene

veetocs colourspl ot t ed 36

" .. '

agatnsttheriamber s ofCuli ci dae collectedeacb'yea 'rin theboxes•

.Sh<!...

~

't hil't ;0.1978't he

~~rcen~ge

'of'-l1JlIll nous'rer teceehce oJ'each;cO,lour'.

stimulus

'C~;'d ,w~s>;nverse;lY proPo;i,i~n.ill. to ,

thi

nu~,e~s:

^Of._CU.1iC1dae

'~~fn9 ~o ~nd, bel~~

^trapped

1~

the coloured

·t~rget;::tha.t

^is'o·

ll.'~e;eas~·:

to

. the '

l\i~inolis"~efiectance:o~t~e'colou~ed.ta;'get'r'efl~c~1n9·thelea~t'"

aino'unt ·of·'i·ght':inc~~as'es·the ~'Squi~O ~.itch o~'inc~eases"the ~ttrattjon

^.

..This'trend

~as

^faih':ly

co~sisten~'

ⁱⁿ

1~7~ (~:ig.:

^9)"

e~c.ePt tha~

^mere

nos qut tces

'w e re

colIect edfrom.whitet~rgetsthanfromyell ow targets,

(

'--

\ l

the trend was not.esnoticeable. !'kJtemosquf'toeslandedonw'~1tethan

'.j

; ,""i;';' ,,'

i-ed 00.1'''' ' '

";:'~''"'''''' ,

tba n bf ue

~"" 'h'"~h

^{blOO, '}

I

ha~.alower,lumillO.us.._refl ecta(lce.·-lh~s e r~s ul ts- ,fnd f c.a~ ~.J.um1n~u~ :1 ref l e.ctance

a f

an

cib~e,~i.

^hol,s__an,

f~fl~~nceon .t~e r~~ponse' o~ .mosq~i ~es .:

^t

1 .

'to-

Objects~

^...

h,~ .

^'•.

^{v .e;: )he " . ,.'> . .' :} r~paric . j~S.~bs,.,.rve:d:,

'espec;i a.l}.Y..

~~O.b.'.'I :U.~ .' )~,'. ^{.. .: -::}

^,.[1.:.,..

...~h~..1977._da.ta~^..1~~?C;ate~:^that~~h1~ '~~c.t~rsw:~re,f~~~ ~e~cing^{,t he.. ''- ..}

lI1osquito es' respons etothecololJr edta rgets. - . .: \

~' c,~ ~ :ES;:i;~~35~~;~~~ 0 -- '

I~ ; . "' r;;:;:: :,'! ' :;::',::; ::: .. :::.::.::~=.'::;'..,

I .

^{f...:.";,,.,.,.•,.'.•" :} "" :" ; :; '':;

~

....

:,.,.,.'~.'~'~,':-'-"..,.

\

\

\

c.

. '.

. j; ..

...

^{-/ .~."}

,-",

-',", .

. ·· :::f;~;:. ~·

" ;"

. F~,.

^,.

^{L ;o"o,}

^{Res ponse}

^0; Cui;'i 'd~~' tocOl0",;-, . ' ih;:'~D;~"" ~~" ^"

.

Ar~:boa'~d TarJ~t:s:' a~ a" ~~c't1o~

^o'f

'L~~~'~us

'Re6' ect'a'nce;'

1~7;

.

. " .,.... . .

and1978

(st!J:dy ."11

~ ..

"

. .•. '0 .

/ f

I O~

tllI'i~.u It/I,d'u, .iI.;trUtt",tli 1!"I.III

.. \ I

~ ^{I ' . '.}

. I \ .

\ "

. .

^'

Tabl e11. Numbe" of Culi cidae CollectedtntheColouredArtboartl Targets,at theTwoS1~s^{ill 1971}and1978(Study 1)

1971 1978 Grand

""

^{Total \Site 2, Total Tot.l}

Colour

•

\

•

Blick 135 1 560 1695 236 112\ \ 357

iosz:

Bl ue 51 .1206 3 251

"

³

..

^{" 138 39S}

. . ^,

^{'OS2 291 2}

_'"

^{219 2 .0 2}

'09

^'705

White .0 S 55 S 95 15 4,'21 4 36 141 .Yellow 52'3.)25' 4 177 '13'S

"

^S

^az

^20'

38"

383 1237 1620

,

'"RankfN>lj1KendallRank Corre l.•tt

....

on'

.',-

v·';··--

575' 297

.,~

..

872:"'2492.

/ ",

u .

39

years,the cuttctceeappear edto be respond ing toth~samecclour-ed artboan:l at'thetwosiU;s.

Response ofCulici daetoColoured Artboard at DayandNig ht In attemptingtodet ermin eifth e r~ts a difference in response to colourbetween dayandnight.

it.

was realf zedtha tUteonlyspecf ~s^that.' could be'consi deredinthis resPl!c twas!i.pertu rbans.acrepusc ula r• moSqu1t~{Table12). Thisrmsquftn wascc'lIect ed 1nsufficfe rtnumber s at day and at nighttop~'1idl!compa r)so n. "The,mosquitoisanoppcr-tcn- 1stlcf~~__and-responde~to the,CO2sourced~r~.nJJtM day'~hen':It'

"i0uldn0n:'allybe resting.l~. the_.veg~~at1.~n. ., ;, ' .~.' Dur i ng theday,black was theobvious·preferred-c~.1c~with571of the

n~bers

^caught

^{be " lng '} frim '

th.l!,

b lack ·t~rget~'.'(T~bJ~ ^{-13 ), '} B"u~-a~d

^red

were preferred over,yellowand:wllit'eDufwt)'encomparedto"'b~a~k^were relatfvelyunatt,ractfve ,

Atnight". _l'Iaflson1a

~ppeared

^{not to}be-ab;e t o

~JstlngUlSh

^black'

and red

ta;get~,

^as

~~a~i1Y

^'wne'n

Coinpared~ 1th

^{th; d:yti me';es uJ.ts.}

Blue,yello·./cfndwhitewereun~ttractheasduri~9.th e day lSut- white

\ .' . , - .

.

eauqht~2:r;'morenasquftoes:at.rilgnt.. Man~'ori1aappea;edto be ablet.o dist1nguh hC~t1;a1n'C~loursatni gh t", as~,ihad'basiCallYthe same"

.pr efer en ce.of'colour sat_ni,g~tas durin.9th'eday, St~dY2'Shape PreferenceStudY:4:.

.As part of t,he'sttld1es

'on .·tiasi-see~ing

behaviour, col lect i onsof .IlXlsqui toes'

~ere m~de' ~~m'

^targets"

~f

^twogeometrica lshapes to

de't~nn1ne

if

IOOsq~1toe$_ r~spond ~1ffere~i1a,.iy

^{to the}geometry ofan

o~ject.

Colou"rwa~iricorp~rated.'l~tothe experimentby having'ablackandilwhite

~rget"' .

^of' each $hape:.

,.

\ 't o

'~urther ' .

assess col ourpr eference,

^-

Col

~ectlolls

were made at four'elevat1 onsfrom61an to 244 CIIl,inan effort to cover

Tablet2. Species Collectedfl"QltheColour edAr tbo ard Ta"JetsatDiy andH1gnt(Stu dy1).

0" Night Total

seeetes (08lJ0..1300 II) (2006-2400II)

-Aedesabserntus 1

, ,

~,canadensis

, _• ,

~.canutor 158

• ^'66

~.sfner1us

, , _•

~..excrtJclans 5

,

1

!:

pllnct or. 30

,

"

~"~ ^{3 1 4}

··A,vexans. .' 3 0 3

,

-.AnoP!Jel-e's~alker1'- 0

,

0

). ""

"'

-.

..

CuHseta II!OrsHa_Ma.nsoni a pertllrbansns 645

.

^" 150

^{, ,:}

1395⁰

40

84' 772

'61.

~_~ , ' " '," ,":"---

" .-

.:.--

Number of MansoniaperturbansCollected from each Coloured ArtboardTarge t,at Dayand at Night(Study1) Tabl e 13.

Colour Day

,

lilght

,

Total

Black 369 57 257 34 62'

Blue

'00 "

^{79 11}

'"

R,d

"'

^{18 232 11 317}

Wllf t e 33

s

12817 is

'fell ow 28 4

"

^{7 82}

64' " ,

750 1395

...

, 41

' r _I

I

pyram1.ds.

.t

!

I ! I

--r-;-- - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -

"

the natural stratificationof the mosquitospecies. The questlonaro se af ter'St udyl thatpertlapst"eel evat lonatwhlchthecoloureotargets were bel n!l eXPOSedwas s~,certa f n speciesfrom themoS qu f tOPopu l­

at ton, Eightspeciesof mosquitoes were collectedfromthe targets but onlythree'ofthese were1nsufficientnuntler sto merit dtscuss ton. The Culicidaetotals collectedfrom the two shapes indicatet~atthesquare tar getwastwi ceas attractiveas the pyramid (Table14)•.The square collect ed 898,andthe pyramid494. Speciesobservationsshowtl.perturbans and~.canta te rtorespond preferentia llyto sha"pes. Clli-$quar~danalysis of the shape totalsresul t s 1n p<.01for each species,thusthe differ ences

observ'~d are~l!1nfffcant a~d

these spec'lesar<selecti ng

squar~s

^overl

,

,

.~.punct or, on the other.handwas·taken·rncir4 fi1!quent lyf~^pyramid targets. Thep<.Olfromchi-squar ed ana lysisof the,!!.~scores, indic atess1'gnifit antdif f ere ntia lresponseto thepyramid.

.'The res ponse of- them~sqllltoes^{to the}bl~cl::^andwhIte t,argets suppor t edthe results of StUdy1inthemosquitoe s choiceor prefer ence,' 'kIr the

b~ colo~r

^{overthe'white}

cOlo~r:l

^Atota l of 1184·mosquitoes weretaKe~fro mthe bucktargets alld20B",em·tho ...ue Ibe....hU_" ".

pyramidco11ect~dapproximatelyfour Urnestilemsre er sliSwhite,pyramUis andthe black square eight times the numbe r saswh'it e squares(Table15).

Achi-squaredtest-r-esult s1nec.mthusthe dffferencesobservedfnthe colourtotils are st gn1flcant.

Speci mensof~. ~^{weretetenatall'l}evels but were sest lJbundantatoraboutII Iem fromgro und level.

~1fty-o~e'

percen'tcf the IlOsquttoeswerecoll ecte~'f rom ihis level.and 28%from1.83 em.The61em l,ev,el and244an leveltargetsdi ~not collect;lIanymsquf toesof this

, r

43

Table14. Total NumberofCul1c1d~eCapturedinTraps ofTwoGeometrical Shapes Expos edFourSt rata{Study2)

Helght( cm)

Species Square Pyramid Tot al 61 111 183 241Total

Aedescanadensis 4 2 6 1 1 3 0 6

A .

c@tot' 105

"

^{178· 14 90 4' 25 178}

~.exci t ans '0 4 4 0 3 1 0 4

~"punctor 58 78 137 18 51 42 16 137

/ !"~ ^lJ 6 19 1 7 11 0 is

•·Anophel eswal l:.er1 0 3 3 0 0 0 3 3

Cul1stamarsHans 0 2 2 0 0 2 0 2

Ha.sonfaoert iJrba nS 718 325 1143 69 468 357' 14' 1043 898 494 1392 ;114 610 465 193 1392

.~

..

Tabl e 15•.ItI.cCersof Cultcidae

ceue etee

InGewlttriulTal"getsof1-..0 .Colours El!;posed l tVarious St rata(Sb,lcty 2)

\

I -f

\

I

f

I I

i

t

I II

. '

r:

j r- ,

1 :- i ..

~

'

..

-' '

.

45

,speci es (Table14 ;F1 ~lO). . ~

!.

punctorwere taken fro.,all hei ght s but 37% of themfrom122em and let fr om 183em.Thi s spe c i es wasnor eCOfIIlOOIl atthe,61 emlevel Jcolle cting20% of the mosquttoes]_than~.tantatorofwh i ch_~of the total wascoll ec t ed at thislevel. The trapsat the244' cmleve lcoll- ected11%of themo~qu itoes(ITable 14; Fig.l0).

!:t.pe'rturba'nswere callee tedat allstrata butinlow numbersat theb1em and244ewlevels ,Thlsiscons is t ent wit hthetwOAedes !.e.2..

Ferty-rftveper ce ntD~thi sspecieswas taken from-target s at,t he 122em 1eve',,a nd" 34t:from thetarge t,s

a t

183em(Table 14; Flg.,lO).

Chi-squared tests on all

speC1 ~sreSUJt

in p<.01so

th~

differences

"

^{. . ' ~}

observedinthecollecti,Ons:of"mosquttoes..of thesethreespecies atthe vertcusJevetsare signi. ficant.Thetnformat tcn is supporti ve to Study1

"

^"

lind 3in whichthe. tilrgetswere exposed

...

at the122 emleve l.

.

^. The results conf innthefactt~atthe targetsin the other studieswere exposed at" the

"mos't optimal Ievel ,In whichacrosssect ionofthe mosquitoes couldbe

" '

found.

Study3·,Disc rl minati on ofRegionsof Rectangular

Ta~gets:

To further assesstheuse of vis ioninthe cr-tentettcn of Culicidae to.hos·ts,a.st udy'.was performedtode"te.,n1ne the.regional.orielltation·of mosqultoei.to-,rec~.ang.UlarSha.pedobj ect s.Th.is vas aCCO{IlJll.ishedbyus ing rectangl~hatwerepartitionedinternally int o'three compartments,'The resul~sof the studyshoWa preferential.r,~sponsebyIlXlsqut.toes forthe

~nd^orproject i nf\part s,o,fthe rectangle (Tabl e~6).II cht-squeredt~s~~

pe r formed on then~bersof'mosquit oesof each speciescollectedfrom the·

ff '

threecOmpartments

~es~;lts

^In

P~~05

^{-:thus'the:resu.l tsar:}

S1snJfican~1

andthere is adifferen'tial response'bytheIIIOsqu.it~es~o the~hree.,^'

,) \

i

..

~

('IlIIl"^{It~f i}

..

^,

"

_{0" ,}

. ^'22

^{113 111}

.ff ^{~ - ,} '~ "I

^if

"

^.

^,)

^{.edn•••th'}

a .18'1'.

I

<mIII III III

,r·

"hft5u il .trh r~us

(III

m In

Tarlfl' Ilil U' .It_ I

:::~ '"

^'

•2DO~'.

'10

, ,' ,t:lliillIT::bIT::tEd

.i : _,

\

~..'"."

' I

I i

,I I

: 1.

II.'

Tabl e16 . Kumbers·of Culi cidae Collec t ed in the Three Regionsofthe Rettangu lar Ta rget s (St udy 3)

Aedescanadensis 21 7 17 45 2 1 3 6 51

~:~. Hi 4 2 9 49 7 .0 12 19 68

~.~ 18 13 46 77· 11 6 5-22 99

~.'~ 26" 5 1546" 2 .- 3 9 14 60

"'ans oniapert ur bans 306 63 283652 ~7 11 33 71 723 Species

Black White Grand

C E Total E C ETotal Total

"

. \

~

387 9l 390869 49 21 62 132 1001

"[';. end. C .. center

SuiMlaryofi:h i-square d

/

Tests

, .

,Position 1,2 , 3 df2 .Aedes canadensis

~.cantata\"

~.~

~.~

~'perturbans

...p<.OS

·...·p<.01

***..p>.OS

Position 1.'3 df1

48

,compartments . rurt herc h i --i-quar ed analys t s onthenumberscoll ect e dfor each specie s from Positi on s1

,

and 3 ofeach'ta roe t. show theresults not to beslqnfffcant and therewas nodiff er encein the numbersofmos quitoe s coll ecte d froothes etwoposit ion softhe targ et s ,except for~.punct or (p(.05). SUllII1aryof the chi-squaredtestsare in Table\.6. Thediff·

erence noted inthe ch1-squared anal ysis perfonned on eachspectesfer: Positions 1.2 a'nd3 isObviou~lYduetothenumber 2,posi tiO n. All speciesof mcsquttoes ,except~.~.areS.~9f'l l f lcantl Ysel1!ct 1ng the.twoends of the rectangles.

Theinfluence ofco'lour-fnthe ecseuttcescnetceof a tar.get~as further,a,~S?~S~in.thisstudy.":~s.l~·stU.dl~{land.2:. blad:ta~ge;~s ccl Iected qr-eet ermall~e rsofmosquitoesthall.d~ dthe white targets (-Tab~e16).

Study '4 Koda,1r. Filter St udy-

Experim~ntstoassessthespectralsens1't fvf ty of blood seeking,

!'!.perturbansfemaleswere-carriedput astwosepar-at eexperiments as desc~ jbedin tile materials and-methodssection.

Par-t A

To determine if the_inf raredcomponent trllnsmitted:by.t he fflters was,influencing.the response

,~f

^tile

'"mSqU1 to~~~;to th~

^{variousfilters.}

rOOs9u~toes ~re o'ff~red

^a

ch~~ceof .~ .~h~er~ .

^on'eby

f ~self

^and'one, paired w-ith

lin

'lnfril~edcut-offfilter .1301.•as outlinedlnTabl e6;"

, . ', --. '.'.-- , '. , :.,;

Theipfrared cut-off,>nte rfilters out nearlnfrared_"r:adl~tion.but; transmi tsotherwavelengthsof

the_electl"!Jmagne~ic

^{spectrumfrom400-700-,}

The scoresfn'.TII~_1.~;17~rethenUmbers,ofl~ndlng S~n,.th.e fflters for each ofthree tr tet s. The.result s est abl [sh a,.dif ferentia1land.ing