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Microgeometry capture and RGB albedo estimation by photometric stereo without demosaicing

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HAL Id: hal-01712549

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Submitted on 19 Feb 2018

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Microgeometry capture and RGB albedo estimation by

photometric stereo without demosaicing

Yvain Quéau, Matthieu Pizenberg, Jean-Denis Durou, Daniel Cremers

To cite this version:

Yvain Quéau, Matthieu Pizenberg, Jean-Denis Durou, Daniel Cremers.

Microgeometry capture

and RGB albedo estimation by photometric stereo without demosaicing. 13th International

Con-ference on Quality Control by Artificial Vision (QCAV 2017), May 2017, Tokyo, Japan. pp. 1,

�10.1117/12.2266080�. �hal-01712549�

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Eprints ID : 18857

The contribution was presented at QCAV 2017 :

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To link to this article URL :

http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2266080

To cite this version :

Quéau, Yvain and Pizenberg, Matthieu and

Durou, Jean-Denis and Cremers, Daniel Microgeometry capture

and RGB albedo estimation by photometric stereo without

demosaicing. (2017) In: 13th International Conference on Quality

Control by Artificial Vision (QCAV 2017), 14 May 2017 - 16 May

2017 (Tokyo, Japan).

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Microgeometry capture and RGB albedo estimation by

photometric stereo without demosaicing

❨✈❛✐♥ ◗✉'❛✉

✱ ▼❛**❤✐❡✉ -✐③❡♥❜❡0❣

✱ ❏❡❛♥✲❉❡♥✐5 ❉✉0♦✉

❛♥❞ ❉❛♥✐❡❧ ❈0❡♠❡05

✶ ✶

❚❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❯♥✐✈❡05✐*② ▼✉♥✐❝❤✱ ●❛0❝❤✐♥❣✱ ●❡0♠❛♥②

❯♥✐✈❡05✐*' ❞❡ ❚♦✉❧♦✉5❡✱ ■❘■❚✱ ❯▼❘ ❈◆❘❙ ✺✺✵✺✱ ❚♦✉❧♦✉5❡✱ ❋0❛♥❝❡

❆❇❙❚❘❆❈❚

❲❡ ♣#❡$❡♥& ❛ ♣❤♦&♦♠❡&#✐❝ $&❡#❡♦✲❜❛$❡❞ $②$&❡♠ ❢♦# #❡&#✐❡✈✐♥❣ &❤❡ ❘●❇ ❛❧❜❡❞♦ ❛♥❞ &❤❡ ✜♥❡✲$❝❛❧❡ ❞❡&❛✐❧$ ♦❢ ❛♥ ♦♣❛9✉❡ $✉#❢❛❝❡✳ ■♥ ♦#❞❡# &♦ ❧✐♠✐& $♣❡❝✉❧❛#✐&✐❡$✱ &❤❡ $②$&❡♠ ✉$❡$ ❛ ❝♦♥&#♦❧❧❛❜❧❡ ❞✐✛✉$❡ ✐❧❧✉♠✐♥❛&✐♦♥✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐$ ❝❛❧✐❜#❛&❡❞ ✉$✐♥❣ ❛ ❞❡❞✐❝❛&❡❞ ♣#♦❝❡❞✉#❡✳ ■♥ ❛❞❞✐&✐♦♥✱ ✇❡ #❛&❤❡# ❤❛♥❞❧❡ ❘❆❲✱ ♥♦♥✲❞❡♠♦$❛✐❝❡❞ ❘●❇ ✐♠❛❣❡$✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❜♦&❤ ❛✈♦✐❞$ ✉♥❝♦♥&#♦❧❧❡❞ ♦♣❡#❛&✐♦♥$ ♦♥ &❤❡ $❡♥$♦# ❞❛&❛ ❛♥❞ $✐♠♣❧✐✜❡$ &❤❡ ❡$&✐♠❛&✐♦♥ ♦❢ &❤❡ ❛❧❜❡❞♦ ✐♥ ❡❛❝❤ ❝♦❧♦# ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ❛♥❞ ♦❢ &❤❡ ♥♦#♠❛❧$✳ ❲❡ ✜♥❛❧❧② $❤♦✇ ♦♥ #❡❛❧✲✇♦#❧❞ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡$ &❤❡ ♣♦&❡♥&✐❛❧ ♦❢ ♣❤♦&♦♠❡&#✐❝ $&❡#❡♦ ❢♦# &❤❡ ✸❉✲#❡❝♦♥$&#✉❝&✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✈❡#② &❤✐♥ $&#✉❝&✉#❡$ ❢#♦♠ ❛ ✇✐❞❡ ✈❛#✐❡&② ♦❢ $✉#❢❛❝❡$✳

❑❡②✇♦%❞'✿ ✸❉✲#❡❝♦♥$&#✉❝&✐♦♥✱ ♣❤♦&♦♠❡&#✐❝ $&❡#❡♦✱ ♥♦♥✲✉♥✐❢♦#♠ ✐❧❧✉♠✐♥❛&✐♦♥✱ ❘●❇ ✐♠❛❣❡$✱ ❇❛②❡# ✜❧&❡#✳

✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆

❆♠♦♥❣ &❤❡ ♥✉♠❡#♦✉$ ❝♦♠♣✉&❡# ✈✐$✐♦♥ &❡❝❤♥✐9✉❡$ ❢♦# ❛❝❤✐❡✈✐♥❣ ✸❉✲#❡❝♦♥$&#✉❝&✐♦♥ ❢#♦♠ ❞✐❣✐&❛❧ ❝❛♠❡#❛$✱ ♣❤♦✲ &♦♠❡&#✐❝ &❡❝❤♥✐9✉❡$ $✉❝❤ ❛$ $❤❛♣❡✲❢#♦♠✲$❤❛❞✐♥❣✶ ❛♥❞ ♣❤♦&♦♠❡&#✐❝ $&❡#❡♦❛#❡ ♦❢&❡♥ ❝♦♥$✐❞❡#❡❞ ❛$ ✜#$& ❝❤♦✐❝❡$

✇❤❡♥ ✐& ❝♦♠❡$ &♦ &❤❡ #❡❝♦✈❡#② ♦❢ &❤✐♥ $&#✉❝&✉#❡$✳ ■♥❞❡❡❞✱ &❤❡② ❛#❡ ❛❜❧❡ &♦ ❡$&✐♠❛&❡ &❤❡ $✉#❢❛❝❡ ♥♦#♠❛❧$ ✐♥ ❡❛❝❤ ♣✐①❡❧ ✭✐♥ &❤❡ ❧✐&❡#❛&✉#❡✱ ✏♣✐①❡❧✑ ✉$✉❛❧❧② #❡❢❡#$ &♦ ❛ ❝❡❧❧ ✐♥ &❤❡ #❡❞✱ ❣#❡❡♥ ❛♥❞ ❜❧✉❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧$ ✐♥&❡#♣♦❧❛&❡❞ ❢#♦♠ &❤❡ ❇❛②❡# ♠❛&#✐①✿ ✇❡ #❛&❤❡# ❝♦♥$✐❞❡# ❛ ♣✐①❡❧ ❛$ ❛ ❝❡❧❧ ✐♥ &❤❡ ♥♦♥✲❞❡♠♦$❛✐❝❡❞ ❘❆❲ ✐♠❛❣❡✮✳ ■♥ &❤✐$ ✇♦#❦✱ ✇❡ ❢♦❝✉$ ♦♥ $✉#❢❛❝❡$ ♣✐❝&✉#❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ❝♦♥$✐$&✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❛ ❞✐❣✐&❛❧ ❝❛♠❡#❛ ❛♥❞ $❡✈❡#❛❧ ▲❊❉$ ❛##❛♥❣❡❞ ❛$ ❞❡$❝#✐❜❡❞ ✐♥ ❋✐❣✉#❡ ✶✳

❈❛♠❡#❛ ▲❊❉$ ❙❝❡♥❡ ▲❊❉$ ✭❛✮ ✭❜✮ ✭❝✮ ❋✐❣✉$❡ ✶✳ ✭❛✮ ❙❝❤❡♠❛/✐❝ $❡♣$❡1❡♥/❛/✐♦♥ ♦❢ /❤❡ ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ✉1❡❞ ❢♦$ ✸❉✲$❡❝♦♥1/$✉❝/✐♦♥ ❜② ♣❤♦/♦♠❡/$✐❝ 1/❡$❡♦✳ ❈♦♥/$♦❧❧❛❜❧❡ ▲❊❉1 ❛$❡ ♦$✐❡♥/❡❞ /♦✇❛$❞1 /❤❡ ✇❛❧❧1 ♦❢ /❤❡ ❞❡✈✐❝❡✱ ✐♥ ♦$❞❡$ /♦ ✐❧❧✉♠✐♥❛/❡ /❤❡ 1❝❡♥❡ ✐♥ ❛ ❞✐✛✉1❡ ♠❛♥♥❡$✳✸ ❆ ❞✐❣✐/❛❧ ❝❛♠❡$❛ ✐1 ✉1❡❞ /♦ ❝❛♣/✉$❡ m = 15 ✶✷✲❜✐/1 ❘❆❲ ✐♠❛❣❡1 ♦❢ /❤❡ 1❝❡♥❡ ✉♥❞❡$ ✈❛$②✐♥❣ ✐❧❧✉♠✐♥❛/✐♦♥ ♦❜/❛✐♥❡❞ ❜② 1✉❝❝❡11✐✈❡❧② /✉$♥✐♥❣ ♦♥ /❤❡ ❞✐✛❡$❡♥/ ▲❊❉1✳ ✭❜✲❝✮ ❚✇♦ ❘●❇ ✐♠❛❣❡1 ♦❢ ❛ ❢♦❧❞❡❞ ✶✵ ❡✉$♦1 ❜❛♥❦♥♦/❡ ♦❜/❛✐♥❡❞ ✇✐/❤ /❤✐1 ❞❡✈✐❝❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐1 ✐♥/❡♥❞❡❞ ❢♦$ 1♠❛❧❧✲1❝❛❧❡ ✸❉✲$❡❝♦♥1/$✉❝/✐♦♥✿ ✐♥ ❢✉❧❧ $❡1♦❧✉/✐♦♥ ✭3664 × 2748 ♣✐①❡❧1✮✱ /❤❡ ✐♠❛❣❡❞ ❛$❡❛ ✐1 ♦❢ 1✐③❡ 1.6 cm × 1.2 cm✱ /❤✉1 /❤❡ 1✉$❢❛❝❡ ❛$❡❛ ❝♦$$❡1♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ /♦ ❛ ♣✐①❡❧ ✐1 ❛$♦✉♥❞ 5 µm × 5 µm✳ ❈♦$$❡1♣♦♥❞❡♥❝❡✿ ❨✳ ◗✉Q❛✉✿ ②✈❛✐♥✳R✉❡❛✉❅/✉♠✳❞❡ ▼✳ U✐③❡♥❜❡$❣✿ ♠❛//❤✐❡✉✳♣✐③❡♥❜❡$❣❅❡♥1❡❡✐❤/✳❢$ ❏✳✲❉✳ ❉✉$♦✉✿ ❞✉$♦✉❅✐$✐/✳❢$ ❉✳ ❈$❡♠❡$1✿ ❝$❡♠❡$1❅/✉♠✳❞❡

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❤♦#♦♠❡#&✐❝ #❡❝❤♥✐*✉❡, ✐♥✈❡&# ❛ ♣❤♦#♦♠❡#&✐❝ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❞❡,❝&✐❜✐♥❣ #❤❡ ✐♥#❡&❛❝#✐♦♥, ❜❡#✇❡❡♥ #❤❡ ✐❧❧✉♠✐♥❛#✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ #❤❡ ,✉&❢❛❝❡✳ ❚❤❡ ✉,✉❛❧ ❛,,✉♠♣#✐♦♥, ♦❢ ♣❤♦#♦♠❡#&✐❝ ,#❡&❡♦ ❛&❡ #❤❛# #❤❡ ❞❛#❛ ❝♦♥,✐,# ✐♥ m ≥ 3 ❣&❛② ❧❡✈❡❧ ✐♠❛❣❡, Ii, i ∈ [1, m]✱ ♦❜#❛✐♥❡❞ ❢&♦♠ ❛ ,#✐❧❧ ❝❛♠❡&❛✱ ❜✉# ✉♥❞❡& ✈❛&②✐♥❣ ❞✐&❡❝#✐♦♥❛❧ ✐❧❧✉♠✐♥❛#✐♦♥ ✭❝❢✳ ❋✐❣✉&❡ ✶✮✱ #❤❛# #❤❡

,✉&❢❛❝❡ ✐, ♦♣❛*✉❡ ❛♥❞ #❤❛# ✐#, &❡✢❡❝#❛♥❝❡ ✐, ▲❛♠❜❡&#✐❛♥ ✭♣❡&❢❡❝#❧② ❞✐✛✉,✐✈❡✮✳ ❯♥❞❡& #❤❡,❡ ❛,,✉♠♣#✐♦♥,✱ ❛♥❞ ♥❡❣❧❡❝#✐♥❣ ,❤❛❞♦✇✐♥❣ ❡✛❡❝#,✱ #❤❡ ❣&❛② ❧❡✈❡❧ ❛# ♣✐①❡❧ (u, v) ✐♥ #❤❡ i✲#❤ ✐♠❛❣❡ ✐, ♠♦❞❡❧❡❞ ❛,✿

Ii

u,v = ρu,vnu,v· si, i ∈ [1, m] ✭✶✮

✇❤❡&❡ ρu,v> 0✐, #❤❡ ❛❧❜❡❞♦✱ nu,v ✐, #❤❡ ✉♥✐# ♦✉#✇❛&❞ ♥♦&♠❛❧ #♦ #❤❡ ,✉&❢❛❝❡✱ ✈❡❝#♦& si ♣♦✐♥#, #♦✇❛&❞, #❤❡ ❧✐❣❤#

,♦✉&❝❡✱ ✐#, ✐♥#❡♥,✐#② ✐, ♣&♦♣♦&#✐♦♥❛❧ #♦ #❤❡ ❧✉♠✐♥♦✉, ✢✉① ❞❡♥,✐#②✱ ❛♥❞ · ✐, #❤❡ ❊✉❝❧✐❞❡❛♥ ,❝❛❧❛& ♣&♦❞✉❝#✳

❚❤❡ ❛❧❜❡❞♦ ρu,v ❛♥❞ #❤❡ ♥♦&♠❛❧ nu,v ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❡,#✐♠❛#❡❞ ✐♥ ❡❛❝❤ ♣✐①❡❧ (u, v) ❜② ,♦❧✈✐♥❣ ,②,#❡♠ ✭✶✮ ✐♥ #❤❡ ❧❡❛,#✲

,*✉❛&❡, ,❡♥,❡ ✐♥ #❡&♠, ♦❢ #❤❡ ✈❡❝#♦& mu,v = ρu,vnu,v✳ ❚❤❡♥✱ #❤❡ ❛❧❜❡❞♦ ✐, ♦❜#❛✐♥❡❞ ❜② ρu,v = kmu,vk ❛♥❞ #❤❡ ♥♦&♠❛❧ ❜② nu,v= mu,v/kmu,vk✳ ❊✈❡♥#✉❛❧❧②✱ #❤❡ ❞❡♣#❤ ♠❛♣ ✐, ♦❜#❛✐♥❡❞ ❜② ✐♥#❡❣&❛#✐♦♥ ♦❢ #❤❡ ❡,#✐♠❛#❡❞ ♥♦&♠❛❧,✳✹

❋✐❣✉&❡ ✷ ,❤♦✇, #❤❡ ❛❧❜❡❞♦✱ ♥♦&♠❛❧, ❛♥❞ ❞❡♣#❤ ❡,#✐♠❛#❡❞ ❢&♦♠ m = 15 ✐♠❛❣❡, ,✉❝❤ ❛, #❤♦,❡ ✐♥ ❋✐❣✉&❡ ✶✳

✭❛✮ ✭❜✮ ✭❝✮

❋✐❣✉$❡ ✷✳ ❋$♦♠ ❛ +❡, ♦❢ m ≥ 3 ❘●❇ ✐♠❛❣❡+ +✉❝❤ ❛+ ,❤♦+❡ +❤♦✇♥ ✐♥ ❋✐❣✉$❡ ✶✱ ♦❜,❛✐♥❡❞ ✉♥❞❡$ ✈❛$②✐♥❣ ✐❧❧✉♠✐♥❛,✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❧❡ ❦❡❡♣✐♥❣ ,❤❡ ❝❛♠❡$❛ +,✐❧❧✱ ♦✉$ ♣❤♦,♦♠❡,$✐❝ +,❡$❡♦ ❛♣♣$♦❛❝❤ +✐♠✉❧,❛♥❡♦✉+❧② $❡❝♦✈❡$+ ✭❛✮ ❛♥ ❘●❇ ❛❧❜❡❞♦✱ ✭❜✮ ❛ ♥♦$♠❛❧ ♠❛♣ +❤♦✇✐♥❣ ♠✐❝$♦❣❡♦♠❡,$✐❝ +,$✉❝,✉$❡+ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛$❡ ❤❛$❞❧② ✈✐+✐❜❧❡ ✐♥ ,❤❡ ✐♠❛❣❡+✱ ❛♥❞ ✭❝✮ ❛ ✸❉✲$❡❝♦♥+,$✉❝,✐♦♥ ♦❢ ,❤❡ +✉$❢❛❝❡✳

❚❤✐, ♣&♦❝❡❞✉&❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐, #❤❡ ♠♦,# ❝♦♥,✐❞❡&❡❞ ✐♥ #❤❡ ❧✐#❡&❛#✉&❡ ♦♥ ♣❤♦#♦♠❡#&✐❝ ,#❡&❡♦✱ &❡❧✐❡, ♦♥ #✇♦ &❡,#&✐❝#✐✈❡ ❛,,✉♠♣#✐♦♥,✳ ❋✐&,#✱ ✐# ✐, ❛,,✉♠❡❞ #❤❛# #❤❡ ❞❛#❛ ❝♦♥,✐,# ✐♥ ❣&❛② ❧❡✈❡❧ ✐♠❛❣❡,✳ ❨❡#✱ ♠♦,# ♠♦❞❡&♥ ❞✐❣✐#❛❧ ❝❛♠❡&❛, ♣&♦✈✐❞❡ ❘●❇ ✐♠❛❣❡,✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♥❡❡❞ #♦ ❜❡ ❝♦♥✈❡&#❡❞ #♦ ❣&❛② ❧❡✈❡❧, ❢♦& #❤❡ ♥❡❡❞ ♦❢ ♣❤♦#♦♠❡#&✐❝ ,#❡&❡♦✱ ✐♥❞✉❝✐♥❣ ❛ ❧♦,, ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦&♠❛#✐♦♥✳ ■♥ ❛❞❞✐#✐♦♥✱ ❡❛❝❤ ✐❧❧✉♠✐♥❛#✐♦♥ ✈❡❝#♦& si ✐, ,✉♣♣♦,❡❞ #♦ ❜❡ #❤❡ ,❛♠❡ ✐♥ ❛❧❧ ♣✐①❡❧,✳ ❙✐♥❝❡ ✐♥

♦✉& ❝❛,❡✱ #❤❡ ❡✛❡❝#✐✈❡ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥# ✐❧❧✉♠✐♥❛#✐♦♥ ✐, ❛❝#✉❛❧❧② #❤❡ &❡,✉❧# ♦❢ ♠✉❧#✐♣❧❡ &❡✢❡❝#✐♦♥, ✇✐#❤ #❤❡ ,✉&&♦✉♥❞✐♥❣ ❡♥✈✐&♦♥♠❡♥# ✭❝❢✳ ❋✐❣✉&❡ ✶✲❛✮✱ #❤✐, ✐, ❤❛&❞❧② ❥✉,#✐✜❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ♣✉&♣♦,❡ ♦❢ ♦✉& ❝♦♥#&✐❜✉#✐♦♥ ✐, #♦ ,❤♦✇ #❤❛# #❤❡ ❣&❛② ❧❡✈❡❧ ❛,,✉♠♣#✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛✈♦✐❞❡❞ ✈❡&② ,✐♠♣❧② ❜② ❝♦♥,✐❞❡&✐♥❣ ❛, ✐♥♣✉#, #❤❡ ❘❆❲ ✐♠❛❣❡, ❢&♦♠ #❤❡ ,❡♥,♦&✱ ✇✐#❤♦✉# ❞❡♠♦,❛✐❝✐♥❣ ✭❝❢✳ ,❡❝#✐♦♥ ✸✮✳ ❚❤✐, ,✐♠♣❧✐✜❡, #❤❡ ❡,#✐♠❛#✐♦♥ ♦❢ #❤❡ ✭❝♦❧♦&✮ ❛❧❜❡❞♦ ❛♥❞ ♦❢ #❤❡ ♥♦&♠❛❧,✱ ✐♥ ❝♦♠♣❛&✐,♦♥ ✇✐#❤ ♠❡#❤♦❞, ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐#❤ ✐♥#❡&♣♦❧❛#❡❞ ❘●❇ ✐♠❛❣❡, ✭❝❢✳ ,❡❝#✐♦♥ ✷✮✳ ❨❡#✱ ♦✉& ❛♣♣&♦❛❝❤ &❡*✉✐&❡, #❤❛# ❡❛❝❤ ✐❧❧✉♠✐♥❛#✐♦♥ ✐, ❝❛❧✐❜&❛#❡❞ ✇✐#❤ &❡,♣❡❝# #♦ ❡❛❝❤ ♣✐①❡❧ ✭❝❢✳ ,❡❝#✐♦♥ ✹✮✳

✷✳ ❘❊▲❆❚❊❉ ❲❖❘❑

▼✐❝&♦❣❡♦♠❡#&② &❡❝♦✈❡&② ❜② ♣❤♦#♦♠❡#&✐❝ ,#❡&❡♦ ❤❛, ❛❧&❡❛❞② ❜❡❡♥ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡❞ ❜② ❛♣♣❧②✐♥❣ ❛ ❝❤❡♠✐❝❛❧ ❣❡❧ ❜❡#✇❡❡♥ #❤❡ ,✉&❢❛❝❡ ❛♥❞ #❤❡ ❝❛♠❡&❛✱ ✐♥ ♦&❞❡& #♦ ✏❧❛♠❜❡&#✐❛♥✐③❡✑ #❤❡ ,✉&❢❛❝❡,✳✺ ■♥ ❝♦♥#&❛,#✱ ✇❡ ✉,❡ ❛ ♥♦♥✲✐♥#&✉,✐✈❡

♠❡#❤♦❞ &❡❧②✐♥❣ ♦♥❧② ♦♥ ,#❛♥❞❛&❞ ❡*✉✐♣♠❡♥# ,✉❝❤ ❛, ▲❊❉,✱ ②❡# ❛&&❛♥❣❡❞ ✐♥ ,✉❝❤ ❛ ✇❛② #❤❛# #❤❡② ❝&❡❛#❡ ❞✐✛✉,❡ ✐❧❧✉♠✐♥❛#✐♦♥✱ #❤✉, ❧✐♠✐#✐♥❣ ,♣❡❝✉❧❛&✐#✐❡,✳ ■♥ ❛❞❞✐#✐♦♥✱ ✇❤❡♥ #❤❡ ❛♣♣❡❛&❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛ ,✉&❢❛❝❡ ✐, ♠♦❞✐✜❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❝❤❡♠✐❝❛❧ ♣&♦❝❡,,✱ ✐#, ♦&✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❛❧❜❡❞♦ ❝❛♥♥♦# ❜❡ ❡,#✐♠❛#❡❞ ❛♥②♠♦&❡✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ ♦✉& ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ✐, ❛❜❧❡ #♦ ❡,#✐♠❛#❡ ✐#✳

❚❤❡ ❣&❛② ❧❡✈❡❧ ❛,,✉♠♣#✐♦♥ ❤❛, ❜❡❡♥ &❡❧❛①❡❞ ✐♥ ,❡✈❡&❛❧ ✇❛②, ✐♥ #❤❡ ❧✐#❡&❛#✉&❡ ♦♥ ♣❤♦#♦♠❡#&✐❝ ,#❡&❡♦✳ ❖♥❡ ❢❛♠♦✉, ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ✐, #❤❡ &❡❛❧✲#✐♠❡ ✸❉✲&❡❝♦♥,#&✉❝#✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❞❡❢♦&♠❛❜❧❡ ✇❤✐#❡ ,✉&❢❛❝❡, ♦❜,❡&✈❡❞ ✉♥❞❡& ❞✐✛❡&❡♥# ❝♦❧♦&❡❞ ❧✐❣❤# ,♦✉&❝❡,✳✻ ❚❤❡ ,#❛♥❞❛&❞ ♣❤♦#♦♠❡#&✐❝ ,#❡&❡♦ ♣&♦❝❡❞✉&❡ ✐, ✉,❡❞ #♦ ❡,#✐♠❛#❡ #❤❡ ♥♦&♠❛❧, ✭#❤❡ ❡,#✐♠❛#❡❞ ❛❧❜❡❞♦

✐, ♥♦# &❡❧❡✈❛♥#✱ ,✐♥❝❡ #❤❡ ,✉&❢❛❝❡ ✐, ,✉♣♣♦,❡❞ #♦ ❜❡ ✉♥✐❢♦&♠❧② ✇❤✐#❡✮✱ ❝♦♥,✐❞❡&✐♥❣ #❤❡ &❡❞✱ ❣&❡❡♥ ❛♥❞ ❜❧✉❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧, ❛, #❤&❡❡ ❣&❛② ❧❡✈❡❧ ✐♠❛❣❡,✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❛❞✈❛♥#❛❣❡ ♦❢ #❤✐, ❛♣♣&♦❛❝❤ ✐, #❤❛# ✐# ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ❢&♦♠ ❛ ,✐♥❣❧❡ ❘●❇ ✐♠❛❣❡✱ ❛♥ ✐❞❡❛ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛, ❛❧&❡❛❞② ,✉❣❣❡,#❡❞ ✐♥ #❤❡ ❡❛&❧② ✇♦&❦ ❜② ❲♦♦❞❤❛♠✳✷

(5)

❆♥♦#❤❡& ✐♠♣♦&#❛♥# ✇♦&❦ ✐- #❤❛# ❜② ❇❛&-❦② ❛♥❞ 2❡#&♦✉✱✼ ✇❤♦ ✉-❡❞ ❢♦✉& ❘●❇ ✐♠❛❣❡- #♦ ❡-#✐♠❛#❡ #❤❡ #❤&❡❡

❛❧❜❡❞♦ ✈❛❧✉❡- &❡❧❛#❡❞ #♦ ❡❛❝❤ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ❛♥❞ #❤❡ ♥♦&♠❛❧-✳ ❚♦ #❤✐- ♣✉&♣♦-❡✱ #❤❡ ♣❤♦#♦♠❡#&✐❝ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✭✶✮ ✐- ✇&✐##❡♥ ✇✳&✳#✳ ❡❛❝❤ ❝♦❧♦& ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧✱ ②❡# ❝♦♥-✐❞❡&✐♥❣ #❤❛# #❤❡ ✐❧❧✉♠✐♥❛#✐♦♥ ✐- ✏✇❤✐#❡✑✿

Ii,⋆

u,v= ρ⋆u,vnu,v· si, i ∈ [1, m], ⋆ ∈ {R, G, B} ✭✷✮

✇❤❡&❡ #❤❡ ❛❧❜❡❞♦ ρ⋆

u,v ✐- ♥♦✇ &❡❧❛#✐✈❡ #♦ #❤❡ ❝♦❧♦& ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ⋆ ∈ {R, G, B}✳ ❚❤❡ -#❛♥❞❛&❞ ♣❤♦#♦♠❡#&✐❝ -#❡&❡♦

♣&♦❝❡❞✉&❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥#❧② ✐♥ ❡❛❝❤ ❝♦❧♦& ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇♦✉❧❞ ♣&♦✈✐❞❡ #❤❡ ❞❡-✐&❡❞ ✈❛❧✉❡- ♦❢ #❤❡ ❛❧❜❡❞♦✱ ❛- ✇❡❧❧ ❛- #❤&❡❡ ❢♦& #❤❡ ♥♦&♠❛❧✳ ❯♥❢♦&#✉♥❛#❡❧②✱ #❤✐- ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧❡❛❞ #♦ ✐♥❝♦♠♣❛#✐❜❧❡ ❡-#✐♠❛#❡-♦❢ #❤❡ ♥♦&♠❛❧✿ ❇❛&-❦② ❛♥❞ 2❡#&♦✉ ♣&♦♣♦-❡❞ ❛ ♣&✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥# ❛♥❛❧②-✐-✲❜❛-❡❞ ♣&♦❝❡❞✉&❡ #♦ ♦✈❡&❝♦♠❡ #❤✐-❞&❛✇❜❛❝❦ ❜② -✐♠✉❧#❛♥❡♦✉-❧② ❡-#✐♠❛#✐♥❣ #❤❡ #❤&❡❡ ✈❛❧✉❡- ♦❢ #❤❡ ❛❧❜❡❞♦ ❛♥❞ #❤❡ ♥♦&♠❛❧ ✈❡❝#♦&✳ ■❦❡❞❛ -✉❣❣❡-#❡❞ ❛♥ ❛❧#❡&♥❛#✐✈❡ ♣&♦❝❡❞✉&❡ ❝♦♥-✐-#✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❡-#✐♠❛#✐♥❣ #❤❡ ❝♦❧♦& ❛❧❜❡❞♦ ✜&-#✱ ❛♥❞ #❤❡♥ #❤❡ -❤❛♣❡ ❜② &❡-♦&#✐♥❣ #♦ ❛ ♥♦♥❧✐♥❡❛& 2❉❊ ❢&❛♠❡✇♦&❦✳✽ ■# ✇❛- ❛❧-♦ &❡❝❡♥#❧② -❤♦✇♥ #❤❛# ❝♦♥-✐❞❡&✐♥❣ &❛#✐♦- ❜❡#✇❡❡♥ ♣❛✐&- ♦❢ ❝♦❧♦& ❧❡✈❡❧- ✐♥ #❤❡

-❛♠❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ②✐❡❧❞- ❛ -②-#❡♠ ♦❢ ❧✐♥❡❛& 2❉❊- ✐♥ #❤❡ ❞❡♣#❤✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ -♦❧✈❡❞ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥#❧② ❢&♦♠ #❤❡ ❛❧❜❡❞♦✳✾

◆❡✈❡&#❤❡❧❡--✱ ❛❧❧ #❤❡-❡ ✇♦&❦- ❛--✉♠❡ #❤❛# #❤❡ #&✐♣❧❡# ♦❢ ❘●❇ ✈❛❧✉❡- ❝♦&&❡-♣♦♥❞ #♦ #❤❡ -❛♠❡ -✉&❢❛❝❡ ♣♦✐♥#✳ ❨❡#✱ #❤✐- ✐- ♥♦# ❛ ✈❛❧✐❞ ❛--✉♠♣#✐♦♥ ✇✐#❤ -#❛♥❞❛&❞ ❘●❇ ❝❛♠❡&❛-✳ ■♥❞❡❡❞✱ #❤❡ ❝♦❧♦& ✜❧#❡&- ❛&❡ ✉-✉❛❧❧② ❛&&❛♥❣❡❞ ❛❝❝♦&❞✐♥❣ #♦ ❛ ❇❛②❡& ♣❛##❡&♥✿ ♦♥❡ ❝❡❧❧ ♦❢ #❤❡ -❡♥-♦& ❝❛♥ ♦♥❧② &❡❝❡✐✈❡ ✐♥❢♦&♠❛#✐♦♥ ✐♥ ♦♥❡ -♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❝♦❧♦& ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧✳ ❚♦ ♦❜#❛✐♥ ❛ #&✐♣❧❡# ♦❢ ❘●❇ ✈❛❧✉❡-✱ ✐♥#❡&♣♦❧❛#✐♦♥ ✐- &❡M✉✐&❡❞✳ ❚❤✐- ✐♥❞✉❝❡- ❛ ❜✐❛-✱ ❛- ❡❛❝❤ ♥♦&♠❛❧ ✐- ❡-#✐♠❛#❡❞ ❢&♦♠ ❝♦❧♦& ❧❡✈❡❧- &❡❣✐-#❡&❡❞ ✐♥ ♥❡✐❣❤❜♦&✐♥❣ ♣✐①❡❧- &❛#❤❡& #❤❛♥ ♦♥❧② ✐♥ #❤❡ ❝✉&&❡♥# ♦♥❡✳

❆- ❢♦& #❤❡ ❞✐&❡❝#✐♦♥❛❧ ✐❧❧✉♠✐♥❛#✐♦♥ ❛--✉♠♣#✐♦♥✱ ✐# ❤❛- ❢&❡M✉❡♥#❧② ❜❡❡♥ M✉❡-#✐♦♥❡❞ ✐♥ #❤❡ ❝♦♥#❡①# ♦❢ ♣❤♦#♦♠❡#&✐❝ -#❡&❡♦✳ ❆ ❧♦# ♦❢ ❧✉♠✐♥♦✉- -♦✉&❝❡-✱ ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ♣♦✐♥#✇✐-❡ ❛♥❞ ❡①#❡♥❞❡❞ ♦♥❡-✱ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛♣♣&♦①✐♠❛#❡❞ ❜② ❛ ♣❛&❛♠❡#&✐❝ ♠♦❞❡❧✱ -❡❡ ❢♦& ✐♥-#❛♥❝❡✶✵ ❢♦& -♦♠❡ ❞✐-❝✉--✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ♣♦✐♥#✇✐-❡ -♦✉&❝❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐- ♦❢#❡♥ ❡♥❝♦✉♥#❡&❡❞ ✐♥ &❡❛❧✲✇♦&❧❞

❛♣♣❧✐❝❛#✐♦♥-✱ ❛- ▲❊❉- &❡♣&❡-❡♥# ❝❤❡❛♣ ❧✐❣❤# -♦✉&❝❡- ✇❤✐❝❤ ✜# &❛#❤❡& ✇❡❧❧ #❤✐- ♠♦❞❡❧✳ ❈❛❧✐❜&❛#✐♥❣ #❤❡ ♣❛&❛♠❡#❡&-♦❢ -✉❝❤ -♦✉&❝❡- ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ♣♦-✐#✐♦♥✱ ♦&✐❡♥#❛#✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✐♥#❡♥-✐#②✮ ✐- ❛ &❡❧❛#✐✈❡❧② ✇❡❧❧✲❦♥♦✇♥ ♣&♦❜❧❡♠✱✶✶ ❛- ✇❡❧❧ ❛- #❤❡

♥✉♠❡&✐❝❛❧ &❡-♦❧✉#✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣❤♦#♦♠❡#&✐❝ -#❡&❡♦ ✉♥❞❡& -✉❝❤ ❛♥ ✐❧❧✉♠✐♥❛#✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡❧✳✾

❯♥❢♦&#✉♥❛#❡❧②✱ ♣❛&❛♠❡#&✐❝ ♠♦❞❡❧- ❛&❡ ♥♦# ❛❞❛♣#❡❞ #♦ ♦✉& ✉-❡ ❝❛-❡ ✐❧❧✉-#&❛#❡❞ ✐♥ ❋✐❣✉&❡ ✶✿ ❛❧#❤♦✉❣❤ #❤❡ ❧✐❣❤# &❡✢❡❝#✐♦♥- ✐♥-✐❞❡ #❤❡ ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❡❞ ✉-✐♥❣ &❡♥❞❡&✐♥❣ #❡❝❤♥✐M✉❡-✱ ✐♥✈❡&#✐♥❣ #❤❡ &❡♥❞❡&✐♥❣ ❡M✉❛#✐♦♥ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ✐♠♣♦--✐❜❧❡ ✐♥ ♣&❛❝#✐❝❡✳ ■♥-#❡❛❞✱ ✇❡ ♣&❡❢❡& #♦ &❡-♦&# #♦ ❛ -✐♠♣❧❡ ❛♣♣&♦①✐♠❛#❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❞❡-❝&✐❜✐♥❣ #❤❡ &❡-✉❧#✐♥❣ ❧✉♠✐♥♦✉- ✢✉① &❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ #❤❡ -✉&❢❛❝❡✳ ❆ ✜&-# ♣♦--✐❜✐❧✐#② ❝♦♥-✐-#- ✐♥ -❛♠♣❧✐♥❣ #❤❡ ✐♥#❡♥-✐#② ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ✐❧❧✉♠✐♥❛#✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❛ ♣❧❛♥❡ ❧♦❝❛#❡❞ ✐♥ #❤❡ ❛&❡❛ ♦❢ ✐♥#❡&❡-#✱ ❛♥❞ #❤❡♥ ❞✐✈✐❞✐♥❣ ❡❛❝❤ ♥❡✇ ✐♠❛❣❡ ❜② #❤❡-❡ ✐♥#❡♥-✐#② ♠❛♣-✳✶✷ ❨❡#✱

#❤✐-#❡❝❤♥✐M✉❡ ❝❛♥ ♦♥❧② ❝♦♠♣❡♥-❛#❡ ❢♦& ♥♦♥✲✉♥✐❢♦&♠ ✐❧❧✉♠✐♥❛#✐♦♥ ✐♥#❡♥-✐#✐❡-✱ ❜✉# ♥♦# ❢♦& ♥♦♥✲✉♥✐❢♦&♠ ✐❧❧✉♠✐♥❛#✐♦♥ ❞✐&❡❝#✐♦♥-✳ ❆♥♦#❤❡& ♣♦--✐❜✐❧✐#② ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ #♦ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦-❡ #❤❡ ✐❧❧✉♠✐♥❛#✐♦♥ ❞✐&❡❝#✐♦♥ ♦♥ #❤❡ -♣❤❡&✐❝❛❧ ❤❛&♠♦♥✐❝-❜❛-✐-✱✶✸❛♥❞ #♦ ❝❛❧✐❜&❛#❡ #❤❡ ✜&-# ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥#- ♦❢ #❤✐- ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦-✐#✐♦♥✳ ❖♥ #❤❡ ♦#❤❡& ❤❛♥❞✱ ✐# ✐- ❞✐✣❝✉❧# #♦ ♣&❡❞✐❝#

#❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡& ♦❢ ❤❛&♠♦♥✐❝- &❡M✉✐&❡❞ #♦ ❡♥-✉&❡ #❤❛# #❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐- &❡❛-♦♥❛❜❧② ❛❝❝✉&❛#❡✳ ❲❡ ✇✐❧❧ -❤♦✇ ✐♥ -❡❝#✐♦♥ ✹ ❤♦✇ #♦ -❛♠♣❧❡ ❜♦#❤ #❤❡ ✐❧❧✉♠✐♥❛#✐♦♥ ✐♥#❡♥-✐#✐❡- ❛♥❞ ❞✐&❡❝#✐♦♥-✱ ✐♥ ♦&❞❡& #♦ ♦❜#❛✐♥ ❛♥ ❛❝❝✉&❛#❡ &❡♣&❡-❡♥#❛#✐♦♥ ♦❢ #❤❡ ❧✉♠✐♥♦✉- ✢✉① &❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ #❤❡ -✉&❢❛❝❡✳

✸✳ ❘●❇ %❍❖❚❖▼❊❚❘■❈ ❙❚❊❘❊❖ ❲■❚❍❖❯❚ ❉❊▼❖❙❆■❈■◆●

▲❡# ✉- ♥♦✇ ✐♥#&♦❞✉❝❡ ♦✉& ❘●❇ ♣❤♦#♦♠❡#&✐❝ -#❡&❡♦ ♠♦❞❡❧✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ &❡❧✐❡- ♦♥ ❘❆❲ ✐♥♣✉#- ✇✐#❤♦✉# ❞❡♠♦-❛✐❝✐♥❣✳ ❆-✇❡ -❤❛❧❧ -❡❡✱ ❛✈♦✐❞✐♥❣ ❞❡♠♦-❛✐❝✐♥❣ ②✐❡❧❞- ❛ ♠✉❝❤ -✐♠♣❧❡& ❛♣♣&♦❛❝❤ #♦ ❡-#✐♠❛#❡ #❤❡ ❘●❇ ❛❧❜❡❞♦ ❛♥❞ #❤❡ ♥♦&♠❛❧-✱ ✐♥ ❝♦♠♣❛&✐-♦♥ ✇✐#❤ ❡①✐-#✐♥❣ ✇♦&❦- ❞✐-❝✉--❡❞ ❛❜♦✈❡✳

■♥ ♦&❞❡& ❢♦& ♣❤♦#♦♠❡#&✐❝ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✭✶✮ #♦ ❜❡ -❛#✐-✜❡❞ ✇❤❡♥ ✉-✐♥❣ &❡❛❧✲✇♦&❧❞ ✐♠❛❣❡-✱ #❤❡ ❝❛♠❡&❛ &❡-♣♦♥-❡ -❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❛- ❧✐♥❡❛& ❛- ♣♦--✐❜❧❡✳ ■♥ #❤✐- ✈✐❡✇✱ ❛❧❧ ✉♥❝♦♥#&♦❧❧❡❞ ♦♣❡&❛#✐♦♥- ♦♥ #❤❡ ✐♠❛❣❡- -❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❛✈♦✐❞❡❞✳ ❚❤✐- ♠❡❛♥-#❤❛# ❤❛&❞✇❛&❡ ❛✉#♦♠❛#✐❝ ❝♦&&❡❝#✐♦♥- -✉❝❤ ❛- ❡①♣♦-✉&❡✱ ✇❤✐#❡ ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❣❛♠♠❛ ❝♦&&❡❝#✐♦♥- -❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❞✐-❛❜❧❡❞✳ ❈♦♥✈❡&-✐♦♥ ❢&♦♠ ❘❆❲ ❞❛#❛ #♦ ❏2❊● ✐♠❛❣❡- -❤♦✉❧❞ ❛❧-♦ ❜❡ ❛✈♦✐❞❡❞✱ -✐♥❝❡ ❘❆❲ ✐♠❛❣❡- ✉-✉❛❧❧② ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ❜❡##❡& ❞❡♣#❤ ✭♦✉& ❘❆❲ ✐♠❛❣❡- ❛&❡ ❝♦❞❡❞ ♦♥ ✶✷ ❜✐#-✮✳ ■♥ ❛❞❞✐#✐♦♥✱ ✇❡ ❛&❣✉❡ #❤❛# ❞❡♠♦-❛✐❝✐♥❣ #❤❡ ❘❆❲ ❞❛#❛ -❤♦✉❧❞ ♥♦# ❜❡ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡❞✱ -✐♥❝❡ #❤✐- &❡-✉❧#- ✐♥ ❤❛❧❧✉❝✐♥❛#✐♥❣ ♠✐--✐♥❣ ❞❛#❛ ❜② ✐♥#❡&♣♦❧❛#✐♥❣ #❤❡ ❛❝#✉❛❧ ♠❡❛-✉&❡♠❡♥#- &❡❣✐-#❡&❡❞ ❜② #❤❡ -❡♥-♦&✳ ❆❧#❤♦✉❣❤ ❡❧❛❜♦&❛#❡ ❞❡♠♦-❛✐❝✐♥❣ ♠❡#❤♦❞- ❞♦ ❡①✐-#✱ ✇❡ ❜❡❧✐❡✈❡ #❤❛# ✐# ✐- ♠♦&❡ ❥✉-#✐✜❡❞ #♦ ❝♦♥-✐❞❡& #❤❡ ✈❛❧✉❡- ❢&♦♠ #❤❡ -❡♥-♦& ❛- #❤❡② ❛&❡✱ ✇✐#❤♦✉# ❛♥② ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛#✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠✐❣❤# ❜&❡❛❦ #❤❡ &❡❧✐❛❜✐❧✐#② ♦❢ #❤❡ &❡-♣♦♥-❡✳

(6)

❍❡♥❝❡✱ ✐♥&'❡❛❞ ♦❢ ❝♦♥&✐❞❡,✐♥❣ '❤❛' ✐♥ ❡❛❝❤ ♣✐①❡❧ (u, v)✱ ❛ ',✐♣❧❡' ♦❢ ❘●❇ ✈❛❧✉❡& ✐& ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡✱ ✇❡ ,❛'❤❡, ❝♦♥&✐❞❡, '❤❛' ❛ &✐♥❣❧❡ ♠❡❛&✉,❡♠❡♥' ✐& ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡✱ ②❡' '❤✐& ♠❡❛&✉,❡♠❡♥' &❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ✉♥❞❡,&'♦♦❞ ❛& ,❡❧❛'✐✈❡ '♦ ♦♥❡ &♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❝♦❧♦, ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ '❤❡ ❛,,❛♥❣❡♠❡♥' ♦❢ '❤❡ ❇❛②❡, ♠❛',✐①✱ &❡❡ ❋✐❣✉,❡ ✸✳ ❲❡ ❛❧&♦ ❛❞❞ ❛ &♣❛❝❡✲❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝② '♦ '❤❡ ✐❧❧✉♠✐♥❛'✐♦♥ ✈❡❝'♦,&✱ &✐♥❝❡ '❤❡ ✐♥'❡♥&✐'② ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ✐❧❧✉♠✐♥❛'✐♦♥ ✈❡❝'♦, si✐& ,❡❧❛'✐✈❡ '♦ '❤❡ ❝♦❧♦, ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧✱ ❛♥❞

&✐♥❝❡ ✐'& ❞✐,❡❝'✐♦♥ ✈❛,✐❡& ❜❡❝❛✉&❡ '❤❡ ✐❧❧✉♠✐♥❛'✐♦♥ ✐& ❞✐✛✉&❡ ✭❝❢✳ ❋✐❣✉,❡ ✶✮✳ ❚❤✐& ❡✈❡♥'✉❛❧❧② ❧❡❛❞& '♦ '❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ♣❤♦'♦♠❡',✐❝ ♠♦❞❡❧✿

Ii

u,v= ρu,vnu,v· siu,v, i ∈ [1, m] ✭✸✮ ◆♦'❡ '❤❛' ✐♥ '❤✐& ♥❡✇ ❝♦❧♦, H❙ ♠♦❞❡❧✱ '❤❡,❡ ✐& ♥♦ ✐♥❝♦♠♣❛'✐❜✐❧✐'② ✐♥ '❤❡ ❡&'✐♠❛'❡❞ ♥♦,♠❛❧&✿ ✐❢ '❤❡ ✐❧❧✉♠✐♥❛'✐♦♥ ✈❡❝'♦, ✜❡❧❞& si

u,v ❛,❡ ❦♥♦✇♥ ✭&❡❡ &❡❝'✐♦♥ ✹✮✱ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ❛♣♣❧② '❤❡ &'❛♥❞❛,❞ ♣❤♦'♦♠❡',✐❝ &'❡,❡♦ ♣,♦❝❡❞✉,❡ '♦ ,❡❝♦✈❡,

'❤❡ ❛❧❜❡❞♦ ❛♥❞ '❤❡ ♥♦,♠❛❧ ✐♥ ❡❛❝❤ ♣✐①❡❧✳ ❚❤✐& ②✐❡❧❞& ❛ ♠✉❝❤ &✐♠♣❧❡, ♣,♦❝❡❞✉,❡✱ ❛& ❝♦♠♣❛,❡❞ ✇✐'❤ ❡①✐&'✐♥❣ ❛❧❣♦,✐'❤♠& ✇❤✐❝❤ ,❡L✉✐,❡ ✉♥♠✐①✐♥❣ ❝♦❧♦, ❛♥❞ &❤❛♣❡✼ ♦, ,❡&♦,'✐♥❣ '♦ ✐♠❛❣❡ ,❛'✐♦&✳

✭❛✮ ✭❜✮ ✭❝✮ ❋✐❣✉$❡ ✸✳ (❤♦+♦♠❡+$✐❝ .+❡$❡♦ ✇✐+❤♦✉+ ❞❡♠♦.❛✐❝✐♥❣✳ ✭❛✮ ❈❧♦.❡✲✉♣ ♦♥ ❛ 50 × 50 ♣❛$+ ♦❢ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ ♦✉$ ✐♥♣✉+ ❘❆❲ ✐♠❛❣❡. ✭$❡♣$❡.❡♥+❡❞ ✐♥ ❘●❇ ❢♦$ ❜❡++❡$ ✈✐.✉❛❧✐.❛+✐♦♥✮✳ ❲❡ .✉❣❣❡.+ +♦ ✉.❡ .✉❝❤ ♥♦♥✲❞❡♠♦.❛✐❝❡❞ ✐♥♣✉+. ❛. ❞❛+❛ ❢♦$ ❡.+✐♠❛+✐♥❣ ✭❜✮ ❛ ❇❛②❡$✲❧✐❦❡ ❡.+✐♠❛+❡ ♦❢ +❤❡ ❛❧❜❡❞♦ ✭✇❤✐❝❤ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❢✉$+❤❡$ ✐♥+❡$♣♦❧❛+❡❞ +♦ ♦❜+❛✐♥ ❛♥ ❘●❇ ❛❧❜❡❞♦✮ ❛♥❞ ✭❝✮ ❛♥ ❡.+✐♠❛+❡ ♦❢ +❤❡ ♥♦$♠❛❧ ✐♥ ❡❛❝❤ ♣✐①❡❧✳ ❇② ❛✈♦✐❞✐♥❣ ❞❡♠♦.❛✐❝✐♥❣✱ ✇❡ ❛✈♦✐❞ ❛♥② ✉♥❝♦♥+$♦❧❧❡❞ +$❛♥.❢♦$♠❛+✐♦♥ ♦❢ +❤❡ ❞❛+❛ ❢$♦♠ +❤❡ .❡♥.♦$✱ ❛❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ +❤❡ $❡❝♦✈❡$② ♦❢ ♠✐❝$♦❣❡♦♠❡+$② .+$✉❝+✉$❡.✱ .❡❡ .❡❝+✐♦♥ ✺✳

❊✈❡♥'✉❛❧❧②✱ ✐❢ ❛♥ ❘●❇ ,❡♣,❡&❡♥'❛'✐♦♥ ♦❢ '❤❡ ❛❧❜❡❞♦ ✐& ,❡L✉✐,❡❞✱ ♦♥❡ &❤♦✉❧❞ ❛♣♣❧② ❛ ❞❡♠♦&❛✐❝✐♥❣ ❛❧❣♦,✐'❤♠ '♦ '❤❡ ❇❛②❡,✲❧✐❦❡ ❡&'✐♠❛'❡ ♦❢ ρ✳ ❙✐♥❝❡ ✇❡ ❛,❡ ♠♦&'❧② ✐♥'❡,❡&'❡❞ ✐♥ '❤✐& ✇♦,❦ ✐♥ ,❡❝♦✈❡,✐♥❣ '❤❡ &✉,❢❛❝❡ &❤❛♣❡✱ ✇❡ ❛♣♣❧② ❛ &✐♠♣❧❡ ❧✐♥❡❛, ✐♥'❡,♣♦❧❛'✐♦♥ ❢♦, '❤✐& ♣✉,♣♦&❡✳ ❲❡ ❡♠♣❤❛&✐③❡ '❤❛' ♥♦ ❞❡♠♦&❛✐❝✐♥❣ ♦❢ '❤❡ ♥♦,♠❛❧ ♠❛♣ ✐& ,❡L✉✐,❡❞✿ ✐'& ❞✐,❡❝' ❡&'✐♠❛'✐♦♥ ❢,♦♠ '❤❡ ❇❛②❡, ♠❛',✐① ❛❧,❡❛❞② ♣,♦✈✐❞❡& ❛ ❞❡♥&❡ ♠❛♣ ✇✐'❤♦✉' ♠✐&&✐♥❣ ❞❛'❛✳

❆& ❛ ✜♥❛❧ &'❛❣❡ ✐♥ ♦✉, ♣✐♣❡❧✐♥❡✱ ♣❡,&♣❡❝'✐✈❡ ✐♥'❡❣,❛'✐♦♥ ♦❢ '❤❡ ♥♦,♠❛❧& ✐♥'♦ ❛ ❞❡♣'❤ ♠❛♣ ✐& ♣❡,❢♦,♠❡❞✳ ❚♦ '❤✐& ♣✉,♣♦&❡✱ ✇❡ ❛♣♣❧② '❤❡ ❉❈❚ ♠❡'❤♦❞ ♦❢ ❙✐♠❝❤♦♥② ❡' ❛❧✳✶✹ '♦ '❤❡ ♣❡,&♣❡❝'✐✈❡ ❣,❛❞✐❡♥'& ❡&'✐♠❛'❡❞ ❢,♦♠ '❤❡

♥♦,♠❛❧ ✜❡❧❞ ❛& ❞❡&❝,✐❜❡❞ ✐♥✳✹ ❚❤✐& ②✐❡❧❞& ❛♥ ✉♣✲'♦✲&❝❛❧❡ ❞❡♣'❤ ♠❛♣✱ ❛♥❞ ✇❡ ❡✈❡♥'✉❛❧❧② ❞❡❞✉❝❡ '❤❡ &❝❛❧❡ ❢,♦♠

'❤❡ ♠❡❛♥ ❝❛♠❡,❛✲'♦✲&✉,❢❛❝❡ ❞✐&'❛♥❝❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐& ❡&'✐♠❛'❡❞ ✇❤✐❧❡ ❣❡♦♠❡',✐❝❛❧❧② ❝❛❧✐❜,❛'✐♥❣ '❤❡ ❝❛♠❡,❛✳

✹✳ ❙❆▼%▲■◆● ❚❍❊ ■▲▲❯▼■◆❆❚■❖◆ ❉■❘❊❈❚■❖◆❙ ❆◆❉ ■◆❚❊◆❙■❚■❊❙

❲❡ ♥♦✇ ❞❡&❝,✐❜❡ ❛ ♣,❛❝'✐❝❛❧ ✇❛② '♦ &❛♠♣❧❡ '❤❡ ✐❧❧✉♠✐♥❛'✐♦♥ ❞✐,❡❝'✐♦♥& ❛♥❞ ✐♥'❡♥&✐'✐❡& ✐✳❡✳✱ '❤❡ m ✈❡❝'♦,& si u,v

❛♣♣❡❛,✐♥❣ ✐♥ ✭✸✮✱ ✐♥ ❡❛❝❤ ♣✐①❡❧ (u, v)✳

❚♦ '❤✐& ♣✉,♣♦&❡✱ ✐' ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ♥❡❝❡&&❛,② '♦ ✐♥✈❡,' '❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✭✸✮ ✐♥ '❡,♠& ♦❢ '❤❡ si

u,v ✈❡❝'♦,✱ ✐♥ ❡❛❝❤ ♣✐①❡❧ (u, v)

❛♥❞ ❢♦, ❡❛❝❤ ✐❧❧✉♠✐♥❛'✐♦♥ i✳ ❚❤✐& ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡❞ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥'❧② ❢♦, ❡❛❝❤ ✐❧❧✉♠✐♥❛'✐♦♥✱ ❜② ✉&✐♥❣ ❛ ❝❛❧✐❜,❛'✐♦♥ ♦❜❥❡❝' ✇✐'❤ ❦♥♦✇♥ ❛❧❜❡❞♦ ρu,v❛♥❞ ❦♥♦✇♥ ♥♦,♠❛❧& nu,v✳ ❯♥❢♦,'✉♥❛'❡❧②✱ &✐♥❝❡ ♦♥❧② ♦♥❡ ♥♦,♠❛❧ ✐& ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ✐♥ ❡❛❝❤

♣✐①❡❧✱ &♦❧✈✐♥❣ ✭✸✮ ✐& ❛♥ ✉♥❞❡,✲❝♦♥&',❛✐♥❡❞ ♣,♦❜❧❡♠✳ ❊♥&✉,✐♥❣ ❛ ❝♦,,❡❝' ❡&'✐♠❛'✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ✐❧❧✉♠✐♥❛'✐♦♥ ✈❡❝'♦, si u,v

✇♦✉❧❞ ,❡L✉✐,❡ '♦ ✉&❡ ❛ &❡,✐❡& ♦❢ ▲❛♠❜❡,'✐❛♥ ❝❛❧✐❜,❛'✐♦♥ ♦❜❥❡❝'& ✇❤♦&❡ &❤❛♣❡ ❛♥❞ ❝♦❧♦, ❛,❡ ❦♥♦✇♥✱ '♦ ♣✐❝'✉,❡ ❡❛❝❤ ❝❛❧✐❜,❛'✐♦♥ ♦❜❥❡❝' ✉♥❞❡, ❡❛❝❤ ✐❧❧✉♠✐♥❛'✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡♥'✉❛❧❧② '♦ ✐♥✈❡,' '❤❡ ▲❛♠❜❡,'✐❛♥ ♠♦❞❡❧✳ ❨❡'✱ '❤✐& ♣,♦❝❡❞✉,❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ✈❡,② '✐♠❡✲❝♦♥&✉♠✐♥❣✳

(7)

■♥"#❡❛❞✱ ✇❡ ❞❡"✐❣♥❡❞ ❛ "✐♠♣❧❡ ❝❛❧✐❜0❛#✐♦♥ ♠❡#❤♦❞ ✇❤✐❝❤ 0❡3✉✐0❡" ❛ "✐♥❣❧❡ ❝❛❧✐❜0❛#✐♦♥ ♦❜❥❡❝#✱ ❝♦♥"✐"#✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❛♥ ❛00❛② ♦❢ ❤❡①❛❣♦♥❛❧ "#0✉❝#✉0❡" ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ❞✐✛✉"❡ ✇❤✐#❡ ♠❛#❡0✐❛❧✳ ❲✐#❤♦✉# ❧♦"" ♦❢ ❣❡♥❡0❛❧✐#②✱ ✇❡ ❛""✉♠❡ #❤❛# #❤✐" ✏✇❤✐#❡✑ ❝♦❧♦0 ❤❛" ❛❧❜❡❞♦ ❡3✉❛❧ #♦ ✶ ✇✳0✳#✳ ❛❧❧ #❤0❡❡ ❝♦❧♦0 ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧"✱ #❤❛# ✐" #♦ "❛② ρu,v ≡ ρ = 1✳ ❚❤✐" ♠❡❛♥" #❤❛# ❛♥② ❝♦❧♦0 ✇✐❧❧ #❤❡♥ ❜❡ ❡"#✐♠❛#❡❞ ✇✐#❤ #❤✐" ✏✇❤✐#❡ ❝♦❧♦0✑ ❛" 0❡❢❡0❡♥❝❡✳ ❚❤❡♥✱ ✇❡ ❞✐✈✐❞❡ #❤❡ ✷❉ ❣0✐❞ ✐♥#♦ ✸✵ 0❡❝#❛♥❣✉❧❛0 ♣❛0#" Ωj, j ∈ [1, 30]✳ ■♥ ❡❛❝❤ ♦❢ #❤❡"❡ 0❡❝#❛♥❣✉❧❛0 ♣❛0#"✱ ✉♣ #♦ "❡✈❡♥ ❞✐✛❡0❡♥# ♥♦0♠❛❧" ✭#❤❡ ❢0♦♥#♦✲♣❛0❛❧❧❡❧ ❤❡①❛❣♦♥❛❧ ♣❛0# ❛♥❞ "✐① "❧♦♣❡❞ ❢❛❝❡"✮✱ ❛❧♦♥❣ ✇✐#❤ #❤❡ ❝♦00❡"♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ❝♦❧♦0 ✐♠❛❣❡ ✈❛❧✉❡"✱ ❛0❡ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡✳ ❲❡ ❛""✉♠❡ #❤❛# #❤❡ 0❡❝#❛♥❣✉❧❛0 ♣❛0#" ❛0❡ "♠❛❧❧ ❡♥♦✉❣❤ "♦ #❤❛# #❤❡ ✐❧❧✉♠✐♥❛#✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❧♦❝❛❧❧② ❝♦♥"✐❞❡0❡❞ ❛" ❞✐0❡❝#✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♥❞ ✉♥✐❢♦0♠ ✐♥ ❡❛❝❤ ❝♦❧♦0 ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧✳ ❋♦0 ❡❛❝❤ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ⋆ ∈ {R, G, B}✱ ❡❛❝❤ ✐❧❧✉♠✐♥❛#✐♦♥ i ∈ [1, m]✱ ❛♥❞ ❡❛❝❤ 0❡❝#❛♥❣✉❧❛0 ♣❛0# Ωj✱ ✇❡ ❛♣♣0♦①✐♠❛#❡ #❤❡ ✐❧❧✉♠✐♥❛#✐♦♥ si,⋆ uj0,v j 0 ✐♥ #❤❡ ❝❡♥#❡0 ♣✐①❡❧ (uj0, v j 0)♦❢ Ωj ❜② "♦❧✈✐♥❣ ✐♥ #❤❡ ❧❡❛"#✲"3✉❛0❡" "❡♥"❡ #❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ "②"#❡♠ ♦❢ ❧✐♥❡❛0 ❡3✉❛#✐♦♥"✿ nu,v· si,⋆ uj0,v j 0 = Ii u,v, (u, v) ∈ Ω j,⋆ ✭✹✮ ✇❤❡0❡ Ωj,⋆ ✐" #❤❡ "❡# ♦❢ ♣✐①❡❧" ✐♥ Ωj ❢♦0 ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛♥ ✐♥❢♦0♠❛#✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ⋆ ✐" ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡✳ ❚❤✐" ❣✐✈❡" ✉" ❛ "♣❛0"❡ ❡"#✐♠❛#✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ✐❧❧✉♠✐♥❛#✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❡❛❝❤ ❝♦❧♦0 ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧✳ ❊❛❝❤ ♦❢ #❤❡"❡ "❝❛##❡0❡❞ ❞❛#❛ ✐" ❢✉0#❤❡0 ✐♥#❡0♣♦❧❛#❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❡①#0❛♣♦❧❛#❡❞ #♦ #❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡ ❣0✐❞ ❜② ✉"✐♥❣ ❛ ❜✐❤❛0♠♦♥✐❝ "♣❧✐♥❡ ♠♦❞❡❧✱ 0❡"✉❧#✐♥❣ ✐♥ #❤0❡❡ C2✲"♠♦♦#❤ ✈❡❝#♦0 ✜❡❧❞" ♣❡0 ✐❧❧✉♠✐♥❛#✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡"❡ #❤0❡❡ ✜❡❧❞" si,⋆ u,v, (u, v) ∈ Ω✱ ❛0❡ ❡✈❡♥#✉❛❧❧② ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ ✐♥#♦ ❛ "✐♥❣❧❡ ♦♥❡ si u,v✱ ❜② ✉"✐♥❣ #❤❡ "❛♠❡ ❇❛②❡0 ❛00❛♥❣❡♠❡♥# ❛" ✐♥ #❤❡ ✐♠❛❣❡"✳ ❇② 0❡♣❡❛#✐♥❣ #❤✐" ♣0♦❝❡❞✉0❡ ❢♦0 ❡❛❝❤ ✐❧❧✉♠✐♥❛#✐♦♥✱ ✇❡ ♦❜#❛✐♥ #❤❡ ✈❡❝#♦0" si u,v ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛0✐"❡ ✐♥ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✭✸✮✱ ❛♥❞ #❤❡ ✸❉✲0❡❝♦♥"#0✉❝#✐♦♥ ♣0♦❝❡❞✉0❡ ❞❡"❝0✐❜❡❞ ✐♥ "❡❝#✐♦♥ ✸ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞✳ ▲❡# ✉" ♥♦#❡ ❢♦0 ❝♦♠♣❧❡#❡♥❡"" #❤❛# ❛ "✐♠✐❧❛0 ✐❞❡❛ ✇❛" ♣0♦♣♦"❡❞ ❜② ❏♦❤♥"♦♥ ❡# ❛❧✳✱✺ ✐♥ ♦0❞❡0 #♦ ❝❛❧✐❜0❛#❡ ❛ "♣❤❡0✐❝❛❧ ❤❛0♠♦♥✐❝" ♠♦❞❡❧✱ ❛♥❞ #❤❛# ♦✉0 ❛♣♣0♦❛❝❤ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✈✐❡✇❡❞ ❛" ❛♥ ❡①#❡♥"✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✢❛#✜❡❧❞✐♥❣ #❡❝❤♥✐3✉❡"✶✷ ❛✐♠✐♥❣ ❛# "❛♠♣❧✐♥❣ ♥♦# ♦♥❧② #❤❡ ✐❧❧✉♠✐♥❛#✐♦♥ ✐♥#❡♥"✐#✐❡"✱ ❜✉# ❛❧"♦ #❤❡✐0 ❞✐0❡❝#✐♦♥"✳ ✺✳ ❊▼$■❘■❈❆▲ ❊❱❆▲❯❆❚■❖◆ ▲❡# ✉" ♥♦✇ "❤♦✇ ♦♥ 0❡❛❧✲✇♦0❧❞ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡" #❤❛# ♦✉0 ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ✐" ❝❛♣❛❜❧❡ ♦❢ 0❡❝♦✈❡0✐♥❣ ✈❡0② #❤✐♥ "#0✉❝#✉0❡" ❢♦0 ❛ ✇✐❞❡ ✈❛0✐❡#② ♦❢ "✉0❢❛❝❡"✳ ❲❡ ✜0"# "❤♦✇ ✐♥ ❋✐❣✉0❡ ✷✲❝ #❤❡ ✸❉✲0❡❝♦♥"#0✉❝#✐♦♥ ♦❢ #❤❡ ✶✵ ❡✉0♦" ❜❛♥❦♥♦#❡ ♦❢ ❋✐❣✉0❡ ✶✳ ❚❤✐" ❡①♣❡0✐♠❡♥# "❤♦✇" ✉" #❤❡ ♣♦#❡♥#✐❛❧ ♦❢ ♣❤♦#♦♠❡#0✐❝ "#❡0❡♦ ❢♦0 "✉0❢❛❝❡ ✐♥"♣❡❝#✐♦♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛#✐♦♥"✱ ❛" ❢♦0 ✐♥"#❛♥❝❡ ✈❡0✐❢②✐♥❣ #❤❡ ♣0❡"❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ #❤✐♥ "#0✉❝#✉0❡" ✇❤✐❝❤ "❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ♣0❡"❡♥# ✐♥ 0❡❛❧ ❜❛♥❦♥♦#❡"✳ ❚❤❡♥✱ ✇❡ "❤♦✇ ✐♥ ❋✐❣✉0❡ ✹ #❤❡ ❡"#✐♠❛#❡❞ ❛❧❜❡❞♦ ♠❛♣" ❛♥❞ ✸❉✲0❡❝♦♥"#0✉❝#✐♦♥" ♦❢ #✇♦ ♠❡#❛❧❧✐❝ ❡✉0♦ ❝♦✐♥"✳ ❖❜✈✐♦✉"❧②✱ ♠❡#❛❧❧✐❝ "✉0❢❛❝❡" ❞♦ ♥♦# ❤♦❧❞ #❤❡ ▲❛♠❜❡0#✐❛♥ ❛""✉♠♣#✐♦♥ ✉♣♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♦✉0 ❛♣♣0♦❛❝❤ 0❡❧✐❡"✳ ◆❡✈❡0✲ #❤❡❧❡""✱ #❤❡ ❡"#✐♠❛#❡❞ ❛❧❜❡❞♦ ♠❛♣" 0❡♠❛✐♥ "❛#✐"❢❛❝#♦0② ✭❛❧#❤♦✉❣❤ ❛❧❜❡❞♦ ✐" ❝❧❡❛0❧② ♦✈❡0✲❡"#✐♠❛#❡❞ ❛0♦✉♥❞ "❤❛0♣ "#0✉❝#✉0❡"✱ ❜❡❝❛✉"❡ ♦❢ "#0♦♥❣ ✐♥#❡0✲0❡✢❡❝#✐♦♥ ❡✛❡❝#"✮✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ #❤❡ "❤❛❞❡❞ ❞❡♣#❤ ♠❛♣" ♥✐❝❡❧② 0❡✈❡❛❧ "♠❛❧❧ ✐♠♣❛❝#" ♦♥ #❤❡ "✉0❢❛❝❡ ♦❢ #❤❡ ❝♦✐♥" ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❛② ❜❡ ❞✉❡ #♦ ✉"✉0② ✭❡✳❣✳ ❜❡#✇❡❡♥ #❤❡ ✏♥✑ ❛♥❞ #❤❡ ✏#✑ ♦❢ #❤❡ ❈❡0✈❛♥#❡" ♣♦0#0❛✐#✮ ♦0 ♠❛② ❜❡ ♣❛0# ♦❢ #❤❡ ♦0✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❡♥❣0❛✈✐♥❣ ✭❡✳❣✳ ♦♥ #❤❡ ❧❡❢# ❝❤❡❡❦ ♦❢ #❤✐" ❝❤❛0❛❝#❡0✮✳ ❊✈❡♥#✉❛❧❧②✱ #♦ 3✉❛♥#✐#❛#✐✈❡❧② ❛""❡"" #❤❡ ♦✈❡0❛❧❧ ❛❝❝✉0❛❝② ♦❢ #❤❡ ✸❉✲0❡❝♦♥"#0✉❝#✐♦♥✱ ✇❡ "❤♦✇ ✐♥ ❋✐❣✉0❡ ✺ #❤❡ 0❡"✉❧#" ♦❜#❛✐♥❡❞ ✇✐#❤ ❛ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡❞ "✉0❢❛❝❡✳ ❚❤❡ ✸❉✲♠♦❞❡❧ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛" ❜❡❡♥ "❡♥# #♦ #❤❡ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡ ❜❡✐♥❣ ❦♥♦✇♥✱ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ♠❛#❝❤ ♦✉0 ✸❉✲0❡❝♦♥"#0✉❝#✐♦♥ ✇✐#❤ ✐# ❛♥❞ ❡✈❛❧✉❛#❡ #❤❡ ❛❜"♦❧✉#❡ ❝❧♦✉❞✲#♦✲♠❡"❤ ✭❈✷▼✮ ❞✐"#❛♥❝❡ ❜❡#✇❡❡♥ ❜♦#❤ "✉0❢❛❝❡"✳ ❚❤❡ 0❡"✉❧#" "❤♦✇ #❤❛# 99% ♦❢ #❤❡ ❡"#✐♠❛#❡❞ ♣♦✐♥#" ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ✸❉✲0❡❝♦♥"#0✉❝#✐♦♥ ❡00♦0 ❜❡❧♦✇ 0.1 mm✱ ❛♥❞ #❤❛# #❤❡ ♠❡❞✐❛♥ ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ #❤❡ ❡00♦0 ✐" ❛0♦✉♥❞ 20 µm✳ ❆ ❝❧♦"❡0 ❧♦♦❦ ❛# #❤❡ "♣❛#✐❛❧ ❞✐"#0✐❜✉#✐♦♥ ♦❢ #❤❡ ❡00♦0" "❤♦✇" #❤❛# #❤❡ ❤✐❣❤ ❡00♦0" ❛0❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❡❞ ❛0♦✉♥❞ "❤❛0♣ ❝♦0♥❡0"✿ #❤✐" ✐" ♣0♦❜❛❜❧② ❞✉❡ #♦ ✐♥#❡0✲0❡✢❡❝#✐♦♥ ❡✛❡❝#" ❛♥❞ #♦ #❤❡ ❢❛❝# #❤❛# ✇❡ ✉"❡❞ ❧❡❛"#✲"3✉❛0❡" ✐♥#❡❣0❛#✐♦♥ ♦❢ #❤❡ ♥♦0♠❛❧"✱✶✹✇❤✐❝❤ #❡♥❞" #♦ "♠♦♦#❤ #❤❡ ✸❉✲0❡❝♦♥"#0✉❝#✐♦♥✱❜✉# ♦♥ #❤❡ ♦#❤❡0 ❤❛♥❞ ✐# ♠❛② ❛❧"♦ ❜❡ ❞✉❡ #♦ #❤❡ ✐♥❛❝❝✉0❛❝② ♦❢ #❤❡ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡ ✐#"❡❧❢✳ ❍❡♥❝❡✱ ♦✉0 ♦✈❡0❛❧❧ ❡00♦0 ✐" ♣0♦❜❛❜❧② ❡✈❡♥ ❧♦✇❡0 #❤❛♥ #❤❛# ♠❡❛"✉0❡❞✳

(8)

m = 15

(9)

✻✳ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ❆◆❉ +❊❘❙+❊❈❚■❱❊❙ ❲❡ ❤❛✈❡ %❤♦✇♥ )❤❡ ♣♦)❡♥)✐❛❧ ♦❢ ♣❤♦)♦♠❡)/✐❝ %)❡/❡♦ ❢♦/ ♠✐❝/♦❣❡♦♠❡)/② ❝❛♣)✉/❡✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ /❡❧②✐♥❣ ♦♥❧② ♦♥ %)❛♥❞❛/❞ ❡6✉✐♣♠❡♥) %✉❝❤ ❛% ❛ ❞✐❣✐)❛❧ ❝❛♠❡/❛ ❛♥❞ ▲❊❉%✳ ❯♥❧✐❦❡ ♣/❡✈✐♦✉% ✇♦/❦✱ ✇❡ ❞♦ ♥♦) ♥❡❡❞ )♦ /❡%♦/) )♦ ❛♥② ❝❤❡♠✐❝❛❧ ♣/♦❝❡%% ✐♥ ♦/❞❡/ )♦ ❡♥❢♦/❝❡ )❤❡ ▲❛♠❜❡/)✐❛♥ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦/ ♦❢ )❤❡ %✉/❢❛❝❡✳ ❚❤✐% ✐% ♠❛❞❡ ♣♦%%✐❜❧❡ ❜② ❛ ✇❡❧❧✲❡♥❣✐♥❡❡/❡❞ ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐❧❧✉♠✐♥❛)❡% )❤❡ %❝❡♥❡ ✇✐)❤ ❝♦♥)/♦❧❧❛❜❧❡ ❞✐✛✉%❡ ❧✐❣❤)✱ ❛♥❞ ❜② ❞✐/❡❝)❧② ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ )❤❡ ♣❤♦)♦♠❡)/✐❝ %)❡/❡♦ ♣/♦❜❧❡♠ ❢/♦♠ )❤❡ ❘❆❲✱ ♥♦♥✲❞❡♠♦%❛✐❝❡❞ ✐♠❛❣❡%✳ ❚❤✐% ♥❡✇ ♠♦❞❡❧ %✐♠♣❧✐✜❡% )❤❡ ❡%)✐♠❛)✐♦♥ ♦❢ )❤❡ ❘●❇ ❛❧❜❡❞♦ ✐♥ ❝♦♠♣❛/✐%♦♥ ✇✐)❤ ♦)❤❡/ ❝♦❧♦/ ♣❤♦)♦♠❡)/✐❝ %)❡/❡♦ ♠♦❞❡❧%✱ ♣/♦✈✐❞❡❞ )❤❛) ❛ ❞❡♥%❡ ❡%)✐♠❛)✐♦♥ ♦❢ )❤❡ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥) ❧✉♠✐♥♦✉% ✢✉① ✐% ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡✳ ■♥ )❤✐% ✈✐❡✇✱ ✇❡ ❛❧%♦ ❞❡%❝/✐❜❡❞ ❛ ❝❛❧✐❜/❛)✐♦♥ ♣/♦❝❡❞✉/❡ ❢♦/ %❛♠♣❧✐♥❣ )❤❡ ✐❧❧✉♠✐♥❛)✐♦♥ ✐♥)❡♥%✐)✐❡% ❛♥❞ ❞✐/❡❝)✐♦♥% ♦♥ )❤❡ ❛❝6✉✐%✐)✐♦♥ ♣❧❛♥❡✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ ♣/❡✈✐♦✉% ♠❡)❤♦❞% ♦♥❧② %❛♠♣❧❡ )❤❡ ✐♥)❡♥%✐)✐❡%✳ ◆❡✈❡/)❤❡❧❡%%✱ ♦✉/ ♠♦❞❡❧ /❡♠❛✐♥% ✈❛❧✐❞ ♦♥❧② ❢♦/ %❤❛♣❡% ✇✐)❤ ❧✐♠✐)❡❞ %❧♦♣❡%✳ ■♥❞❡❡❞✱ ✇✐)❤ %)❡❡♣❡%) %✉/❢❛❝❡%✱ ✐♥)❡/✲/❡✢❡❝)✐♦♥%✱ %❤❛❞♦✇% ♦/ ♣❡♥✉♠❜/❛ ✇✐❧❧ ♦❝❝✉/✳ ❆% ❢✉)✉/❡ ✇♦/❦✱ ✇❡ ♣❧❛♥ )♦ ✐♠♣/♦✈❡ )❤❡ /♦❜✉%)♥❡%% ♦❢ ♦✉/ ♠❡)❤♦❞ ✇✳/✳)✳ %✉❝❤ ❡✛❡❝)%✳ ❆ ✜/%) %)/❛)❡❣② ✇♦✉❧❞ ❝♦♥%✐%) ✐♥ ✐♠♣/♦✈✐♥❣ ♦✉/ %✐♠♣❧❡ /❡❣/❡%%✐♦♥ ♣/♦❝❡❞✉/❡ ❜❛%❡❞ ♦♥ ❧❡❛%)✲%6✉❛/❡% ❜② ✉%✐♥❣ ♠♦/❡ /♦❜✉%) ❡%)✐♠❛)♦/%✳ ❆♥♦)❤❡/ ♦♣)✐♦♥ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ )♦ ✐)❡/❛)✐✈❡❧② /❡✜♥❡ )❤❡ ✐❧❧✉♠✐♥❛)✐♦♥ ❡%)✐♠❛)✐♦♥✱ ❜② ❛❧)❡/♥❛)✐♥❣ ✐) ✇✐)❤ )❤❡ ❡%)✐♠❛)✐♦♥ ♦❢ )❤❡ %❤❛♣❡✳ ❆❈❑◆❖❲▲❊❉●▼❊◆❚❙ ❚❤✐% /❡%❡❛/❝❤ ✇❛% ❢✉♥❞❡❞ ❜② )❤❡ ❚♦✉❧♦✉%❡ ❚❡❝❤ ❚/❛♥%❢❡/ ❝♦♠♣❛♥② ✭❚♦✉❧♦✉%❡✱ ❋/❛♥❝❡✮✳ ❘❊❋❊❘❊◆❈❊❙

❬✶❪ ❍♦/♥✱ ❇✳ ❑✳ R✳✱ ❙❤❛♣❡ ❢&♦♠ ❙❤❛❞✐♥❣✿ ❆ ▼❡0❤♦❞ ❢♦& ❖❜0❛✐♥✐♥❣ 0❤❡ ❙❤❛♣❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❙♠♦♦0❤ ❖♣❛3✉❡ ❖❜❥❡❝0 ❢&♦♠ ❖♥❡ ❱✐❡✇✱ R❤❉ ❚❤❡%✐%✱ ▼■❚✱ ❈❛♠❜/✐❞❣❡✱ ❯❙❆ ✭✶✾✼✵✮✳ ❬✷❪ ❲♦♦❞❤❛♠✱ ❘✳ ❏✳✱ ✏R❤♦)♦♠❡)/✐❝ ♠❡)❤♦❞ ❢♦/ ❞❡)❡/♠✐♥✐♥❣ %✉/❢❛❝❡ ♦/✐❡♥)❛)✐♦♥ ❢/♦♠ ♠✉❧)✐♣❧❡ ✐♠❛❣❡%✱✑ ❖♣0✐❝❛❧ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡&✐♥❣ ✶✾✭✶✮✱ ✶✸✹✕✶✹✹ ✭✶✾✽✵✮✳ ❬✸❪ ●❡♦/❣❡✱ ❏✳ ❛♥❞ ❉❡❧❛❧❧❡❛✉✱ ❆✳✱ ✏❱✐%✉❛❧ ♦❜%❡/✈❛)✐♦♥ ❞❡✈✐❝❡✱ ❡%♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ❢♦/ ❛ ❞❡/♠❛)♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛)✐♦♥✱✑ ✭✷✵✶✻✮✳ ❊R R❛)❡♥) ❆♣♣✳ ❊R✷✵✱✶✹✵✱✽✵✵✱✵✾✺✳ ❬✹❪ ❉✉/♦✉✱ ❏✳✲❉✳✱ ❆✉❥♦❧✱ ❏✳✲❋✳✱ ❛♥❞ ❈♦✉/)❡✐❧❧❡✱ ❋✳✱ ✏■♥)❡❣/❛)✐♥❣ )❤❡ ◆♦/♠❛❧ ❋✐❡❧❞ ♦❢ ❛ ❙✉/❢❛❝❡ ✐♥ )❤❡ R/❡%❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❉✐%❝♦♥)✐♥✉✐)✐❡%✱✑ ✐♥ ❬❊♥❡&❣② ▼✐♥✐♠✐③❛0✐♦♥ ▼❡0❤♦❞= ✐♥ ❈♦♠♣✉0❡& ❱✐=✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ?❛00❡&♥ ❘❡❝♦❣♥✐0✐♦♥ ✭❊▼▼✲ ❈❱?❘✮❪✱ ✭✷✵✵✾✮✳

❬✺❪ ❏♦❤♥%♦♥✱ ▼✳ ❑✳✱ ❈♦❧❡✱ ❋✳✱ ❘❛❥✱ ❆✳✱ ❛♥❞ ❆❞❡❧%♦♥✱ ❊✳ ❍✳✱ ✏▼✐❝/♦❣❡♦♠❡)/② ❝❛♣)✉/❡ ✉%✐♥❣ ❛♥ ❡❧❛%)♦♠❡/✐❝ %❡♥%♦/✱✑ ❆❈▼ ❚&❛♥=❛❝0✐♦♥= ♦♥ ●&❛♣❤✐❝= ✸✵✭✹✮✱ ✶ ✭✷✵✶✶✮✳

❬✻❪ ❍❡/♥e♥❞❡③✱ ❈✳✱ ❱♦❣✐❛)③✐%✱ ●✳✱ ❇/♦%)♦✇✱ ●✳ ❏✳✱ ❙)❡♥❣❡/✱ ❇✳✱ ❛♥❞ ❈✐♣♦❧❧❛✱ ❘✳✱ ✏◆♦♥✲/✐❣✐❞ R❤♦)♦♠❡)/✐❝ ❙)❡/❡♦ ✇✐)❤ ❈♦❧♦/❡❞ ▲✐❣❤)%✱✑ ✐♥ ❬■❊❊❊ ■♥0❡&♥❛0✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡&❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❈♦♠♣✉0❡& ❱✐=✐♦♥ ✭■❈❈❱✮ ❪✱ ✭✷✵✵✼✮✳

❬✼❪ ❇❛/%❦②✱ ❙✳ ❛♥❞ R❡)/♦✉✱ ▼✳✱ ✏❚❤❡ ✹✲%♦✉/❝❡ ♣❤♦)♦♠❡)/✐❝ %)❡/❡♦ )❡❝❤♥✐6✉❡ ❢♦/ )❤/❡❡✲❞✐♠❡♥%✐♦♥❛❧ %✉/❢❛❝❡% ✐♥ )❤❡ ♣/❡%❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❤✐❣❤❧✐❣❤)% ❛♥❞ %❤❛❞♦✇%✱✑ ■❊❊❊ ❚&❛♥=❛❝0✐♦♥= ♦♥ ?❛00❡&♥ ❆♥❛❧②=✐= ❛♥❞ ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡ ■♥0❡❧❧✐✲ ❣❡♥❝❡ ✷✺✭✶✵✮✱ ✶✷✸✾✕✶✷✺✷ ✭✷✵✵✸✮✳ ❬✽❪ ■❦❡❞❛✱ ❖✳ ❛♥❞ ❉✉❛♥✱ ❨✳✱ ✏❈♦❧♦/ R❤♦)♦♠❡)/✐❝ ❙)❡/❡♦ ❢♦/ ❆❧❜❡❞♦ ❛♥❞ ❙❤❛♣❡ ❘❡❝♦♥%)/✉❝)✐♦♥✱✑ ✐♥ ❬ ■❊❊❊ ❲♦&❦=❤♦♣ ♦♥ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛0✐♦♥= ♦❢ ❈♦♠♣✉0❡& ❱✐=✐♦♥ ✭❲❆❈❱✮ ❪✱ ✭✷✵✵✽✮✳ ❬✾❪ ◗✉j❛✉✱ ❨✳✱ ▼❡❝❝❛✱ ❘✳✱ ❛♥❞ ❉✉/♦✉✱ ❏✳✲❉✳✱ ✏❯♥❜✐❛%❡❞ ♣❤♦)♦♠❡)/✐❝ %)❡/❡♦ ❢♦/ ❝♦❧♦/❡❞ %✉/❢❛❝❡%✿ ❆ ✈❛/✐❛)✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♣♣/♦❛❝❤✱✑ ✐♥ ❬■❊❊❊ ❈♦♥❢❡&❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❈♦♠♣✉0❡& ❱✐=✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ?❛00❡&♥ ❘❡❝♦❣♥✐0✐♦♥ ✭❈❱?❘✮ ❪✱ ✭✷✵✶✻✮✳

❬✶✵❪ ◗✉j❛✉✱ ❨✳ ❛♥❞ ❉✉/♦✉✱ ❏✳✲❉✳✱ ✏❙♦♠❡ ■❧❧✉♠✐♥❛)✐♦♥ ▼♦❞❡❧% ❢♦/ ■♥❞✉%)/✐❛❧ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛)✐♦♥% ♦❢ R❤♦)♦♠❡)/✐❝ ❙)❡/❡♦✱✑ ✐♥ ❬◗✉❛❧✐0② ❈♦♥0&♦❧ ❜② ❆&0✐✜❝✐❛❧ ❱✐=✐♦♥ ✭◗❈❆❱✮ ❪✱ ✭✷✵✶✺✮✳

❬✶✶❪ ❳✐❡✱ ▲✳✱ ❙♦♥❣✱ ❩✳✱ ❏✐❛♦✱ ●✳✱ ❍✉❛♥❣✱ ❳✳✱ ❛♥❞ ❏✐❛✱ ❑✳✱ ✏❆ ♣/❛❝)✐❝❛❧ ♠❡❛♥% ❢♦/ ❝❛❧✐❜/❛)✐♥❣ ❛♥ ▲❊❉✲❜❛%❡❞ ♣❤♦)♦♠❡)/✐❝ %)❡/❡♦ %②%)❡♠✱✑ ❖♣0✐❝= ❛♥❞ ▲❛=❡&= ✐♥ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡&✐♥❣ ✻✹✱ ✹✷✕✺✵ ✭✷✵✶✺✮✳

❬✶✷❪ ❙✉♥✱ ❏✳✱ ❙♠✐)❤✱ ▼✳✱ ❙♠✐)❤✱ ▲✳✱ ❛♥❞ ❋❛/♦♦6✱ ❆✳✱ ✏❙❛♠♣❧✐♥❣ ▲✐❣❤) ❋✐❡❧❞ ❢♦/ R❤♦)♦♠❡)/✐❝ ❙)❡/❡♦✱✑ ■♥0❡&♥❛0✐♦♥❛❧ ❏♦✉&♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❈♦♠♣✉0❡& ❚❤❡♦&② ❛♥❞ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡&✐♥❣ ✺✭✶✮✱ ✶✹✕✶✽ ✭✷✵✶✸✮✳

❬✶✸❪ ❇❛%/✐✱ ❘✳✱ ❏❛❝♦❜%✱ ❉✳ ❲✳✱ ❛♥❞ ❑❡♠❡❧♠❛❝❤❡/✱ ■✳✱ ✏R❤♦)♦♠❡)/✐❝ ❙)❡/❡♦ ✇✐)❤ ●❡♥❡/❛❧✱ ❯♥❦♥♦✇♥ ▲✐❣❤)✐♥❣✱✑ ■♥0❡&♥❛0✐♦♥❛❧ ❏♦✉&♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❈♦♠♣✉0❡& ❱✐=✐♦♥ ✼✷✭✸✮✱ ✷✸✾✕✷✺✼ ✭✷✵✵✼✮✳

❬✶✹❪ ❙✐♠❝❤♦♥②✱ ❚✳✱ ❈❤❡❧❧❛♣♣❛✱ ❘✳✱ ❛♥❞ ❙❤❛♦✱ ▼✳✱ ✏❉✐/❡❝) ❛♥❛❧②)✐❝❛❧ ♠❡)❤♦❞% ❢♦/ %♦❧✈✐♥❣ R♦✐%%♦♥ ❡6✉❛)✐♦♥% ✐♥ ❝♦♠♣✉)❡/ ✈✐%✐♦♥ ♣/♦❜❧❡♠%✱✑ ■❊❊❊ ❚&❛♥=❛❝0✐♦♥= ♦♥ ?❛00❡&♥ ❆♥❛❧②=✐= ❛♥❞ ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡ ■♥0❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡ ✶✷✭✺✮✱ ✹✸✺✕ ✹✹✻ ✭✶✾✾✵✮✳

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