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UN OU DEUX DEWEY ? RICHARD RORTY VERSUS HILARY PUTNAM 1)

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Agrégation – John Dewey, The Public and its Problems V. Boyer

UN OU DEUX DEWEY ? RICHARD RORTY VERSUS HILARY PUTNAM

1) Le Dewey anti-métaphysicien de Richard Rorty (1931-2007)

Dewey n’était ni un philosophe systématique ni un auteur d’aphorismes […]. C’était plutôt un philosophe qui s’efforçait de montrer que les dualismes traditionnels (intellect et sens, théorie et pratique, essence et accident, etc.) […] constituaient un frein au progrès socio-politique. Pour lui, il n’y avait pas lieu de distinguer les bonnes distinctions métaphysiques ou épistémologiques des mauvaises.

Il se disait plutôt qu’il fallait essayer de se passer de métaphysique et d’épistémologie, de considérer que l’enquête ne se porte que mieux quand elle laisse de côté des questions comme « qu’est-ce qui est vraiment réel ? » ou « que savons-nous vraiment ? ». Comme le dernier Wittgenstein il pensait que l’usage principal de la philosophie est thérapeutique. Mais contrairement à Wittgenstein, sa méthode thérapeutique consistait à montrer la genèse historique de ces dualismes si problématiques pour en faire ressortir le caractère obsolète.

Richard Rorty, préface à Reconstruction en philosophie de John Dewey, Folio, p.18 (je souligne).

2) Pragmatisme versus justification philosophique de la démocratie selon Rorty

There is nothing wrong with liberal democracy, nor with the philosophers [Mill, Dewey, Rawls] who have tried to enlarge its scope. There is only something wrong with the attempt to see their efforts as failures to achieve something they were not trying to achieve : a demonstration of the "objective"

superiority of our way of life over all other alternatives. There is, in short, nothing wrong with the hopes of the Enlightenment, the hopes that created the Western democracies. The value of the ideals of the Enlightenment is for us pragmatists, just the value of some of the institutions and practices they have created. In this essay I have sought to distinguish these institutions and practices from the philosophical justifications for them provided by partisans of objectivity, and to suggest an alternative justification.

Richard Rorty, « Solidarity or Objectivity ? », 1983.

3) Une justification philosophique de la démocratie chez Dewey selon Putnam

I shall discuss a philosophical justification of democracy that I believe one can find in Dewey's work.

I shall call it the epistemological justification of democracy and although I shall state it in my own words, I shall deliberately select words which come from Dewey's own philosophical vocabulary. The claim, then, is this: Democracy is not just a form of social life among other workable forms of social life; it is the precondition for the full application of intelligence to the solution of social problems. […] We do not know what our needs and interests are and what we are capable of until we engage in politics. […]

There can be no final answer to the question « How should one live ? » and we should therefore always leave it open to further discussion and experimentation. And that is precisely why we need democracy.

Hilary Putnam, « A Reconsideration of Deweyan Democracy », 1990.

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