E565
c.2
(I)
United Nation.
Public Admlnl.tratlon, Human RMOurcM and Social Development DlvI.ton
ENHANCING THE INTERFACE BETWEEN GOVERNMENT POLICY-MAKING ENTITIES, UNIVERSITIES AND
RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS IN SUPPORT OF ECONOMIC REFORM AND DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA
Senior Pollcy Workshop organized by ECA'a Public Admlnlatratlon. Human Aeaourcea and Social Development Dlvlalon, within the framework of the Special Action Programme for Admlnlatrallon and M.nagement In Africa (SAPAM) Aeglonal ProJect, In collaboration with the Mlnlatry of AdmlnlatraUve AHaira of the Kingdom of Morocco
21-25 September, 1992 Rabat, Morocco
Introduction and Background 1
II Policy Interface:
Issues.
Status,Limits and Prospects 7
III Policy Interface: Country and
Comparative Perspectives 11
IV. Recommendations and Conclusions
24
Annexes:
Text of Statements made by: 31 His Excellency Mr. AzIz Ha •• bl 32
Dr. Sadlg Rasheed 34
II Programme of the Workshop 39
III
List of Papers 44rv
List of Participants 45making IS key to Improving economic management and fostenng development In African countries These capacities can greatly be strengthened If the policy and decision-making entities draw on the expertise available In the universities and research Insrtubons/centres In their vanous countnes thiS process of Interaction between government deCIsion-making entitles and unIVerSIties and research institutions In support of public pollcy- making IS what IS referred to as poliCY Interface The term poliCY making. on the other hand. covers the gamut of policy anaJYSls, policy formulation, policy Implementation, and policy reVIew (monltonng and evaluation)
The realization that Involving the unIVersities and research centres In the public policy-making process could have a significant positive Impact on national development led the UN EconomiC CommiSSion for Africa (ECA) to take the Initiative to examine more closely the question of enhanCing the Interface and dialogue between the training and research Institutions and policy-makers The need for such an Interface IS buUt upon the assumption that public policy making. Will become more ratlonaJ. dependable and goal-onented If It IS Informed by rehable research and analYSIS Indeed, an enabling environment In which policy makers and researchers collaborate without SuspICion and mistrust IS one of the surest ways to support growth and developent In Africa
In furtherance of this goal and tn order to draw appropnate lessons from eXisting practices, ECA commissioned case studies on the policy Interface expenences of Ghana. Kenya, Morocco, Nigeria, Senegal and Tanzania The findings of these studies were presented for dlscuaalons at a Senior Policy Workshop on the theme IIEnhanclng the Interface between Govemment Policy and DeciSion-Making Entitles .,d ResearctVTrainlng Instltulons In support of Economic Reform and Development In Afnca" In Aabat, Kingdom of Morocco 21
to
25 September 1992The workshop was organized by the ECA's Public Administration, Human Resources and SOCIal Development DIVISion
within the framework of the Special Action Programme In Admlnhstrat.on and ~anagement for Afnca. Regional Project (SAP AM) , In collabora1lon with the Ministry of Administrative AffaJrs, Prime Minister's Offtce. K1ngdom of Morocco It Was held at the L'Ecole Natl6r\aJe d'Admlnlstratlon Publlqu8, In Rabat
The objectives of the workshop were to
1 Examine the patterns of Interaction between the policy-and decIsion-making entities of the govemment and university-based training and research Institutions In support of the development and economic reform processes and assess the outcome and Impact of such interactions,
2 Identify the main factors behind the successful and unsuccessful patterns of Interaction.
3 examine how policy-makers perceive the benefits and problems of such an Interadlon,
4 examine how the training/research/development Institutes perceive the need for anteractlon with policy makers and the problems they encounter In such Interaction, and
5 Recommend ways and means for Improved dialogue and cooperation between the pohcy·makers and the training/research/development centres and the effective Invlovement of the national think-tanks In support of development and ecocnomlc reform The workshop was opened by HIS Excellency, Mr Az.z Hasabl, Minister of Administrative Affairs, the Kingdom of Morocco In hiS opening address. Mr Hasabt welcomed the partiCipants to Rabat. Morocco In the name of HIS MaJesty's government and said
that their presence In Morocco demonstrated the eXlstng friendship between the countries represented In the workshop and Morocco He told the participants that Morocco IS a country that respects both IndlvlduaJ and collective freedom and
.s
open to permanent dialogue Because of Its geographicaJ postlon, Morocco has, throughout Its history. been open to the outside world This has given It the opportunity to develop contact and fnendshlp With aJl countries In the world In general and Afncan countries In particular This special situation has earned Morocco a reputation for tolerance, understanding and openess to dialogueMr Hasabl emphaSised that the dialogue between the policy makers and university based tralntng and research Institutions IS crltlcaJ at thiS particular Juncture In our history when there IS need for Intensified effort to accelerate the pace of economic and SOCial development He also stressed that such a dialogue IS Important for furthering multiparty poh~cal bberallzatlon In African countries He concluded by Wishing the partiCipants success In their deliberations
Dr Sadlg Rasheed, Chief of ECA's Public Administration, Human Resources and SOCIal Development DIVision welcomed the partiCipants to the Senior Policy Workshop on behalf of Mr Layashl I
Yaker, The UN Under·Secretary·GeneraJ and Executive Secretary of ECA and on hiS own behalf He expressed ECA's deep appreciation to HIS Excellency. Mr AzIZ Hasabl, Minister of Administrative Afalrs. for haVing formally opened the workshop on behalf of the government of the Kingdom of Morocco He also thanked. the Honourable Minister and hiS colleagues for the excellent arrangements they had made for hosting thiS workshop
Dr Rasheed observed that Africa was stili mired In a severe economic and human cnsls after a decade conveniently termed by
aJl and sundry as the "lost decade" for Afnca He noted that as the continent conbnues to grapple with the effects of the cnsls and search for solutions to It. It IS only logical that IndIgenous resources,
particularly human resources, should be fully tapped for the complex reconstruction and development efforts ahead He, noted with regrets the following dlsturb,ng trends.
The economic cnsls and a less than conducive soclO-polltlcal climate have Induced a massive brain drain out of many of our Afnesn countries, thus, decimating the already limited Indigenous capacity The Involvement of Afnean's Indigenous expertise and "thtnk tanks· In the policy process has not been part of the tradition or practice In many of our African countries In many Instances, the relationship between govemment polley-making enbtJes, on the one hand, and the Universities and research Institutions/centres, on the other hand, has often been of mistrust and lack of cooperation And In the Instances where such Interaction have taken place, they have largely been ad hoe In nature The eXisting Indigenous experbse and InstitutIonal capacity have been further undermined through two factors, namely,lncreased dependence on foreign experts and the ready acceptance of extemal adVise on the formulation and Implementation of development programmes, and attempts to by-pass the eXisting institutional capacity In African universities, and other training and research centres, and create parallel Institution and capacity
ThiS situation IS In stark contrast with the Interaction patterns between the governments In the andustnallzed countries and their research and training Institutions which are charactenzed by Institutionalized structures for the Involvement of research Institutions In govemment policy process It IS bad enough that Afnca lacks certfUn cntlcaJ skills and technology I but It IS Intolerable
that governments.do not put the available resources to JUdiCIOUS use, prefenng Instead to go for foreign expertise In effect. this contributes to the underutlltzatlon. demoralisation and dismantling of precIous indigenous capacities created at a tremendous cost There can be no lustlflcatlon for such dellquency
Dr Rasheed noted that It was the need to enhance the Interface between the declslon-maklnQ entities and Indigenous
"think tanks" and expertise as well as the need to institutionalize that process which prompted ECA to create this forum The exchange of Ideas and experiences that will take place betweere the government policy-makers, the African InstrtUbons and experts and Intemational partners, who are Involved In thiS crucial Issue. can mark the beginning of a serious effort to enhance the ,nterface and create the conditions and mechanisms that are both necessary and suffiCIent for sustenance of other process
Dr Rasheed called on the participants to address the follOWing Issues In their deliberations
What has been the experience of African countries so far In promoting dialogue between government policy makers and university research and training Institutions and what makes for successful and unsuccessful patterns of interaction?
How can African governments make life time use of their Indigenous pool of skills and experts In support of economic reform and development?
How can the psychologIcal and other barriers hampenng effective Interface be dismantled?
What are the best approaches to Ind'genlzlng the poltcy management process?
What arrangements need to be devised to promote networking of pohcy Institutes within each country.
and among vanous countraes In Afnca?
What can we learn from patterns of Instrtuttonahza'bon outside African countries?
What would constJtute sUitable gUidelines for promoting effective Interactions between African govemments and their research Institutes?
How can the process for the promotion of a more effective Interface be sustained?
Dr Rasheed expressed the hope that the presence of senior pobcy makers from government and top pohcy experts from African and non-Afncan regional and national Institutions wourd resutt In the adoption of practical recommendations to gUide all actors In the years ahead In creating an enabling environment for enhancement and sustenance of the dialogue and Interface He thanked all the participants and In particular those from other regions of the world for coming to share their experiences on such an Important and relevant tOPIC and assured them that their recommendations will be widely disseminated to deCISion-makers.
African Institutions and policy experts as well as to Interested partners outside Africa with a view to to ensuring that the frUits of their thoughts and experiences are appropriately shared by all those, who are, Involved In this strategic area
Following the presentations and diScussion of the substantive papers. the participants devoted two days to diScussions The papers tabled for dIScussion are listed In Annex III The participants were diVided Into two groups to address two Important concems of the workshop (1) gUidelines for enhancing Interface between government policy makers and university research and tr8lnlng Institutions and (2) gUidelines for sustaining the process for the promotion of more effective Interface The summary of the various aspects of the diScussion and the recommendations are presented In the sections that follow
II POLICY INTERFACE: ISSUES, STATUS, LIMITS AND PROSPECTS
In openIng the diScussions, Special emphasIs was placed both on the need to develop the policy analyticaJ capacity of government policy making entities (departments and agencies) and promoting Interface between government poltcymakers and policy experts In the UniVersities and research Institutions/canters Government departments need to Internalize the capacity for pottcy analysIs to enable them to cope with the complex web of pubhc policies In dOing so. government departments must acquire new methods of policy analysIs which recognize that the public policy Issues have multiple goals. multiple alternatives and super optimum solutions The super optimal solutions (SOS) technique was desCribed as one new approach that enables all stakeholders In
any public policy Issue simultaneously to obtaIn better results than theIr best Initial expectations In this respect. SOS technique not only represent Significant Improvment on such traditional techniques of public policy analysIs as of linear programming, game theory etc, but also Involves getting away from thinking In terms of trade-ofts and compromises
It was noted that the lack of Institutionalization of policy analysIs capaCitIes In government often led to adoption of Inefficent and Inappropriate public poliCies As a result. policy changes occur, more from dlsatlsfactton by the public or dictated by donors, rather through process of cnbcal self-examination To overcome this problem, It was Vital that governments establtsh policy planning and research units/sections In Important departments or ministries of government At the same time, the deSirability of develOping or strengthening policy analYSIS and pohcy research capability In the universities/research institutions was emphasized ThiS would enhance the depth and quality of policy Interface between government pohcy makers and policy experts from these Institutions
There IS In thutregard, an Important role. for SOClaJ sCience as a facilitator for policy making In suport of development This requtres that social science researchers undertake research uSing appropriate methodolpgies to ensure their credibility I and for policy makers to use such findings to facilitate the Implementation of national programmes and pohcles In many Afncan countnes, however, thiS cooperation between social sCience research and policy makers was totally absent
For social science researchers to serve as faclhtator of policy making In support of development, three conditions have to be met
social sCience researchers should endeavour to Investigate social, economiC, political and cultura1 aspects of pubhc policy Issues
social sCience should offer prescriptions of the public policy Issues analyzed,
And It should make predictions about the future evolution of events to gUide public poliCies
In order to Increase the Impact of socIal sCience research In many African countries, every effort has to be exerted to satisfy these conditions On the other hand, It was noted that In many cases, governments simply fall to pay heed to policy advice that emanates from resuHs of social sCience research
In examinIng the relationshIp between Africain policy makers and university/research and training institutions, rt was noted that the relationship had oscllhcated between the phases of consent , mutual SuspiCion and confrontation, and Impasse Putting thiS In a rough hlstoncal context, it was observed that the 19605 was a decade of euphona and consensus, 1970s was marked by hostility and conflict, 1980s by Impasse, where Interaction was stunted The 1990s holds the promise of a turning pOint - a situation made possible by a combination of transition to democrattc system of
politIcal governan~e and market-Oriented economic reforms Yet.
the promise of the 1990s. as a tumlng POint In the relationship between the academiCS and govemment pohcy makers has to be carefully nurtured In dOing so, due regard should be paid to the SpeClaJ characteristics of each country It suffices to suggest having contlnous and sustained d,aogue through creation of appropriate forums or mechanisms for Interface This way I It would be possible to make a new start with hopes of establishing a new consensus Within the framework of the optimism of the 1990s
Participants observed that vanous sub .. reglonal and regional research and training institutions such as African Centre for Tranlnlng and Research In Administration for Development (CAFRAD), Eastern and Southern AfTican Universities Research Programme, (ESAURP) and Afncan Institute for EconomiC PlannIng and Development (IDEP) I Organization of SOClaJ SCience Research for Eastern and Southern Afnca (OSSREA) , and CounCIl for Development of SOCIal SCience Research In Africa (CODESRIA) have played • and Will continue to play - cntlcal role In promoting Interface between policy makers and research institutions It was noted that Africa has over 200 regional or sub-regional research Institutions, most of whIch depend on foreign donor support Though foreign fundIng would appear to assure these regional research centres of autonomy from Interference from their respective national governments, It makes them particularly vulnerable to sudden changes In donor funding policy At the same time, these research Institutions were beset by a mynad of problems notably, poor communications faCIlities, Inadequate Infrastructures and the bureaucrattc Impediments of host governments For these regional or sub-regional research Institutions to continue to play their role, It was necessary to enhance their Viability through, among other things, providing them With suffiCient financial support, equIpping them With necessary Infrastructures and high calibre staff On the other hand, effective diSSemination of research results from research centres was necessary to bUild a constituency for them
There was the question of what level of financial outlay govemments should commit to research A figure of 2-5 per cent of GOP was suggested However, many thought no figure ought to be pre-determined, though all agreed that research and development should be given substantial financial outlay by governments Rather t the level of funding by each country should reflect both the pnorlty attached by governments and the avallablhty of resources
The need to create and sustain arrangements for networking for pohcy Interface and dialogue at national and regional levels was emphasized PartlClpants took note of the efforts that have been made by the European Centre for Development Policy Managment In Maastricht, Netherlands to create a service network - the Development Policy Management Network (DPMN) - of Interested Institutions and Individuals In Africa and Europe working In the area of development POliCY, and the development policy consortium hnked to the policy studies organIzation based at the University of IIhnols, Urbana, USA
III POLICY INTERFACE: COUNTRY AND COMPARATIVE EXPERIENCES
Current Situation
This section presents the synopsIs of the findings of country case studies on pohcy Interface experiences of Ghana. Kenya, Morocco, Nlgena, Senegal and Tanzania commissioned by SAPAM and presented to the workshop as well as oral presentations by the various participants In dOing so, It highlights the patterns and scope of eXisting Interface, the reasons for successful and unsuccessful patterns, and the dilemmas of policy Interface On the baSIS of these presentations, It emerged that African countnes may be broadly categorised Into those with formal Institutional structures for policy Interface between policy makers and policy researchers, and others without such structures The categorization IS not watertight, rather some display dominant feature of institutionalization of policy Interface. while others display dominant ad hoc Interface arrangements
These case studIes found that policy Interface mechanisms In African countries Include research and consultancy assignments to policy experts, membership of government task forces, and committees and conferences etc Four stages In the public policy making process were Identified namely J policy analYSis/research, pollcy formulation /declslon-maklng, policy Implementation, and policy review (monitoring and evaluation) nus policy making process can be subdiVided Into three functions·
Core FunctIon Cntlcal FunctIon Less Cntlcal Function
DeCISion-making/policy formulatIon Policy analysis/poliCY review Policy Implementation
Experience showed that little Interlace was tolerated or practised In the core area of policy deCISion-making
Countries With formal structures for Interface erther had arrangements In which government policy making entities drew on the expertise available In universities either through the appointment of pnntclpal officials of the Institutes or universities by government to task forces, committees or advIsory panels or by giving research and consultancy assignments These provided the link between the Institutes and policy makers A few Institutes combine tralntng with multIdisciplinary research Where government does not give specific research or consultancy assignment, research findings and recommendations tend not to be conSidered for Implementation by govemment Where research assignments are contracted out to research institutes by the govemment, the results are generally accepted and Implemented Sometimes, however, even In countraes With formal Institutional structures for Interface, research and consulting assignments are contracted outside the normal structures ConSiderations of friendship rather professional expertise may Induce the assignment of research contracts to an Individual or Institution experience shows that tn many cases, such contracts are either not completed or sometimes abondoned
The second group of African countnes are those that lack formal structures for promoting Interface between policy makers and researchers In these countries, research institutes or UniversIties do not normally make Inputs Into the policy making process on a systematIc baSIS Governments give out research assignment to IndlvlduaJ scholars, and a large part of the Interface takes the form of organisatIon of speclahsed workshops and seminars by researchers for policy makers
There were notable or unique patterns of interactions found In three countr .. es In Nlgena the National Institute of Policy and Strategic Studies (NIPSS) IS an autonomous governmnent-onented 11htnk tank" through which government benefits from research J analysIs and adVice of academiCS In the Institute In Senegal. the National Economic and SOCial Council bnngs together academiCS
and representatives of Government to deliberate and formulate national pohcy on VariOUS Issues In Ghana, the Civil Service Law mandates the establlshm~nt of Ministerial AdviSOry boards that bnngs together the top management of each ministry and carefully selected "outside" experts mostly academics from the universities and research Institutes thiS process has enabled many university staff to participate In government policy making process
A ma,or trend which has been observed In recent years In Afnca IS the secondment of expenenced academics from unlversl'bes to high-level administrative or political poSitions In
government Almost Invariably, such academics redeployed never return to the universities thiS weakens the capacity of the universities to carry out research and teaching
Effectiveness of Current Mechanisms for Interface
Countries that have established formal InstltutlonaJ structures for Interface and actively Involved researchers In the policy process derive benefit from them First. mlnlstnes and parastatal utilise research findmgs carned out by the UniVersities and research Institutes As these mlnlstnes are not adequately endowed With the required expertise to carry out such studies, the policy making process IS Improved through effective use of expertise In the UniVersities and research Institutions Second, the active partiCipation of academiCS In research Institutions makes It poSSible for their considerable knowledge and experience to be placed at the disposal of government policy-makers on a confidentlaJ baSIS In turn, the partiCipation of academiCS In
govemment committees exposes them to the practical SIde of their diSCiplines which again enhances their research and teaching capabilities However, where deCiSion makers are distrustful of researchers. hostility I dislike and antagonism abound Researchers are deliberately excluded from the policy making process and their research findings and recommendattons underutlhsed
Countnes that lack formal tns1Jtutlonai structures for Interface between policy makers and researchers suffer from a number of shortcomings Relationship between policy makers and researchers are charactensed by ad hoc actions whose Impact IS
hmlted to specific sectors and few projects Also, such countnes fall to develop a data base which IS necssary for proper decision making
An Important group of research Institutions operating In Afnca are those organised by reg.onal organisations Examples of these are IDEPt CAFRADt CODESRIA, OSSREA, Assocla1Jon des Economlstes Arabs. etc and they are largely engaged In research and trSlnlng as well as the organization of conferences and seminars The regional research centres have over the years accumulated considerable expenence useful to government decIsion-making In the areas of planning. research, conferences, technical training for high-level policy making, etc Insplte of their expertise and competence, the eXisting Interface mechanism does not ensure that their policy Inputs are considered seriously by member governmments
The international financial Institutions, Including the World Bank and the IMF have. particularly since the 1980s, Increased their lnfluence on policy making In Afncan countries Implementing structural adt ustment programmes OffiCIalS, researchers and consultants emproyed or hired by these organizations regularly VISit African countnes to assess adjustment programmes and suggest economic policy frameworks The International financial institutions have been qUite successful at producing detailed studies of the economic performance of countries Implementing structural adjustment programmes They use their role of creditor institutions to Influence economic pohcy making In African countries pursuing economic reforms
The country case studies and diSCUSSions at the workshop revealed that successful Interactions between government policy
makers and academics from the university and research Institutes were attnbuted to several factors Chief among these were homogeneity of age and professional background, shared prestige and honour of being In national assignment, shared perception of equal levels of competence, mutual satisfaction about renumeratlons attached to asslgnmeMs and prospects for networking At the same time, several Impediments to Interlace were Identified
From the perspective of the universities and research/training Institutions the follOWing were key
The General Tardiness of the Civil Service:
There IS a certain tardiness that the academic finds when he goes to government pohcy making centres One observes remarkable diSinterestedness over public concerns Meetings duly scheduled are scarcely held on time Indeed. the "outslders" non- government officla)s are more punctual than the government people who arrange such meetings Lack of Organized Information: The Important role of managment Information system In rational deCISion-making has often been recognized by government policy-makers In speeches and conference papers. but In practical terms, Inadequate steps have been taken for any Impact to be discerned
Lack of Transparency: Government public pohcy- making processes tend to be unamenable to outs/de Influence In particular. the core of polley managment (namely policy formulation) IS kept tn the hands of government policy makers mainly for reasons of secrecy
Tendency of Politicians to use Outputs for Political Ends: IronlcaJly, there have been occasions when policy makers have been too solicitous and patronising for the comfort of the academics Instances of such occasions are when the govenment policy makers expect the academics to come out wrth flndrngs or conclusions that support posrtlons already taken by the former This often compromises the academies Integnty and professionalism In the process This IS highly likely In evaluation studies that may be used for propaganda purposes Naturally, Intellectuals have tended to resent such advances and have thereby risked being branded anti-government, to be black- listed as long as possible and by-passed when lucrative opportunities anse
Bureaucratic Conservatism: Another problem encountered In the interaction between academics from research Institutes and the public policy-makers
IS what the former consider to be nonchalant, generally conservative approach to dOing things This IS particularly true of the top career officials In
the civil service, who are either satisfied with the old methods and approaches or not keen to adopt rigorous scientific systems; are resistant to change, Innovation and experimentation These are the greatest enemies of policy analysIs Unfortunately.
sometimes there IS Justlficatron for their skeptiCism and antipathy against rigorous examination of alternatives In that haVing been In the service for conSiderable length of time, they have seen several Instances of carefully deVised development plans and strategies set aSide under political pressures, especially follOWing change of regimes In such circumstances, academiCS, Insisting on ngour and
analYSIS, have been made to feel too theoretical, unrealistic and their opinion of no relevance to pracbcaJ problems facing the policy makers on the ground In the Nagenan case study,
rt
was observed that the conservative atbtudes Imbibed dunng the colonial penod are reinforced by staff development training programmes which predispose bureaucrats to prefer western economic and political bluepnnts or view POint As a result, pohcy makers tend to favour advice from westem donor agencies and the International financial InsbtutJons over competent advice from experienced and dedicated national experts These features suggest that Nlgenan policy makers maynot
be favourably disposedto
cultivating and Indeed expanding the Interface between them and Nigerian researchers
Low Remuneration and Discriminatory Pay Practices: Sometimes, the Interaction runs Into dlfficultJes when the expectatJon, especially J In financial terms, does not materialize As has been pOinted out earlier, when university personnel go to work for the govemment In policy making, Implementation and evaluation capaCIties, they expect to be paid, and paid well too Indeed they see no Justification for being remunerated less than the expatnate consultant for dOing Similar work However. In practice. academiCS Involved In the govenment policy making process have been poorly paid. the norm In places hke Ghana being less than 10 per cent of what their expatriate counterparts would recleve IngeniOUS but unlmpressrve arguments have been marshalled to Justify 1he government's low rate of payment, Including the fad
that the UnNensty persomel being publiC servants, ahould
not
even be compensated extra for dOingany other work for the government Not persuaded by such thinking, some academics, Indeed up to 50 per cent of the people Interviewed In the Ghana
s~dy nave Indicated that they were unlikely to get Involved In any public policy related assignment unless they were assured of fair finanCial returns
as
guaranteed under a binding contract SeveraJ Instances of low remuneration were cited In the GhanaJan case For Instance. university personnel who adVised on the drafting of new legislatJon to govern cIvil service operation from 1989 to 1990 complaJned of having worked for several months before any allowances were paid, and these turned out to be meagre Similarly, a team from one of the Ghanaian UniverSities working as counterpart consultants were Informed that they would not be paid because they were acquIring valuable knowledge and skill from their expatriate counterparts Some public offiCials see no Justification for policy experts In the univerSltJes to be paid, IIfantastlc sums" Reasoning along such hnes, pubhc offiCials would rather give consultancy contracts InvolVing large sums to expatriates or to the mushrooming local consultancy firms outSide the university who may be prepared to make kick-backs Jealousy aSide, some pubhc offiCials are genUinely concerned that paying the World Bank rates to local university staff for working for the government In
policy-related capaCities would distort the salary relatiVities among the vanous categories of workers In the country
Reluctance To Associate with Autocratic Regimes Poor Interaction can also be explained In
terms of political Instability and Its antecedents The autocratic tendencies of the pohtlcalleadershlp give
rise to pohtlcal Instability that the typical university man abhors The latter, having been brought up In
democratic tradition of liberalism beheves In freedom of the press •• ndependent Judlcary _and the due process of law. freedom, of a~soclatJon, free elections and so on Unfortunately ~ some African governments have most of the times owed their position to the barrel of the gun and have trampled on the liberties of their people Under such Circumstances, some university people would have nothlOg to do by way of Interaction w,th their governments Indeed, up to 40 per cent of the people Interviewed .n Ghana Said they have never considered any Interaction wrth government pollcy- making centres They felt uncomfortable 10 the company of politiCians and consider dOing business With government amounts to selling one's conSCience, which may render them liable to Iso/atlon and being shunned by the,r Untverslty colleagues
Lack of effective exposure about potentials of training institution: Government departments tend to be unaware of the potential for tralnang that eXist In the unlversrty and training Institutes
Obsession with foreign experts. ObseSSion wrth foreign experts was Cited as a hindrance to use of policy experts 10 local universities and research anstltutes ThiS problem was Cited more among the academiCS than the government policy makers. who often denied that It eXisted
Lack of resources by government Institutions:
Some times, the government department lack the
financial resources to engage the services of policy experts form the unlVersrty and research Institutes Imped ...
nta
to IntenM:tlon _ vlawed by Pollcy-maker.PolICY makers also believe that there are problems on the part of 1he Wliv.-sby that hamper fruitfullnteractJon Among these factors IdentJfted are
IMdequlde Conaultancy C • .,.clty: The university lecturer In an Afncan coLl1by is scarcely up to date In his area cA dISCIpline libraries are sparse and several years behind In terms of acquIsItion of learned JOurnals and other publications The saence scholars can hardly boast of well equipped laboratories to enable 1hem undertake break-through Investigations and researchers In short, the unIVerSIty personnel do not always possess the knowledge and skills requIred by the policy-makers for their ambrbous development proJects, hence the continued dependence on outsiders After all, the new technologies being Introduced an a country are being Imported from the expatnate consultant's country and the poliCY makers may find It difficult prefemng the less knowledgeable and skillful local
man
as source of advice on these noveltiesConfidence and Loyalty Gap: The problem of confidence and loyalny gap is also real Can the policy maker always be sure of dedicated service on the part of the academic who may not even come from hiS tnba? A few government people speak of theer doubts. and this tends
to
work against their requesting university support In their work The govemment IS even more apprehenSive. when the lecturers and researchers have been known to bevocal and outspoken Can they De reued on to preserve the confidentlahty of unresolved policy Issues? Where adVIce supposedly given In confidence to the govemment turns out to be syndicated and openly discussed In university senior common rooms,
rt
destroys the basIS for useful Interaction In the futureGeneral Mistrust Senous antagonism are vIsible between policy makers and university based researchers In the country's surveyed resulting In
general mistrust
The diSCUSSions at the seminar POinted to five dilemmas which have to be addressed In promoting Interface These were -
• The dilemma between supply-driven consultancy and research vs demand driven consultancy and research: The Issue here revolves around how much time academiCS In universIties and research Institutions should devote to baSIC research In their desclphne, on one hand. and to consuttancy assignment from government or other organizations, on the other It was observed that some academiCS now devote more to soliciting and working on research and consultancy assignments from govemments and International organizations to the detriment of their baSIC academiC work
• The dilemma of appropriate balance In use of local vs foreign experts: Should governments use or inSiSt on uSing indigenous experts, especially when pressured by foreign donors to recruit the foreign-nominated consultants If a government Insisted on uSing competent indigenous experts, It risks lOOSing foreign funding On the other hand, If
It succumbs to foreign pressure, It risks alienating and demorahzlng Indigenous talents The challenge
IS for govemment to use Indigenous experts as often as possible
• The dilemma of autonomy va dependence In determination of research priorities: To what extent should governments determane or Influence the research prlontles and programmes of univerSIties and research Institutes Though policy Interface should and ought to be encouraged, academiCS need to exercise considerable care and caution not to attune their research programmes to govemment pnontJes which often tend to shift With regime changes
• The dilemma of Insufficient use of local experts In universities and their assimilation in government policy making process and bureaucracy: The "braln drain" to foreign countries have combined With drift to the private sector of personnel In the universities to rob these Institutions of the quantity and quality of their expertise At the same time, governments have also absorbed some experts and academiCS that go on secondment to government departments or mlnlstnes ThiS has exacerbated the problem of shortage of academiC staff In the universities Governments can ameliorate thiS tendency by either agreeing to allow personnel to return to the Universities or endOWing universities wrth resources to train more persons to replace those that are Illost'l to government Institutions
• The dilemma of determining the phase of the policy cycle that the advice of expert should be sought: Some country expenences show that
I
govemments Involve unlversrtles experts when public policy problem has reached cnsls proportions This diminishes the value of the expert as he IS
reduced
to a
"fire fighting" role Govemments should use experts on carefully thought out basis determining In advance the phase of the polley making cycle that expertise of academics IS neededIV RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
The participants made several recommendations aimed at enhancing policy dialogue and Interface between the two actors govemments policy makers and university/research Institutes' experts
The recommendations are clustered around two themes (1) gUIdehnes for enhancing Interface between government policy makers and reseach and training InstitutiOns and (u) gUidelines for sustalnlng the process for the promotion of more effective Interface through national. regional and International networks ThiS distinction IS more analybcal than real, since many of the processes are closely Inter-hnked
GUIDELINES FOR ENHANCING THE INTERFACE BElWEEN GOVERNMENT POLICY MAKERS AND RESEACH AND TRAINING INSTITUTIONS
The Role and ResponSibility of Governments.
• Governments should strive to provide formal
I nstrtutlonal framework to support cooperation between researchers and pohcy makers In thiS connection, there should be Institutional arrangements for regular Interactions between govemments and research Institutions
• African countnes should organize workshops and seminars at which researchers and pohcy-makers Interact and diSCUSS policy ISSUes and problems
• The Interface between pohcy makers and research and training institutions should be backed by appropriate database
• In countnas where many research centers eXist, an independent central coord.natlng organ should be established
to
monitor and collate research findings, provide forum for diSCUSSion of problems and promote policy consensus• In order to promote the development by local consultancy capacity and provide local consultants with a fatr remuneration that they would not regard as discriminatory. govemments must formulate gUidelines for fatr compensation of local consultants
• To ensure that research InstrtUbons get Invotved and contribute effectively to the development process, governments should provide adequate funding for research
• To ensure the rattonale and effecttve utilization of exIStIng skills and resources, gover"ments should encourage the development of data bank of experts
• Governments should keep research Institutions Informed of thelf policy pnontl8s
• Where governments directly assume the role of appoInting leaders of research Instltubons, It IS recommended that they make such appointments stnctly on the bas's of ment
• "Govemments should recognize the fact that university research and training Instrtubons have Important roles to play In the tralnlng of highly skilled personnel and In the Improvement of managment
capacity In this context, government should create an enabling environment for meanmgful.nterchange of Ideas towards national development process
• Governments are encl,lUraged to develop policy analysIs Units In their sectors, ministries or departments This will help to aVOid IIrush" policies that have not been subjected to critical examination and study thiS arrangements can prOVide a counterpart arrangement within government for those In universities With policy analysIs Interest The Role and Responsibility of Unlversititles and Research Organizations In the Enhancement of Dialogue and Interface.
• ualson offices staffed with competent officers should be established by the universities and research Institutions These offices should be designed to act as channels for Interaction with policy making centres Through these arrangements I universIties and research Institutions could Inform the pohcy centres of their on-going research and the findings of their completed research, combined with annotated synopsIs of their policy Implications
• Research institutions and universities should aim at excellence by Improving upon the quahty of their research This caJis for a rigorous Internal self assessment In the areas of research deSigning. data collection, and report writing and packaging The credibility and, therefore, continuous acceptance of the relevance of these Institutions will to a large extent depend upon the quality of outputs they deliver
• To win the confidence of policy-makers, universities and research Institutions should have sound Intemal managment and administrative procedures Their financial administration and other managment systems should be transparent Once again, this calls for constant IntemaJ setf assessment
• Universities and research Instrtutes must be proactive In anticipating government thinking on national ISSUes
STRATEGIES FOR THE SUSTENANCE OF DIALOGUE AND INTERFACE
• For the proposed collaboration and Interface to be enduring and self·sustalnlng, definite strategies will have to be marshalled, deployed, monitored and constantly evaluated to guarantee their efficacy In
thiS regard, there must be the adoption of a regional research policy • at the African level - with national Implementation strategies ThiS must be accompanied by the establishment of national and International networks with technical and Infrastructural support An Important requlrment thereafter should be the adoption of action plans emphasIzing national development pnontles With the aim of onentlng research towards the satlsfadlon of national soclo-economlc and political needs
• Human resource development for both policy makers and researchers constitutes an essential component of the package of measures needed to sustain a durable Interface There IS no doubt that the presence of a core of profeSSionally qualified and practically experienced staff on both Sides Will enahance the efforts at dlalogue and conaboratlon
Specific steps must therefore, be taken to make appropriate regular and systematic training aVaJlable to both researchers and pohcy makers
• The Interface between policy makers and research and training Instrtutlons can best thnve under an env.roment charactensed by peace, stability, transparency. Inclusiveness. tolerance of Ideas and one that has mechanisms and systems for resolVing policy differences Accordingly t pubhc policy should be approached as an open system and accomodate the vaned view POints of the different actors In the system
• To ensure sustained dlaJogue between the two actors, efforts should be made to remove legaJ and other restnctlve regulations that may hinder effective Interface
• Sustained and effective interface can be achieved only In circumstances where the capacity for such an .nterface eXIsts on both Sides To Improve and enhance the capacity for Interaction, It IS Important at the InitlaJ stage to take an Inventory of what eXists To thiS effect the partaCipants recommend that dlrectones of training Institutions, research Institutions, funding sources. publishing outlets, and profeSSional asSOCiatiOns be complied In order to sustain, constantly upgrade and strengthen eXisting capacity to relevant ISSUes and problems and aVail to deciSion makers Information needed for effective policy making
• AJ3 governments could benefit from the detached ObjectiVity and familiarity with sCientlfc process and evaluation methodology,
It
Is recommended that29
they Involve academics and researcher In monitonng and evaJuatlng public policies
• A catalytic group conversant with policy analysIs or policy methodology and close to the organisational leadership be constituted to create a forum for meaningful dialogue between researchers and policy makers
• It IS recommended that mechanism for enrichment of experiences be proVided, enabling researchers to work In policy making roles and practloners to spend time In research Institutions reflecting on their expenence and Interacting With researchers
• RecogniZing the usefulness of dlssemenatlng knowledge and Information on policy Issues and other ISSUes relevant to the Interface, therefore. It IS recommended that relevant books, Joumals SpeCial bulletans and research reports of policy matters be published and Widely dassemenated
• Efforts should be made to mobilize funding from donors. the pnvate sector and other sources Attempts should be made to supplement the shnnklng research funding caused by the economic ensls being experienced by Afncan countries Participants noted that In spite of the shrinking funding base, rt should stili be posSible to generate addrtlonal resources provided It could be shown that the research actavltaes would be useful for the state.
the pnvate sector or society at large Viable and well focussed research programs, properly packaged and presented stand a good chance for funding
• Whale It IS recognized that many activities aimed at enhanced Interface may not require additional funding as most of the basic Infrastructure may already be In place, It IS nevertheless recommended that additional resour~ be tapped from the actors en the Interface process
• National focal POints be established to initiate action and act as cataJysts and monltonng units In the sust8Jng process
Recommendations directed at ECA
• ECA should Initiate action at the regional level by approaching member states through Its established channels to InstltutionaJlze messures aimed at sustaining policy Interface
• ECA should organize regional seminars SJmed at getting the above Initiative underway The seminar could then be used to launch national focal POints constituted from senlor government policy makers and university researchers ECA should Indicate Its wlhngness to asSist those countnes Interested to partiCipate In this Important initiative
In concluding their deliberation, the parbclpants affirmed their readiness to assist ECA to launch the above Initiatives and demonstrated their willingness to serve In an ad hoc group to help ECA supplement the recommendations, thus, keeping the spirit of the workshop alive
31
ANNEX I
Text of Opening Statementa by:
Mr AzJz Hasabl, Minister of Administrative Affairs of the Kingdom of Morocco
Dr Sadlg Rasheed, Chief of Public Admlnlstrabon, Human Resources and SoaaJ Development Division, Economic Commission for Afnca
32
Statement by H E Mr AzIZ Hasabl
, am glad today to open your seminar on enhancing dialogue between pohcy-makers and research Institutions In support of economic reform This SpeCial event has been organized through the fruitful cooperation and laudable efforts of the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) and the Ministry responsible for administrative affairs. here .n Morocco I will therefore like to warmly thank the officials of ECA for having chosen the KIngdom of Morocco as venue for this Important meet,ng
On behalf of HIs Ms,esty the King. I welcome you all I take thiS opportunity to pay tnbute to all the personahtles present here and through them to their respective countnes for the friendship shown to Morocco Our country has always been one that welcomes and hosts people and meetings A country of liberation,
rt
remains permanently open to dialogue and to respect of individual and colledlve hberbes From Its geographical posl'bon.Its history and Its current engagements, Morocco IS known for Its
openness to the outside wortd It has had the privilege of being a melting pot of different cIVIlizations. developing close ties with the whole wortd and partlculariy Its sister and friendly African countnes This pecuhar pOSition has enabled the Kingdom of Morocco to bUild for Itsett, wlth.n the Intematlonal community. the reputation of being a country of dialogue, tolerance and understanding At the national level. Morocco IS, by virtue of the foresight of Its king, endowed With a govemment philosophy that IS based on democracy.
liberalism and freedom Dialogue IS at all POintS the order of 1he day In Morocco
Ladles and gentlemen,
DUring the whole week. you Will be studying all the dimensions of a relevant theme and Will analyze 1he pOSSibilities of cooperation between deciSion-makers and university research
Institutions Your debates are bound to be interesting and fruitful and the exchangEliS enriching At a time when the m8:l0r development models have lost aJl cl8Jms to absolute truth, when the world IS searching for practical solutions to the economic Ills sapping at a large part of Its people, dialogue and exchanges between all national actors are vital This dialogue among pohcy- makers and research Instrtubons must play Its nghtfuf role In development However. dialogue will be meaningless without the establishment of sensible relations between research adopted to nauonaJ reaJlues and policy-makers convinced of the need to turn to instrtubons to which they would have prOVided adequate resources Cooperation, be
rt
bilateralor
multilateral. must reinforce thiS exchangeIn concluding my bnef statement, let me reiterate once ag8Jn my JOY In welcoming you and wishing you a pleasant stay In our country
I wish you f!Nery success In your work Thank you
34
Statement by Dr Sadlg Rasheed
It IS a great pleasure to welcome you on behalf of Mr Layashl Vaker, UN Under-Secretary General and executive Secretary of the Economic Commission for Africa, on behalf of my colleagues, and on my own behaJf to ttlfs Senior Policy Workshop
I would like at the outset, to express our deep appreciation to HIs Excellency, Mr AzIZ Hasabl, Mlntster of Administrative Affairs for accepting to formally open thiS workshop on behalf of the Government of the Kingdom of Morocco
As you are already aware, thiS workshop has been organtzed by ECA In collaboration With the MiniStry of Administrative Affairs of the Kingdom of Morocco I, therefore, Wish to setze thiS opportunity to also thank HIS Excellency t the Minister and hiS colleagues for the excellent arrangements they have made for hosting thiS workshop The fact that aJl partiCipants from outSide Morocco already feel at home IS a tribute both to the excellent arrangements made by the Mlnrstry of Administrative Affairs and the generous hospltahty of the govemment and people of the Kingdom of Morocco
Afnca IS still mired In a severe economic and human cnsls after a decade conveniently termed by all and sundry as the IIlost decade" for Africa As the continent continues to grapple With the effects of the cnsls and search for solutions to It, It IS only 10glc81 that Inchgenous resources, particularly human resources, should be fully ~pped for the complex reconstruction and deveropment efforts aheap Thust It IS only logical that tile eXisting scarce human and Institutional capacity should be fully and effectIvely utlhzed for the cause of development
·
Regrettably, trends In 1I11s regard are disturbing
1 The economic cnsls and a less 111811 conducive soclO-pohtlcal almate have Induced a massive brain drain out of many of our Afncan countnes Some of Afnca's top-level experts have migrated to other regions In search of greener pastures, thus, deCimating the already limited Indigenous capacity 2 As rf thiS was not enough. the Involvement of
Afncan's Indigenous expertise and "think tanks" In the process of policy formulation, Implementation and review has not been part of the tradition or practice In many of our Afncan countnes In many Instances, the relationship between the pohcy- making and policy-implementing entities on the one hand and the 'hlnk tanks" on the other hand has often been of mistrust and lack of cooperation And In the Instances where such Interaction have taken place, they have largely been ad hoc In nature 3 At a time when thiS has been happening, the
existing Indigenous expertise and InstltubonaJ capacity have been further undermined through two factors
Increased dependence on foreign experts and the ready acceptance of extemal adVice on the formulation and Implementation of development programmes
attempts to by-pass the eXisting Instltuttonal capacity In Afncan unIVersities, and other training and research centres, and create parallel institution and capacity
thiS sltuabon IS In stark contrast with the Interaction patterns between the governments In the Industnahzed countries and their research and tnunlng Institutions In these countries, not only do the govemments extend financial support to their research Institutions. but they do also sohcrt, obtain and accept from them advice on a range of Issues In an active and structured manner Indeed, many Important public policy Issues In the Industnahzed countnes are subjected to ngorous Studies by the I·thlnk tanks"
before public debates are Inluated, legislation IS enacted approved and decisions are made
There IS no reason why thiS pattem of close collaborative relationships between govemments and the Itthlnk tanks" In Industnahzed countries should not be emulated by and rephcated In Africa Afnca faces enormous chaJlenges of development, and there can be no pretence that the public Institutions alone have aU the answers to the problems of development It IS bad enough that Africa lacks cert8Jn cntlCa) skills and technology. but It IS Intolerable that governments do not put those available resources to JUdiCIOUS use, prefenng Instead to go for foreign expertise In effect, thiS contributes to the underutlllzatJon, demoralisation and dismantling of precIous Indigenous capacrtles created at a tremendous cost There can be no Justrficatlon for such dehquency
It IS thiS concern, the need to enhance the Interface between the deCISion-making entities and Indigenous think tanks and expertise as well as the need to Institutionalize that process which prompted ECA to create thiS forum The exchange of Ideas and expenences that will take place between the policy-makers, the Afncan Institutions and experts and Intematlonal partners and experts, who are Involved In thiS cruCial Issue, can mark the beginning of a senous effort to enhance the Interface and create the conditions and mechanisms that are bofll necessary and suffiCient for sustenance of other process
To facilitate the discussions, ECA commissioned a number of case studies 111 a selected number of African countnes to examine the expenences In Interaction between government policy makers and university and research Institutes/centers In these countnes
The countries covered In the studies were Ghana, Kenyal
Morocco, Nigeria, Tanzania and Senegal A synthesis report of the findings of these country case studies has been prepared and dlstnbuted to all of you Beside the syntheSIS report, a number of other papers have also been prepared to shed greater InSights Into expenences of policy Interactions outside Africa as well as of sub- regional Institutions/centres In Africa
Thus, thiS forum should enable us to give senous thought tOI and make concrete recommendations on a number of such Issues as
What has been the expenence of African countries so far and what makes for successful and unsuccessful pattem of Interaction?
How can African governments make life time use of their Indigenous pool of skills and experts In support of economic reform and development?
How can the psychological and other bamers hampenng effective Interface be dismantled?
What are the best approaches to Indlgen.zlng the pohcy management process?
What arrangements need to be deVised to promote networking of policy Instrtutes within each country t
and among vanous countnes In Africa?
What can we learn from patterns of Institutionalization outside Afncan countnes?
What would constitute SUitable gUidelines for promoting effective Interacbons between Afncan governments and thelf research Institutes?
38
How can the process for the promotion of a more effective Interface be sustaJned?
I Invite the distinguished partaCipants to have very frank diScussions on these and other related ISSUes All of us assembled here are agreed that Afncan countnes need to take their destiny Into their hands That process must start with putting to good use t
the aVaJlable Indigenous Institutions and human talents and skills that are readily aVaJlable at the disposal of our countnes
The presence of senior policy makers from govemment and of top paley experts from Afncan and non-African regional and national Instrtutlons reinforces and strengthens my belief that the diScussions at this seminar would culminate In the adoption of practical recommend9.tlons to gUide all actors In the years ahead
I would like, once again. to thank all of you, particularly those who came from outside Afnca for being here to share your expenences wrth us and among yourselves I would like to assure you that your recommendations will be widely disseminated to the deCISion-makers. Afncan Insbtutlons and policy experts as well as to Interested partners outside Afnca With a view to to ensunng that the fruits of your thoughts and expenences are appropnately shared by all those, who are, Involved .n thiS strategic area
J thank you for your kind attention and wish you most fruitful deliberations
ANNEX II
Programme for the Senior Policy Workshop on Enhancing Interface between Government Pollcy .... aklng Entities and Universities and Research Instltutlonaln Support of Economic Refonn and Development In Afrfca
Rabat, MOfOCco, 21-25 September 1D92
Sunday 20 ~Septemb.r 1082 Monday 21 September 1882
ArrIval of participants
0900 • 1000 1000 - 11 00
11 00 - 11 30 11 30 • 1430
1430 - 1830
Registration Opening Session
Opening Statement by Dr Sadlg Rasheed, Chief, PubliC Administration, Human Resources and SOCial Development elvlslon,
ECA
Statement by H E Mr AzIZ Hasabl, Minister of Administrative Affairs, Kingdom of Morocco
Refreshments Lunch Break
Issues In Policy Analysis In Developing Countries
1600 - 1645 1645 - 1830
Countnes An Explanatory Approach- Stuart S Nagel, the Need for Improved Policy AnalysIs In DevelopIng and Industrialized Nations-
Witfred A Ndongko, -Social SCience Research and Policy Making In Developing Countnes A CrlflcaJ AnalysIs·
Coffee Break DISCUSSion Tuesday 22 September 1992
0900 ... 1300
0900 - 1030
Enhancing the Interface between Decision-Making Entitle. and lb.
Tralning/Research Institutions In Africa:
Status, Limits and Prospects
A BUJura & E EI Kh.dir, 'DIalogue Between Policy-makers and Research Institutions the HlstoncaJ and SOCla-polltlcsl Contexf'
T H Mahyamkono, -The Contnbutlon of Policy Onented Research Centres to Economic Reform and Development Problems and POSSlbllrtles -
1030 - 1045 1045 - 1245 1245 - 1400 1400 - 1645 1400 - 1530
1530 • 1630 1630 - 1645 1645 - 1900
1645 - 1730
,
ICAFRAD, ImplIcatIon des Institutions de formation et de recherche dans Ie processus dss rsformes sf du dsveloppement en AfT/que' Exemple st role de CAFRAD
EnhanCing the DIalogue The Expenence of IDEP
Coffee Break DISCUSSion
Lunch Break
Selected Country Experiences
ECA. ·SyntheslS of Selected Country expBnences· *
Other Country Expenances
DISCUSSion
Coffee Break
Guldelln.. for Promoting Effective Interface and Strengthening Institutional Capacity for Development Policy Management
ECAt • Notes on GUidelines for
Promoting more Effective Interface Between PolIcy-makers and the Trmnlng/Research InstItutions·
1730 - 1900
J Corkery & E de RIJk. -Enhancing the Interlace • InstItutional Issues (wIth specIal reference to the Development Policy Management Network?
DISCUSSion Wedn_day 23 September 1992 09 00 - 1830
0900 -1300
1300· 1430 1430 - 1830
Working Groups Dlscus.lona
Group I, GUIdelines for Promobng more Effective Interlace between the PoliCY and DecISion-MakIng Entdles and Research/TraInIng Institutions In Support of Economic Reform and Development
Group II, Sustaining the Process for the Promotion of
a
more Effective InterlaceLunch Break
Working Groups Discussions (continued)
Thursday 24 September 1992 0900 • 1300
1300 - 1430
Preparation of the reports of the Working Groups
Lunch Break
1430· 1530
1530- 1545 1545· 1730
Friday 25 September 1892
09 00 - 1700
1700· 1830
1830 - 18-45
Presentation of the reports of the Working Groups
Coffee Break DIscussIons
Free for participants/Excursion Preparation of the final report of the workshop
Presentation and Adopbon of the Report
Closure of the workshop
