Measurement of the Λ_b⁰ lifetime and mass in the ATLAS experiment

Article

Reference

Measurement of the Λ

lifetime and mass in the ATLAS experiment

ATLAS Collaboration

ABDELALIM ALY, Ahmed Aly (Collab.), et al.

Abstract

A measurement of the Λ0b lifetime and mass in the decay channel Λ0b→J/ψ(μ+μ−)Λ0(pπ−) is presented. The analysis uses a signal sample of about 2200 Λ0b and Λ0b decays that are reconstructed in 4.9  fb−1 of ATLAS pp collision data collected in 2011 at the LHC center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV. A simultaneous mass and decay time maximum likelihood fit is used to extract the Λ0b lifetime and mass. They are measured to be τΛb=1.449±0.036(stat)±0.017(syst)  ps and mΛb=5619.7±0.7(stat)±1.1(syst)  MeV.

ATLAS Collaboration, ABDELALIM ALY, Ahmed Aly (Collab.), et al . Measurement of the Λ

lifetime and mass in the ATLAS experiment. Physical Review. D , 2013, vol. 87, no. 03, p.

032002

DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevD.87.032002

Available at:

http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:40653

Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version.

Measurement of the

lifetime and mass in the ATLAS experiment

G. Aadet al.* (ATLAS Collaboration)

(Received 10 July 2012; published 4 February 2013)

A measurement of the ⁰_b lifetime and mass in the decay channel ⁰_b!J=cð^þÞ⁰ðpÞ is presented. The analysis uses a signal sample of about 2200⁰_b and ⁰_b decays that are reconstructed in 4:9 fb¹ of ATLASppcollision data collected in 2011 at the LHC center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV. A simultaneous mass and decay time maximum likelihood fit is used to extract the⁰_blifetime and mass. They are measured to beb¼1:4490:036ðstatÞ0:017ðsystÞpsandmb¼5619:70:7ðstatÞ1:1ðsystÞMeV.

DOI:10.1103/PhysRevD.87.032002 PACS numbers: 14.20.Mr

I. INTRODUCTION

The ⁰_b baryon (and its charge conjugate ⁰_b) is the lightest baryon containing ab(b) quark. With a mass of about 5620 MeV [1,2] it is not produced at B factories, where the collision center-of-mass energy is tuned to pro- duce pairs ofBmesons. Currently, hadron colliders are the only facilities where the properties of b baryons can be studied. This paper presents a measurement of the⁰_bmass and lifetime in the ATLAS experiment [3] using the decay channel ⁰_b!J=cð^þÞ⁰ðpÞ (the charge conju- gate mode is implied throughout the paper unless explicitly stated otherwise). The ⁰_b lifetime, although measured by many experiments [1,4–6], still suffers from a large experimental uncertainty.

The decayB⁰_d !J=cð^þÞK⁰_Sð^þÞhas the same topology as the studied⁰_bdecay. TheB⁰_dmass and lifetime are measured with good precision [1], and therefore this decay provides a useful tool to validate the⁰_b results, as both measurements are subject to similar systematic uncer- tainties. The lifetime ratio,_b=_Bd, can be predicted by heavy quark expansion calculations [7] and perturbative QCD [8] and is of great theoretical interest. The lifetime and mass are determined using a simultaneous unbinned maximum likelihood fit to the reconstructed mass and decay time of each selected candidate.

II. DATA SAMPLES AND TRIGGER SELECTION The ATLAS experiment [3] is a general-purpose detec- tor at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). It covers nearly the entire solid angle around the interaction point with layers of tracking detectors, calorimeters, and muon cham- bers. The coordinate system has thezaxis aligned with the beam direction. The transverse momentumpT and pseu- dorapidity of reconstructed particles are defined with

respect to that direction. This analysis uses two ATLAS subsystems: the inner detector (ID) and the muon spec- trometer (MS). Both are situated in a magnetic field and serve as tracking detectors. The ID consists of three types of detector: the silicon pixel detector (Pixel), the silicon microstrip detector (SCT), and the transition radiation tracker (TRT). The MS consists of monitored drift tube chambers (MDT) and cathode strip chambers (CSC) for precision muon measurements, resistive plate chambers (RPC) and thin gap chambers (TGC) employed by the muon-trigger system. Tracks are reconstructed in the ID, and the MS is used to identify muons. Only tracks withpT

above 400 MeV and pseudorapidityjj<2:5are used in this analysis.

The analysis is based on data collected in 2011 using single-muon, dimuon, andJ=c triggers. The ATLAS trig- ger system [9] has three levels: the hardware-based Level-1 trigger and the two-stage High Level Trigger (HLT). At Level-1 the muon trigger uses dedicated fast muon-trigger chambers to search for patterns of hits corresponding to muons passing differentpTthresholds. Regions of interest (RoI) around these Level-1 hit patterns then serve as seeds for the HLT muon reconstruction. Since the rate from the low-pTmuon triggers was too high for all accepted events to be saved, prescale factors were applied to a subset of the triggers to reduce the output rate. The muon transverse momentum thresholds for single and dimuon triggers range from 4 to 22 GeV. The J=c dimuon triggers require that the muons originate from a common vertex and have opposite charge, and that the dimuon mass is in the range 2:5 GeV< m<4:3 GeV. The majority of the sample was collected by the J=c trigger with a pT threshold of 4 GeV applied to each muon. This was the lowest-pT

unprescaled trigger in the 2011 data taking; however, other complementary triggers were used, too. ThepTspectrum of the selected muons peaks at 5 GeV; the lowest muonpT

is above 2.5 GeV.

A Monte Carlo (MC) sample of510⁶antibaryon⁰_b events is used to study systematic effects and to correct for the efficiency and acceptance of the detector. The sample is generated using the PYTHIA 6MC generator [10] with the 2011 ATLAS AUET2B L0tune [11], and the events are

*Full author list given at the end of the article.

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Further distri- bution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.

filtered so that each accepted event has a decay ⁰_b ! J=cð^þÞ⁰ðp ^þÞ with the muons having transverse momenta of at least 2.5 GeV. The MC sample is generated with a⁰_blifetime of^MC

b ¼1:391 ps.

III. RECONSTRUCTION AND SIGNAL SELECTION A.J=c and⁰ preselection

The decay⁰_b!J=cð^þÞ⁰ðpÞhas a cascade topology. TheJ=cdecays instantly at the same point as the ⁰_b (secondary vertex), while the⁰ lives long enough to form a displaced tertiary vertex. There are four final-state particles: two muons from theJ=c, and a proton and a pion from the⁰ decay.

The dimuon and dihadron (V⁰) pairs are preselected by requiring that their tracks be successfully fitted to a com- mon vertex satisfying some basic quality requirements.

TheJ=c ^andV⁰preselection is very loose, so that poten- tial candidates are not excluded at this stage. The dimuon candidates are accepted if theJ=c vertex-refitted invariant mass lies in the range 2:8 GeV< m<3:4 GeV. The dihadron candidates are accepted if the invariant mass is in the range1:08 GeV< m_p<1:15 GeV. The masses of a proton and a pion are assigned to the tracks when the invariant mass is calculated;p andp ^þ combinations are tested so that both⁰ and⁰candidates are accepted.

B. Reconstruction of⁰_b!J=cð^þÞ⁰ðpÞ The muon and hadron track pairs preselected with the criteria described in the previous section are then refitted with a constraint of a⁰_b!J=cð^þÞ⁰ðpÞtopol- ogy. The muons are constrained to intersect at a single vertex, while their invariant mass is set equal to the known mass of the J=c^, mJ=c ¼3096:92 MeV [1]. The two hadronic tracks are constrained to a second vertex, and their invariant mass is fixed to the mass of the⁰,m⁰ ¼ 1115:68 MeV[1]. The combined momentum of the refitted V⁰track pair is constrained to point to the dimuon vertex in three dimensions. The fit is performed on all four tracks simultaneously, taking into account the constraints described above (cascade topology fit) and the full track error matrices. The quality of the fit is characterized by the value of ²=Ndof, where a global ² involving all four tracks is used. The corresponding number of degrees of freedom,Ndof, is six. Furthermore, for each track quadru- plet, that can be successfully fitted to the⁰_b decay topol- ogy, a B⁰_d!J=cð^þÞK⁰_Sð^þÞ topology fit is attempted (i.e. a pion mass is assigned to the hadronic tracks and theV⁰ mass is constrained to the mass of K⁰_S, mK_S ¼497:65 MeV [1]). This is to identify possible B⁰_d decays mistaken for⁰_b.

The ⁰_b candidates are then subjected to the following selections:

(i) The global²=Ndof<3.

(ii) The transverse momentum of the cascade-refitted V⁰,p_T;V⁰>3:5 GeV.

(iii) The transverse decay length of the cascade- refitted V⁰ vertex measured from the ⁰_b vertex, Lxy;V⁰>10 mm.

(iv) The invariant mass must be in the range 5:38 GeV< m_J=c⁰<5:90 GeV.

(v) If the four tracks forming a⁰_bcandidate also result in an acceptable B⁰_d fit, the candidate must have a difference of cumulative²probabilities of the two fits,P⁰_b P_Bd >0:05.

With these criteria, 4074 ⁰_b and 4081 ⁰_b candidates (including background) are selected. No track quadruplet is successfully fitted as both a ⁰_b and a ⁰_b decay. The mass distributions of the selected candidates are shown in Fig.1. In the rest of the paper the⁰_band⁰_b samples are combined.

IV. MASS AND PROPER DECAY TIME FIT The proper decay time of the⁰_bcandidate is calculated from the measured decay distance and the candidate’s momentum as follows:

¼Lxym^PDG pT

;

where m^PDG¼5619:4 MeV [1], pT is the reconstructed ⁰_b transverse momentum, and Lxy is the ⁰_b transverse decay distance measured from the primary vertex (PV). On average there are 6.8 collision vertices per event in the selected data resulting from multiple collisions at each LHC bunch crossing (pileup events). The collision vertex that in three-dimensional space lies closest to the trajectory of the reconstructed⁰_b candidate is used as the PV.

An unbinned maximum likelihood fit is used to determine the⁰_bmass and lifetime. The mass and proper decay time are fitted using a likelihood function defined as follows:

(MeV)

Λ0

ψ

MJ/

5400 5500 5600 5700 5800 5900

Candidates / 17 MeV

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

450 Λ⁰_b candidates

candidates

0

Λb

ATLAS = 4.9 fb-1

L = 7 TeV s

FIG. 1 (color online). Invariant mass distribution of the se- lected⁰_b and⁰_b candidates.

L¼Y^N

i¼1½fsigMsðmijmiÞTsðijiÞwsðmi; iÞ þ ð1fsigÞMbðm_ij_miÞTbð_ij_iÞwbð_mi; iÞ;

wherefsig denotes the fraction of signal candidates;m_iis the invariant mass of the ith candidate and i is its proper decay time. The corresponding errors, _mi and _i, are estimated on a candidate-by-candidate basis by the cascade topology fit. Ms and Mb are probability density functions (PDFs) describing the signal and back- ground mass dependence;TsandTb describe the depen- dence on the proper decay time. The invariant mass and proper decay time error distributions, wsðbÞðm; Þ ¼ w⁰_sðbÞðmÞw⁰⁰_sðbÞðÞ, are extracted from data. It has been verified that using separate PDFs for the signal and back- ground component produces the same result when a single PDF is used,wws¼wb. For this reason the latter case is used.

The background can be divided into two categories:

prompt and nonprompt backgrounds. The prompt back- ground consists of J=c candidates produced directly in the pp collision that are randomly combined with V⁰ candidates, which also include fake combinatorial⁰ or K_S⁰candidates. The prompt background decay length is due to the finite resolution of the vertex reconstruction. The nonprompt background includes events where the J=c candidate originates in the decay of abhadron. This type of background has a lifetime due to its origin in long-lived b hadrons [e.g. B⁰_d!J=cð^þÞK⁰_Sð^þÞ, with the K_S⁰meson misidentified as⁰, forming a nonprompt back- ground for⁰_b].

The signal component of the mass PDF, Ms, is a Gaussian function with a mean equal to m_b and width Smm. The mass error scale factor Sm determines how much the errorsm_i are overestimated or underestimated.

The background component is a first order polynomial with a slopeb.

Using the estimated decay time error , the proper decay time resolution is modeled with a Gaussian function:

Rð⁰jÞ ¼ 1 ffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 p S

e

ð0Þ2 2ðSÞ2

; (1) whereSdenotes the proper decay time error scale factor, and and⁰ stand for the reconstructed and true proper decay times, respectively.

The signal and nonprompt background proper decay time distributions are modeled as exponential functions, Eð⁰;BÞ, for ⁰>0, with B being the fitted parameter denoting either the⁰_blifetime or the pseudolifetime of the long-lived background. The prompt background compo- nent is modeled by a sum of two functions: a Dirac function Diracð⁰Þ and a symmetric exponential (Laplace distribution)Esymð⁰Þ, to account for the non-Gaussian tails of the prompt background observed in data.

The functions are convolved with the resolution model (1) to obtain the PDFs of the measured proper decay time:

TsðjÞ ¼"ð⁰Þ¹Eð⁰;_bÞ Rð⁰jÞ;

TbðjÞ ¼ ½f1Tpð⁰Þ þ ð1f1ÞTnpð⁰Þ Rð⁰jÞ;

(2) with the nonprompt and prompt components defined as

Tnpð⁰Þ ¼f2Eð⁰;bkg;1Þ þ ð1f2ÞEð⁰;bkg;2Þ;

Tpð⁰Þ ¼f3Diracð⁰Þ þ ð1f3ÞEsymð⁰;bkg;3Þ:

The efficiency correction function"ð⁰Þin Eq. (2) accounts for the decay-time-dependent selection bias.

Two sources are responsible for the selection bias in the ⁰_b decay time: the V⁰ reconstruction efficiency and the trigger selection. TheV⁰reconstruction efficiency depends on the decay distance from the center of the detector, as tracks from decays further away from the center leave fewer hits in the ID. Since the ⁰_b decay length and the distance of the ⁰ vertex from the center of the detector are correlated (the latter includes the former), this biases the measured proper decay time toward smaller values.

The other source of the bias is the muon trigger, which affects the distribution of the muon transverse impact parameter d0. Applying the tag-and-probe method to J=c decays, the trigger efficiency as a function of d0 is measured for a single-muon trigger in data. The simulation shows that the dimuon-trigger efficiency can be expressed as a product of single-muon efficiencies.

The MC events are reweighted to reproduce the observed trigger bias. The efficiency correction "ð⁰Þ is determined using this weighted MC sample. It is mod- eled as a simple exponential, "ð⁰Þ /e^0=cb, wherec_b

denotes the slope of the efficiency correction. The expo- nential form is chosen for "ð⁰Þ because it describes the MC well and is particularly easy to convolve with the resolution model. The slope of the exponential, c_b, is extracted from a fit to the MC decay time efficiency plot shown in Fig.2. The extracted value isc_b ¼11356 ps;

i.e. for a decay time of 6 ps the efficiency decreases by 5%.

A. Parameters determined from the fit

The full PDF has 12 free parameters: the⁰_b mass and lifetime,m_band_b; the fraction of signal events,fsig; the error scale factorsSmandS; the slope of the mass depen- dence of the background, b; the pseudolifetimes of the long-lived background, bkg;1 and bkg;2; the exponential slope of the non-Gaussian prompt background,bkg;3; and the relative fractions of the various background contribu- tions,f1,f2, andf3.

Other quantities are calculated from the fit parameters. The number of signal and background candidates,NsigandNbkg, are calculated as Nsig ¼fsigN and Nbkg¼ ð1fsigÞN,

b 87,

where N is the total number of candidates. The mass and proper decay time resolutions are calculated from the fit parameters, too. By analogy with a Gaussian distribution, the mass resolutionm is defined as half of that mass range for which the integral ofMsretains 68.3% of the number of signal events symmetrically around the fitted⁰_b mass. The proper decay time resolution is determined in the same fashion by integrating the prompt background PDF.

V. EXTRACTION OF THE LIFETIME AND MASS A. Results of the maximum likelihood fit The results of the maximum likelihood fit are listed in Table I. The table shows only the most important fitted parameters, calculated parameters, and a ²=Ndof value which quantifies the fit quality. The ²=Ndof value is calculated from the data set binned in mass and decay time with 61 degrees of freedom. The sizes of the bins are commensurate with the measured mass and decay time resolutions, and only bins with more than 11 entries are used for the²calculation. This requirement is imposed so that the error on the number of entries in each bin can be taken as Gaussian. The lifetime result is corrected for the selection bias (see Sec.IV); the size of the correction is þ19 fs. The estimated correlation between the mass and

lifetime is small, 0.002. Projections of the PDF onto the mass and proper decay time axes are shown in Fig.3.

B. Systematic uncertainties

Systematic errors are estimated by changing various parameters of the analysis and observing the shift in the extracted mass and lifetime. The shift with respect to the baseline result is then quoted as a systematic uncertainty.

The non-negligible systematic uncertainties are summa- rized in TableII. The individual errors are added in quad- rature, yielding total systematic errors of the lifetime and mass measurements, ^syst ¼17 fs and ^systm ¼1:1 MeV, respectively. Details of the determination of the systematic uncertainties follow.

1. Event selection and reconstruction bias Two effects that lead to a selection bias for⁰_b candi- dates as a function of decay time have been identified:

the dominant contribution comes from the muon trigger, which slightly biases the transverse impact parameter of

(MeV)

Λ0 ψ

mJ/

5400 5500 5600 5700 5800 5900

Candidates / 17 MeV

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

0.7 MeV

± = 5619.7

Λb

m

0.03

± = 1.18 SM

0.8 MeV

± = 31.1 σM

± 57 = 2184 Nsig

± 160 = 5970 Nbkg

= 1.09 Ndof 2/ χ = 7 TeV

s = 4.9 fb-1

L

Data Fitted model Signal Background

ATLAS

(ps) τ

-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Candidates / 0.46 ps

10 102

103

0.036 ps

± = 1.449

Λb

τ

0.02

± = 1.05 Sτ

0.003 ps

± = 0.117 στ

= 1.09 Ndof

/ χ2

= 7 TeV s

= 4.9 fb-1

L

Data Fitted model Signal Background ATLAS

FIG. 3 (color online). Projections of the fitted PDF onto the mass (top panel) and the proper decay time (bottom panel) axes for⁰_b candidates. The errors of the listed fit result values are statistical only. The²=Ndofvalue is calculated from the data set binned in mass and decay time with the number of degrees of freedom,Ndof ¼61.

’ (ps) τ

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Efficiency

0.018 0.02 0.022 0.024 0.026 0.028

56 ps

± = 113

Λb

c ATLAS

Simulation = 7 TeV s

Λb

c τ’ -

e

’) ~ τ ε(

FIG. 2 (color online). Extraction of the efficiency correction for⁰_b. The MC efficiency is fitted with an exponential function.

Theyaxis has a suppressed zero. The displayed error is statis- tical only.

TABLE I. Results of the simultaneous mass and decay time maximum likelihood fit for ⁰_b. The uncertainties shown are statistical only. The number of degrees of freedom used for the ² calculation isNdof¼61.

Parameter Value Par. Value

mb 5619:70:7 MeV ²=Ndof 1.09 _b 1:4490:036 ps Nsig 218457 fsig 0:2680:007 Nbkg 5970160 Sm 1:180:03 m 31:10:8 MeV S 1:050:02 0:1170:003 ps

muons,d0, toward smaller values. The second bias comes from the V⁰ reconstruction. The event selection bias is corrected using the MC simulation to determine the effi- ciency as a function of the decay time as described in Sec. IV. The slope of the efficiency correction function, c_b, is determined with a statistical accuracy of 50%

(56 ps). Using standard error propagation, the contribution of this uncertainty to the overall error is evaluated to be 9 fs.

Since the two bias corrections rely on MC simulation, systematic uncertainties due to the corrections are esti- mated. These are determined separately for theV⁰ recon- struction bias and for the trigger bias. In the MC simulation the bias correction shifts the⁰_blifetime by 26 fs, of which 10 fs are due to the V⁰ reconstruction and 16 fs are due to the trigger requirement. The systematic error due to the V⁰ bias correction is estimated by varying the ⁰_b trans- verse momentum in the MC simulation (using kinematic reweighting) to probe thepTdependence of the correction.

The magnitude of the variation is about 3 times the differ- ence between the meanpT in data and the MC simulation.

The corresponding error is estimated to be 4 fs. To ensure a good description of the trigger bias, the MC sample is reweighted using single-muon-trigger efficiencies expressed as a function of muond0values that are extracted from data.

The weighting functions are parametrized as linear func- tions, wðd0Þ /1þad0, and their slope a is determined by a linear fit in bins of the measured muonpT and. To assess the systematic error on the trigger bias correction, the weighting parameters a are varied by their errors. This produces a lifetime shift of 7 fs, which is used as a system- atic error. The total systematic error calculated as a qua- dratic sum of the individual contributions is 12 fs.

To assess the systematic error in the mass measurement due to the event selection, the MC distribution ofm¼ m^MCm, wherem^MCis the generated mass, is fitted with a double Gaussian. The systematic error, given by the shift of the mean of the double Gaussian, is estimated to be 0.9 MeV. The mass shift is caused by the muon-triggerpT

thresholds: muons with largerpT have higher probability of being selected than low-pT muons. As a consequence, muons whose pT is mismeasured as larger than the true

value have a higher probability of being reconstructed than muons whosepTis mismeasured as smaller, which creates a small asymmetry of the mass peak.

2. Background fit models

Alternative background models are used to assess the sensitivity of the results to the choice of background parametrization. A second-order polynomial and an expo- nential mass dependence of the Mb PDF are tested. In addition the decay time dependence is modified by adding a third exponential into the nonprompt background com- ponent,Tnp. The alternative background PDFs fit the data well. These changes result in a lifetime shift of 2 fs and a mass shift of 0.2 MeV. In the fit model the decay time and mass are assumed to be uncorrelated. To test this assump- tion the fit’s mass range limits, mminandmmax, are varied independently by 60 MeV. This changes the relative con- tribution of the background from the left and right side- bands, and the mass and lifetime are extracted again for these new mass ranges. While the change of mmax has a minimal impact on the extracted mass and lifetime, the change ofmminproduces a lifetime shift of 9 fs. This value is added to the total systematic error due to background modeling.

3.B⁰_dcontamination

The number of B⁰_d candidates misidentified as ⁰_b is estimated by a fit to the mass distribution of the candidates which fall in the⁰_b signal region,5:52 GeV< m_J=c⁰<

5:72 GeV, under the hypothesis that they are B⁰_d! J=cð^þÞK_S⁰ð^þÞ decays. A fit to a Gaussian peak on a linear background yields 8246 B⁰_d candidates.

Since these candidates are treated as⁰_b, their pseudolife- time is scaled up by the ratio of the ⁰_b and B⁰_d masses, _Bd ¼B_dm^PDG_b =m^PDG_Bd ¼1617 fs (the decay time change due to the difference in pT reconstructed under the two hypotheses is negligible). If all such background candi- dates contribute to the fitted⁰_b lifetime, it would cause a shift of 7 fs. This is quoted as a conservative estimate of the systematic error. The error on the mass measurement is estimated by relaxing the P⁰_bP_Bd cut to double the estimatedB⁰_dbackground. This results in a⁰_bmass shift of 0.2 MeV.

4. Residual misalignment of the ID

The distribution of the transverse impact parameter,d0, of tracks originating from the PV is used to estimate the geometrical distortions due to residual misalignment. The geometry in the MC simulation is distorted by adjusting the positions of the ID modules so that the d0 of tracks coming from the PV is biased by the same amount as observed in data. The mass-lifetime fit is performed with simulated data using the default (ideal) geometry and the sample with geometry distortions. A shift of 1 fs is TABLE II. Summary of the systematic uncertainties of the

lifetime measurement, ^syst , and the mass measurement, ^systm , for⁰_b.

Systematic uncertainty ^syst (fs) ^systm (MeV)

Selection/reco. bias 12 0.9

Background fit models 9 0.2

B⁰_d contamination 7 0.2

Residual misalignment 1

Extra material 3 0.2

TrackingpT scale 0.5

Total systematic error 17 1.1

b 87,

observed between the two measurements and is assigned as a systematic error due to residual misalignment. No significant mass shift is observed.

5. Uncertainty in the amount of ID material Inaccurate modeling of the amount of material in the ID could affect the measurement since the tracking algorithm estimates the particle energy loss using a material map. To explore this uncertainty, the MC simulation is repeated with 20% more material in the ID silicon detectors (Pixel and SCT) and their supporting services, which is large compared to the estimated uncertainty of 6% (9%) in the Pixel (SCT) detectors (see Ref. [12]). The resulting shifts of 3 fs in lifetime and 0.2 MeV in mass are conservative estimates of the systematic uncertainties from this source.

6. Uncertainty in the tracking momentum scale TheK_S⁰mass value is used to estimate the uncertainty in the track momentum determination. TheK_S⁰mass extracted from a fit to the invariant mass agrees with the PDG’s world average within 0.03%. Such a shift corresponds to a track momentum scale shift of 0.05%. The momentum scale can be further tested using the reconstructed J=c mass. The observed mass shift corresponds to a momentum scale error of0:03%, in agreement with the assumption of0:05%. Shifting the momenta of all tracks in the MC simulation by this amount yields a ⁰_b mass shift of 0.5 MeV. No significant lifetime shift is observed.

7. Other systematic errors

Other sources of systematic errors are investigated, such as an alternative choice of the PV (e.g. using the collision vertex whose tracks have the highest sum ofp²_T) and the use of a PDF with the error distributions modeled sepa- rately for signal and background. These changes do not result in a significant mass or lifetime shift.

C. Cross-check withB⁰_d!J=cð^þÞK⁰_Sð^þÞ The B⁰_d!J=cð^þÞK_S⁰ð^þÞ channel has the same decay topology as ⁰_b!J=cð^þÞ⁰ðpÞ and can be used to cross-check the ⁰_b results and to determine the ratio of the⁰_bandB⁰_dlifetimes. The analysis and systematic error studies, described in the previous sections, are repeated for the B⁰_d. The B⁰_d channel is subjected to exactly the same kinematic cuts as for the ⁰_b channel and therefore has similar systematic effects.

The mass range used for theK_S⁰preselection is440 MeV<

m^þ<570 MeV, and theB⁰_dinvariant mass must lie in the range5:1 GeV< m_J=cK⁰

S<5:5 GeV. This selection is chosen to be as close as possible to the ⁰_b selection rather than to maximize the B⁰_d signal yield. Using the maximum likelihood fit, theB⁰_dlifetime and mass are mea- sured to be Bd¼1:5090:012ðstatÞ0:018ðsystÞps and

m_Bd ¼5279:60:2ðstatÞ 1:0ðsystÞ MeV. These values are consistent with the world averages, ^PDG_Bd ¼1:519 0:007 psandm^PDG_Bd ¼5279:500:30 MeV[1].

VI. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The⁰_b lifetime and mass are measured to be

_b ¼1:4490:036ðstatÞ 0:017ðsystÞps; m_b ¼5619:70:7ðstatÞ 1:1ðsystÞ MeV:

These results agree with the world average values of the ⁰_blifetime,^PDG

b ¼1:4250:032 ps, and mass,m^PDG

b ¼

5619:40:7 MeV [1], and with a recent determination of the ⁰_b mass by the LHCb experiment, m^LHCb

b ¼

5619:190:70ðstatÞ 0:30ðsystÞ MeV [2]. The ratio of the⁰_b andB⁰_d lifetimes is

R¼_b=Bd ¼0:9600:025ðstatÞ 0:016ðsystÞ:

The statistical and systematic errors are propagated from the errors of the lifetime measurements. The systematic errors are conservatively assumed to be uncorrelated. This value is between the recent determination by D0, R^D0¼ 0:8640:052ðstatÞ 0:033ðsystÞ [6], and the measure- ment by CDF, R^CDF ¼1:0200:030ðstatÞ 0:008ðsystÞ [5]. It agrees with the heavy quark expansion calculations which predict the value of the ratio between 0.88 and 0.97 [7] and is compatible with the next-to-leading-order QCD predictions with central values ranging between 0.86 and 0.88 (uncertainty of0:05) [8].

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank CERN for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently.

We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina;

YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWF and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN;

CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China;

COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF, DNSRC and Lundbeck Foundation, Denmark; EPLANET, ERC and NSRF, European Union; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/

IRFU, France; GNSF, Georgia; BMBF, DFG, HGF, MPG and AvH Foundation, Germany; GSRT and NSRF, Greece;

ISF, MINERVA, GIF, DIP and Benoziyo Center, Israel;

INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco;

FOM and NWO, Netherlands; BRF and RCN, Norway;

MNiSW, Poland; GRICES and FCT, Portugal; MERYS (MECTS), Romania; MES of Russia and ROSATOM, Russian Federation; JINR; MSTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MVZT, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MICINN, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SER, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva,

Switzerland; NSC, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom;

DOE and NSF, United States of America. The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowl- edged gratefully, in particular, from CERN and the ATLAS

Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (UK) and BNL (USA) and in the Tier-2 facilities worldwide.

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