1 Table 1. Characteristics of the sample (PresidentePrudente, SP, Brazil, 2014).
Descriptive statistics (n= 342)
Continuous variables Mean (SD) Median (IR)
Age (years) 61.8 (8.9) 60.1 (12.6)
Weight (Kg) 73.2 (14.7) 72.8 (19.4)
Height (cm) 157.7 (8.4) 157.1 (12.1)
Body fat percentage (%) 39.1 (8.7) 39.1 (12.5)
Physical activity (score) 6.9 (1.4) 7.1 (2.1)
Disability retirement (US$) 2,890.56 (5,222.98) 0 (5,437.73)
Absenteeism (US$) 119.73 (780.21) 0 (0)
Categorical variables n (%)
Gender
Male 102 (29.8) _
Female 240 (70.2) _
Income
Low 274 (80.1) _
High 68 (19.9) _
Retirement
No 180 (52.6) _
Yes 162 (47.4) _
Sleep disorder
Absent 124 (36.3) _
Present 218 (63.7) _
Low back pain
Absent 265 (77.5) _
Present 77 (22.5) _
Notes: IR= interquartile range; SD= standard deviation; Kg = kilogram, cm = centimeters, Retirement age = 65 years for men and 60 for women.
Table 2. Productivity losses according to risk factors among adults (Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil, 2014).
Variable N Absenteeism(US$)
p-value Disability retirement(US$)
Median (IR) Mean (95%CI) Median (IR) Mean (95%CI)
Physical inactivity
248 0.0 (0.0) 128.21(25.44-230.98)
0.052 0.0 (4,812.15) 2,472.03 (1,912.58-3,031.47)
94 0.0 (0.0) 97.36 (1.00-232.90) 0.0 (7,303.44) 3,994.76 (2,617.96-5,371.56)
Body fat percentage
255 0.0 (0.0) 143.70 (33.92-253.48)
0.945 0.0 (4,010.12) 2,809.25 (2,130.76-3,487.75)
87 0.0 (0.0) 49.48 (1.00-104.54) 0.0 (8,124.51) 3,128.86 (2,207.40-4,050.31)
Alcohol consumption
335 0.0 (0.0) 119.94 (35.32-204.56)
0.617 0.0 (5,389.61) 2,761.38 (2,226.92-3,295.83) 7 0.0 (0.0) 109.80 (1.00-378.47) 4,800.11 (17,243.53) 9,072.61 (1.00-19,546.82) 291 0.0 (0.0) 76.97 (13.66-140.28)
0.023 0.0 (5,437.73) 2,751.72 (2,180.61-3,322.84)
51 0.0 (0.0) 363.72 (1.00-793.39) 0.0 (7,559.08) 3,682.70 (1,834.55-5,530.85)
Notes: IR= interquartile range; 95%CI= 95% confidence interval; P25 = 25th percentile;P75= 75th percentile.
2
Table 3. Productivity losses according to potential confounders among adults (Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil, 2014).
Variable N Absenteeism(US$)
p-value Disability retirement(US$)
Median (IR) Mean (95%CI) Median (IR) Mean (95%CI)
102 0.0 (0.0) 221.18 (1.0-456.89)
0.535 0.0 (4,968.54) 3,765.11 (2,356.11-5,174.10) 240 0.0 (0.0) 76.62 (12.57-140.66) 0.0 (5,437.73) 2,518.87 (1,999.06-3,038.68) Sleep disorders
124 0.0 (0.0) 28.87 (1.0-79.42)
0.027 0.0 (0.0) 2,011.94 (1,220.91-2,802.98) 218 0.0 (0.0) 171.41 (44.50-298.29) 0.0 (7,218.22) 3,390.31 (2,647.66-4,132.97) Low back chronic pain
265 0.0 (0.0) 118.45 (20.93-215.97)
0.103 0.0 (3,067.74) 2,396.78 (1,802.75-2,990.80) 77 0.0 (0.0) 124.15 (1.0-280.29) 2,903.32 (8,441.31) 4,589.92 (3,250.20-5,929.64) Retirement age
180 0.0 (0.0) 209.82 (53.27-366.37)
0.022 0.0 (5,714.43) 3,262.25 (2,448.21-4,070.29)
162 0.0 (0.0) 39.63 (3.63-35.63) 0.0 (5,373.56) 2,477.56 (1,727.09-3,228.03)
Notes: IR= interquartile range; 95%CI= 95% confidence interval.
Table 4. Association between absenteeism, disability retirement and risk factors among adults (Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil, 2014).
Absenteeism ≥P75 (n= 32 cases) Disability retirement
% (n) p-value ORadj (OR95%CI)* % (n) p-value
Physical inactivity 0.074 0.424
> P25 11.3% (28) 1.00 23.8% (59)
≤ P25 4.3% (4) 0.29 (0.09-0.88) 28.7% (27)
Body fat percentage 1.000 0.108
< P75 9.4% (24) 1.00 22.7% (58)
≥ P75 9.2% (8) 1.15 (0.45-2.93) 32.2% (28)
Alcohol 0.500** 0.374**
Absent 9.3% (31) 1.00 24.8% (83)
Present 14.3% (1) 1.23 (0.13-11.64) 42.9% (3)
Smoking 0.037** 1.000
Absent 7.9% (23) 1.00 25.1% (73)
Present 17.6% (9) 2.57 (1.07-6.17) 25.5% (13)
Global hazard exposure score** 0.998 0.036
None 9.6% (15) 1.00 19.2% (30)
1 8.8% (12) 0.83 (0.36-1.88) 29.9% (41)
≥2 10.2% (5) 1.08 (0.36-3.25) 30.6% (15)
3
Notes: *= multivariate model adjusted simultaneously by gender, retirement age (65 for men and 60 for women), income, sleep quality and low back pain; ** = Fisher’s exact test; OR = odds ratio; ORadj= OR adjusted; 95%CI= 95%
confidence interval; P25 = 25th percentile; P75 = 75th percentile.
Table 5. Isolated exposure to diverse risk factors and unhealthy behaviors (Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil, 2014).
Independent variables* Disability retirement ≥P75 (n = 86 cases)
% (n) p-value OR (95%CI)**
Obesity 0.151
No health hazard exposure 19.2% (30) 1.00
Just obesity 37.7% (20) 2.47 (1.20-5.06)
Obesity and other health hazard 23.5% (8) 1.21 (0.48-3.03)
Other health hazard without obesity 28.3% (28) 1.55 (0.83-2.90)
Overall model explanation 75.7%
Physical inactivity 0.026
No health hazard exposure 19.2% (30) 1.00
Just physical inactivity 28.3% (15) 1.51 (0.71-3.22)
Physical inactivity and other health hazard 29.3% (12) 1.64 (0.74-3.66) Other health hazard without physical inactivity 31.5% (29) 1.87 (1.02-3.42)
Overall model explanation 74.9%
Smoking 0.012
No health hazard exposure 19.2% (30) 1.00
Smoking 22.2% (6) 1.25 (0.45-3.46)
Smoking and other health hazard 29.2% (7) 1.46 (0.54-3,94)
Other health hazard without smoking 31.9% (43) 1.87 (1.08-3.25)
Overall model explanation 74.9%
Notes: OR=odds ratio; 95%CI=95% confidence interval; P75 = 75th percentile;*=excessive alcohol consumption isolated from other health hazards was reported only in three cases (n=3), thus, it was excluded from statistical analysis;
**=adjusted by sex, age of retirement, income, sleep quality and low back pain.
