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https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00424107

Submitted on 14 Oct 2009

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Architecture for the Next Generation System Management Tools for High Performance Computing

Platforms

Geoffroy Vallée, Thomas Naughton, Anand Tikotekar, Jérôme Gallard, Stephen Scott, Christine Morin

To cite this version:

Geoffroy Vallée, Thomas Naughton, Anand Tikotekar, Jérôme Gallard, Stephen Scott, et al.. Architec- ture for the Next Generation System Management Tools for High Performance Computing Platforms.

[Research Report] RR-7062, INRIA. 2009. �inria-00424107�

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a p p o r t

d e r e c h e r c h e

ISSN0249-6399ISRNINRIA/RR--7062--FR+ENG

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

Architecture for the Next Generation System Management Tools for High Performance

Computing Platforms

Geoffroy Vallée and Thomas Naughton and Anand Tikotekar and Jérôme Gallard and Stephen L. Scott and Christine Morin

N° 7062

October 2009

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Centre de recherche INRIA Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique IRISA, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex

Téléphone : +33 2 99 84 71 00 — Télécopie : +33 2 99 84 71 71

❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ◆❡①t ●❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ❙②st❡♠

▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❚♦♦❧s ❢♦r ❍✐❣❤ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡

❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ P❧❛t❢♦r♠s

●❡♦✛r♦② ❱❛❧❧é❡ ❛♥❞ ❚❤♦♠❛s ◆❛✉❣❤t♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❆♥❛♥❞ ❚✐❦♦t❡❦❛r

❛♥❞ ❏érô♠❡ ●❛❧❧❛r❞ ❛♥❞ ❙t❡♣❤❡♥ ▲✳ ❙❝♦tt ❛♥❞ ❈❤r✐st✐♥❡ ▼♦r✐♥

❚❤è♠❡ ✿ ❈❛❧❝✉❧ ❞✐str✐❜✉é ❡t ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s à très ❤❛✉t❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡✳

➱q✉✐♣❡✲Pr♦❥❡t P❆❘■❙

❘❛♣♣♦rt ❞❡ r❡❝❤❡r❝❤❡ ♥➦ ✼✵✻✷ ✖ ❖❝t♦❜❡r ✷✵✵✾ ✖ ✶✶ ♣❛❣❡s

❆❜str❛❝t✿ ❚♦❞❛②✱ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ s❝✐❡♥t✐sts ♠❛✐♥❧② ❡①❡❝✉t❡ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ ♦r ❞✐s✲

tr✐❜✉t❡❞ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✱ ❛♥❞ tr② t♦ s❝❛❧❡ ✉♣ t♦ ❣❡t ♠♦r❡ r❡s✉❧ts ♦r ❣r❡❛t❡r ❞❛t❛

♣r❡❝✐s✐♦♥✳ ❆s ❛ r❡s✉❧t✱ t❤❡② ✉s❡ ♠♦r❡ ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s✱ ✉s✐♥❣

❧♦❝❛❧ ❧❛r❣❡✲s❝❛❧❡ ❍P❈ s②st❡♠s ✭s✉❝❤ ❛s ❝❧✉st❡rs ♦r ▼PP✮✱ ❣r✐❞s ♦r ❡✈❡♥ ❝❧♦✉❞s✳

❚❤❡ ❞✐✣❝✉❧t② ♦❢ ♠❛♥❛❣✐♥❣ t❤♦s❡ ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠s ✐s t❤❡✐r ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ✐♥ ♥❛t✉r❡✱ ❡❛❝❤

❞❡❣r❡❡ ❛❜str❛❝t✐♥❣ s♦♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ❝r❡❛t❡❞ ❜② r❡s♦✉r❝❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥✳ ❋♦r

✐♥st❛♥❝❡✱ ❝❧✉st❡rs ❛♥❞ ▼PP s②st❡♠s ❛r❡ ❧♦❝❛t❡❞ ♦♥ ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ s✐t❡✱ ❝♦♠♣♦s❡❞ ♦❢

❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ✏♣❛rt✐t✐♦♥s✑ ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ■✴❖ ♥♦❞❡s✱ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡ ♥♦❞❡s✮✳ ■♥ ❣r✐❞s✱ ✏✈✐rt✉❛❧ ♦r✲

❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥s ✭❱❖s✮✑ ❛r❡ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts❀ s✐♥❝❡ ❱❖s ❛r❡ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❛♥❞

♠✉❧t✐✲✉s❡rs✱ t❤❡② ❛❜str❛❝t ❜♦t❤ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧♦❝❛❧ r❡s♦✉r❝❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡✲

♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❛✇❛② ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✉s❡rs✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ❝❧♦✉❞s ♣r♦✈✐❞❡

❛♥ ❤✐❣❤ ❞❡❣r❡❡ ♦❢ ❛❜str❛❝t✐♦♥ ✈✐❛ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t ♦❢ ✏s❡r✈✐❝❡s✑✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✐♠♣❧❡✲

♠❡♥t❡❞ ✈✐❛ ❛ ❞✐r❡❝t ♣r✐✈✐❧❡❣❡❞ ❛❝❝❡ss t♦ t❤❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ♦r t❤❡ ✉s❛❣❡ ♦❢ ■♥t❡r♥❡t

❜❛s❡❞ s❡r✈✐❝❡s✳ ❇✉t ❛❧❧ t❤♦s❡ ❝❛s❡s r❡q✉✐r❡ ❧♦❝❛❧ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s ❛♥❞

s♦♠❡ ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ❝♦♦r❞✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ❝♦♦r❞✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ♣❛rt✐t✐♦♥s✱ r❡♠♦t❡ s✐t❡s✱

❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐♦♥ ❞♦♠❛✐♥s✮✳

❚❤✐s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t ♣r❡s❡♥ts ❛ ❞❡t❛✐❧❡❞ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ ♦✉r ♥♦✈❡❧

s②st❡♠✲♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t t♦♦❧ t❤❛t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❝❧✉st❡rs✴▼PP s②st❡♠s✱ ❣r✐❞s✱ ❛♥❞ ❝❧♦✉❞s✳ ❚❤❡ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ✐s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤r❡❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts✿

❚❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ✐s ❞♦♥❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t ♦❢ t❤❡ ■◆❘■❆ ❙❊❘✲❖❙ ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ t❡❛♠ ✕

❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✐r✐s❛✳❢r✴♣❛r✐s✴s❡r✲♦s✴✳

❖❛❦ ❘✐❞❣❡ ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ▲❛❜♦r❛t♦r②✱ ❖❛❦ ❘✐❞❣❡✱ ❚◆ ✸✼✽✸✵✱ ❯❙❆ ✕ ④✈❛❧❧❡❡❣r✱ ♥❛✉❣❤t♦♥t✱

t✐❦♦t❡❦❛r❛❛✱ s❝♦tts❧⑥❅♦r♥❧✳❣♦✈ ✕ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♦r♥❧✳❣♦✈ ✕ ❖❘◆▲ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ✐s s♣♦♥s♦r❡❞ ❜② t❤❡

❖✣❝❡ ♦❢ ❆❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ ❙❝✐❡♥t✐✜❝ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤❀ ❯✳❙✳ ❉❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❊♥❡r❣②✳ ❚❤❡ ✇♦r❦

✇❛s ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ ❛t t❤❡ ❖❛❦ ❘✐❞❣❡ ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ▲❛❜♦r❛t♦r②✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ♠❛♥❛❣❡❞ ❜② ❯❚✲❇❛tt❡❧❧❡✱

▲▲❈ ✉♥❞❡r ❈♦♥tr❛❝t ◆♦✳ ❉❡✲❆❈✵✺✲✵✵❖❘✷✷✼✷✺✳

■◆❘■❆ ❘❡♥♥❡s ✕ ❇r❡t❛❣♥❡ ❆t❧❛♥t✐q✉❡✱ ❘❡♥♥❡s✱ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ✕ ✜rst♥❛♠❡✳❧❛st♥❛♠❡❅✐♥r✐❛✳❢r ✕

❚❤❡ ■◆❘■❆ t❡❛♠ ❝❛rr✐❡s ♦✉t t❤✐s r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ✇♦r❦ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❳tr❡❡♠❖❙ ♣r♦❥❡❝t

♣❛rt✐❛❧❧② ❢✉♥❞❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❈♦♠♠✐ss✐♦♥ ✉♥❞❡r ❝♦♥tr❛❝t ★❋P✻✲✵✸✸✺✼✻✳

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●❡♦✛r♦② ❱❛❧❧é❡ ❡t ❛❧✳

✭✐✮ ❱✐rt✉❛❧ ❙②st❡♠ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ✭❱❙❊✮✱ ✭✐✐✮ ❱✐rt✉❛❧ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥s ✭❱❖s✮✱ ❛♥❞

✭✐✐✐✮ ❱✐rt✉❛❧ P❧❛t❢♦r♠s ✭❱Ps✮✳

❑❡②✲✇♦r❞s✿ ❉✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ❙②st❡♠s✱ ❈❧✉st❡rs✱ ●r✐❞s✱ ❈❧♦✉❞s✱ ❘❡s♦✉r❝❡ ♠❛♥✲

❛❣❡♠❡♥t✳

■◆❘■❆

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❋♦♥❞❡♠❡♥t ♣♦✉r ❧❛ ♣r♦❝❤❛✐♥❡ ❣é♥ér❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡

s②stè♠❡s ❞❡ ❣❡st✐♦♥ ❞❡s ♣❧❛t❡s✲❢♦r♠❡s ❞❡

❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡✉rs à ❤❛✉t❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡

❘és✉♠é ✿ ▲❡s ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❞❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧ ❝♦♥ç✉❡s ♣♦✉r êtr❡ ❡①é❝✉té❡s ❞❡ ♠❛♥✐èr❡

♣❛r❛❧❧è❧❡ ♦✉ ❞✐str✐❜✉é❡ ♣❡✉✈❡♥t ❣é♥ér❛❧❡♠❡♥t ♦❜t❡♥✐r ❞❡s rés✉❧t❛ts ♣❧✉s r❛♣✐❞❡✲

♠❡♥t ♦✉ ❛✈❡❝ ✉♥❡ ♣❧✉s ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣ré❝✐s✐♦♥ ❡♥ ❛✉❣♠❡♥t❛♥t ❧❡ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡ r❡ss♦✉r❝❡s

❞❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧ q✉✐ ❧✉✐ s♦♥t ❛❧❧♦✉é❡s✳ ■❧ ❞❡✈✐❡♥t ❞♦♥❝ ❞❡ ♣❧✉s ❡♥ ♣❧✉s ♥é❝❡ss❛✐r❡

❞✬✉t✐❧✐s❡r✱ ❝♦✐♥❥♦✐♥t❡♠❡♥t ♦✉ ♥♦♥✱ ❞❡s r❡ss♦✉r❝❡s ❞✐str✐❜✉é❡s ❤étér♦❣è♥❡s✱ ❝♦♠♠❡

♣❛r ❡①❡♠♣❧❡✱ ❞❡s ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡✉rs à ❤❛✉t❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ✕ ❍P❈ ✕ ✭❣r❛♣♣❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❧❝✉✲

❧❛t❡✉rs ♦✉ ▼PP ✕ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ♠❛ss✐✈❡♠❡♥t ♣❛r❛❧❧è❧❡✮✱ ❞❡s ❣r✐❧❧❡s✱ ❞❡s ❈❧♦✉❞s✳ ➚

❝❛✉s❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♠♣❧✐①✐t✬❡ ❡t ❞❡ ❧❛ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ❞❡ ♥❛t✉r❡ ❞❡s ♣❧❛t❡s✲❢♦r♠❡s ❤étér♦❣è♥❡s✱

✐❧ ❞❡✈✐❡♥t ❞❡ ♣❧✉s ❡♥ ♣❧✉s ❞✐✣❝✐❧❡ ❞❡ ❧❡s ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❡r ❡t ❞❡ ❧❡s ❣ér❡r ❞❡ ♠❛♥✐èr❡

❡✣❝❛❝❡✳ P❛r ❡①❡♠♣❧❡✱ ❧❡s ❣r❛♣♣❡s ❞❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡✉rs ❛✐♥s✐ q✉❡ ❧❡s ▼PP s♦♥t s✐t✉és

❣é♥ér❛❧❡♠❡♥t s✉r ✉♥ s❡✉❧ s✐t❡ ❡t s♦♥t ♣❛rt✐t✐♦♥♥és ✭♣❛r ❡①❡♠♣❧❡✱ ✉♥❡ ♣❛rt✐t✐♦♥

♣♦✉r ❧❡s r❡ss♦✉r❝❡s ❞❡ st♦❝❦❛❣❡✱ ✉♥❡ ❛✉tr❡ ♣♦✉r ❧❡s r❡ss♦✉r❝❡s ❞❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧✮✳ ❉❛♥s

❧❡s ❣r✐❧❧❡s✱ ❧❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t ✏❞✬♦r❣❛♥✐s❛t✐♦♥ ✈✐rt✉❡❧❧❡✑ ✭❱❖ ✕ ❱✐rt✉❛❧ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥✮

♣❡r♠❡t ❞✬❛❜str❛✐r❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐té ❞❡ ❧❛ ❣❡st✐♦♥ ❞❡s r❡ss♦✉r❝❡s ❞✐str✐❜✉é❡s ❛✐♥s✐

q✉❡ ❝❡❧❧❡s ❞❡s ❝♦♠♣t❡s ✉t✐❧✐s❛t❡✉rs✳ ❊♥✜♥✱ ❧❡s ❈❧♦✉❞s ❢♦✉r♥✐ss❡♥t ✉♥ ❤❛✉t ❞❡❣ré

❞✬❛❜str❛❝t✐♦♥ ❡♥ ♣rés❡♥t❛♥t ❧❛ ♥♦t✐♦♥ ❞❡ ✏s❡r✈✐❝❡s✑✳ ❈❡s s❡r✈✐❝❡s s♦♥t ❞❡ ❞✐✛ér❡♥ts

♥✐✈❡❛✉① ❡♥ ❛❧❧❛♥t ❞❡ ❧✬❛❝❝ès ♣r✐✈✐❧é❣✐é ❛✉① r❡ss♦✉r❝❡s ♠❛tér✐❡❧❧❡s ✭✈✐rt✉❡❧❧❡s ♦✉

♥♦♥✮ à ❧✬✉t✐❧✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐❝❡s ❞❡ ❤❛✉t ♥✐✈❡❛✉ ♣r♦♣♦sés s✉r ■♥t❡r♥❡t✳

❚♦✉t ❝❡s t②♣❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛t❡s✲❢♦r♠❡s ❞❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧ ♥é❝❡ss✐t❡♥t ✉♥❡ ❣❡st✐♦♥ ❧♦❝❛❧❡ ❞❡s r❡ss♦✉r❝❡s ❡t ✉♥❡ ❝❡rt❛✐♥❡ ❢♦r♠❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♦r❞✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ✭♣❛r ❡①❡♠♣❧❡✱ ❧❛ ❝♦♦r❞✐♥❛✲

t✐♦♥ ❡♥tr❡ ❞✐✛ér❡♥t❡s ♣❛rt✐t✐♦♥s✱ ❞✐✛ér❡♥ts s✐t❡s✱ ♦✉ ❡♥❝♦r❡ ❞✐✛ér❡♥ts ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡s

❞✬❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐♦♥✮✳

❈❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t ♣rés❡♥t❡ ✉♥❡ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❞ét❛✐❧❧é❡ ❞❡ ❧✬❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ❞❡ ♥♦tr❡

s②stè♠❡ ♣♦✉r ❧❛ ❣❡st✐♦♥ ❞❡s ♥♦✉✈❡❧❧❡s ❣é♥ér❛t✐♦♥s ❞❡ ♣❧❛t❡s✲❢♦r♠❡s ❞❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧

♣♦✉r ❧❡ ❍P❈ ✭❣r❛♣♣❡s✴▼PP✱ ❣r✐❧❧❡s✱ ❈❧♦✉❞s✮✳ ❈❡ tr❛✈❛✐❧ ❡st ❢♦♥❞é s✉r tr♦✐s

❞✐✛ér❡♥ts ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ✿ ✭✐✮ ❧❡s ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♥❡♠❡♥ts s②stè♠❡ ✈✐rt✉❡❧s ❱✐rt✉❛❧ ❙②st❡♠

❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ✭❱❙❊✮✱ ✭✐✐✮ ❧❡s ♦r❣❛♥✐s❛t✐♦♥s ✈✐rt✉❡❧❧❡s ❱✐rt✉❛❧ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥s ✭❱❖✮✱

✭✐✐✐✮ ❧❡s ♣❧❛t❡s✲❢♦r♠❡s ✈✐rt✉❡❧❧❡s ❱✐rt✉❛❧ P❧❛t❢♦r♠s ✭❱P✮✳

▼♦ts✲❝❧és ✿ ❙②stè♠❡s ❞✐str✐❜✉és✱ ❣r❛♣♣❡s ❞❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧✱ ❣r✐❧❧❡s ❞❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧✱ ❈❧♦✉❞s✱

❣❡st✐♦♥ ❞❡s r❡ss♦✉r❝❡s✳

(7)

●❡♦✛r♦② ❱❛❧❧é❡ ❡t ❛❧✳

✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥

❚♦❞❛②✱ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ s❝✐❡♥t✐sts ♠❛✐♥❧② ❡①❡❝✉t✐♥❣ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ ♦r ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ❛♣♣❧✐✲

❝❛t✐♦♥s✱ ❛♥❞ tr② t♦ s❝❛❧❡ ✉♣ t♦ ❣❡t ♠♦r❡ r❡s✉❧ts ♦r ❣r❡❛t❡r ❞❛t❛ ♣r❡❝✐s✐♦♥✳ ❆s

❛ r❡s✉❧t✱ t❤❡② ✉s❡ ♠♦r❡ ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s✱ ✉s✐♥❣ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❧❛r❣❡✲s❝❛❧❡

❍P❈ s②st❡♠s ✭s✉❝❤ ❛s ❝❧✉st❡rs ♦r ▼PP✮✱ ❣r✐❞s ♦r ❡✈❡♥ ❝❧♦✉❞s✳

▼❛♥② s②st❡♠ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t t♦♦❧s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ st✉❞✐❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ❢♦r t❤♦s❡

♣❧❛t❢♦r♠s ❜✉t✱ t♦ t❤❡ ❜❡st ♦❢ ♦✉r ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✱ ♥♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ❝♦✉❧❞

❜❡ s✉❝❝❡ss❢✉❧❧② ✉s❡❞ ♦♥ ❛❧❧ t❤♦s❡ ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠s✳ ❲❡ t❤✐♥❦ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❜❡st ✇❛② t♦

❛❞❞r❡ss ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡s ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s ✐s t♦

❢♦❝✉s ♦♥ t❤❡ s❝✐❡♥t✐sts✬ ❡✣❝✐❡♥❝②✿ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ✇❤❛t t❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ s❝✐❡♥t✐sts tr② t♦ ❡①❡❝✉t❡✱ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ s❤♦✉❧❞ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ t♦♦❧s ❛♥❞ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠s t♦ ❛❜str❛❝t t❤❡

❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ♥❛t✉r❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s✱ t♦❧❡r❛t❡ ❢❛✐❧✉r❡s ❛♥❞ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ t❤❡

♥❡❝❡ss❛r② r✉♥t✐♠❡s✳

❋♦r t❤❛t✱ ✇❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡ ❛♥ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤r❡❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts✿

✭✐✮ ❱✐rt✉❛❧ ❙②st❡♠ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ✭❱❙❊✮✱ ✭✐✐✮ ❱✐rt✉❛❧ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥s ✭❱❖s✮✱ ❛♥❞

✭✐✐✐✮ ❱✐rt✉❛❧ P❧❛t❢♦r♠s ✭❱Ps✮✳ ❆ ❱❙❊ ❛❧❧♦✇s ♦♥❡ t♦ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡ ❛♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥✬s

♥❡❡❞s ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛♥❞ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❞❡♣❧♦②❡❞ ♦♥ ❛♥② ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ s✐♥❣❧❡ s✐t❡ ✴ s✐♥✲

❣❧❡ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐✈❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥ ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠s ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ✉s✐♥❣ ❛ ❞✐s❦✲❧❡ss ♦r ❞✐s❦✲❢✉❧❧ ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠

❛♥❞✴♦r r❡❛❧ ♦r ✈✐rt✉❛❧ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡✮✳ ❆ ❱❖ ❛❧❧♦✇s ♦♥❡ t♦ ❞❡♣❧♦② ❛♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥

❛❝r♦ss ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡ s✐t❡s ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✐♥ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐✈❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥s ✭❱❖s ❛r❡

❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♠✉❧t✐✲✉s❡rs✮✳❆ ❱P ✐s ❛ ✈✐❡✇ ❡①♣♦s❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ✉s❡rs✱ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ✈✐rt✉❛❧

r❡s♦✉r❝❡s✱ t❤❛t ✐s ❧♦❝❛❧✳ ❚❤✐s t②♣✐❝❛❧❧② ❡①♣♦s❡s t❤❡ ✈✐rt✉❛❧ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ t❤❛t ❧♦❝❛❧❧②

✜ts t❤❡ ♥❡❡❞s ♦❢ ❛ s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ❇❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❱Ps✱ ✐t ✐s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡

❱❖s✱ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t✐♥❣ s②st❡♠ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡s✱ t②♣✐❝❛❧❧② ❢♦r r❡s♦✉r❝❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✭✇❤❡r❡

s❤♦✉❧❞ t❤❡ ❱P ❜❡ ❝r❡❛t❡❞❄✮ ❛♥❞ ✉s❡r ❛❝❝❡ss ✭✇❤♦ ✐s ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ t♦ ❛❝❝❡ss ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥

❱P❄✮✳

❚❤♦s❡ t❤r❡❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ❤❛✈❡ t❤❡ ❜❡♥❡✜t ♦❢ ❛❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❜♦t❤ t❤❡ ✉s❡rs ❛♥❞ t❤❡

s②st❡♠ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛t♦rs t♦ ❡①♣r❡ss t❤❡✐r ♥❡❡❞s ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ts ✐♥ t❡r♠ ♦❢ ❡①✲

❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t✿ ✐t ✐s st✐❧❧ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② t♦ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ s②st❡♠✲❧❡✈❡❧ ♣r♦t❡❝t✐♦♥✱

s②st❡♠ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ s②st❡♠ ♠♦♥✐t♦r✐♥❣ ❝❛♣❛❜✐❧✐t✐❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ❦❡② ✐s t♦ ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡

t♦ ✏♠❡r❣❡✑ s❝✐❡♥t✐sts ❛♥❞ s②st❡♠ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛t♦rs ♥❡❡❞s✱ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❣❡t ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡

❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦✉❧❞ t❤❡♥ ❜② ❞❡♣❧♦②❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✉s❡❞

❢♦r ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥✳ ❆❝t✉❛❧❧② t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛t♦rs ❝❛♥ ❡✈❡♥ ❝❤♦♦s❡

t❤❡ ❞❡❣r❡❡ ♦❢ ✐s♦❧❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡

❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢ tr✉st ❢♦r ✉s❡rs✳

❚♦ ❡❛s❡ t❤❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s✉❝❤ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❜✐❧✐t②✱ ✐t ✐s ✉s❡❢✉❧ t♦ s❡♣❛r❛t❡ t❤❡

❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥ ❛s♣❡❝ts ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❞❡♣❧♦②♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r r✉♥ t✐♠❡ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts✳ ❚❤✐s ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ❤❛s t❤❡ ❛❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❡♥❛❜❧✐♥❣ ♥❡❣♦t✐❛t✐♦♥

❢♦r t❤❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ❱P✱ ✐✳❡✳✱ t❤❡ ♥❡❣♦t✐❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✉s❡rs ❛♥❞ s②st❡♠

❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛t♦rs ✐❢ ❝♦♥✢✐❝ts ❛r❡ ❞❡t❡❝t❡❞✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♥❡❣♦t✐❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ r❡♠♦t❡ s✐t❡s t♦ ❣❡t t❤❡ ❜❡st r❡s♦✉r❝❡ ❛❧❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ❆❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧❧②✱ t❤❡ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❞❡♣❧♦②♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ ❱P

✐s ♦♥❧② ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡✱ ✐✳❡✳✱ ✇❤❡♥ ✐ts ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥

✐s ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❢♦r ❡✈❡r②♦♥❡ ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥✳ ■t ❛❧s♦ ❡♥❛❜❧❡s

❛ ❢❛✐r❧② ❤✐❣❤ s❡❝✉r✐t② ❧❡✈❡❧ s✐♥❝❡ ♦♥❧② ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥ ❞❛t❛ ❛r❡ ❡①❝❤❛♥❣❡❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥

❡♥t✐t✐❡s ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❱P ❜❡✐♥❣ ❝r❡❛t❡❞ ❧♦❝❛❧❧②✳

◆♦t❡✱ t❤❡ ❱P ❞❡♣❧♦②❡❞ ❧♦❝❛❧❧② ❝♦✉❧❞ ❡✈❡♥ ❜❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛t❡❞ ❛❣❛✐♥st t❤❡ ❧♦❝❛❧ s②st❡♠

♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡s✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❱P ♣❧❛❝❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ s❡❝✉r❡ ✏s❛♥❞ ❜♦①✑✳

❚❤❡r❡❢♦r❡✱ t❤✐s ♣❛♣❡r ♣r❡s❡♥ts t❤❡ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ ❛ ♥❡✇ s②st❡♠ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t t♦♦❧ t❤❛t ❛✐♠s ❛t ❡♥❛❜❧✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❝❧✉st❡rs✱ ▼PP✱ ❣r✐❞s✱ ❛♥❞ ❝❧♦✉❞s

■◆❘■❆

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❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ◆❡①t ●❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ❙②st❡♠ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❚♦♦❧s ❢♦r ❍P❈

✇✐t❤ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ✐♥❢r❛str✉❝t✉r❡✳ ❋♦r t❤❛t✱ ✇❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t ❛ s②st❡♠❛t✐❝ st✉❞② ♦❢ t❤❡

r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤♦s❡ ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠s ❛♥❞✱ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥

t❤✐s ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ✐❞❡♥t✐❢② ❝♦♠♠♦♥ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ❝❛♣❛❜✐❧✐t✐❡s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✉❧t✐✲

♠❛t❡❧② ❧❡❛❞s t♦ t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ♥❡✇ s②st❡♠ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t t♦♦❧✳ ❚❤✐s t♦♦❧

✐s ✉♥❞❡r ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♠❡r❣✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❡①t❡♥❞✐♥❣ ❡①✐st✐♥❣ t♦♦❧s✿ t❤❡ ❖❙❈❆❘ s②s✲

t❡♠ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t t♦♦❧ ❬✼❪✱ t❤❡ ❳tr❡❡♠❖❙ ❣r✐❞ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♥❣ s②st❡♠ ❬✹✱ ✻❪✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡

❆❧❛❞❞✐♥✴●✺❑ ❬✷✱ ✺❪ ❣r✐❞ s②st❡♠ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t t♦♦❧s✳

✷ ❚❡r♠✐♥♦❧♦❣②

❈❧♦✉❞s✱ ❣r✐❞s✱ ❝❧✉st❡rs ❛♥❞ ▼PPs ❛r❡ ❜② ♥❛t✉r❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠s✿

s♦♠❡ s♣❛♥ ❛❝r♦ss ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡ s✐t❡s✱ ❛♥❞ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐✈❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥s✱ ✇❤❡r❡❛s

♦t❤❡rs ❛r❡ s✐♥❣❧❡ s✐t❡ ❛♥❞ s✐♥❣❧❡ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐✈❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥s✳

❖✉r ❣♦❛❧ ✐s t♦ ❢❡❞❡r❛t❡ t♦♦❧s ❢♦r t❤❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ s✉❝❤ ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠s✳ ❚♦

❛❝❝♦♠♣❧✐s❤ t❤✐s ❣♦❛❧ ❛❞❡q✉❛t❡ ❛❜str❛❝t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ♠❛♥❞❛t♦r②✳ ❚❤✉s✱ ❜❡❢♦r❡ ✇❡

❞❡s❝r✐❜❡ ♠♦r❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❡❧② t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ s②st❡♠ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡

❢♦r t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥t❡♥❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❡ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠s✱ ✇❡ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡ t❤❡ t❡r♠✐✲

♥♦❧♦❣② ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡st ♦❢ t❤✐s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t✳ ▼❛♥② ♦❢ t❤❡ t❡r♠s ❛r❡ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ✐♥ ✉s❡

❜② t❤❡ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t②✱ ❜✉t ✇❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t ♦❢ ❱✐rt✉❛❧ P❧❛t❢♦r♠s ✭❱Ps✮ ✐♥

♦r❞❡r t♦ ❧✐♥❦ ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ❡①✐st✐♥❣ ❛❜str❛❝t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ♠❛❦❡ s✉r❡ t❤❡② ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ ♦♥ ❛❧❧

t❤❡ t❛r❣❡t ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠s✳

❚❤❡ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ❛❜str❛❝t✐♦♥s ❛✐♠ t♦ ❤✐❞❡ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡s ❝r❡❛t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥

♦❢ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ♦♥ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠s✱ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♠✉❧t✐✲s✐t❡✴♠✉❧t✐✲✉s❡r

❝❛s❡✱ ❞♦✇♥ t♦ t❤❡ ✉♥✐✲s✐t❡✴✉♥✐✲✉s❡r ❝❛s❡✳ ❆❧s♦ ♥♦t❡ t❤❛t t❤r♦✉❣❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❞♦❝✉✲

♠❡♥t✱ ❛ ✉s❡r ✐s ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t t♦ ❛♥ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ✐✳❡✳✱ ✇❡ ❛ss✉♠❡ ❛

✉s❡r ✐s r✉♥♥✐♥❣ ♦♥❡ ❛♥❞ ♦♥❧② ♦♥❡ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛t ❛ t✐♠❡✳ ■❢ ❛

✉s❡r ✇❛♥ts t♦ ❡①❡❝✉t❡ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✱ ✇❡ ❛ss✉♠❡ t❤♦s❡ t✇♦ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s

❛r❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t s✐♥❝❡ t❤❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ♠❛② ❜❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✳ ❚❛❜❧❡ ✶ ❣✐✈❡s

❛♥ ♦✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ ♦✉r ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✳

▼✉❧t✐✲s✐t❡ ❙✐♥❣❧❡ s✐t❡

❙✐♥❣❧❡ ✉s❡r ❱✐rt✉❛❧ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥s

✭❱❖✮

❱✐rt✉❛❧ ❙②st❡♠ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥✲

♠❡♥ts ✭❱❙❊✮

▼✉❧t✐✲✉s❡r ❱✐rt✉❛❧ P❧❛t❢♦r♠s ✭❱P✮

❚❛❜❧❡ ✶✿ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❱❖s✱ ❱Ps✱ ❛♥❞ ❱❙❊s

✷✳✶ ❱✐rt✉❛❧ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥s

❆ ❱✐rt✉❛❧ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✭❱❖✮ ❬✸❪ ❛❧❧♦✇s ♦♥❡ t♦ ❞❡♣❧♦② ❛♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛❝r♦ss ♠✉❧✲

t✐♣❧❡ s✐t❡s ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✐♥ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐✈❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥s✱ ✐✳❡✳✱ ❱❖s ❛r❡ ❣❧♦❜❛❧

❛♥❞ ♠✉❧t✐✲✉s❡rs✳ ❱❖s ❛r❡ t❤❡r❡❢♦r❡ ✇❡❧❧ s✉✐t❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s

❛❝r♦ss ❣r✐❞s✳

❋♦r t❤❛t✱ ❱✐rt✉❛❧ ❇r❡❡❞✐♥❣ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts ✭❱❇❊s✮ ❬✽❪ ❛r❡ ❝r❡❛t❡❞ ♦♥ ❡❛❝❤

s✐t❡ ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ♠✉❧t✐✲s✐t❡ ❝♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ ❛s ❛ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ♥❡✇ ❱❖s✳ ■♥ ♦t❤❡r ✇♦r❞s✱ ❱❇❊s s♣❛♥ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❞♦♠❛✐♥s ♦❢

❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐♦♥ ♦✈❡r ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t s✐t❡s ❛♥❞ ❛r❡ ❝♦♠♣♦s❡❞ ♦❢ ❛ s❡t ♦❢ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s ❛♥❞

❘❘ ♥➦ ✼✵✻✷

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●❡♦✛r♦② ❱❛❧❧é❡ ❡t ❛❧✳

✉s❡rs✳ ❆ ✉s❡r ❝❛♥ ✐♥st❛♥t✐❛t❡ ❛ ♥❡✇ ❱❖✱ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❛ ❱❇❊✱ ❢♦r ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡ ♥❡✇

♦✇♥❡r s♣❡❝✐✜❡s t❤❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ r♦❧❡s✱ r✉❧❡s ❛♥❞ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s✳

✷✳✷ ❱✐rt✉❛❧ P❧❛t❢♦r♠s

❆ ❱✐rt✉❛❧ P❧❛t❢♦r♠ ✭❱P✮ ✐s ❛ ❧♦❝❛❧ ✐♥st❛♥t✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ❱❖✳ ■t t②♣✐❝❛❧❧② ❡①♣♦s❡s t❤❡ ✈✐rt✉❛❧ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ t❤❛t ✜ts t❤❡ ♥❡❡❞s ♦❢ ❛ s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥

♣❧❛t❢♦r♠✳ ❘❡st❛t❡❞✱ ❛ s❡t ♦❢ ✈✐rt✉❛❧ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s ✐s ♣✉t t♦❣❡t❤❡r t♦ ❝r❡❛t❡ ❛ ❱P✱

✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❛ s✉❜s❡t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ r❡s♦✉r❝❡✳ ❉♦✐♥❣ s♦✱ ✐t ✐s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦

♣❛rt✐t✐♦♥ t❤❡ ❧♦❝❛❧ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s ❛♥❞ ❛❧❧♦❝❛t❡ t❤❡♠ t♦ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❱❖s✳ ❚❤❡r❡❢♦r❡ ❛t ❛

❣✐✈❡♥ s✐t❡✱ ✐t ✐s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ ✐♥st❛♥t✐❛t❡ ❱❖s✱ ✏♣❛rt✐t✐♦♥✐♥❣✑ t❤❡ s②st❡♠✳ ❚❤❡ ❧♦❝❛❧

✐♥st❛♥t✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❱❖ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥ts t❤❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ s②st❡♠ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡s✱ t②♣✐❝❛❧❧② ❢♦r r❡s♦✉r❝❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡ ❱P s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❝r❡❛t❡❞❄✮✱ ❛♥❞ ❢♦r ✉s❡r

❛❝❝❡ss ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ✇❤♦ ✐s ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ t♦ ❛❝❝❡ss ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ ❱P❄✮✳

❆ ❱✐rt✉❛❧ P❧❛t❢♦r♠ ✭❱P✮ ✐s ❛ ✈✐❡✇ ❡①♣♦s❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ✉s❡rs✱ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ✈✐rt✉❛❧

r❡s♦✉r❝❡s✱ ✐✳❡✳✱ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♠✉❧t✐✲✉s❡r✳ ❆ ❱P ✐s t❤❡♥ ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ t♦ ❛ ❱❙❊ ❢♦r ✐ts

❛❝t✉❛❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥✳

✷✳✸ ❱✐rt✉❛❧ ❙②st❡♠ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts

❆ ❱✐rt✉❛❧ ❙②st❡♠ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ✭❱❙❊✮ ❛❧❧♦✇s ♦♥❡ t♦ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡ ❛♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥✬s s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♥❡❡❞s ❛♥❞ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❞❡♣❧♦②❡❞ ♦♥ ❛♥② ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ s✐♥❣❧❡ s✐t❡ ✴ s✐♥❣❧❡ ❛❞♠✐♥✐s✲

tr❛t✐✈❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥ ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ✉s✐♥❣ ❛ ❞✐s❦✲❧❡ss ♦r ❞✐s❦✲❢✉❧❧ ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠ ❛♥❞✴♦r r❡❛❧ ♦r ✈✐rt✉❛❧

❤❛r❞✇❛r❡✮ ❬✶❪✳

❚❤❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ❢♦r ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛r❡ t②♣✐❝❛❧❧② ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ts

♦♥ t❤❡ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♥❣ s②st❡♠ ✭❖❙✮ ❛♥❞ r✉♥✲t✐♠❡ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ✭❘❚❊✮✳ ❋♦r ✐♥st❛♥❝❡✱

❛♥ ▼P■ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥❡❞ t♦ r✉♥ ♦♥ t♦♣ ♦❢ ❘❡❞ ❍❛t ❊♥t❡r♣r✐s❡ ▲✐♥✉①

✹✳✵ ✇✐t❤ ▲❆▼✴▼P■ ✼✳✶✳✸✳ ■❢ t❤♦s❡ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ts ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ✉♣❞❛t❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❛r✲

❣❡t ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥✮✱ ♠♦st ❧✐❦❡❧② t❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐❧❧ ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ❜❡

♠♦❞✐✜❡❞✱ ♣♦rt❡❞✳ ❋✉rt❤❡r♠♦r❡✱ ✐t ✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t♦ ❞❡❝♦✉♣❧❡ t❤❡ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡

❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥✬s ♥❡❡❞s ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ ❘❚❊ ❛♥❞ ✇❤❛t ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts s②st❡♠ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛✲

t♦rs ✇❛♥t t♦ ❤❛✈❡ ✐♥ ❡❛❝❤ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ✉s❡❞ ❜② ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✳

❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤❡ s❝✐❡♥❝❡ r❡s✐❞❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ♥♦t ✐♥ t❤❡ t❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧

❞❡t❛✐❧s ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ❢♦r t❤❡ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤♦s❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ♦♥ ❍P❈

s②st❡♠s✳ ■♥ ♦t❤❡r ✇♦r❞s✱ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡rs s❤♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐t❤

❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥s ❞✉❡ t♦ ✭✉♥❞❡s✐r❡❞✮ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✉♣❞❛t❡s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❞♦

♥♦t ✜t t❤❡✐r s❝✐❡♥t✐✜❝ r♦❛❞♠❛♣✳

❙②st❡♠✲❧❡✈❡❧ ✈✐rt✉❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❡♥❛❜❧❡s t❤❡ ❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✈✐rt✉❛❧ ❛♣♣❧✐❛♥❝❡s✱ ✐✳❡✳✱

✈✐rt✉❛❧ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡ ✐♠❛❣❡s ❝✉st♦♠✐③❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥✳

❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤❡ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts ✐♥ s✉❝❤ ❛♣♣❧✐❛♥❝❡s ✐s st✐❧❧ ♠❛✐♥❧② ♠❛♥✉❛❧✳ ❋✉rt❤❡r♠♦r❡✱ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❧❛❝❦ ♦❢ ❣❡♥❡r✐❝♥❡ss ✭t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t

♦❢ ❛♣♣❧✐❛♥❝❡ ✐s ❞❡❡♣❧② t✐❣❤t t♦ s②st❡♠✲❧❡✈❡❧ ✈✐rt✉❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥✮✱ ✐t ✐s ♥♦t ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦

❞❡♣❧♦② ❛♥ ❡①✐st✐♥❣ ✈✐rt✉❛❧ ❛♣♣❧✐❛♥❝❡ ♦♥ t♦♣ ♦❢ ❛ st❛♥❞❛r❞ s②st❡♠ ✭✐✳❡✳✱ ❞✐s❦✲❧❡ss

♦r ❞✐s❦✲❢✉❧❧ s②st❡♠s✮✳

❚❤❡ ❱❙❊ ✐s t❤❡r❡❢♦r❡ ❛ ♠❡t❛✲❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ r✉♥✲t✐♠❡ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t r❡✲

q✉✐r❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ s✐t❡ ✐♥ ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥ ♦❢ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛✲

t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ ✉s❡r✳

■◆❘■❆

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❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ◆❡①t ●❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ❙②st❡♠ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❚♦♦❧s ❢♦r ❍P❈

✸ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❊①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts ♦♥ ❉✐s✲

tr✐❜✉t❡❞ ❛♥❞ P❛r❛❧❧❡❧ P❧❛t❢♦r♠s

❋✐❣✉r❡ ✶ ♣r❡s❡♥ts t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ♦❢

❝❧♦✉❞s✱ ❣r✐❞s✱ ❝❧✉st❡rs ❛♥❞ ▼PPs✳ ❚❤✐s ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✐s ♣r✐♠❛r✐❧② ❝♦♠✲

Application

Hardware Requirements

Software Requirements

Platform Description

(including VBEs) VO VP VSE

Driver

Disk-full Cluster OSCAR-V

MPP OSCAR-V

Disk-less Cluster OSCAR-V

User A allocation User B allocation

Computing SitesLogical View of the System Management Software

❋✐❣✉r❡ ✶✿ ❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙②st❡♠ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡

♣♦s❡❞ ♦❢ t✇♦ ♣❛rts✿ ✐✮ t❤❡ t♦♦❧s ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐✲

❝❛t✐♦♥✬s ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t✱ ❛♥❞ ✐✐✮ t❤❡ t♦♦❧s t❤❛t ✇✐❧❧ ❛❝t✉❛❧❧② ❞❡♣❧♦② t❤✐s

❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ♦♥ ❛ s❡t ♦❢ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s✳

❘❘ ♥➦ ✼✵✻✷

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●❡♦✛r♦② ❱❛❧❧é❡ ❡t ❛❧✳

✸✳✶ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❊①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥✲

♠❡♥t

❚♦ ♣r❡♣❛r❡ t❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t✱ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✐s

❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ✭❜♦t❤ ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛♥❞ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡✮✱

❛♥❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s✳

❚❤❡ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s ✐s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❱❇❊s✳ ❆ ❱❇❊ ✐s ❝♦♠♣♦s❡❞

♦❢ ❛ s❡t ♦❢ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡rs✱ ✉s❡rs✮ ❛♥❞ ❛ s❡t ♦❢ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡s t❤❛t s♣❡❝✐❢②✐♥❣

✇❤❛t ❱❇❊ ♠❡♠❜❡rs ❝❛♥ ❞♦✳ ❲❤❡♥ ❛♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐s s✉❜♠✐tt❡❞✱ ❛ ♥❡✇ ❱❖ ✐s

❝r❡❛t❡❞ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❛ ❱❇❊✳

❇❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤✐s ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥ ❞❛t❛✱ ✐t ✐s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ ❞❡✜♥❡ ❛ ❱❖ ❛♥❞ ❤♦✇ t♦

❞❡♣❧♦② ✐t ♦♥ t❤❡ t❛r❣❡t ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠s✳ ❖♥ ❡❛❝❤ s✐t❡✱ t❤✐s ❞❡♣❧♦②♠❡♥t ✐s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥

❛ ❱P ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ✐ts❡❧❢ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❛ ❱❙❊✿ ❡❛❝❤ s✐t❡ ♦♥❧② r❡❝❡✐✈❡s t❤❡ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥

♦❢ t❤❡ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t t❤❛t ♥❡❡❞s t♦ ❜❡ ❞❡♣❧♦②❡❞ ❧♦❝❛❧❧② ✭✐✳❡✳✱ ❛ ❱P ✐s t❤❡ ❧♦❝❛❧

✐♥st❛♥t✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ❱❖✮✱ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❛ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ✭s♣❡❝✐✜❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❱❙❊✮✳

❚❤✐s ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ❛❧❧♦✇s ✉s t♦ ♦♥❧② ❡①❝❤❛♥❣❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥ ❞❛t❛✱ ❧✐♠✐t✐♥❣ t❤❡

❛♠♦✉♥t ♦❢ ❞❛t❛ t❤❛t ♥❡❡❞s t♦ ❜❡ ❡①❝❤❛♥❣❡❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t s✐t❡s✳ ❚❤✐s

❛❧s♦ ❛❧❧♦✇s ✉s t♦ s❡♥❞ ❡❛❝❤ s✐t❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥ ❞❛t❛ t❤❛t ✐s s♣❡❝✐✜❝ t♦ t❤❡ ❧♦❝❛❧

❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥✿ ❞❛t❛ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ♥♦t s❡♥t t♦ ❡❛❝❤ ♥♦❞❡✱

✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♦✈❡r❛❧❧ s❡❝✉r✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ s②st❡♠✳

✸✳✷ ❉❡♣❧♦②♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❊①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts

❖♥❝❡ t❤❡ ♦✈❡r❛❧❧ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ♥❡❡❞❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛

❣✐✈❡♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡❞✱ ✐t ✐s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ ✐♥st❛♥t✐❛t❡ t❤❛t ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t

♦♥ t❤❡ t❛r❣❡t ♥♦❞❡s✳ ❙✐♥❝❡ t❤♦s❡ ♥♦❞❡s ❝❛♥ s♣❛♥ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡ s✐t❡s ❛♥❞ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡

❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐✈❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥s✱ ❛ ❞r✐✈❡r ✐s ✐♥ ❝❤❛r❣❡ ♦❢ s❡❧❡❝t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❛♣♣r♦♣r✐❛t❡ s✐t❡s

❛♥❞ s❡♥❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥ ❞❛t❛ s♣❡❝✐✜❝ t♦ t❤♦s❡ s✐t❡s✳

❆t ❡❛❝❤ s✐t❡✱ ❖❙❈❆❘✲❱ ❬✾❪ ❛❝t✉❛❧❧② r❡❝❡✐✈❡s t❤❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥

❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❞r✐✈❡r ❛♥❞ ✉❧t✐♠❛t❡❧② ❞❡♣❧♦②s t❤❡ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ♥❡❡❞❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥

♦❢ t❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ❇② ❧❡✈❡r❛❣✐♥❣ ❖❙❈❆❘✲❱✱ t❤✐s ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥

❛ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ s②st❡♠ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥s✱ t♦ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡✿ st❛♥❞❛r❞ ❞✐s❦✲❢✉❧❧ ✫ ❞✐s❦✲❧❡ss s②st❡♠ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ♣❤②s✐❝❛❧ ✫ ✈✐rt✉❛❧ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡s✳

✸✳✸ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥

❚❤❡ ❳tr❡❡♠❖❙ ♣r♦t♦t②♣❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t❧② ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s t♦♦❧s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞❡♣❧♦②♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ♠❛♥✲

❛❣❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❱❖s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t ♦❢ ❛ ❱❇❊✳ ■♥ ❝♦♥tr❛st✱ ❖❙❈❆❘✲❱ ❝✉rr❡♥t❧② s✉♣♣♦rts t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t ♦❢ ❛ ❱❙❊✱ ❛♥❞ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r ❛♥② ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❞✐s❦✲

❧❡ss✴❞✐s❦✲❢✉❧❧ s②st❡♠s ❛♥❞ ♣❤②s✐❝❛❧✴✈✐rt✉❛❧ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t ♦❢ ❛ ✈✐rt✉❛❧

♣❧❛t❢♦r♠ ✭❱P✮ ✐s ❝✉rr❡♥t❧② ✉♥❞❡r ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❛ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ♣✐❡❝❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❖❙❈❆❘✲❱ ❛♥❞ ❳tr❡❡♠❖❙✳

✹ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥

■♥ t❤✐s ♣❛♣❡r✱ ✇❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ t❤❡ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ ❛ ♥❡✇ t♦♦❧ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t

♦❢ ❝❧✉st❡rs✱ ▼PPs✱ ❣r✐❞s ❛♥❞ ❝❧♦✉❞s✳ ❚❤❡ ❦❡② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ✐s t♦ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡

❛❞❡q✉❛t❡ ❛❜str❛❝t✐♦♥s s♦ ♠❛♥② s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✏❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts✑ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ r❡✉s❡❞✳

❋✉rt❤❡r♠♦r❡✱ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛❥♦r ❜❡♥❡✜ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ✐s t♦

❛❞❛♣t t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t t♦ ✉s❡r ♥❡❡❞s ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❝♦♠♣r♦♠✐s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧

■◆❘■❆

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❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ◆❡①t ●❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ❙②st❡♠ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❚♦♦❧s ❢♦r ❍P❈

❝❛♣❛❜✐❧✐t✐❡s ♦❢ s②st❡♠ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛t♦rs✳ ❚❤✐s ❡♥❛❜❧❡s s❝✐❡♥t✐sts t♦ ❡❛s✐❧② ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡

t❤❡✐r ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥✬s ♥❡❡❞s ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s ❛♥❞

t❤❡♥ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ✇✐❧❧ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛❧❧② ❝r❡❛t❡ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❝t ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ❢♦r t❤❡ t❛r❣❡t s②st❡♠s✳ ❋♦r t❤❛t✱ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡s ❛❜str❛❝t✐♦♥s ❢♦r st❛♥❞❛r❞

r❡s♦✉r❝❡✱ ✉s❡rs ❛♥❞ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳

❯❧t✐♠❛t❡❧②✱ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ♣♦✇❡r❢✉❧ t♦♦❧s t❤❛t ❝♦✉❧❞

❜❡ r❡✉s❡❞ ✐♥ ♠❛♥② ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❝♦♥t❡①ts✱ ❣✉❛r❛♥t❡❡✐♥❣ st❛❜✐❧✐t② ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣❛t✐❜✐❧✐t②

✇❤✐❝❤ ✉❧t✐♠❛t❡❧② s❤♦✉❧❞ ❡❛s❡ t❤❡ s❝✐❡♥t✐sts✬ ❧✐❢❡✳

❘❘ ♥➦ ✼✵✻✷

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✶✵ ●❡♦✛r♦② ❱❛❧❧é❡ ❡t ❛❧✳

❈♦♥t❡♥ts

✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥

✷ ❚❡r♠✐♥♦❧♦❣②

✷✳✶ ❱✐rt✉❛❧ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✳✷ ❱✐rt✉❛❧ P❧❛t❢♦r♠s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✳✸ ❱✐rt✉❛❧ ❙②st❡♠ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❊①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts ♦♥ ❉✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ❛♥❞

P❛r❛❧❧❡❧ P❧❛t❢♦r♠s

✸✳✶ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❊①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✳✷ ❉❡♣❧♦②♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❊①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✳✸ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✹ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥

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❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ◆❡①t ●❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ❙②st❡♠ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❚♦♦❧s ❢♦r ❍P❈ ✶✶

❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s

❬✶❪ ❱✐rt✉❛❧ s②st❡♠ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts✳ ■♥ ❙②st❡♠s ❛♥❞ ❱✐rt✉❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✳

❙t❛♥❞❛r❞s ❛♥❞ ◆❡✇ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s✱ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ✶✽ ♦❢ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❈♦♠✲

♣✉t❡r ❛♥❞ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✼✷✕✽✸✳ ❙♣r✐♥❣❡r ❇❡r❧✐♥ ❍❡✐❞❡❧❜❡r❣✱

❖❝t♦❜❡r ✷✶✲✷✷✱ ✷✵✵✽✳

❬✷❪ ❘❛♣❤❛❡❧ ❇♦❧③❡✱ ❋r❛♥❝❦ ❈❛♣♣❡❧❧♦✱ ❊❞❞② ❈❛r♦♥✱ ▼✐❝❤❡❧ ❉❛②❞é✱ ❋r❡❞❡r✐❝ ❉❡✲

s♣r❡③✱ ❊♠♠❛♥✉❡❧ ❏❡❛♥♥♦t✱ ❨✈♦♥ ❏é❣♦✉✱ ❙té♣❤❛♥❡ ▲❛♥tér✐✱ ❏✉❧✐❡♥ ▲❡❞✉❝✱

◆♦✉r❡❞✐♥❡ ▼❡❧❛❜✱ ●✉✐❧❧❛✉♠❡ ▼♦r♥❡t✱ ❘❛②♠♦♥❞ ◆❛♠②st✱ P❛s❝❛❧❡ Pr✐♠❡t✱

❇❡♥❥❛♠✐♥ ◗✉❡t✐❡r✱ ❖❧✐✈✐❡r ❘✐❝❤❛r❞✱ ❊❧✲●❤❛③❛❧✐ ❚❛❧❜✐✱ ❛♥❞ ■ré❛ ❚♦✉❝❤❡✳

●r✐❞✬✺✵✵✵✿ ❛ ❧❛r❣❡ s❝❛❧❡ ❛♥❞ ❤✐❣❤❧② r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛❜❧❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ●r✐❞

t❡st❜❡❞✳ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❍✐❣❤ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛✲

t✐♦♥s✱ ✷✵✭✹✮✿✹✽✶✕✹✾✹✱ ◆♦✈❡♠❜❡r ✷✵✵✻✳

❬✸❪ ▼❛ss✐♠♦ ❈♦♣♣♦❧❛✱ ❨✈♦♥ ❏é❣♦✉✱ ❇r✐❛♥ ▼❛tt❤❡✇s✱ ❈❤r✐st✐♥❡ ▼♦r✐♥✱

▲✉✐s P❛❜❧♦ Pr✐❡t♦✱ Ós❝❛r ❉❛✈✐❞ ❙á♥❝❤❡③✱ ❊r✐❝❛ ❨✳ ❨❛♥❣✱ ❛♥❞ ❍❛✐②❛♥ ❨✉✳

❱✐rt✉❛❧ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥ s✉♣♣♦rt ✇✐t❤✐♥ ❛ ❣r✐❞✲✇✐❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♥❣ s②st❡♠✳ ■❊❊❊

■♥t❡r♥❡t ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣✱ ✶✷✭✷✮✿✷✵✕✷✽✱ ✷✵✵✽✳

❬✹❪ ❚♦♥✐ ❈♦rt❡s✱ ❈❛rst❡♥ ❋r❛♥❦❡✱ ❨✈♦♥ ❏é❣♦✉✱ ❚❤✐❧♦ ❑✐❡❧♠❛♥♥✱ ❉♦♠❡♥✐❝♦

▲❛❢♦r❡♥③✱ ❇r✐❛♥ ▼❛tt❤❡✇s✱ ❈❤r✐st✐♥❡ ▼♦r✐♥✱ ▲✉✐s P❛❜❧♦ Pr✐❡t♦✱ ❛♥❞ ❆❧❡①❛♥✲

❞❡r ❘❡✐♥❡❢❡❧❞✳ ❳tr❡❡♠❖❙✿ ❛ ❱✐s✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❛ ●r✐❞ ❖♣❡r❛t✐♥❣ ❙②st❡♠✳ ❚❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧

r❡♣♦rt ✹✱ ❳tr❡❡♠❖❙ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ■♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ Pr♦❥❡t✱ ▼❛② ✷✵✵✽✳

❬✺❪ ❏érô♠❡ ●❛❧❧❛r❞✱ ❖❛♥❛ ●♦❣❛✱ ❆❞r✐❡♥ ▲❡❜r❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❈❤r✐st✐♥❡ ▼♦r✐♥✳ ❱▼❞❡♣❧♦②✱

■♠♣r♦✈✐♥❣ ❇❡st✲❊✛♦rt ❏♦❜ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✐♥ ●r✐❞✺✵✵✵✳ ❚❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❘❡♣♦rt ❘❘✲

✻✼✻✹✱ ■◆❘■❆✱ ❉❡❝❡♠❜❡r ✷✵✵✽✳

❬✻❪ ❈❤r✐st✐♥❡ ▼♦r✐♥✳ ❳tr❡❡♠❖❙✿ ❆ ●r✐❞ ❖♣❡r❛t✐♥❣ ❙②st❡♠ ▼❛❦✐♥❣ ②♦✉r ❈♦♠✲

♣✉t❡r ❘❡❛❞② ❢♦r P❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❱✐rt✉❛❧ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥s✳ ■♥ ■❙❖❘❈✬✵✼✿

Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✶✵t❤ ■❊❊❊ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❙②♠♣♦s✐✉♠ ♦♥ ❖❜❥❡❝t ❛♥❞

❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t✲❖r✐❡♥t❡❞ ❘❡❛❧✲❚✐♠❡ ❉✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✸✾✸✕✹✵✷✱

❲❛s❤✐♥❣t♦♥✱ ❉❈✱ ❯❙❆✱ ✷✵✵✼✳ ■❊❊❊ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙♦❝✐❡t②✳

❬✼❪ ❏♦❤♥ ▼✉❣❧❡r✱ ❚❤♦♠❛s ◆❛✉❣❤t♦♥✱ ❙t❡♣❤❡♥ ▲✳ ❙❝♦tt✱ ❇r✐❛♥ ❇❛rr❡tt✱ ❆♥❞r❡✇

▲✉♠s❞❛✐♥❡✱ ❏❡✛r❡② ▼✳ ❙q✉②r❡s✱ ❇❡♥♦➹➤t ❞❡s ▲✐❣♥❡r✐s✱ ❋r❛♥❝✐s ●✐r❛❧❞❡❛✉✱

❛♥❞ ❈❤♦❦❝❤❛✐ ▲❡❛♥❣s✉❦s✉♥✳ ❖❙❈❆❘ ❈❧✉st❡rs✳ ■♥ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ 5th

❆♥♥✉❛❧ ❖tt❛✇❛ ▲✐♥✉① ❙②♠♣♦s✐✉♠ ✭❖▲❙✬✵✸✮✱ ❖tt❛✇❛✱ ❈❛♥❛❞❛✱ ❏✉❧② ✷✸✲✷✻✱

✷✵✵✸✳

❬✽❪ ◆❛t❤❛❧í➶❡ ●❛❧❡❛♥♦ ❙á♥❝❤❡③✱ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❆♣♦❧✐♥❛r✱ ●✉❡rr❛ ❩✉❜✐❛❣❛✱ ❏❛✐♠❡

❆t❛❤✉❛❧♣❛✱ ■r✐❣♦②❡♥ ●♦♥③á❧❡③✱ ❛♥❞ ❆rt✉r♦ ▼♦❧✐♥❛✳ ❱✐rt✉❛❧ ❇r❡❡❞✐♥❣ ❊♥✲

✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t✿ ❆ ❋✐rst ❆♣♣r♦❛❝❤ t♦ ❯♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ❲♦r❦✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❙❤❛r✐♥❣ Pr✐♥✲

❝✐♣❧❡s✳ ✷✵✵✽✳

❬✾❪ ●❡♦✛r♦② ❱❛❧❧é❡✱ ❚❤♦♠❛s ◆❛✉❣❤t♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❙t❡♣❤❡♥ ▲✳ ❙❝♦tt✳ ❙②st❡♠ ♠❛♥❛❣❡✲

♠❡♥t s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❢♦r ✈✐rt✉❛❧ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts✳ ■♥ ❈❋ ✬✵✼✿ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✹t❤

✐♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❢r♦♥t✐❡rs✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✶✺✸✕✶✻✵✱ ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦✱

◆❨✱ ❯❙❆✱ ▼❛② ✼✲✾✱ ✷✵✵✼✳ ❆❈▼✳

❘❘ ♥➦ ✼✵✻✷

(15)

Centre de recherche INRIA Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique IRISA, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu - 35042 Rennes Cedex (France)

Centre de recherche INRIA Bordeaux – Sud Ouest : Domaine Universitaire - 351, cours de la Libération - 33405 Talence Cedex Centre de recherche INRIA Grenoble – Rhône-Alpes : 655, avenue de l’Europe - 38334 Montbonnot Saint-Ismier Centre de recherche INRIA Lille – Nord Europe : Parc Scientifique de la Haute Borne - 40, avenue Halley - 59650 Villeneuve d’Ascq

Centre de recherche INRIA Nancy – Grand Est : LORIA, Technopôle de Nancy-Brabois - Campus scientifique 615, rue du Jardin Botanique - BP 101 - 54602 Villers-lès-Nancy Cedex

Centre de recherche INRIA Paris – Rocquencourt : Domaine de Voluceau - Rocquencourt - BP 105 - 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex Centre de recherche INRIA Saclay – Île-de-France : Parc Orsay Université - ZAC des Vignes : 4, rue Jacques Monod - 91893 Orsay Cedex

Centre de recherche INRIA Sophia Antipolis – Méditerranée : 2004, route des Lucioles - BP 93 - 06902 Sophia Antipolis Cedex

Éditeur

INRIA - Domaine de Voluceau - Rocquencourt, BP 105 - 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex (France)

❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✐♥r✐❛✳❢r ISSN 0249-6399

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