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CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (REMERCIE MENTS) ii
ABSTRACT IN FRENCH (RÉSUMÉ) iv
References xiii
PRELUDE 1
References 7
CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW 11
1.1. The state of the art
111.1.1. Evidence from the comparison between the
performance of literate and illiterate individuals 11 1.1.2. Evidence for the influence of orthographic knowledge on speech processing tasks performed by literate individuals 14
1.2. Characteristics of the orthographic effects: locus and
generality 16
1.2.1. The locus of the orthographic effects obtained in
speech recognition tasks 17
1.2.1.1. The interactive-activation account 17 1.2.1.2. The partially autonomous and partially interactive
account 21
1.2.1.3. The phonological restructuring account 23 1.2.2. The generality of orthographic effects 24
References 27
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CHAPTER 2: OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDIES 34
References 39
CHAPTER 3: THE LOCUS OF THE ORTHOGRAPHIC CONSISTENCY EFFECT IN AUDITORY WORD
RECOGNITION: FURTHER EVIDENCE FROM FRENCH 42
Introduction 43
Experiment 1: Lexical decision 50
Method 50
Results 52
Discussion 54
Experiment 2: Shadowing of both words and pseudowords 54
Method 54
Results 55
Discussion 56
Experiment 3: Shadowing of either words or pseudowords 56
Method 56
Results 57
Discussion 58
Cross-Experiment Analyses 58
General Discussion 61
Appendix 72
References 76
CHAPTER 4: PHONOLOGICAL AND ORTHOGRAPHIC LEXICAL CODE IN SPOKEN WORD RECOGNITION:
COMPETITION OR INTEGRATION? 82
Introduction 83
Experiment 1: Lexical decision 92
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Method 92
Results and Discussion 95
Summary 100
Experiment 2: Shadowing 101
Method 101
Results 102
Summary 104
General Discussion 104
Appendix 114
References 118
CHAPTER 5: ORTHOGRAPHIC CONGRUE NCY EFFECTS IN THE
SUPRASEGMENTAL DOMAIN 128
Introduction 129
Experiment 1: Tone monitoring 132
Method 133
Results and Discussion 136
Experiment 2: Speeded “same-different” tone judgment 138
Method 139
Results and Discussion 142
Experiment 3: Speeded rhyme judgment with a short
inter-stimulus interval 144
Method 146
Results and Discussion 148
Experiment 4: Speeded rhyme judgment with a long
inter-stimulus interval 151
Method 151
Results and Discussion 151
General Discussion 154
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Appendix 158
References 159
CHAPTER 6: AN ORTHOGRAPHIC DISSIMILARITY BENEFIT
IN AUDITORY WORD SERIAL RECALL 163
Introduction 164
Method 166
Results 167
Discussion 170
References 173
CHAPTER 7: GENERAL DISCUSSION 176
7.1 Summary of the findings
1767.2 The locus of the orthographic effect
179 7.2.1. The importance of lexical processing 179 7.2.2. Lexical processing is necessary but may not be sufficient 181 7.2.3. Does the degree of lexical involvement present in the taskplay a role? 182
7.3 The generality of the orthographic effects and the
factors influencing their occurrence and/or their size
183 7.3.1. The generality of the orthographic effects in thesuprasegmental domain 183
7.3.2. The generality of the orthographic effects in the
operation of working memory 186
7.3.3. The factors that influence the occurrence and/or the size of the orthographic effects found in different speech
processing situations 187
7.3.3.1. Processing speed 188
7.3.3.2. Characteristics of the stimuli 189
7.3.3.3. Task requirement and experimental paradigm 192
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