Map: Seasonal workers inside the globalization gears

European Union

Other countries

Areas of intensive agricultural production

Flows generated to intensive agricultural production

Flow of agricultural commodities

Flows of agricultural workers

Flows of agricultural capitals

Geographical wheels of circulation generated to intensive agricultural production

Circulations synthesis

Seasonal workers inside the globalization gears

Sources : Échanges et partenariats, 2012 ; Philippe Rekacewicz in Le Monde diplomatique (2009) L'Atlas : un monde à l'envers, p.154 ; original idea of Emmanuelle Hellio and Thomas Honoré.

This map shows the financial flows and the circulation of workers and goods generated by areas of agricultural production that need a large workforce (fruits and vegetables in greenhouses, citrus for exportation). An increasing competition between international production areas force agricultural firms to mobilize specific resources: large capitals, natural resources (land, water, sun) and cheap labor. That is why such zones of production relocate to southern and eastern countries (relocate to the south and the east), reproducing in Europe the « Californian model », described in John Steinbeck's novel "The Grapes of Wrath" (1939). Growers staying in Europe use immigrant workers to remain competitive. Those foreign farmworkers are weakened by the lack of a residence permit (« undocumented workers »), or a special legal status with limited rights (OFII contracts, contratos in origen). These legal casualizations allow some areas to stand international competition by creating an obedient, flexible and cheap workforce. This gives producers the opportunity to enjoy an « in situ delocalization », according to an expression used by Emmanuel Terray in 1999. This map was drawn from specific cases (andalusian greenhouses, southern Italy, French department of Bouches-du-Rhône, Morocco). It is not exhaustive but try to give some benchmarks to think about the consequences of agricultural globalization. For this specific industry, it summarizes the deregulation and flexibilisation of labor that shape (give shape to) the routes and the living conditions of foreign laborers. It announces, as Alain Morice predicted for others sectors, the end of the immigrant worker and the generalization of a « circular migrant workforce » whose installation is not permitted.

0 250 500 km L ATIN A MERIC A Agric ultural export

s /

Magh

reb and African workers (in sit

u delo calizat

ions)

Agric ult_{ural export}

s / Eastern workers Agric ultural export s / Temporary Lat in Americans Capit als / externalizat io n of economic and migration po licies Capit als / externalizat ion of econo mic and migratio n polic ies Capitals Agricultural delocalizations Agricultur al delocalizations Tempor ary Latin Americans OFII contr acts returns Contrat os en o rigen - Undocument ed Undocument ed / OF II c ontr acts Toma toes Tomatoes Agricultur al delocalization Fruits and v egetables

Strawberries and citrus

Fruits and vegetables

Str awberries

Contratos returns