Use of Physicochemical Characteristics of Some Selected Binary Fat Blends to Predict Physicochemical Properties of Correspondent Ternary Fat Blends.

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Use of physicochemical characteristics

of some selected binary fat blends

to predict physicochemical properties

of correspondent ternary fat blends.

Sabine DANTHINE and Claude DEROANNE

Gembloux Agricultural University Food Technology Department

Belgium

http//www.fsagx.ac.be/ta

Physicochemical properties of

some fat blends

• Introduction

• Binary blends

• SFC profiles • Textural properties

• Ternary blends

• SFC profiles • Textural properties

• Summary

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Introduction

• What are lipid shortenings?

• My Ph-D thesis

Objectives

Study physical characteristics

• of single fats

• of a series of

binary blends

,

in order to

– determine the kind of molecular interactions

involved

– predict

physical properties of corresponding

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Material

• LERO : low erucic rapeseed oil

• HLERO : partially hydrogenated low erucic

rapeseed oil

• PO : palm oil

• Pst : palm oil stearin

• Pol : palm oil olein

• HPO : partially hydrogenated palm oil

• SO : soybean oil

• HSO : partially hydrogenated soybean oil

• AMF : anhydrous milk fat

Binary blends :

SFC

•

Sample pre-conditioning:

Statical crystallization from the melt and storage at 15.0±0.5°C for 48 hours.

•

Representations:

– SFC at different temperatures versus blend

compositions.

– Corresponding SFC isosolid lines (temperature versus

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Binary blends : SFC

SFC versus blend compositions: Iso-solid lines:

HLERO/HPO blend 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 HPO (%) S F C ( % ) 15°C 20°C 25°C 30°C

HPO/HLERO - Ideal behavior - Linear interpolation :

HLERO-HPO blend 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 HPO (%) T e m p e ra tu re ( °C ) 56% SFC 51% SFC 45% SFC 30% SFC 16% SFC

Binary blends : SFC

SFC versus blend compositions: Iso-solid lines:

2d _{order polynomial relationship :}

SFC _LERO/HLERO = a [HLERO]2 _+b[HLERO]

HLERO/LERO blend 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 % HLERO T °C 2% SFC 5% SFC 10% SFC 15% SFC 20% SFC 25% SFC 30% SFC

LERO/HLERO : Non-Ideal behavior - monotectic interaction :

HLERO/LERO blend 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% HLERO (%) S F C ( % ) 15°C 20°C 25°C 30°C 35°C 40°C

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Binary blends : SFC

PO/AMF - Non-Ideal behavior - Eutectic interaction :

SFC versus blend compositions: Iso-solid lines:

2d order polynomial relationship : SFC _PO/AMF = a[PO]2 _+b[PO]+SFC

(AMF) AMF-PO blend 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% PO (%) S F C ( % ) 15°C 20°C 25°C AMF-PO blend 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 PO (%) T e m p e ra tu re ( °C ) 35% SFC 30% SFC 25% SFC 20% SFC 15% SFC 33% SFC

Binary blends : Texture/SFC

•

Samples:

– Statically crystallized from the melt

– Stored at 15.0±0.5°C for 16, 24 or 48 hours. – Held 1 hour at 20±0.1°C before analysis

•

Measurements:

– Constant speed penetration tests

– Texturometer with a cone probe (P/45C) in a controlled

temperature room (20±0.1°C)

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Binary blends : Texture/SFC

SFC

Hardness

(Braipson-Danthine S., Deroanne C., Food Research International, 2004) HLERO/HPO/HSO in LERO 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 90 70 50 40 30 20 10

Dilution of hard fats (% W/W)

S F C ( % )

HLERO in LERO HPO in LERO HSO in LERO

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30

Dilution of hard fats (% W/W)

H a rd n e s s ( m a x im u m p e n e tr a ti o n f o rc e

Binary blends : Texture/SFC

HLERO/LERO blend : y = 3,6271x - 7,0449 R2 _{= 0,9996} 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2 2,2 2,4 2,6 2,8 3 3,2 3,4 3,6 3,8 4 Ln SFC L n H a rd n e s s

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Binary blends : Texture/SFC

(Braipson-Danthine S., Deroanne C., Food Research International, 2004)

y = 2,7155x - 3,3801 R2 _{= 0,9944} 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2 2,2 2,4 2,6 2,8 3 3,2 3,4 3,6 3,8 4 Ln SFC L n H a rd n e s s

HSO diluted in LERO

y = 3,6271x - 7,0449 R2 _{= 0,9996} 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2 2,2 2,4 2,6 2,8 3 3,2 3,4 3,6 3,8 4 Ln SFC L n H a rd n e s s

HLERO diluted in LERO

y = 3,4573x - 6,5847 R2 _{= 0,9894} y = 3,4573x - 6,5847 R2 _{= 0,9894} 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 Ln SFC L n H a rd n e s s

HPO diluted in LERO

The slopes of the relationships are characteristic of the blends HSO/LERO HLERO/LERO HPO/LERO

The slopes of the relationships are characteristic of the blends and related to the microstructure of the samples (pictures at 20°C).

Binary blends : Texture/SFC

HSO in LERO (10% SFC)

HLERO in LERO (10% SFC)

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Ternary blends :

SFC

•

Samples preparation: like binary blends

•

Aim :

predict

SFC of a ternary blend

• Regression equations for the binary blends:

– Linear for ideal behavior

– Polynomial type in case of incompatibility.

• Combination of these equations

Calculation of SFC

for the ternary blends,

Comparison with actual SFC,

Comparison with SFC of an « ideal blend ».

Ternary blends :

SFC

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« Ideal blend » :

Ternary blends : SFC

where : x, y, z are the mass ratios of the 3 fats coded X, Y and Z. SFC _{t (TB : X/Y/Z)} = x SFC _X + y SFC _Y + z SFC _Z / (x+y+z)

« Non-Ideal blend » : Ex. HLERO-LERO-HPO:

Ternary blends : SFC

Where - [fat] is the concentration of the fat in the blend.

- f is the SFC of HLERO for the temperature t - a, b, c, d and e are dependent on temperature

SFC _t (HPO/LERO) = a [HPO]2 + b [HPO]

SFC _t(HLERO/LERO) = c [HLERO]2 + d [HLERO]

SFC _t (HPO/HLERO) = e [HPO] + f

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HLERO/HPO/LERO : SFC (15°C)

5.3 -3.4 44.8 39.5 48.2 60/20/20 6.0 -3.0 53.6 47.6 56.6 20/60/20 2.6 -4.3 21.9 19.3 26.2 20/20/60 2.9 -5.25 27.5 24.6 32.75 25/25/50 4.6 -5.0 41.5 36.9 46.5 50/25/25 5.8 -3.75 48.0 42.2 51.75 25/50/25 3.5 -6.2 37.5 34 43.7 33.3/33.3/33.3 0.4 -6.2 26 25.6 32.2 53.5/5/41.5 -0.7 -4.2 26.2 26.9 30.4 0/40/60 -0.3 -6.9 26.1 26.4 33 60/0/40 -0.6 -7.5 25.2 25.8 32.7 58/1/41 1.3 -6.4 24.9 23.6 31.3 50/5/45 0.2 -7.4 26.1 25.9 33.5 54/5/41 (C) – (B) (C) – (A) SFC (%) Experimental values (C) SFC (%) calculated according to our method (B) SFC (%) of an « ideal blend » (A) Composition HLERO/HPO/LERO (% / % / %)

Ternary blends

HLERO 50% / HPO 5% / LERO 45% :

SFC profile

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 S F C ( % )

profile according to our model ideal profile

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Ternary blends

HLERO 33.3% / HPO 33.3% / LERO 33.3%:

SFC profile

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 Temperature (°C) S F C ( % ) ideal profile experimental profile

Ternary blends

HLERO 60% / HPO 20% / LERO

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%:

SFC profile

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 S F C ( % ) ideal profile experimental profile

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•

Samples:

– Statically crystallized from the melt – Stored at 15.0±0.5°C for 48 hours.

– Held 1 hour at 20±0.1°C before analysis

•

Measurements:

– Constant speed penetration tests

– Texturometer with a cone probe (P/45C) in a controlled

temperature room (20±0.1°C)

– Isothermal SFC at 20°C

Ternary blends : texture/SFC

HLERO/HPO/LERO

y = 2,9986x - 4,4728 R2 = 0,9906 y = 2,9928x - 4,4767 R2 = 0,9869 y = 2,9595x - 4,3182 R2 = 0,9967 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 L n H a rd n e s s HLERO/LERO HLERO/LERO/HPO HPO/LERO Linéaire (HLERO/LERO/HPO) Linéaire (HLERO/LERO) Linéaire (HPO/LERO)

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Summary

• Binary blends : SFC + texture (hardness)

SFC versus composition

ln hardness versus ln SFC

Acknowledgements

• Organizing commitee

• AOCS foundation