Les discours enseignants sur les facteurs à même de révéler un élève en difficulté scolaire

Année universitaire 2017-2018

M

ASTER

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ETIERS DE L

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DUCATION

,

DE L

’E

NSEIGNEMENT ET DE LA

F

ORMATION

Mention

Parcours

Premier degré

Professeur des écoles

MEMOIRE

Les discours enseignants sur les facteurs à même de

révéler un élève en difficulté scolaire

Line JACOLINO - JOLY

Directeur-trice de mémoire

(en précisant le statut)

Co-directeur-trice de mémoire

(en précisant le statut)

Christophe JALAUDIN (MCF)

Membres du jury de soutenance

: (en précisant le statut)

- - - -

Soutenu le

26/06/2018

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! " # ' @ & # ! W ! " C " 3 # ! # # & @ # # ! % 1 " ? = ) - < ! C ! Z \ # # ! # -# ! ! ' ! # ! # " " # &3 # # @ " # ' # & ! # # " % 9" 4 9 " " ) - 3 # 3 # ' ! ! @ ! 3 # # @ " 3 # # I # N W @ #

J " @ ! 3 % 9" 4 ) - < # # 3 # # # ' # @ # A # # 3 # Z \ ! # W ! ! - E I # # # J F # # # " # # ! @ # " I # @ # 3 # # A @ " Z \ % 1 = ? " " = " = ' 444 ? " C D ) - a 3 # " # 3 I W # @ # @ + J - E ! # F # E ! # F @ # ) " " # # ! # ! @ Z \ ) ! 07>/.7

# # % 1 C ? = = ) - C < $ # ! ! ) # # # # " " ! G " @ # # # @ " - E I @ " @ F # # # # " # # N C # " " ! # ! " " # # & @ ) # @ ! # # # 3 ' # @ , @ # # # # % 1 ' C = " = G = " ) - ! 3 J # A # # @ # @ # @ # # " # #

@ ) ! " # # @ @ # # # # " # " C ! G " 3 3 # # 3 Q # @ # # 3 # # # # ) # # " J J @ " # " @ # 9 1 @ ! " @ # % 9 = 444 ? 4448 = ' D = " A ' B = " 1 G ) - ! # ' ! @ ! & & # # # " # # " ! ! # # + " # " ! G @ # ! # ! ! # ' ! " " # @ ! @ " " # 0(>/.7

9 # " 3 $ ! ' " # " ! " Z \ % 1 ? I " " 1 = I " " ' I ) - C # @ # # < ! # # ! < T % C 8 ) - @ ! < # ' < C # 9 f # <Q / C I < @ # # / # # / " # # # # " @ # ! / ! 2 ! - E C " @ F C # 3 " # # < # " " G < # 9 f # @ # 3

% 1 ? C ) - C " # " @ % ) - C C ! ! ! # < # # E # @ F ! ! % 1 ) - C " Z \ C ! # # # # % ) = ' ) - C ! ' 9 f ! ! ! # " < # # # # ! @ &3 ! # ! 9 f ! ! ' ! ' # # # # # ! # ! ! Z \ % > ? ( = ? " ) - C " @ < " " 3 " " @ " @ " $ # # @ ! ! " 3 I ' 0.>/.7

' " ! % 9" 4 ) - < S % ? - " 444 - ? G A - B J K - = " 4 ) - C d 9 ! # ! # # ' " # " # 3 # ' " # ' # [ # # # ! # ! ! # @ ' # " " @ ! Z \ ] # ] # # ' " " # G =)I # ] % 1 " ? = - " = " ) - # C &3 ' )# " & # # ' # # J ! ! 3

Y # " # # ' ' ! " % 1 ? G ' ) - < &3 # # @ " ! 3 # & C ' # # G 9 " # 3 3 # ! # # % 9" 4 ) - # # 2 ! # # J 2 " # ' ! # ' # @ " " ! # # # # # ' " ! # " " % 1 = " 4 9" = C ? 1 " ' > ? ) - C d d N # # # d # # ' / " ' / ! ! ) & # ' ) # .6>/.7

# @ # % 1 ? 444 ? * C = " ? ) - , # # ' / ' / @ # " @ # ) ' ! ! # # # Y @ @ " a # @ L ( M % 1 " = " = " = ( 1 G = G D = = C = ) - C ! ' ! 3 Y ! # < ! < ! " N ) ' # ! " @ ! @ % 8 @ ? ( 444 ) - ] " ! @ ! ' " I # # # # ! I " # @ ! "

# @ C # " Q ! @ 3 # ' # # # % 1 444 " ) - ) ! @ % 1 ) - , # d " ! ! I ! W 2 a " 3 # # # # # a ! " ! > " 3 # - E F < E C ! ! ! F Z$ \ ) - ! % * = " ? G - = " " " = 4 ) - C # C # M # # @ @ C Z \ % 1 " ? = 444 "( "1 81= -' + 444 + = + 4 9 = 444 ) - ) H % 9 "1 814 *I "1 81= " + "1 814 9 .2>/.7

? G C = " - D = 444 444 ) - # # & ! 3 # 3 # # < ! # " " " ! # # ! ! # ! @ 3 3 ! # " # I @ 3 Z \ < " # 3 ! I # # # # 3 @ 3 3 I W # ' ! " W 3 " # 3 < # A # # # 3 # ' # C 3 # ' Z \ % > ? ' " " C ) - '& ' @ % 9 N 1 ? 1 1!

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-) - C J + $I % 9 J O4 ) - Y ' + $I Z \ % *O4 " ' = ? 1 ? ( C ) - 9 % 9" = ' ' ( ' 4 P 4 ) - , # ! @ # 3 % * N 8 C = C 444C 444 C " = C C -" 4 ) - @ ! < = < ' ' @ # ! & % 0 " ( 4 8 444 444 444 ) - C # # d % * = C = I ? " " 4 9 " C G ( 444 ) - $ # # = < @ < @ # < -E # # J < # # J # d F " - E 9 F @ "! % * "- 'C 444 * 4 ) - 9 " ' .7>/.7

% )( 4 ) - Y # - E C F Z \ < @ ! " # J ! % > - ? 444 > - ? ) - C ' J ! " 3 ! ' " # + "3 - W # " C # # " )# ! # # E F E F ! &# " ! &# " # @ Z \ # # " % 4 ) - I ' " ' ' ! @ # I ' - E ! F # # ! " ! 3 # ] @ # @ # @ # C 3 ' " # # " # # # &3 & # " Z \ ) J # ! ! % G ) - # # #

# =)I # ! & # & ) ! ! ! # ! =)I ' % 9" 4 ) - < a # ! < ! < # Z \ E F Z \ ' ' Z \ @ d < @ Z \ # I ! 3 d % * 4 ) - C " d d C ! .(>/.7

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% ) = - C d d Z # '\ % = " - 444 - ) # H % * 4 = " = = 444 - C ' % / ' " K - % 9" 4 - H , " ' # ' I # " ! Z # '\ % 1 444 C - + H % 8 444 - Y & H ) % * 4 - # + " % 9" 4 1 1 I

% - C # - # ' # @ # # M # # & I # @ % 9" 4 0 - Z # '\ 9 ! % R 4 9 = C ( ( 4 - C " % 9 - ' N + C" = C " ( 4 - 9 " % 9 = (444 " = ' " P D K C - ! " ! < ! & # ' @ ! " @ ! 3 J < ! # ' ! 3 J # & @ < ! ) " @ ! % 9 ' " - ) @ ! # " # & ! J % @ - 2& / @ @ !

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% * ( " 4 - C d % = ' 4 - @ d ) " ) # & # ' ! # # # # # # ' # ' ' @ % 9" 4 L M 1 444 = C ) * - ) # # ! # # # # % *O4 - G 8 ) ! @ ' 3 % / I C -% )( N - ) &L N " % 9" 4 L M 1 = 1 9 9 1 G * - " 3 ! ! &3 " @ # # @ ) ! 3 ! % 9" 4

- J ' % P 4 L M / " 18 18S - 9 " A ! # 3 ^ < # # @ " @ # ) # # " % / ( - 9 % 9" 4 - 9 ! % 1 (444 - " @ 9 - * - 9 ! ! C % " " I - C % R ' - ] L @ # ' " ] ' ! )# C J ! 3 " % 9 - ' 444 - ) % *O4 -8 + $I % )( O4 -% )( " ' 4 - C C # M 46>/.7

# + $I % 9" -% )( " ' O4 - C % 1 C = G / 444 - ) ! " ! & @ " # ! # " @ # & ! J # # @ " % 9" = C = J = 4444 - ) ! # ! # + $I ! / C ! # / ! ' C # % *O4 L M 1 K - ( " 8 = C C 4 1 1 = " 444 - C " ! ! ! ! # 8 ! # ' ! ! # ! J % ) C - C ! ! J

! # ! A A # ) % 9" 4 - M ! ! ! ' % 9" 4 1 K = 444 " " * = "-- C I ' ' ) & @ &3 # ' ' # a &3 " 9 2 ! # 2 @ # " # ! /& 2 & @ " ' ) ' ' # % > ? ( - 9 % 9" 4 - @ 3 # # % 9" 4 L M 1 444 " * 444 - C d , # Y ) " " ! ' # # ! ) # C Q @ # ' # < % 1 C = " 42>/.7

" ( - C ! @ 3 # ! # # ! % 1 @ " 444 " C " 444 - , ! ! " # 8 # # " ! # # ! # % * " 4 - , " &3 # # # ) " ' # 3 # '> M @ # % 9" 4 - # # ] W # ! # # # # # 3 ! % 1 " - < % 9" 4 - ) % *O4 L M 1 " 4 - C % 1

- C A ' [Z \ % 9 = C G ' 4 - C " $ % 9" 4 - M ! ' ! # # ' # [ C & < ' " # # ! Z \ % 8 = 9 9 " - 4 - C A ! @ 3 < - ! & # # [ % 9" 4 - 9 % 1 444 K / - % 1 444 ( ( " 47>/.7

" " ( " - Z \ ) ! A @ C " " " ' M % )( " 4 - ' # ' [ M % 9" 4 - < d % 1 " C 444 444 4 1 " " K K - ) ' ! ! " C # # " ' ! " ) ! # [ # # " # " # @ # # @ # ! # ) ! # & % 9" 4 - ! " " ' # ! " " % 9" 4

- ! # # # " G " < 3 X ) " ' # ! # " ' ' ! C # % 8 ' 1 - ! # 3 # ' ! @ ! % - C ! 3 2 ! 3 3 # # ! ' # 3 " @ " Z \ % *O4 L M ) C" 444 ( % " ' / - 9 8 # " $ # # ' " -< ! / 2 2 < / % )( " 4 - " % 9" O O4 - M ! 2 " # @ @ @ ! & G - @ ) 3 # 4(>/.7

3 2 " # % 1 ' 9 +!444 - 2 / < & % 9" 4 ' 444 - 9 @ J # % 1 - ' K - @ J ) " ' ! % * " 4 - C % 9" = - " " 4 - C @ 8 ' ! ' Z \ % *O4 - C ! T " C # # # " ! ' ) @ @ ! " ' # @ J # " ' % 1 " C 4 1 ' - C % * - " " - 9 % 9" 4 L M * = 444 " - 444 444 1 (444 =

- ) ' ! " ! # ! ! ! # 3 2 # ' 3 J ! 3 [ Z \ % " - C # # < ' # 2 # # " 3 W ! ! & # " # ! # ' # # # " ! ) ! @ # 2 ! # ! # " # # @ 3 J ! @ # ) J " a # ! -% 9" 4 - # ! [ Z \ % 1 " 444 444 -* ? ' " 444 " C 444 - , ! # ! 3 # ) ! ' ' 4.>/.7

# ) 3 N # ! [ # # 2 3 # ! " ! ! % 4 - N " M &3 % 9" 4 - ) @ A ! " # % P = 4 L M 9 444 " = -I " " = " 444 " " 4444 - H % * 4 - ! < / J J " < ! ! ! < ! 3 / " < ' @ ! [ $ W ! " # # / ) 2 # / / ! # [ # C < / % 1 C " 444/ 1

- C % @ " ( 9" 4 - C % 1 4444 - H % 444 = 1 1! L M 0 - 9 % 1 G 1 - " " L M - ! ! # % 9" 4 L M - 9 % 8 4444 " = G C D 444 - C % 9" 4 1 1 - , ! # 2 " # # # ) ! 3 3 # # # 3 $ 3 A # " # ' ! # ! " # " # " @ - E C d F I /66>/.7

" # " # " - E C ! # # F ) # ! @ C # ! @ ! 3 # G " % * 4 - Y $ % 1 C = = -9 @ " = * = -- C ! # # ! # # # ' " # ' " ! % / " 444 4 / " 9 = 444 = = - @ a d ) ! % 0 = " 4 - C @ 3 @ C $ # # " # % * 4 - C 9 ! "

" 3 # " 3 # % *O4 / "( = G 444 (444G @ = ' = - C ! ! # # " 3 3 " I # # # # ! # # # " ! ' Q # # < # @ # ! ) # # A " " % )( " 4 - A d @ " Q % )( ' - ) @ @ 3 " " A # ' # "3 # [ % * K - ) " @ G " @ 3 @ ! & A ! 2 # ' @ /62>/.7

" ) " @ # # # # # # ! " @ 3 % 9" 4 - ! # 2 # # @ ) # " ! # @ # # @ # % 9" 4 - < # ! ) @ # @ # # " ) @ # ' [ % )( " ' 4 1 " " K - C % * O4 9" 4 - C ! # ' # " @ # # ! # & @ # # " % 1 G - , # / 2 2 ! % 9" 4 - # ' @ # "

@ " # # ! " 3 ! # ' a C % 1 C 444 (444 " = 4 1 K - C " ! " " # # # 1 % " - C C ! # " # =)I # # @ C # % 9" 4 - ) 3 3 % 9" 4 - " # ! ! ! " " " ! W # J @ " % 9" 4 - ] # " # M % 1 = " = ( 444 - # # ! ! /67>/.7

1 # # # 1 Z \ M # # # # # # @ # % * 4 1 " K ' = C = ' = = * " G - 9 ! # # ! [ A ! ! # / " # @ # # 3 # # " % *O4 - C Z \ 9 ! # % 9" 4 L M = = = 444 = (444 ' - C " # " # ! @ # 3 3 @ # @ # # # ) " # < # # # # ' ) ! ! "

' # A Z \ M # , ' # Z \ % *O4 L M = = K 1 444 - 444 444 @ @ = - C ! # ' ' ! ' - I ! $ # ' ' % 9" 4 - ! ! # % 9" 4 - # # @ 3 # < J 3 @ @ 3 " " # 8 # 3 ' # E , F 8 # # # @ # % 1 C " = = 4 1 = = T44 " - " " - ! /6(>/.7

% " - ) " " 8 Y ' ) @ # ! ! # # # # % 1 " - ! @ # C # ! # ! " % * = C" = " ' 4 - C d 9 ! ! % 0 = " - 9 % *O4 1 444 444 444 - " 1 - > K ' " K " 4 8 = = = 444 - @ Z \ % 444 - ) ! ! ! " & < ! ! 3 ! S &S @ ) ! # # " @ & ) ! " A # & Z \ % 0 " 444 - C ! C

# @ ' ! ! # @ % * " 4 L M 8 " = % " = (444 C - ! ' C 3 H % )( 4 " 4 - # ! # ' # ! # ! " ) # @ " # ) @ # " ] ) ! ' [ % 1 C 444 (444 = * G = C = 444 - ) ! d # ' @ " " # 3 " a 3 " # ) " @ Z \ % * 4 *O4 1 " C = 4444 ( * /6.>/.7

- , ! 2 " ! 2 ! # 1 ! @ @ 3 I 1 " # # ! # & ! ! # # # ' # ' ' " # ) 2 # " " # M " W ! % 1 U - ! # 1 2 2 ) ' 3 ! M # @ @ ) 3 ' )# ! # & # @ ! A ! @ # 3 # # @ # C ! ! # @ # ' @ @ # % *O4 - @ Z \ %1 " - 9 ! ! ! 3 ! ' 9 ! @ #

# # " @ < ) # " M ' % 9 " = = 444 V 444 - C ! C " # ' 3 " # " " # # 3 " # ! " ! - E I # # J # # 3 @ F @ ! ) ! # @ I " A " @ ' % 1 444 444 C D - &3 ! " ! $+N ' 2 " % 9 " "1 81 - C I< I< % !: !: ! - C I< 3 M # C ' J ! J ! ' ' @ 3 J //6>/.7

! ) # 3 < ! # ! ! % - C ! % )( " 4 *O4 - " @ # 3 & & M ! @ # ! # # < ! # ) # # # " ! % * 4 - ' ! # ! @ < @ @ < ! " ! # "! Z \ 8 # ! # ' d ! # # # # @ @ ! ! Z \ % 1 8 " JW+ " = " G - " " @ ! # I< d % 9" 4 - 3 C # @ - "Q "!

% 1 ( / - C % 9" 4 - C 3 ! I< J ) ! # " ! # C " ! J % 0 = " 4 1 + ' - 9 ! 8 ' ! " < " % 9" 4 - C 8 % *O4 - < 8 # % 1 " ( + 1 = + - C % I = 444 - , ! # ' ' #1 ' ! )# #1 ' ! ! # 8 " ! ! #1 ' C ! I # ' # # &# ! " A ! A ! # < # # # % 9" 4 - ) # # % " " 4 - " Z \ ! //2>/.7

< 3 3 3 8 ! # ! # % )( 4 - 8 3 " # % 8 - C % 9" 4 - % 9 + N - C ! # / ! # & ! # ' % 9 ( - C -) ! # 2& / /& 2 , ! 3 # ! # ! # ! # ! ' ' % 9" 4 - ) @ @ % 9 ( = G C 4 J = C 4 - ' 3 3 ! + & , # 3 3 @ # # ] " " < ! ! @ 3 @ # 3 # # '

# # @ 3 # 3 , @ 8 #1 ' % " 4 - @ " % 1 " = " = - C C ! # $ # 3 < ! ! # # # 9 @ " # # " " " - E + # @ @ @ F # " ! < 3 @ # @ @ " # # ! Y ' # # # Z \ < 3 ! C ! @ 8 " # 3 ! < 3 @ # # # 3 # 3 @ % > 4 8 4 - , ! @ % 8 = ' C" 4 ) - C 444 4 L M 9 = ' " X / 444 - ! ! 26/7 ! //7>/.7

26/7&26/5&26/( " % 9 81 = - C % *O4 Z \ - 9 # R ) J % = = " 1 = 1!= +! - ) @ / 2 % 1 G 1 1!4 - 2& / ! "3 % 1! + O4 - Z< \ Hd Z \ $ # # "3 Z \ % 1 = (= 18 % 4 1 " " + 4 1 = 444 / = + 4 - C % 9" 4 - ) ! ! % 1 = " 444 - C % *O4 - ) % 1 4 - < ' & ' ) J # # % 9" 4 * 4 - C $ # ! % * 4

- ! Z< \ L Z \ Z \ $ % * 4 & ' ( C" = ( 4 - 9 " @ % * & ( G " ' = " 444 C G = G " ( 444 = " 4 - 9 " # # 3 @ H % & ( 444& ( C" - C 444 1 " 444 - E " F E " H F E , F % P % A ' ( B - % 1 = ( = " 4 " G C " 4 - 9 ! # d % * 4 - @ # ! % G " " - I @ @ # % 1 444C" 444C" ' " = = = Y ' " = C" " 4 1 = I C" 4448 " ' = = 444 " = = ' G 4 - C % > 4 //(>/.7

- # " Z< \ 8 " % G 4 - 9 @ # $ ! ! # ! $ H )# H % * 4 ) 4 " " ' = " C = = " ' 4 - C @ % G ' ? 4 L M - C Q % & " = C"- = C = C" 444+ " - 4 7Z: = " ' 4 - ) % C - #::4 - ) # )# H % 0 = / C" ' 4 9 444C" ' 4 ) ") - = " N " ( 444 - C @ A " % = G ") ' 4 - C @ A " % * " ' 4449 ") - C " ( = C ' ( 444 " + ' G = ' 4444 + - ' ") = " = [ 3 = " " ' 444 - @ C a " % / ( - 8 ! 9 ! # 8 " 8 @ # ) " @

% )( N - E C " @ # J # F E ) ! I &) ! F Z \ I % 0 C ( 4 - Z< \ Y & H % 9" 4 - 9 a # " % )( = C" = 4 1 C " ) ' 4441 - " 4 1 " = " ' 4 - C " % P = ' 4 = " 4 1 " ' ( 4 - Z< \ C @ # ! Z \ C % = +!= = 4 1 = = 444 - ) % * = = = " 4 - C " ! @ < ' E C " # F % A * 4 B - ! " % * = C" 4 - @ % + G \ = 444 ' C = 444 - C E C @ # //.>/.7

# F # % A / < ( = ] ( 4 B - @ # # 8 % 1 = "( 444 / = " 444 " 4 - @ < 8 ! # d % * 4 P" 4 - " @ # 3 % & C 444 - , # % 9 " 444 " 4 - ] % " 4

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[ % 9" 4 < - & & # # # " + # # # # " % 9" 4 < - & & ' ' # ' J&# J&# # # M @ # 3 3 Y 3 # # & & # # ! # # @ @ % 9" 4 < - " @ " # ' ' ' # 3 C # J @ " # # # % 9" < -% *O4 8 - " = G < - A ! " ! ! ! ' # #

& & ! # @ # 3 " ! ! ! " % 9" 4 < - @ @ @ # 3 " ! & & # 8 ! A ' / %6 # ' ! " @ & ' I " # # # # @ , W C @ @ # 3 [ ! " # a 3 # ! # " # " ! ! # & H Y $ " $ ' ) ! # # # # # # # # 3 " ' " - ! # 8 ' 3 /22>/.7

3 # # T # ! % ' N 9 C = " = " G = = " ( ( 9 - D = " - D 1 " 4 < - ) # H % 1 " < - ! ! @ + # # # # # & # ! ! H & ! H & 8 # $ # # ! & & # # & & ! # # & & " & & # ! C 3 ! # ' ! # ' [ " ' 3 ' ! = < & d & # H & & H ) @ 9 +< 2) ! ! # ! " " #

+< 2) # # " ! # # # ' # # # ) " # # A # 3 # +< 2) # ! I # ! # G # I # ' 1 ) " ! G # 3 ! ! ! & & # ! ' & & # ! [ # '& 3 ! # " # " A # ' < # & H @ & # 8 # # G # % * 4 < - G /27>/.7

A " " @ G @ " a @ 3 Z \ % 1 " < - C & ' $ ( ) " * $ + 1 0 6 ) 7 7 & # ) " , # ) , " - ( " . """ $ $ # ) # ( ) ( $ / * "0 % 1 (444 C " ' 4 1 G 444 " @ K4 < - ) @ # ! # # [ # A # [ ' # a W ! & & " [ $ # # ' & & ' [ ! ! ' E , # # J& # # J F 8 [ " [ " < " " 3 "

J # " @ [ $ # # ! [ " # ! ' # # 8 # ! ' % 9" 4 < - ! [ $ ) J 26 26 25 # ! " 3 # " 3 ! " # # # Z " \ # % 9" 4 < - $ # # 8 H # % P C @ < - , ! # 3 ! < # ! < H < " # # " < # ' H < " # 5 B [ # ' &3 ! ! [ # # % "- ' N > -4 < - d < ! 3 /2(>/.7

@ [ ! # " M ) [ " [ & & [ I # # [ @ W W # " % 9" 4 < - @ # # # ! @ # ) # E ! $ # # # F 8 & ! $ # 3 # # & ! 3 " a 3 , # C A # < @ " # & 4 , # # ! @ - # . %6 ! # , ! 3 ! < [ J 3 8 @ @ Y & ! ' H C ! [ # # [ H I " ! " ! # # 8 @ [ I ! " [ [ ,

# % 9" 4 < - M % 1 " 444 " K 9 " " K @ " G " = G 4 9 C " C D < - ) ! [ I ! = < @ ' " # [ < 2( _{' ! [ # & & [ 8 '} # [ Y # " [ ! W [ A # [ @ J[ ! ' # < ' ' [ Y @ [ " [ [ ' # ?# "

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# [ M ! ! ! ! E # # G 3 ! # ! # " # [ # # # J F M 3 # M ! [ $ 3 E " @ " ! # S # " ! " T ' S F # 3 ' E , # 3 W & # H $ A # F # ! ' d Y 3 3 d % ( < - = H % < - = d ) C % 9" 4 1 C 18 = 18 S G 444 K K 9 4 8 " " 18 S 18 * K

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< - < [ < J # 3 [ L % 9" 4 < - ! @ [ +< 2) # # # 3 % * 4 < - ) " = < _ " # # [ # @ @ [ @ [ = < _ [ A # = < _ [ # # = < _ [ & & = < _ +< 2) = < _ + $I # " ! = < _ " @ @ [ Y ! [ ! # C # ZY # /6 # \ ! +< 2) [ # + $I ! ' [ A # # A & ' & @ #

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- C CS < - C [ , , @ # J # ! " < ! # ! " # " ! [ [ $ " 3 3 " @ # @ # ' # T C W # M # " ' ) ' [ % * 4 < - < " [ ' % * " 4 L M 1 K 4 1 K 9 " = < - , d [ [ ) ! & [ [ # X # " # & # ! [ # [ % @ " " < - " [ ) " " [ % 9" 4 < -/%2>/.7

[ [ # [ d 8 % * 4 < - ! [ C @ 3 [ ' < ' ! [ ' ' & & # E " # # F ' % 9" 4 < - # # " [ # [ 2 # @ J 2 % 8 < - 2 @ J % 1 / < - ! / % 1 " 4 < - / d C " # % * 4 9" 4 < - ' [ # @ # " ! ' # ' ' # % * 4 < - a @ G

# 8 " & W <&)&$&=&I % * 4 < - C ! " ' " - C " # H < - 2/ % ! N < - ! C @ d " # ' ! 3 ! ' " > " ' % )( " 4 < - d # " # % 9" 4 1 < - < # # " # " 3 d % * 4 < - G H Y " # H Y " H # C @ [ , @ @ [ ! [ Y # ' ! " " " [ M , " [ " @ 3 [ /%7>/.7

" " # @ 3 " % 9" 4 < - ! ! [ M Y # H < [ @ [ C I ' d % * 4 < - C d M @ ' ] % 9" " = 444 = " C = = " " = " < - d ) [ [ J ! J " @ # d @ @ # [ Y ! < # [ Y " < [ Y " [ 3 ' ) [ ?# < ! ' # '

' # " " A " # [ 8 # # [ 8 # ' ' # [ M < [ N [ 8 # ' # ' d g [ @ # 8 8 ! ! [ N J # ' & [ I ! H # h J ' & ' ' [ ! 8 # ! d @ # [ < # ' " [ 9 ! ! [ # " C % 9" 4 1 " = ( = " " < - " ! & & ' # # # # & & # J 3 # # J 3 M # J 3 [ # J 3 [ @ # J 3 &3 # " ! " # & & /2 %6 " " # " " & % 9" 4 < - @ g & [ ) & H ) # @ &3 @ 3 - @ 3 /%(>/.7

@ 3 [ + # " d a 3 # # ! " d I @ C % 9" 4 < - C % * 4 < - C 8 # ! [ < ' [ a # ! ' N # " [ < # % * 4 < - # $ # M $ # # = # [ a 3 ' # # 8 ! # # ! ' " % * 4 1 K K 1 C D < - ) H % & ( 444 < - ' Hd % * 4 < - , # 3 # # # @ #

@ 3 # # # # < @ # 3 # # ' $ " " # # ! # $ # # # ' # # @ H % 9" 4 < - ) [ ) # " # # " " [ # < A ' [ a ! # @ ' $ @ d 3 # " @ # @ 3 d h A @ # < # [ ' ' ) @ # # # -d % 9" = 4 < - $ ! # /5 # /5>/( # a [ # [ @ d )# % * 4 1 "( 444 < - C d /%.>/.7

% 444 9" = 4 1 = " 444 = - ( = C C = " " < - ) ! # # ! ! < [ G % 9" 4 < - )# # # # # # @ # # # " % * 4 < - # " @ I [ + [ C # ! . %6 ! # < ) //5 C # " " ! ! ) & # # # # # # % 8 C < - " # # ' % * C " G < - C @ d

% * O4 < - @ # [ N G ! # @ @ ! " # 8 # ! ! 2/ @ # ! @ /5 /( # # # /( # # " d ! J = [ # J&# J # [ M < # " # J < # ! # # " # # [ " % 9" 4 < - ! % 8 = = " = 9 @ ( @ 1 4 < - , ) # 3 [ " ' @ @ @ [ ' @ ' ' [ 8 ' # [ 8 ' ' # @ @ ! ! # ! # [ g /76>/.7

# @ # M [ " " [ @ " # 3 [ ! ! ) [ % 4 1 " = " "-' N < - " I # # 3 # # @ = < _ # # " ! ! " % P 4 < - , W ' " # @ ) @ ' " @ # 3 8 # ' @ ! @ / % 1 " = < - # % 9" 4 < - < [ % 9 !::^ N < - C # ' " " # " @ W " @

! @ " 3 ' # [ ! # i i i i ' # ' " " @ " ' a " ' & & # @ # " 8 @ " " # # @ " " @ # M # [ C # ! ; ! " C ' " ) # # I+ @ < H < [ I # ' ' # # # # N ' # [ $ - W ! " # # # "Q Z \ # ' 3 ' & " # # # @ # # # /72>/.7

% * = C 4 < - I+ @ " # [ C ! # 3 # $ # # % 9" 4 < - M # ' ' @ ' # @ & & # # # d + # ' % 9" 4 < - I d % 8 " = = " = = I " C " < - " -% 8 < - I # & & < /2 " # @ 3 [ % " -< - , < /2 ! ' < ' < @ # 3 < ' " # % )( " 4 < - # ! 1 # # @ '

3 3 # [ < < / / , A [ " )MI / # 2 )MI " 3 # 2> /> 2 d Y ! 3 2/ [ = < _ ! ' # ' 2 # [ < 3 % * 4 < /d % 9" 4 < - ' ' ) ! ' - iC # ' # i ! @ @ 26 ! ^ < ! # ) & H ) [ I &# # # M 8 % * 4 < - J ! # 2 % 9" 4 *O4 L M = = /77>/.7

= 8 < - [ ) ! [ - ) ! - C 3 ! # ' # ! ' ' 3 8 ' /6 @ " ) 3 " & H H ) ' 3 < ' " C [ , ! # ! ' # ! @ # H 8 ! 2 g # < " [ Y " # @ < ! [ C " & [ [ # % 9" 4 < - + [ + [ + " @ " J " ) ' # # ' d ) [ 9 # < ' " [ )# )< [ C G # [ 3 # " # @ ) d Z \ 3 # # #

3 # # % 9" 4 < - # # ! # , # Z \ % 1 - " / G _ - _ < - ) " d [ [ Y # A d % 9" 4 < - C @ " [ [ C " # ! ' # [ ) # 3 # [ I [ I " Q @ # " ! 3 @ # [ @ # @ ' " # # @ ' # 3 # % * " 4 < - < & 3 ' % 1 " = " - " < - , ! & A # 3 G # 9 /7(>/.7

! 3 # 3 [ [ ' # [ @ ' C # 3 # " 3 # 56 3 d 56>(6 ) ! ' &3 ' ! # ! # ' ! # ' ! # ! # [ [ < [ < [ , # # d ! # ! 2 # ' % 9" 4 < - [ [ " # ' # # " # # # # @ d M [ ) &3 ' " ' ! " # 56 a [ ! 26/0[ 3 ! # # [ @ ! ! J " 3 " $ # " " # c # [ a [ # # [ # # ! # # @ [ [ C # [ Y ' [ $ ! $ $ 56 " ! # , # " ' # # ) ! ' ! 3 ! d

% 9" 4 L M J C " Y = " = ' " < - C " ! # [ ! # ' ! # ' < /% / ! # [ # ' # ! % Y < - C @ d % *O4 < - # [ C # # " # J / % / ' < - J / ! # < % * " O4 < - , " = <_ ' < # 8 % *O4 < - 8 # H # ! % * 4 < - [ a ' 3 ! ! @ 26 [ M [ I ' # /5 # ' 25 % *O4 L M J = = " = C 1 ' J 1 1 < - ! A A [ < # A # # 3 @ ! /7.>/.7

! M 3 " # " 3 " [ )# 3 " " " # ' I " ' [ 8 [ 8 " # ' " # " " " " [ ) # [ [ [ # # # G ' ! # G # # " G ' " ' % 9" 4 < - M @ I " d # & & [ 8 [ & & @ [ < = < @ & & # ! # 8 /6 ) # % * 4 < - # $ Y & & " ! # " # i" " & # " # Hi M M # " @ a 3 ! # [ ! " # " ' #

% * 4 9" 4 < - C a % *O4 ) K / ' " " < - ) ! 45 @ 22 % !! O4 / C 18S < - ) ! [C < = <_ < - ^ < ;=)M = < = <_ ! [ [ '[ , ! @ < / 2 / 2 8 @ Hd % * 4 < - C ' Y " # , # # @ C A ! ^ < % 9" 4 1 & G G ' -< - # 2662 % Z 4 < - 9 2662 ! [ 9 [ 9 /2 C % *O4 < -% 9" 4 9 1 = / < - " ! # <& / / % 9" 4 / " C 1!= + = +! < -% 9 4 9" 4 *O4 < - ! - < / 2 / 2 /56>/.7

) ! 2 ! 2 & % 9" 4 < - ! " [ ) ! / 2 ! # [ # , @ ! < , @ [ # /2 <& / % 9" 4 < - C 2 < ! & @ /5 26 ! 2 % 9" 4 * 4 *O4 1 " I = " ' < - H < H % " ' " I < - C < ' < [ C , @ $ [ 8 , @ &I < < % 9" O4 < - M % *O4 ' C" = C ( < - 9 % * N & ( C " K * C " " K * (7: N < - ) d % * 4 9 C " C 4 < - 9 " " " I " % 9" " N

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% 9 - # d % 444 4 - [ $ ! ! [ # # [ ! [ $ # M [ " [ " [ Y # [ # [ " # [ Y # Y [ < ' @ [ " % *O4 1 444 ? K - Z \ ) ) I ! @ 3 @ 3 @ 3 [ # # A ! # 3 % 1 /52>/.7

- + # ! # ' # [ $ # # [ ! ! " [ % 1 ?= - H ! < Q # # " [ ! A # " C # 3 # # # # W ' # 3 Q % *O4 1 ? " K 9 @ - , ! " ! " # @ G =)I =)I ' =)I ' % * C " 4 - C " # Z \ =)I [ # ' G ' # 9 #