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A.J.R. : American Journalism Review
A.H.D.I. : Annuaire de la Haye de droit international A.Y.I.L. African Yearbook of International Law C.I.C.R. : Comité International de la Croix Rouge C.I.J. : Court international de justice
C.R.A. : Croissant Rouge Algérien
E.J.I.L. : European Journal of International Law Ibid. : Ibidem
I.R.R.C. : International Review of the Red Cross R.I.C.R. : Revue international de la Croix rouge Op.Cit. : Opus citatum
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- Longman new universal dictionary, new collegiate dictionary, Librairie du LIBAN, p.335.
2
- Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, ICRC, p.921, diponible : www.icrc.org
3 - Ibid. 4 > 2@ :? O 7 > D ? & ! # 3 < G ; O & 3@ 7 5
- Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977, op.cit., p. 921. The text in English of draft article 2/a of the International Convention for the protection of Journalists engaged in Dangerous Missions in Areas of Armed Conflict:
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" Agreeing that the term of "journalist" in this Convention covers all civilians who work as reporters, correspondents, photographers, cameramen, graphic artists, and their assistants in the fields of the print media, radio, film, television and the electronic media (Internet), who carry out their activities on a regular basis, full time or part time, whatever their nationality, gender and religion. "
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D H I " 9 . 3 8 # )( G A : A N .= @ # ( @ 8 )( %& 1 Z 7 I ∗ Montecatini 5 ? O @ # I 3@ Q ! + Monaco @ @ N ) ! 3 L IPI M " < L FIEJ M L FIJ 7 M + 9 8 N 6 . K @ ' c ? \ 7 < X @ G ? ( N C ' c ? I % ( N !E@ 5 ?3 = A 8@ 3D @ A 9 ] 7 H @ 3 A ! ) ! L IPI M . K a .3 ? @ @ ( K La maison de l'Amérique latine & . K $%& a @ P 3 L IPI M L FIJ M " < L FIEJ M H I L FIREC M K L OIJ M 1
- Sylvie BOITON-MALHERBE, " Le rôle des organisations non gouvernementales dans l'élaboration d'une norme de protection professionnelle ", In A.H.D.I, 1989, p. 178.
∗ > Montecatini P 9 7 2 - Ibid. 3
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- Sylvie BOITON-MALHERBE, " Le rôle des organisations non gouvernementales dans l'élaboration d'une norme de protection professionnelle " , Op.Cit., p. 178.
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- Sylvie BOITON-MALHERBE, La protection des journalistes en mission périlleuse dans les zones de conflit armé, Edition Bruylant, Edition de l'Université de Bruxelles, 1989, p. 62.
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- Jean-Philippe PETIT, " Actualisation de la protection des journalistes en mission périlleuse dans les zones de conflit armé ", p. 2, disponible sur:
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- Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977, Op.Cit., p. 919.
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3 > A O [ ) ! 5 1 84 5 @ P = 777 (@ A ( D 8 1 8 3 K 1 8 @ ?1 5 = < 3 = 9 8 G 3D @ 58 . ! G 3D 2 0 % ( e @ @ 2 3 !4 A # 1 2 N * ( A # 1 2 N (@9 5 @ 3 . + 3 @ =7 > " D % & ( O 2@ :? 7
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@A ! " 9 2 % %6 # 3 < &= . + 5 . > G B 1 " ? + # 3 # 3 " ? . + # 3 5 1 84 5 @ @ ) ! 7 B 6 0 A 9 2 % B " > Hague convention of 1899 and
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; 3 Z 7 3@ + = @ 3 L @ ( ; ) 8 M A + = & B @ &C@ : @ G " ! (@ 2 3 \ 7 ; @ # +1 G B 3 3 . 3 @ ( 3 ! ( ( ] 7 <% . E < &= . + :8 O @ 3 9 * 9 D . ( 2 *( <% d ? 0 %@ 7 A . ( # 3 @ G " ! (@ ( 3 ; ) ! P R : + d ? ( % O D1 5 3 * H ? $ * 3 3 8@+ 3( % < 3 d ? 3 9 # 9 D G B C #& ? * * ( <% R ^ 7 B 6 ; : - 2 % P Geneva Convention of 1929 ) ? @ + = $%& @ 3 ? . ) 1 & ? ? G B 8 @ N : A ! ) ! UH @ " ? . ! ( ( . 5 Q J@ + 6 I %& ! Q P @ 2 3 . ) 1 )8 ) ? ? " K 3 @ 2 3 . N B G . 8 ! ' G B 1 4 3 A 8 ) ! . 1 > O * :? 7 2
- Robert KOLB, Jus in bello: Le droit international des conflits armés, Bruylant, Bruxelles, 2003, p. 51.
- Abdewahab BIAD, Droit international humanitaire, ellipses, Paris, 2006, p. 36.
3 - Ibid 4 > " D % & ( 2@ :? O 7
a@ %J +4 5 N G B @ 2 3 ! ( N @9 ! Z 7 A N + = $%& . ( :8 O @ 81 ) ! R % O D1 A D @ # 3@ @ . ( ( $(& $ * < 3( % ( 3 G B C 3 # ( # ( ! G 3 B 3 3 . 9 # @ 9 D@ * ( R \ 7 B 56 ; ; ; D 1 : - 9 2 % > " Geneva convention I,II,III of 1949 ) # ! . :@ 1 " ? . + + # 5 6% ; ; 2 %A '$ E$ ! 6 ( A ( a ) ! .(@ + 0 % @ 5 A [ ) ! . P R + = $%& ( ) 3 @ G B 3 8@+ 3( . ; B ) % O D1 #& P > H ? : + . ( ( % O D1 D1 @ . ; 9 # (9 8 ? O 5 $ ($ ! * @ . 5 3 . < 3 ( . ( # 9 D 3 R ] 7 1 > 4 + O 2@ :? 7 > ! C 6 4 ( 9 O 2@ :? & 3@ 7 2 > 4 + :? 2@ O 7 3 > " D % & ( O 2@ :? 7 > #+ 2 K O 7 > A G? @ @ 5 @ 3 :+ # 3 5 1 5 @ : D @ 7
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- Alexandre BALGUY-GALLOIS, « la protection des journalistes et des médias en période de conflit armé », In R.I.C.R, March 2004,Vol.86, N° 853, p. 39.
H=I A ( @ O D1 @ 3 # %& ) 3 O D1 7 84 @ % G B :8 H=I& E 0 % ) . ( 3@ @ # O # 9 D 3 < 3+ 7 b 3 % O D1 # & #& G 5; ( & ' 1 5 . ( ( . ? ; ? 5N # !4 ! G 53? <% 1 Y @ ) A ! . @ @ ( G & 3 * ,9J <% ' :+ Z 7 B 6 1 * % $( > Additional Protocol I of 8 June
1977 ? # 3 5 1 84 5 @ O A ) ! H (@4 ) ! : 8 A = *( . ( B 3 @ 5 2 ( A H ? ( G 1 ( [ ) ! R @ # G? $% 2 %& . + = # )8 ( @ R 5 @ R 5 ! <C@ ( = 9 D @ 2 @ 5 4 0 % O DC # 38 ) H A * ! O :8 A = . ( B 3 [ N N + = R7 > 6 @ 8 5 R A 9 # @ R G ? . 9 ( 1 ? [ < O 7 1
- Magdalena ALAGNA, War correspondents : Life under fire, The Rosen Publishing Group, 2003, p.8.
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& d ? @ . + 3 K 1 $%& 3 P # $ " Denial of Access 5 5 5 D@ : d ? & $%& . ( 3 29 ) 6 . ! @ Grenada @ Panama ) 1 Y G ! ? @ 5 G+ * = d ? E B :+ * 6 (9 ) 5 .(g@ & 5 N K 5@+ * ! d ? @ Z 7 # $ " Press Pools (@ #& # % J ! # K % @ ( 29 Q3@ ) 5 @ # 7 3 @9 ) ! ? 9J G@ :? 9J 8 ? 9J # @ 1 A 9 5 ? % 3 ' . ( ) ! 7 # 1 > % " ? Unilateral D .% + 1 P ( . : 5( : 5 ( = 0 & ( : 5 3 0 % 5N 3 1
- Christopher PAUL, James J.KIM, Reporters On The Battlefield: The Embedded Press System in Historical Context, Rand, national security research division, 2004, p. 65 .
( . # I ) ! # C@ ( 7 H=I & E @ ( Z 7 ) 84 @ #& @ ! @ 3@ " ? + # H=I& A # 3 5 1 84 5 @ # ! 2 @9 = # @ G B # K 7 # " Embedded Press ? ) 5 2 . ( @ 2 4 ? H=I& 8 3 < . ( 7 H=I & d 3 $ 3 2 4 # 3 # 3 C 3@ ( . : \ 7 ( 3 . @ 2 G A 9 A Q 1 ) ! . ( 2 ' 1 d ? 8 ( (@ = " 9! # G < 3 . ( 7 = 5 2 4 # # 3 + 3 T ? A ! A @ 9@ H N @ (@ . ! ! N ] = # % E 0 % ! 8 B 1 . @ 3? # = @ ( . J ^ 7 1 - Ibid., p. 67 . 2 - Ibid > # ( G 9J 9 @ @ 5 5 & # > A ? 7 H @ . ! )96 ' G 5; Y & D 1 @ A N 7 * D ) ! 2@ 1 9 @ H a ; 5D D 5 + G 5 @ G )96 ! ? = N ( G ? > 7 @ < : + + L < & 5 Q @ M G 9 * = ( G ? 7 3
- Kenneth PAYNE, « The media as an instrument of war », In Spring, 2005, pp. 86.
4
( 9 5 3 Embedded press @ 0 @ D . H ?4 ! @3 3 G H N . 3 -# G % N 7 2 4 . H ? 3 C@ A D 3 3 A 3 ? 9 7 @ . ( + @ @
Task Force Eagle
D A + $% @ ( E 7 ( 0 & A . = ( ! ; & 9 @ 0 & E ? @ # + # 5 . Z 7 # ! H . + ! H N ( # K 5 3 # ! 1 0 % (@ ? 5+ A $%& * 6 ' @ 3 N !4 9J . ? ) ! A ( . " 3 5 3 @9 a @ != 3@ % C = ? . @ 2 4 Q 1 ) ! 5 3 . @ 2 E@ ( 7 A ; 9 H 9 @ " ( N/ Q3@ E " ( % 5 A ? A 5 ? & D 7 Q 3 d ? E H N * E 0 % ) 84 @ 9 @ 1 @ ( 3 G@ @ 9J \ 7 # 3 2 3 G ! : @ . K 1 A ; . + ( : ( @ Department of Defense : D = @ != 3@ % # G % Ab 5 1 @ ? 5? 0 % 84 9@ 8 Q3@ :8 @ ( . : A ; " &1 @ ? 29 ) 5 1 - Ibid., p. 48 . 2 - Ibid., pp. 48 - 49 .
! K 1 5; 9J 5 ! #! @ 1 ) B ? # !4 Z 7 1 A ; *? A 3 5 ! 0 & DoD 3 #& ! ' @ : @ 7 " 9 ! 9J8 ) 3 & N 1 G@ @ 5N !4 . ; # !4 3 International News
Safety Institute (INSI)
3 ! ?
∗
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Reporters and Editors (MRE) 7 !4 9J &1 # ) 8 1 A ; . ( 3 & #! 5? 7 J A @ . 8 + \ # ! ? ! D # !4 5 3 < 3 " 9 @ @ 7 !4 9J 3 N H ? .% 1 A ; E ? * ! @ ( N Y G (@ . 3 5 7 ! ? .3 ? ? 9 D )( H I @ 2 3 T + D+ A ; N @ B @ # !4 .= ( # K 1 ! ( @ 7 ! ( 5 2 ! H ( ( 1 - Ibid., p. 51. ∗ > 3 ! ? L MRE M @ & 6 K & ) # !4 3 5 L INSI M ; & ! I . ! ? 7 K P O 7 2 > 5 ? $ ! 2 1 d ? E K ? J 7
1 5 @ ( ? 9 9 ) ! . A ! A @ 2 Z 7 ' @ " 2 . ( @ 2 4 : E d ? K ? G? !4 9J C@ 1 . ( " 3 " &1 #! 5 3 @ *! 8 4 3 : 2 3 8 3 3 " & . N 7 9 ( ( Embedded 2 3 <% . ( @ Q J N N \ . + 3 2 : ( H=I + A ? . A & K $%& G # ! + 3 + 9 : ] 7 9 = ( N @ @+ 9 @ 1 3 . # 8 # H=I& @ ( h A @ # ! Q 7 H=I & ( ( % @ " . # ? N N " ? + # ^ 7 ! 9J N 1 G . N Y G ) A D4 ? N ' ' 3 N (9 # 3 # . ( ? . ( . H ! . @ ( # @ . ; & 3 @ ) ! + V ( ` 7 E B ? 5 D ( 2 ? A ? A + # @ G ? ) ! 7 .= " . ( . 9 . @D 5N L 5 N P ABC,CBS,NBC, CNN M " 1
- Ricchiardi SHERRY, " Preparing for war " In A.J.R. , March 2003, p. 2, disponible:
www.ajr.org . 2 > Embedded 3 R # ( <% d R 2 & 3 7 3
- Alexandre BALGUY-GALLOIS, Op.Cit., p.42.
4
- Ibid
5
- Howard TUMBER, Jerry PALMER, Media At War ( the Iraq crisis), sage publications, London, 2004, p.2.
L 5N P The New York Times Washington Post M @3 D . ? L 5N P Rolling Stone People 7M 9 @ 3 . . ( @ ( C@ 8 7 9 @ A (@9 E ( 9 @ # !4 5; :@ Z 7 A @ &1 . % *? 1 N . ( : 2 N Y G .= = \ 7 Y 9 1 6 @ ! ( . ( : . ; ) ! G 1 A . = 3 (@ = N $%& . ( 2 3 ] ! ' . ( @ ( # . ( @ @ N 1 ' 1 % ( . ( @ 5N G ?1 @ . @ % ^ 7 2 4 Embedding @ < 3 U 3 *9 2 # !4 ) ! NC P . ( @ 2 4 5N ) 1 A 3 5 ? 5 5 < b( 3 A # <% < 1 . ( D @- ! * ' + N 2 i N A C j 5 +1 ) ! ) 1 K ; 1 # !4 E 3 # ! (@ ` 7 Y E 0 %@ R 2 R . < 3 " 1
- Christopher PAUL, James J.KIM, Op.Cit., pp. 54 – 55 .
2
- Howard TUMBER, Jerry PALMER, Op.Cit., p. 2 .
3
- Joel SIMON, « Journalists are owed protection in wartime », In Newsday, March 31, 2003, diponible : http://www.cpj.org/op-ed/Simon31mar03.html
4
- Alexandre BALGUY-GALLOIS, op.cit., p.42 (note 18).
- F.C. Samira, « Le correspondant de guerre : Quelle protection pour le correspondant de guerre ? », In EL-Djeich, N° 499, Février 2005, pp.32>34.
5
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- Christiane EILDERS, « Media under fire : Fact and fiction in conditions of war », In I.R.R.C., vol. 87,N°860, December 2005, pp. 643 – 644.
> ( 3 2 3 1 . ( ( 5 D G ? H H=I& " . + . 3@ ( 3 / X 0 & + 3 H @ .= 7 38 6 ' I # ! ! @ . @! ( . # . ! . = # 3 5@+ H = @ 5@ + %& 6 + 3 # K A . = .@ 9 + 5@ & 6 ! )8 ( 9( 1 A D @ A J 2 3 ? 5 @ G G D 5@+ 7 . + . ( BC @ " 1 7 > 0 ( a & K N N Y G !4 G ; ? @ ! " 3 3@9 O 7
. + 3 $% ? . + . ( @ ; ( 5 N 3 + 38 4 ( . + G :8 < 3 " 9 8@+ *! + Q 3 5 %& A ( * 7 @; ; " 1 < ( ($ $ D '$ E$ " # 3 < &= + ) # 3 " ? + " ? + % # 3 N N #& @ ! = O D #& @ E @ 3 # E 3 8@+ 3+ % # 6 ! & G B Z 0 % @ ) ! G B 1 ( :8 2 @9 9 D ) 2 9 B ? 1 :( ! @ 5 ) #N ? 7 B '$ E$ 1 < $+ ( G B 1 ( :8 @ ) . # 3 < &= + @ ( ; # 3 ) 1 " ? + # 3 N N " ? + @ 5 A @ O ? A 8 ) ! ( . ( " 9 $ ! .@N 7 1 > + = D )(@ # 3 . ( @ 2 ( :8 ) ! A O H ? G :8 & P
" Journalists detained during an armed conflict have the right to the same treatment as that accorded to the prisoners of war (POWS) by the third Geneva Convention of12 August 1949, in particular its article 4 paragraph 4 which states that war prisoners are" persons who followed the armed forces without directly taking part to them, such as (...) the war correspondents ".
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
- Sylvie BOITON-MALHERBE, La protection des journalistes en mission périlleuse dans les zones de conflit armé, Op.Cit., p. 174.
2
. ( # 9 D@ 3 ! * @ ( Z 7 2 * ! Q@( @ 5 ( ( ! @ 2 3 1 G :8 7 % & * " K 5 @ 5 ) ! G? @ 5 ( 5@+ . @N4 %& G 9 3 1 * ! Q @( 7 + 5 D + 9@ @ 5 + 9@ ' < ? H N G3 7 : 8 5 0D * ) A D4 ? A ! O . H ?4 E G ( [ N N + = (@ G B 1 ( :8 G 9 <% O D . 8 $% & . ) 0 % ( ) + = \ 7 1 - Ibid > K X% #+ 2 O 7 2 > A O # 3 N N " ? + ) ! P R = $%& 2@9 # D O D1 ) ! + A ; A @ 9 ) # ! # ! X 4 # ) 3 # ! + H @ 7 A @ . ; B ) 3 9( @ 5 3@ + O D H CD@ 0D < ? E 1 H=I& 9 @ # 38 .@ + = $%& @ 3 O D 7R <1 ? O D % @ 0 D 2 3 @ = * E A $%& N A ( ( A @ ? . . ; 3@ " ? + 7 > 2@ :? O O > 7 C Q J = N N + = A P ( @ 2 3 ) 1 R 0D @ R ( @ 2 3 N R @ 7R ? W N " 0D @ 9 Q J E ) 1 2 @9 0D .= ) ! N . % A $%& ) ! 1 G ? .(,! ( W$ N A ! [ ( . ( ( O D1 . ( @ & D # & 7 G? * . ? 6 ( 8 A 0 ,= 7 Q 3@ B & @ 3 @ . 3 (9 Q@( * ! )( 5 ) ! + :8 N N " ? + ( G 7 > D 0 6 R A ( 29 4 ( @ 6 ( 3 R ? 2 ( 3 @ :@ O 7
B $ 1 ($ $ 3( % 1 E @ @ & < 3 " 9 8@+ > @ 5 # @ > 1 9 . = 3 . 1 H=I& 3@ 9 . # 3 . Z 7 N N + = @ .H ? e @ #& ) 2 9 0 % B ? G B + = + 2 ( ) Q 3 #N ? 7 B 6 H ( '$ E$ ! . 9 ) ! K 5 3 1 ! ? ) ! 3 e @ 5 D A 8 e @ $% & Q ' @ 1 A H N 1 8 A ? A ) ! H != # ! 94 %& 5 * 1 O D ) ! K %3 # G G 6= " D @ #; ? # *@ 7 # 3@ 2 3 '$ $ ! 4 D I % A @ 3 @ %& 5 ( * E G B @ ( 3 O 1 A 7 ? 94 %& 5 G 5 + 7 3 ? 3 5 ( @ 3 ( #K :; D . @N 9 D 3 ) ! ( #K . B ? $%& G ) . ? + 5! 7 5 3 " < 3 5 ( 8 O D1 O D <1 D@ A H ) < I > 1 @ 5 # @ F 8 @+ . + = 0 G? @ < 3 " 9 \ 7 1 > A O ) ! G B C@ ( 3 N N + = P R :( B 9 . G # . 1 9 . a 3 R > " D % & ( 2@ :? O 7 2 > @! $ ! G (3 9 #; ? D ! @9 A & ( 3 ? O O > 7
' 356% $-8 @ ( @ A ? ) ! K 2 3 . 3 . ! ) ! * 5 (@ ? #=V O D 5 *D ?@ * ! O 1 8 Z 7 1 # K O ( A 4 8 ? & @ ! ? $%& ) ! ; ? # K 7 # ! ? @ = G ? G %3 ? # ( ) G @ D O D1 # ! @ " ? . + N + :8 0 % .@N 3+ " K @ # ! ) ! ? 0 % ) ! @ Y; 5@( # ! ? G %3 ) ! # ( 0 % : \ 7 # @ 2 3 ' %JA :$+ ( $-@ 3 E & K G .+ # .+ 0 % H :; D " ! ?= 7 #; ? $%& G 4 . + 9 " @ & ( ] 7 1 > O * :? O F 7 > ( @ (3 3 G 8 $ 6 G %3 8& + ) 1 A O A @ ) ! P R 2 (! # ? D G %! # * ! Y 5 ! < 5N Q 61 O D@ ! P " ! ) ! . 3 ) ! ' N O D O D %& 5 F @ * *@ D *@ 5 ! ) ! * @+ 3 ' N O D & * > ' N O D < & * 6 * *! ) ! # ( G @ 1 G@ <1 G %3 # 1 %& 5N *@ 2 ! R 7 > * D @ 7 2@ :? O 7 2 > @ T @! 0 -; ? ( G O O F 7
- Erika de Wet , " The Prohibition of Torture As An International Norm of Jus Cogens And Its Implications For National And Customary Law ", In E.J.I.L. , vol.15 , N° 1, 2004 , pp. 97– 121 . 3 > ( 6 G B 1 ( 4 " 3 ACD O 7 > # 3 ; ? 1 # K G 6= # : ( < . H ) ! 5 ? H 5 D 8 3 @9 ' G 6 # 3 3@ + # 3 84 @ 9( H ) ! G 6= + ' 7
B '$ E$ ! ) ! G B C@ ( 3 N N " ? + . ! ? 2 ( ? G @ : G? P K( I 3L E M " <% B C G 1 A ? N N + = .9 D % (9 # ( A ? . ( N G? Z 7 . + ! ' @ . @ B c H %J A 8 + = 1 ) ! K 5 ' @ ! \ 7 A 8 + = . + % 1 a@ a@ . @ G A ? (9 k ; B 1 ? ] 7 ( $ " B c @9 ! A 8 A ? ) ! + = G? ( # *@ 9 7 A ! 3 5 A ? + = G 9 ) B 1 5( B 1 X 3 @ % 3 . D 0 % # .8 + ^ 7 $ 6+ $ " 9 D #& ; 3D G B 1 0 3 . 9 *38 <% # K ` 7 > ( 6 8 :? 2@ O 7 1 > A G B C@ ( 3 N N + = 7 2 > A K @ ( 3 N N + = G B C 7 3 > A K G B C@ ( 3 N N + = 7 4 > K G B C@ ( 3 N N + = 7 5 > A K G B C@ ( 3 N N + = 7
#&1 #N ? G B e @ #&1 8 3 3@ . 2 ( ; ? 1 # K E N N + = ! # 3 ; G #; ? B c ? V 5 3 1 @ ! G B ) ! P . + " ) ! @ 5 D O D < # 6 3 7 3 # *( @ 5 D O D < G < K ! 7 # * 3 # * )( 5 ( T ? 5 + Z 7 : 8 . ( B 3 @ 2@ @ * ! Q@( G " ? + 2 ( : ? G B 1 N N 7 O D & 3 ) A D4 ? $%& :8 ' * ! Q@( # % = @ : )(@ @ G B 1 ( :8 ) 7 & %& % (! <% @ I E @ 5 ( :8 ! @ " ? ( ! + 9 C @ 2 3 4 A 5 [ 3 . @ 9 G ? ) N N " ? + A .H ? 0 %@ 84 5 @ # 3 5 1 . ! @ 2 3 # A 9 # @ @ ) ! O A J @ 5 *@ : <% # K 7 1 > 2 @! ! # & + (3 I G #; ? ) ! G L G #; ? ) ! ( @9 : 0 @ M 4 D A ? 3 ? O 7
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
> 2 %& . + = # )8 ( @ $% @ # G? R 5 @ R 0 % O DC # 38 ) H 5 ! <C@ ( = 9 D = . ( B 3 @ 2 @ 5 4 A A * ! O :8 [ N N + = 7 > #+ 2 @ 2 X% ( & + 9@ ) ! 5 # ? L M % 2 R 5 @ 7R + 9@ $%& ? :( # ( & ! D * <% H @ 1 * ) ! = Z # < I <% ) ! . K A $%& 5 5 @ *@ <% ? & %& A 9 # 3 5 1 84 (@ . ! O . ( B 3 ) ! " ? . + * # 3 \ 7 3 ( :8 5 1 ' @ + 9 + 1 > " D % & ( 2@ :? O 7 2 > 29 # 3 5 3 P > 9 ( > %6 M
Accredited to the armed forces @ 3 ' * ! Q@( G 7 > %6 $ J ! ; & B K + $%& journalist Staff ( + Freelance journalist ' 5 @ )8 ( @ @ 3 $%& 84 * ( ! ) O D * 3 G? 5 1 7 8 5( journalist Freelance 5 N * N 3 8 a ? = ! ; & B "K journalist Staff 9 '3@ <% 0 % : <% $ G " 9 * ! 7 + 3 @9 % / @ ! " 8 . @ != $% ? P 8 ! % G I & W 5( ) ! G # 2 ! ) ! :8 5 N ! ? + = C (9 ( !4 3 5 # ! 7 @ @ $% & ? * 6 ( 7 ; & B K B 5 ( T ? ! 1 G 6 *
3 6 ( :8 ) ! ' @ %& ( 0 % A G? @ @ ( " != + 9 5 1 84 5 @ A 9 + 9@ ( # K ) #N A 9 7 @A ! " 4 '- ( 4$ & . . ( : $% A 5* % $( 6 1 A A O @ 5 " 3 # " 3 # # @ ( 8 = 4$ & . . = * ' # * O %& . @ 3 A 9 # @ * ! #6 @ 3 6 $%& @ 7 H I ? D H ? ( L FIREC M & A 9 P R @ ? (9 . 3 : ? (@ @ # ( 5 9 * @ * * Q 3 R Z 7 G E ( ! ) ! % C C@ 3 ) A ! G ! ? H 8 += ! @9 . ( H ? 9 A !4 . ( ( ! 7 K a %& @ # ( 9J @ ( ! @ N N 5 + 5 @ 9 ( 5@+ # & D " P & ? Johanne Sutton !4 ; 3@ RFI @ @ Pierre Billaud :@ RTL 0 & Volker Handloik G 5 3 5( & Stern 7 Stern . + R 0 & R ; ? # .% + & ! ; D 53 # ? RTL RFI A ! ( ! ) ! 9 * N? 7
- DA LAGE Olivier, « La couverture des conflits et les risques militaires. Le cas de la guerre d'Irak de 2003-2004 », La guerre en Irak, Les médias et les conflits armés, (ouvrage collectif sous la direction de Gérald Arboit et Michel Mathien), Bruylant 2006, pp.266-267.
1
- Dans le projet de FIREC , on entend par mission dangereuse " toute mission entreprise par un journaliste en vue de recueillir des informations et dans la quelle il existe ou peut survenir un risque de danger pour sa vie , son intégrité corporelle , ou sa liberté " . voir : Sylvie
9J @ 2 3 .= 2@9 A 9 " 3 %& G 3 6 3 G .= X . @ 3 G . ! &1 . & K @3D Z 7 A 9 UH ? 3 9 D 5 9J C@ @ . @ ( 5 ! 5 : & 3 K 3 @9 5 ? # 1 9 ( . % H 0 % . @ ' c ! % 5 5 5 3 % @ #; ( 7 5N A 9 . ! 29 a 0 \ 7 ( ) 3 % A 9 # @ 5N 29 29 J? 93 ( a ; ! 5 ! 29 R R UH ? 5 D . 9 D 5 9J E : & 3 @ ] 7 A @ = ; 5 @ 3 A ( :8 9 D 5 0 % . ! A 9 D @ % ) ! ( :8 2 @9 #N A 9 ) 3 7 B 4 < $+ ) A * ! O ( :8 @ : G? ; 3 . 3 0 D = ( = 7 ) 2 9 0 % 5 BOITON-MALHERBE, " Le rôle des organisations non gouvernementales dans l'élaboration d'une norme de protection professionnelle " , Op.Cit., p. 188, (note 29) .
1 - Ibid 2 > 2@ :? O 7 3
? ( @ @ @ ( ? ; 3 . 3 D B 7 B @ @ 2 3 % ( % ; @ 3 @ %& E 4 ( Z 7 #6 @ ( 3 $ %? @ %& ? 4 ! ( Q3@ 1 0 . ! + * = 0 % / G D ( 6 ( @ L # @ 7M ( ( . ! ( H N 5 ( 0 <% " D + ) 4 ! ( Q3@ J 3 Q( J ) ! H != # G \ 7 ) ! ( %& + ( 6 )(@ L # @ M G . C ] 7 5@+ + @ ) 0 & ( ( H 5 + K <% 5 91 A ?3 ^ 7 @ # K 5 ? ( @ @ % & A 5 1 l @ @ ! # 3 ) ! O <% R D " . ( " 3 8 & G H N *( ( ) )3 5 ) ! 3 <% 3 3 7R @ G " ! (@ ( 3 < &= ;= # 3 G ? ) ! % O = E A ( @ K R A ? @ 1 B ( " + ? 1 > 1 @ ! D CD@ 5 3 B H ? @ @ 4 ( 3 ! ( @ 3 ( 7 > K P B N( R 4 ( 1 @ ! D CD@ 5 3 B R ? 1 G 3 < O 7 2 > ! 4 ( ) 5 ? 4 2 ( @ 3 3 . D 1 G O 7 3 > + $+ . ! !1 6 ! 3 ? $ 2 ( a D O 7 4
3 . 5; R @ %& ) 7 .+ # ( @ @ E * ! O [ [ # 3 5 1 84 5 @ Z 7 A O ) ! 5 1 84 5 @ R P " 9 5 3 3 " &1 !1 @ ( @ ) ! #N 1 8 ! *? # C 5? 0 % & 6 3 " & !1 7R H ? A [ O D1 3 . 3 ! ? 9 1 8 ! @ 3 7 A O [ * ) ! R P ? = % % & # @ ) *@ " 3 5 ! K # ? O D1 @ !% '@ 7R ( ( * % # 3 @ = ( @ A # 3 5 1 84 5 @ 7 ? Q 3 :+ ? 3 ) 4 ( 5 # G+ ! ) . ! # ! = ; $%& 8 @ ( 3 3@ " ? + # @ ! 5 @ H ? # 3 5 1 84 2 3 @ 8 # 3 3@ 1 . + = # . ! G @ H ? 3@ + :@ \ 7 A . ) ! 5 1 5 @ = O D < & D O D1 . ; ; ) a ' N N 5 1 @ 1 > ? > < K%$* B N( 5 1 ? 3 4 ( P ! ( ? A & ( 1 G O 7 2 > ! R 4 ( # G? @ . ; R 4 ( . A & ( @ 3 5@( G D " D . ! ? " I O O > 7
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
- Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977, op.cit., p. 922.
Voir aussi : Abdelkrim HIZAOUI, « La protection des journalistes en mission périlleuse », In L’Humanitaire,N°1, mai 2000, pp. 4-5.
G? @ 3 A [ 5 @ 84 5 1 A ) 84 @ [ 5 @ 84 5 1 Z ; 8 ( @ ) ! ; 3 5 !1 D @ @ ( # 4 ( & % @ * ( <% .+ B 7 # = G? C * ) ! : %& # A 3 # 9 F . @ ( H ? ? . ? @ # ( ; 6 9 ( . K 777 ( S 3 5 3 F 6 53 @ # ( 9 3 < 3 5 3 3 A D @ & 5N 7 A @! R A D @ R <% 9 D #! N/ 0 @ ( N 9@ 0 & G? * ' : 5 ; 3 5 !1 B ? ) ! 0 %& 7 ; 3 5 !1 A D @ D @ # ( 3 . ( . 3 G 8 ) * J@ * 3 @9@ " @ 5 3 a ) ! # \ 7 H ? @ H 5 ( 0 D <% E % & ! D & @ ! ? 7 5 !1 * H N ) ! Q@( # % ! ( E ; ! A ! O # 1 5N $ # 5 1 84 5 @ L ; 3 5 !1 D % O D1 M ] 7 1 > A O [ ) ! 5 1 5 @ P R # ( %& & @ O D1 : .+ B ) ! ; 3 5 !1 D @ @ ( # % @ * ( <% 7R > " D % & ( O 2@ :? 7 2
- Alexandre BALGUY-GALLOIS, Op.Cit., p. 44.
3
- Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977, op.cit., p. 618.
> A O 84 5 @ ) ! 5 1 P R > 5 !1 0 D <% O D Q : 8 2 * ! % N N + = @ : * E #N G * # 8@+ :( ; 3 O D %& *3@ <% " 9 ! % :8 %& 5N 2 * @ % G * ! @ $ ? l @ 2 9 ! 0 % :8 %& 5N *+ ( @ 7 3 O D %& 5K
@ ( 3 3@ " ? + O * ! 2@9 +4 5 ( != @ 2 3 @? 777 S 7 ( * A G? @ J @ 8! * # 3 5 1 84 5 @ . ( Z 7 0 % O D G? @ : ) * ! ( 4 ; 3 5 !1 D # ! %& + 6 K 94 (@ 6 < @ # !4 5; *@3 + " c 53 ! ? A @4 #; ? ) ! Q @ RTLM R ? R Kangura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bid., p. 619 . 2
- Mario BETTATI, Le droit d'ingérence ( Mutation de l'ordre international ), éditions Odile Jacob, Paris, 1996, pp. 306-321.
> K 5; # ! & . ! O & 3@ 7
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- Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977,Op.Cit., p. 610.
2 > 4 + O 2@ :? 7 3
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
- Sylvie BOITON-MALHERBE, La protection des journalistes en mission périlleuse dans les zones de conflit armé, Op.Cit., p. 156.
3 > A [ # 3 N N " ? + 7 @ ( :8 ) + 9 ( L 3 M + 4 ( @ ! ) ! 0 % $%& 5 1 ' @ 3 @ 7 4 > A # 3 3@ " ? + 7
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R « Brice FLEUTIAUX » <% 5( 6 & @ ? m ? ) ? " 9 D D . ! ' ? A . D @ A $%& 5 * L Quai d’Orsay M ∗ . 8 5 % ? (@ . 9 : 96 8 Z 7 B 6 9 6 $ &! 5 ( " ? + G ? :9 # G 5 N N .= ( @9 # ! $ ! + " ' @3D ( A ! 7 ( ! + 9 ) ! 1 G ? . ! 0 % ? # ! . + ' . ! 2@9 4 D !E@ + + . ! Q 3 9 1 3 " &1 ) ! # ? + ) " ! + ! ? D %& 8 3 " &1 G ( @ :8 # 3@ " 9 # \ 7 # ! ) # * ( ( B + # 1 Q3@ 1 7 + ( < &= + ; 3 . 3 N/ O D1 @ 3 %& 5 ( 5; 2 9 2 " 91 = * <% @ = =/ G@ "; %+ 5 3 K ] 7 8 8 %& ( ( @ . + 1 5 C@ ( # 3 " &1 8 # ?& * ? ) ! ^ 7 ∗ Quai d’Orsay !" #$% &' &( &) *+,$-./ +,0 &1 2
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- Jean-Philippe PETIT, Op.Cit.,pp. 14-15 .
2 > 4 + O 2@ :? 7 3
- Abdelwahab BIAD, Droit international humanitaire, ellipses, Paris, 2006, pp. 71-72 .
4
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A . . ? 2@ % * ? A 8 ) ! @ 8 2 0 % " K . % = 7 A # ? N/ 8 &% G? . 9 = ) ! . ( 9 . 5( ) A & ? 3 @ " 91 ) ! G? ' @ 3 " &c A ? 29 ! 3@ !1 7 G? + G ? 5 ! " & G ( @ @ K 29 7 " 91 ) ! ! 9 . . 9 = % 0 % @ 3 . 3 ! ? 9 1 7 ; ? 1 # K # 3 ; * ? @ ! ( . 3 A D @ D = 8 8 . ?& . ! ) ! " !1 ( 9 ; 3 Z 7 @ 1 A . = . ! ( 0 % 5 #6 @ ) ! # ! 2 3 . ( ( 6 ' I # ! ! # * ? # !4 @+ ) ! ! 9 0 % 1 7 % 1 . ( ( % ) ! G . ! ( 0 % ? ) ! 9 D 5 9@ . + ( L a M R R * 1 . ( . + $ ( G@ @ 2 3 G ? 9 8 ! \ 7 " # 1 d ? ( ( ? 5@ ) ! . 9 J8 $% @ D @ 5 (@ @ ' N @ 0 % "; %( @ A 7 . ! 5 2 ) & . @ @ . ? J@ ? ? ) " . + 1 > A [ ; ? 1 # K G ; 7 2 > 0 ( O 2@ :? 7
.( 9 @ ! * # ( <% 9 "; %+ 2@ 9 G J @ T ?@ / .@ N . ( D! a 7 ; 9 . @ A + A ? A + ( ) 0 % 5@+ . ? + H . @8 Z T ? G 2 9 5 + ? . & ? @ .( 9 / \ 7 . = 9 . D % & !4 @ 1 A . + B 3 6 . ) " # 3 # 3 = ) A ?3 H 5 91 5 + J@ ' 7 + D + ) ! 5 3 ) 3D K @ B 0 % 5 @ 0 % . ! H N 7 D G? ( 5 ) ! . 3 8 5? & ? B + 5%@ . . H != . ? 8 !4 ] 7 B 4$ & . . D 6 9 ( + A K H ( = 4$ & . . = 6 C@ @ ) 3 @ ! C @ @ % & O :8 * $%& 3 6 $% @ " ! + 5 1 84 5 @ 7 3 . ; ! + :8 A ( ( 3 . ; Q3@ a A D 5 .H ? ' 3@ .+ ) :? A # 3 3@ " ? + @ ( 3 1 > 5 %& N ' @ ! & @ ! @ # !4 5; K O 7 2 > 0 ( O 2@ :? 7 3 > A O ) ! + = D P
R The States Parties to this Convention and all Parties to an armed conflict on the territory of a State adhering to this Convention must do their utmost to protect journalists and media installations against attacks, aggressions and threats "
0 % )8 ) ? ) ! A $%& . # :8 5 A ?3 7 A . + = $% & + ) ! " 9 5 3 ) ! A ?3 )8 ) ? 5( . @ 5 ? + 9 A 29 a H 5 91 29 $%& ) @9 . @9 . 1 : ? Z 7 . ; $%& ) $%& ) 8 ) ? @ *@ ( <% 5 3 ! G@ @ # ' O D 3 ) . + H 5 91 A ?3 ?3 a ? 7 5 N # < I B . ; 0 & 3 ( # + ' 5 ? @9 5 ? 2@ . ; A ! 4 # @? @ # ( ) 4 & % 7 *? Q3@@ # 3 # ! " K G? B . ; 0 & B ? # 7 K # A # 1 + D # 3 A 9 + + 38 .H ? ( A 9 # " & 3D@ 3 A P @ O + ) ! * G&% Un grand P noir sur un disque doré
T 8 @ ; ' @ 3@ \ * ! + = $%& 2 @9 = 9 D + 9@ ) ! . 7 @ I ) 1 ? D+ H N # &= @ ? 5 ? 5 ( " ?@ (3 > 0 % 4 ( ! + 9 C @ 2 3 2 3 A 9 3D@ # + ' 1 > " D % & ( O 2@ :? 7 2 - Jean-Philippe PETIT,Op.Cit., p. 6.
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N N : Bright orange armlet with two black triangles
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- Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977,op.cit., p. 919.
- Voir aussi : Sylvie BOITON-MALHERBE, La protection des journalistes en mission périlleuse dans les zones de conflit armé, Op.Cit., p. 162 .
2 > 4 + O 2@ :? 7 3
- Sylvie BOITON-MALHERBE, La protection des journalistes en mission périlleuse dans les zones de conflit armé, Op.Cit., p. 161 .
5; ) ! A . H ! ? 3 ) ! . K # !4 ) 6 K R 3 D Press Emblem Campaign R + 5 0 % 3D ) ! 7 K $%& . K ( . = ) ! 53 8 @ 2 3 7 ! ? " 9 &H D # 7 K $%& PEC . K . 3 ? @ D & 5N ! 3 ? @ ( . 4 the
International Federation of journalists (IFJ) 7 + ( K . R 3D R + : ( @ % 3D PRESS H " @ ; ( @ ) ! A @ 3 ) ! 3 $%& ' 7 ( ! ? 9 : @ 2 3 + = D # 5 ! Ad Hoc " ? @ I @ # > @ @ 7 # ! + = D 3D %& ) ! C ! + 0 % A * Z 7 % 3 ? ) ! a@ 8 3D %& G? % d ( ) ! 1 1 % & :8 K 9J < # !4 5; . 3 . @ ) ! 3D \ 7 + 9@ . . 3 ? " 9 3D %& # G 9 ) ! UH @ 0 % ( N 7 1 > O A + = D ) ! P
" 1.In order to strengthen the protection of journalists and facilitate their identification in zones of fighting, the States Parties decide to adopt a distinctive international emblem and commit themselves to respect it and ensure that it is respected in all circumstances.
2. This international distinctive emblem for the media is composed of five capital letters, PRESS, in black on a circular orange background (orange disk)… "
2
+ = D # 3 @ C # + = * ! . <% 3D ' A 9 %& a@ # % 3D %& a@ Q 9 1 = @? a ) * 5@ + = $%& @ : 3D E 3D %& a@ O D 2 ( 0 ! A ; + ( * # + = 7 6 + 9@ 5 @? ) ! + = $%& O # 0 % ) 84 @ * & . @N % = 3D a@ * = ) ! . 5@ ( + 9@ * 3D a@ E 0 % #6 @ $% & a ) ! + ( * = @ O D " != ) ! # ( = + = F a ) ! F @ O D " != ) ! # ( 7 ? 9 %& 3D ) ! A ? + = E #N A . ( [ # ! ) ! A ? + = D 3D @ 5 ( ) ! . 29 " K 5 * * @ # 7 A + 1 D O L % 5 M ) ! 5 a " 9 5+1 ) ! ! 2 3@ % 5 + = A # 1 K B A & 3 5 1 # ! Z 7 & D * ! C ! # 3 + = A L % 5 M \ 7 1 > K = :+ K . 3 R 3D P R - http://www.pressemblem.ch/5037.html > 3 K = :+ P - http://news.amnesty.org/index/ENGEUR4320042004 2 > O A D # 3 + = ) ! P
A . % . ( A 9 @ . ! + 0 % A ( * 5 %& + 9@ ) ! 5 7 ; " P 4$ & . . . 2 ( A O [ ) ! 5 1 84 5 @ P = # ? F < > #+ 2 @ 2 X% ( & + 9@ ) ! 5 L M % 2 R 5 @ 7R + 9@ $%& ) ! D * <% H @ 1 ? :( # ( & ! * = Z 7 ) ! H 8 ( 5@+ R + 9@ R A ! . ) ! . (@ : D ) A D4 5 1 84 5 @ R & + 9@ A 9 R H ? + 9@@ @ # 3 + = D 7 B ( < $ + . 2 ( H ? ( 4 5 . . 2 % $+ 4$ & $$ " 9 H I L FIREC M 5 9 @ T @ * + H N * ) ! O 84$ & " 1. This Convention is open for signature by all Member States of the United Nations. Instruments of ratification shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
2. The provisions set forth in this Convention shall be implemented for cases occurring after the Convention has entered into force. "
3. This Convention shall require the ratification of five UN member states to enter into force. The entry into force shall take place on the thirtieth day following the date of depositing the Convention with the United Nations Secretary-General. "
1 > " D % & ( O 2@ :? 7
G " 9 + 9@ ; * G? E 5( ∗ ! ( G? + 9@ $%& . 9 ) 2 ( 5 Z 7 # ! # 5 4 % 1 2 % $+ 4$ & . \ + 9@ 5 5 + = D O " C@ + 9@ $%& 5 # 9 . 9 " 9 ID 5 = & 3 (@ 9 ( 9@ H N D ) ! < 9 9 D < 0 D = * :8 5 C 29 ; 3 . 3 A D @ 6 A D @ ] 7 D + 9@ 2 @9 = < 8 9 D A # 1 I % ) ! 2@9 + = $%& ) 1 A . ( + = A ! O + 9@ % A 9 + = 7 ? " 9 + 9@ $%& # A 9 7 O 3D 0 % 5 + 9@ $%& 5 ) ! G? * A * ! + = D 7 5 1 84 5 @ H ? ) B # : D $%& 5 6 # 3 . ! 8 @ 2 3 ) ! V & O + 9@ 7 ∗ > # 3 A 9 # + D H ? G 5 D ) ! O 5( 3@ 5 ? @ G %& # ( . * D # A # c ! . * G ( # 38 .@N + (N + 9@ G # .= ( % ( 5 ? # " @ 7
- Sylvie BOITON-MALHERBE, La protection des journalistes en mission périlleuse dans les zones de conflit armé, Op.Cit., p. 122.
1 - Ibid., pp. 122 et 172 . 2 > #+ 2 + = D O K O 7 3 - Jean-Philippe PETIT,Op.Cit.,p. 6.
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- Sylvie BOITON-MALHERBE, La protection des journalistes en mission périlleuse dans les zones de conflit armé, Op.Cit., p. 180.
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B 6 2 %A $+ . 2 ( 3 A ? + = D # @? ) ! O # A )9 ) ! ( 0 %@ + 9@ $%& 5 5 1 84 5 @ # 3 * & .@N ) ! .8 + = 6 + 9@ 5 3 & ( N < 3D a@ % 7 = D O . . 3 ? & + 9@ + & + 9@ E @ 3 ? ? # !
the International Federation of Journalists (IFJ)
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5 . ! :8 ) + 9 3@ % . ! # .38 . + = # 3 < &= . + & :@ 9 . > # 3 G B C@ ( 3 N " ? + " ? . + # 3 3@ 1 # 3 5 1 84 5 @ " ? . + @ 2 # 3 . ! :8 @ G 9 %& 5 6 7 A . ! @ .H ? 5 1 84 5 @ 6 . ! 2@9 = @ 7 * ! O ID 5 # ! @ 5 ( ( ( A [ A # 1 2 N Z 5 ? 5 9 A 5+ ! + ID 7 ) ! " ? . + 2 @9 C E B ? @ " != A 5 1 3 :+ " 5 @ 6 & 58 ( @ @ & 4 @ # \ 7 6 . ! & N ( 5 D ! G ?@ 5 # ! @ @ 9( 2 3 = ? A (3 O D1 @ 2 3 . 7 ! %& 4 ( 5 # . 1 > A O [ ) ! A # 1 2 N P R 2 N %& a l R A # c R 5 $% & 5 N 8 3 H 8!1 8 ( * a 9 # ID :@ 5 A : ( @ 2 @9 @ 5 = @ %& ) ! 2 N %& # @ 5 1 5; 7R > T 0 # 3 ( . . D ELGA ; ? O 7 23 = 7 ! ( 2 @9 5 # ! 3 % . ! Q 3 5 3 . 3 H N 4 L ; 8( . 8 5N M Z 7 ) 6 . ! # ! ( 5N @ . ! # 3 " ? . + = D N N A 5 @ # 3 N 84 . + @ 2 6 . ! @ 2 3 # 3 " ? N N A B ) 2 9 0 % N 5 D 5 @ 5 K $%& B ) 2 9 # . . @ 9 8= @ #N N N 84 ' N 7 1 $ 6 : - 9 2 %A *$%+ ; ; 4 *$%+ ; ; 4 # 3 3@ 1 " ? . + A & N 84 5 @ :8 5@+ 6 . ! @ 2 3 A # 3 ) ! . ) R A oJ + R R . + = 5 + R \ 7 8 ! D N N A . @ ! ( ( 9 5 ? A N @ N @ 3 (9 0 ( 5 # ' 4 8 A 5 1 ( ' 6 . ! < * ! A K 1 - Ibid 2 > a 8 . * ' @ L % G Q # 9@ 8 > 4 ( 5 > L ? # @! M D " ? 1 G ? . O 7
4 . ; 5 + :8 . ! $%& ? pA 1 5 G 9 . 3 ? 1 G Z 7 * D N N A B I ( P R " 91 8 * . 0 @ D # + 1 ) 2@9 " 9 5 ) ! 3 + 3 V # P B @ ; 3 5 !1 @ ? # a % O D1 T ? Q G@ @ 5 ( ! 3@ # % . ( 3 5 1 : ? 3 / G@ < 1 3 ) ! @ NC < 0 % *@ D A N G a ? 3 $%& 7 . + < 0 % A @ 3 )(@ A K V 5 !1 @ 3 Q J % $ ! % O Dc @ @ < P > ! 5 @ 5 ( O 1 ) ! ? A 8 " 3 5 ! @ * G %3 ( 3 H 8!1 7 G > ; & % 7 X > 3 ( O 1 ) ! D ) ! H != 7 > @ D # (@ . @ (! % # 3D K @ 3 ; 8( . 8 : ? 5 + = G ! 7 B # @ 3 )8 ) ? : ? 7 # ( 1 G ? A ; ? " 91 7 1 > + $+ O 2@ :? 7
) ! . + 2 9 ! 0 % 2 5 3 " 9 5 ) ! B 1 # 1 Q3@ 5 % + = $% @ 7 " 91 ( :8 ) ! NI ( # 1 2 @9 a R Z 7 ) D = D N N A K O %& 5 7 O D @ ( 3 1 ! ( ! ? ) ! I A $%& H ?4 K K :8 ) 1 5N 3 . 0 % + \ 7 @ ( 8 # D N N A ) A D4 ? # ! @ I D 5 @ 3 5 ( 6 Q3@ " 3 ? 4 6 @ 3 3 " 3 %& .H ? A ; J 6 ] 7 . D + = 3@ D 5 I " ? @ I . 8 N N A @( 2 9 # 3 # K @ 5 4 . 5N 9 5 ! 3 @ & 4 5 !1 ^ 7 .H ? ) ! O # D N N A ( ( ; 3 5 !1 @ ? # a % O D1 ) ! A I ! 3 @ % ) ; 3 5 !1 0 D = < A $% & G? @ & A (@ * 3 K n * + A 8 " 3 K n * 1 > # % . ! + . D G ! @9 I O O > 7 2 - Jean-Philippe PETIT,op.cit.,p. 20. 3 > " D % R *( @9 2 9 $ 9 4 ( 5 R ( . 8 4 " D . ! ? " I ? . D # ! " D O A & ( 1 G 7 4 > + $+ O 2@ :? 7
D * ) ! H != $ ? K n 0 % ) 84 @ *@ %3 * ! . @ (! % # A 8 : + D D # ; 8( . 8 * Z 7 O P - * 1 A [ ) ! ? <% 6 + G #; ? ) 3 1 # K %& Q J * ? . = :@ 9 A # 3 :@ 1 " ? . + @ D \ 7 5 !1 @ ! D N N A 8 ) ! 1 # K )(@ ( 0 %@ . 3 D @ @ ( = % O Dc @ @ N N A K # K %& )8 ( @ G #; ? ; 3 ] 7 1
- Joele Nguyen Duy-Tan, " Le droit des conflits armés non internationaux ", In Droit International, Bilan et perspectives, Tome 2, (ouvrage collectif sous la direction de Mohamed Bedjaoui ), Edition A.Pedone, Paris, 1991, pp. 860-861.
2 > T $ R #; ? # 9 G R ; ? L H . 3 D M 3@ 3@9 1 G ? . D # ! " D " D . ! ? " I O 7 3 > ? . : * 0 % G #; ? " 3 *( #& ( G (3 G # 3 @ G < &= + 5 0 % . . + # 3 ; ? 1 # K 4 # @ #; ? + D l @ 7 > 2 @! ! # & + O O 2@ :? > 7 > @! $ O 2@ :? & 3@ 7
; $ 6 ; * % $( @ 3 ; * % $( # 3 2 3 N ( O # 3 " ? . + = D N N A 3@ 6 . ! @ 0 5 5 D * 6 5 ! " ! ( # K @ O 5( 6 H N 1 4 2 ( " 3 Z 7 . ! 2@9n ) ! N 84 5 @ O ( + * + @ A + 3 " 91 # + ) ! (D . * + H ? ) ! I A + . a B K . ! ? 5 @ %& % : 9 ( . 3@ # ( A 9 \ 7 # 3 N 84 5 @ 8 ) ! O <% 6 . ! " < CD n # V O Dc @ @ ( 9 a @ 8 # # E $%& ] 7 A E B ? ) ! O N 5 @ 8 ! @ 3 O D1 3 . 3 ! ? 9 1 7 3 H 8 (@ ) ! : ? ! G? ! ( $%& E $%& # @ O D1 = ? = ' @ " K @ !% '@ ) " 3 5 ! K - # ? 7 ( # 4 ( @ 3 E B ? % @ * ( <% .+ B ) ! ; 3 5 !1 D @ @ 7 1 > ! C 6 4 ( 9 O 2@ :? 7 2 > # 3 N 84 5 @ ) 1 A 7 3 - Jean-Philippe PETIT,op.cit.,pp. 20-21.
A % @ ? !% '@ ) " 3 5 ! . K @ 0 %@ . K 5@ # @ 7 A $%& E 0 %@ 6 . ! @ & 4 5 !1 K 7 2@ 9 O %& . ! @ & 4 5 !1 K Z 7 @ 3 = D $ @ ! @ > # D @ @ # ( = ; 3 5 !1 F G ? 5 D * ! H != E 0 %@ ! D & 7 ? . 2 9 # N 84 5 @ K ( 0 % : # @ 8 G * 1 P -$ + # <% ? 8 . ?& * ? 3 8 $%& # @ L # @ M = % H J@ ) ! $ 4 ? @3 = G 6= K ( 5 !1 D D 5 D < < ( 5 ? " 3 5 \ 7 29 + = D % @ ? # 3 O + 0 % G # + @9 ) ! " 3 .= 0 % 6 . ! . ! 5 D <% A 9 = " 9 = 5 ( . ! . @ 98 @ O 6 . & K ] 7 5 3 5 ? D %& H ? 0 %@ .= : ? 7 1 > & > @ $ J R 4 ( @ & 4 5 !1 K R ( . 4 A & ( @ 3 5@( G D " D . ! ? " I O 7 2 > A A ( # K & ( B 1 A 9 . = @ ( 3 ; ? 1 ( .@ N 2 9 :@ 9 . % 6 . ! ) ! " !1 7 3 > A O ) ! + = D P
" This Convention shall apply at all times in war and peace, during international armed conflicts (opposing two or more States), non international conflicts (opposing many groups
) ; $ & 9 $% % 9 ( $ A . @ 98= A 9 . ? ) ! 5 .= 0 & A 7 ) A @ 9 D . + .= $%& 5N . 9 # + @ 5 # K A 3 = . ( 7 ; N 3 D . H ? ) @ + . ( 9 D . 9 Z 7 # ! & ! . @ 98= ( ( . ! % @ # ( B K . ! ? ( . + 5 D ( K . ! ? ? #6 . @ 98= .= ( 7 4 ( < = 0 % A D e @ H N @ ! # 3 3@ 1 " ? . + = D 7 # . @ 9 8= A 9 5+ . @ 2 3 ! ?= 3 + 3 5N ! . @ += 7 . 9 A ( . 2@ . $%& ; + 3 @9 . % A + . . + 7 1 G ? B ' ) ! 9 c A .= ( ! & 8 1 $%& inside the boundaries of a State) and in cases of serious internal violence, which includes local conflicts, civil unrest, targeted killings, kidnapping, authorized and unauthorized demonstrations." 1 > * D @ 7 O 2@ :? 7
" ! 5 ! Z 7 H 5 H ? ! @ . # e 9 ! H .= ! . H ! ? O D1 3 \ 7 A O [ 2 @9 = 5 @ %& N 84 5 @ 5N . @ 98= . .= ) ! GJD 8 3 " 3 5 ! . ! 3 = N 3 @9 . % 5 !1 & 6 ] 7 @ 4 ( 2@9 = # O % (@9 ( %& @ 3 = $%& 8 7 & * K G? 6 $%& ) ! 2@9 3 4 ( # ! 6 8+ .= 3 e @ 5 3 . . ! 2@9 @ ! :@ 9 4 ( 6 ^ 7 ? 5 3 ( 3 Q ! 1 G . @ 98= 8 O D1 A ! @ . S + O ! 7 A H ? G ? 1 # K @? 5 ! 9 )(@ 1 G G . @ 98= &1 7 . <% 1 G 1 # K I " 9 * 3? # ! (3 A E 1 > + $+ O O 2@ :? > 7 2 > * D @ 7 O 2@ :? 7 3 > " D % & ( O 2@ :? 7 4
- Activités militaires et paramilitaires au Nicaragua et contre celui-ci, C.I.J., 27 Juin 1986, pp. 65-69.
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- Sylvie BOITON-MALHERBE, La protection des journalistes en mission périlleuse dans les zones de conflit armé, Op.Cit., p. 194 .
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\ 7 1 > + $+ O 2@ :? 7 - Robert KOLB, Op.Cit., pp. 121-122 .
2 > + $+ 2@ :? O 7
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( .6 # ! C@ 2 3 $ + ( 3 " &1 !1 @ C @ 5 D " * ? O Q J 3 " 3 @9 3 ) ! . ! 7 3 3 @9@ 0 ! " &C @ 3 * N A . ( ! " 3 < 3 5 3 3 & # 6 A A ; " K ; ? & # ( 3 &C@ A ! Z 7 % 6 1 * % $( . ! @ 2 3 * C@ @ 3 " ! + D . ; ; ) = O D < A ( a ' N N 5 1 @ L M 3@ A A N N + = 5 @ %& \ * 3 0 a 0 + * E @ !c ! & . !1 5 C@ ! ' 7 A . ( # 3 5 1 84 5 @ ) ! P R > & !1 . ? # ? !1 = * ( ! & . !1 N A ( 7 > G 3 " &1 ) ! . ? ( 7 3 " &1 0 % H < 3 5 3 3 & # 0 ) ! !1 @ 2 3 ; ? # & 2( @ # J@ # 3+ @ # 3 @9@ = A ! A 0 % A ; " K 93 ! H 7 1 > + $+ O 2@ :? 7 2 > A @ 4 5 # 3 . ! 8 @ 2 3 5 1 8 7
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- Robert KOLB, Op.Cit., pp.122 .
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- w.j FENRICK, " Targeting and Proportionality during the NATO Bombing Campaign against Yugoslavia " In E.J.I.L., vol.12, N°3, 2001, 495.
2
! D & Z A (9 & %& 5 1 84 5 @ # 3 7 ? . + (@ 6 ; ? D 5 N 9 D %& #6 @ ! D & @ 3 = ! '@ # !4 5; ! D & 5N = 3 . 3 ? . G ? ! \ 7 98= '@ C@ 3 K " 3 ! G @ 0 % % B 6 . ( . 3 Q ( #& < 3 5 3 3 & # : ) < I !1 ) ! # ? 5 @( )9 @ A 1 3 A ] 7 T 9 * 6 . " + ) ! Q ! @ 2 3 5I # !4 5; . % 4 ( ? & @ 0 %@ # ( ! D 7 5; (@ 6 ; ? 3@ ? . ) ! Q . # !4 0 % @ @ ' #; ? " + ! D & 7 4 5; 53? * G ) ! Q # ! #; ? ? G & 4 8 #; ! D ) A G ) ! " ? . + 5 @ # 3 5 1 84 7 X # = @ 0 % @ ! % ) ! # ? " @ # 84 @ ' @ D @ ! % 2 .? C3 L @ d ? .= @+ A + @D 7M D ? . 2 . (@ 6 ; ? @ ! % 1> Ibid
2> Alexandre BALGUY-GALLOIS, Op.Cit., p. 52. 3
. D + 0 %@ E . ( '@ 9 53 @ 8 . + . ! & Z 7 C # 3 ) ! # ? < 8 @ ' % * 6 * E ! & 5 D 0 %@ @ < 3 5 3 3 & # @ # = ( Q + :8 5 1 84 5 @ 7 ; $ -. 9 % 9 % ) D #& @ ! @ @ 2 3 ' @ + 9 # ? H @ ! @ # = @ " 91 ) ! G? . = . 9 = 2 3 @ # = @ " 91 ) ! G? . 9 = a & # !4 5; @ !1 @ 7 H ? # !4 5; 3 ! ( 5 ? 5 A # 3 5 1 84 5 @ A # ? H N . 9 = @ ( 3 # ? N/ 8 . 9 = @ ( 3 7 #; ( ) ! 4 ( Q ( # ? ! 9 = # # ? @ $ 3 ( % A ' % ! ( 7 ( .@? A C * + 9 5 5%@ * CD@ + % # ? 99 ) ! % * ! G? ! D 5N = * ? ( " ' G ? 5? 0 % # ? G 5; ! . 9 = 5 ; !1 T 7 ! : # ? @ #; ( ) ! G? 1 - Ibid., pp. 50 – 51.
!1 T ; ' * :+ + # ?& <C@ # ( A D @ ! A # ? 0 % * ! K ? ' @ Z 7 @ 3 G @ @ %& I 4 ( e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a ( @ 8 *9 3 @9 ; @ D 5?1 5 9 2 9 : A D @ 7R K * :? O O > 7
A . A 8 ) ! ( $ 3 , 7 - % . ? 0 % " K . % = @ 8 2 7 " ( ( ! ' @ @ 6 O D1 5N 2@ % 4 * ? C? H ? 3 3 . 9 H 9! 5 # ?& G 5? ! 7 @ ! % " (@ 2 3 5 N RTS 5 0 D . D # ? 5@+ % E@ " # Z 7 # * " N ! + % < # ! @ ! % ( " + 5@+ # ! 5? 0 % 9 9 A Q 3 7 . ! 8 ( 8@ < 3 ; ( G? E #N % 4 A ! + @ @ 3 * I \ 3 A 8 @ A 0 % 4 . @ 9 3 A ( @ 5 & 7 A # ? N/ 8 &% G? . 9 = ) ! . ( 9 . 5( ) A & ? 3 @ " 91 ) ! G? ' @ 3 " &c A ? 29 ! 3@ !1 7 + G ? G? 5 ! " & G ( @ @ K 29 7 " 91 ) ! ! 9 . . 9 = % 0 % @ 3 . 3 ! ? 9 1 ] 7 5; 5 & %& % 29 ! & @ ! @ # !4 !4 A ?1 % 5; $%& * E 1 > 5 J@ 1 . ( . + L 2 3 M @K @ A ? A + G " (@ " ( ' G (@ % * ? # # * @ / T ? 5 ( ! 0 % 7 K P
- Alexandre BALGUY-GALLOIS, Op.Cit., pp. 58 – 59.
2 > Ibid., p. 60 . 3 > " D % & ( O 2@ :? 7
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