Biobased Processes: Systematically Evaluating Chances and Challenges

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Biobased Processes:

Systematically Evaluating

Chances and Challenges

Andreas Pfennig

andreas.pfennig@ulg.ac.be

Products, Environment, and Processes (PEPs) Department of Chemical Engineering

Université de Liège www.chimapp.ulg.ac.be

1st BioSC Symposium: Towards an Integrated Bioeconomy 21.11.2016, Cologne, Germany

possible biobased synthesis pathways

gasification, pyrolysis:

C1- (C2-, C3-) building blocks

extract major components:

starch, sugar, vegetable oil

remains: energy use

separate „all“ components:

cellulose, lignin, use of whole

plant, biorefinery

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interaction of some major drivers

world population

7.000.000.000 food

2.8 kg/(cap d)

energy

21.000 kWh/(cap a)

materials

ca. 0.9 kg/(cap d)

fossil resources

5.6 kg/(cap d)

land area

agricultural: 7.000 m

2

_/cap

3

interaction of some major drivers

world population

7.000.000.000 food

2.8 kg/(cap d)

energy

21.000 kWh/(cap a)

materials

ca. 0.9 kg/(cap d)

fossil resources

5.6 kg/(cap d)

land area

agricultural: 7.000 m

2

_/cap

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19600 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 biomaterials biofuels minimum pastures vegetal/feed forests pastures and meadows la n d b y u s e i n m ill io n k m 2 year arable land

land-area use: +1.5°C, high pop. variant

in 2100: CO2 464 ppm ∆T 1.50 °C 5

calculation of exergy

∫

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−

=

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P

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_T

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exergy of a material stream

chemical exergy of a material stream

physical exergy of a material stream

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)

mix 1 phys , chem ,

E

N i i i i

=

∑

+

∆

=

+ exergy losses in processes and equipment

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chemical exergy of various materials

7 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 120 140 PA 6.6 poly styr ene PET PVC poly prop ylen e poly carb onat e H₂O, CO₂ methanol glucose amylose ethanol glycerol lactic acid CO poly lact ic a cid poly ethy lene ethene plant oil coal crude oil

methane, natural gas

c h e m ic a l e x e rg y i n M J /k g hydrogen

fossil biomass intermediates products feedstock

glucose fermentation

net reaction

chemical exergy of various materials

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 120 140 PA 6.6 poly styr ene PET PVC poly prop ylen e poly carb onat e H₂O, CO₂ methanol glucose amylose ethanol glycerol lactic acid CO poly lact ic a cid poly ethy lene ethene plant oil coal crude oil

methane, natural gas

c h e m ic a l e x e rg y i n M J /k g hydrogen

fossil biomass intermediates products feedstock glucose fermentation net reaction

?

fossil

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COH composition

+H₂-H₂O PE PLA H O

fossil raw materials bio-based feedstock conventional polymers bio-based polymers

lignin

starch, cellulosehemicellulose glucose oleic acid natural gas crude oil coal C PET PHB water CO₂ -CO₂ -H₂O 9 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 120 140 H₂O H₂O, O₂ CO₂ hydrogen crude oil 1,2-ethandiol ethylene oxid ethylene ethanol c h e m ic a l e x e rg y i n M J /k g glucose PET

synthesis pathways to PET

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process: ethylene

ethylene oxid

reagent recycling

solvent

conditioning

heat integration

main process

11 0 2 4 6 8 10 re c ti fi c a ti o n m ix e r re a g e n t re c y c le h e a t e x c h a n g e r re a g e n t re c y c le e x e rg y l o s s e s i n M J /( k g p ro d u c t) utility phys. exergy chem. exergy

ethylene ethylene oxid

p u m p re a c to r h e a t e x c h a n g e r a b s o rp ti o n

results of exergy analysis

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0 10 20 30 40 50 g lu c o s e g lu c o s e (d ir e c t) g lu c o s e (i n d ir e c t) c ru d e o il g lu c o s e e x e rg y l o s s e s i n M J /( k g p ro d u c t) utilities chemical exergy footprint raw materials

PE PET PLA

c ru d e o il

comparision of the processes

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exergy demand for different routes

0 5 10 15 20 e x e rg y d e m a n d i n M J /( k g p ro d u c t) biobased feedstock footprint hydrogen electrolysis -C O2 + H2 -H2 O -C O2 -H2 O -C O2 + H2 -H2 O -C O2 -H2 O -C O2 + H2 -H2 O -C O2 -H2 O +O₂ direct direct glucose → glucose glucose → fatty acid glucose → crude oil fatty acid → glucose fatty acid → fatty acid fatty acid → crude oil 14

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land-area use 2050 for different routes

15 0 500 1000 1500 2000 direct la n d u s e i n m 2 /c a p -C O2 + H2 -H 2 O -C O2 -H 2 O -C O2 + H2 -H 2 O -C O2 -H 2 O -C O2 + H2 -H 2 O -C O2 -H 2 O direct +O₂ glucose → glucose glucose → crude oil glucose → fatty acid fatty acid → glucose fatty acid → fatty acid fatty acid → crude oil

process ideas

plant-based

material

paraxylene

terephthalic acid

ethanol

ethylene glycol

bio-PET

plant-based

material

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evaluation of selected options

17 gasification, pyrolysis of entire biomass

methanation of entire biomass

starch and sugar to oxygen-rich products plant oil to conventional products separate cellulose and lignin liquid or gas as feedstock no diluted aqueous solution no complex mixture exergetically favorable acceptable 0 infeasible – good + not tested evaluation:

evaluation of options

exergy is general energy measure

mix of feedstock and technologies

results (integration limited):

extraction/separation of direct valuables

glucose

→ products with more oxygen

plant oil

→ products with less oxygen

rest to methanation

energy demand for processes will increase

land area required for biobased feedstock:

200 to 800 m

2

_{/capita (food}

≈ 7000 m

2

_/capita)

integration:

agriculture - production - consumer needs

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references

P. Frenzel, S. Fayyaz, R. Hillerbrand, A. Pfennig:

Biomass as Feedstock in the Chemical Industry –

An Examination from an Exergetic Point of View

Chem. Eng. Technol. 36(2) (2013) 233-240

P. Frenzel, R. Hillerbrand, A. Pfennig:

Increase in energy and land use by a bio-basedchemical industry

Chem. Eng. Res. Design 92 (2014) 2006-2015

P. Frenzel, R. Hillerbrand, A. Pfennig:

Exergetical Evaluation of Biobased Synthesis Pathways

Polymers 6 (2014) 327-345

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