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
#*
!
"#$%&#!
!
!
P"* ABQRS* /:!"#$%&'() *+,%&) -#'.+#* 721/#.#(* /%* &%52%#/* +%* 5F."'-"'* .=&->.8).#"%'* /#.$0)
10(.,)02)3$04#,4*5-//%5()%'*7.&*/%*=-/T/-&#'(%*5-882"#'(%*0.U&%"5%*V%//%&(K*W2#'*%"*ABQX*%(*
ABQBS* ;&Y5%* .2* =#"."5%8%"(* +2* 8-2$%8%"(* 5-882"#'(%* .8).#"S* /%* 7&-+25(%2&* Z-F"* [.88-"+*7&)'%"(.#(*+%2?*5-"5%&('*#"(#(2/)'*5$0")16%$%4+'7,)40)18%(.*.2*\.&"%;#%*[.//*+%* ]%U*^-&TK*P"*7/2'*+%*&%"+&%*F-88.;%*9*/:F#'(-#&%*+%*/.*82'#<2%*"-#&%*.8).#"%S*5%'*+%2?* 5-"5%&('* +)=#.#%"(* /.* ');&);.(#-"* &.5#./%S* 7%&8%((."(* .2* ]-#&'* %(* .2?* _/."5'* +:`(&%* &.''%81/)'* '2&* 2"%* 8`8%* '5J"%* %(* +%* ':.''%-#&* %"'%81/%* +."'* /:.''#'(."5%K* L2* 8`8%* 8-8%"(S* /.* 5F."(%2'%* 3.44* _#//#%* [-/#+.a* =.#'.#(* =2&%2&* .2* 9'2:) 10&%#4;S* 7&%8#%&* 5/21* b*#"();&)*c*+%*]%U*^-&T*%(*/#%2*+%*&.''%81/%8%"(*+%*/.*;.25F%*&.+#5./%S*%"*#"(%&7&)(."(*'-#&* .7&J'* '-#&* /.* 5F."'-"* d:e(&.";%* H&2#(::* <2#* +)"-"f.#(* /:F-&&%2&* +2* /a"5F.;%* (-23-2&'* %"* $#;2%2&*+."'*/%*e2+*+%'*g(.('>!"#'K*\:)(.#(*/:)7-<2%*+2*H&-"(*W-72/.#&%S*/.*7/2'*#87-&(."(%* 7)&#-+%*+:#"=/2%"5%*+2*8-2$%8%"(*5-882"#'(%*.2?*g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g(.('>!"#'K* P"* =-"5(#-"*+%'*(&-#'*7&#"5#7./%'*7F.'%'*7-/#(#<2%'*+2*W.&(#*\-882"#'(%*.8).#"*@\W!eLD*h* /.* 7F.'%* +2* &070$<7%(=) &7',,* @ABAB>ABMXDi* /.* 7F.'%* +2* ".(#-"./#'8%* "-#&* @ABMX>ABQODi* /%* H&-"(*W-72/.#&%*@ABQO>ABCND*h*5%*8)8-#&%*&%(&.5%*/%'*5F.";%8%"('*+:.((#(2+%*+%*/.*$#%#//%* ;.25F%*%"$%&'*/.*52/(2&%*7-72/.#&%*%(*'2;;J&%*<2%*/%*8-2$%8%"(*5-882"#'(%*.8).#"*.* (%"()*+:2(#/#'%&*/%*1/2%'*%(*/%*3.44*9*+%'*=#"'*+:.;#(>7&-7K* * * !
&'()*+,-)!.! 8-2$%8%"(* 5-882"#'(%* .8).#"S* L=&->.8).#"'S* 52/(2&%S* 1/2%'S* 3.44S* %"(&%>+%2?>;2%&&%'S*
g(.('>!"#'S*\W!eLS*H&-"(*W-72/.#&%*
* ##*
/0$1"/+1
! !j"* ABQRS* (F%* !"#$%&'() *+,%&) -#'.+#* 721/#'F%+* /#.$0) 10(.,) 02) 3$04#,4S* .* 1--T* -=* '-";'* 5-//%5(%+*1a*(F%*/%=(>U#";*=-/T/-&#'(*0.U&%"5%*V%//%&(K*j"*ABQX*."+*ABQBS*U#(F*(F%*=#"."5#./* '277-&(* -=* (F%* 5-882"#'(* 8-$%8%"(S* (F%* 7&-+25%&* Z-F"* [.88-"+* U.'* .1/%* (-* 7&%'%"(*
5$0") 16%$%4+'7,) 40) 18%(.* .(* \.&"%;#%* [.//S* ]%U* ^-&TS* (U-* 5-"5%&('* (F.(* 5%/%1&.(%+* (F%*
5-"((#-"*-=*L=."*L8%."*82'#5*#"*L8%."*F#'(-&aK*,-&%-$%&S*(F%*5$0")16%$%4+'7,)
40)18%(.*5-"5%&('*1&-T%*(F%*5-/-&*/#"%S*1a*/%((#";*_/.5T'*."+*kF#(%'*7/.a*82'#5*(-;%(F%&*-"*
'(.;%* ."+* '#(* (-;%(F%&* #"* (F%* .2+#%"5%K* G2&#";* (F%* '.8%* a%.&'S* 3.44* '#";%&* _#//#%* [-/#+.a* %"3-a%+*.*8-"'(&-2'*'255%''*U#(F*F%&*."(#>/a"5F#";*'-";*le(&.";%*H&2#(m*.(*9'2:)10&%#4;S*(F%* =#&'(* #"(%;&.(%+* 5/21* ."+* &.+#5./* /%=(>U#";* 5.1.&%(* #"* ]%U* ^-&TK* j(* U.'* (F%* (#8%* -=* (F%* W-72/.&*H&-"(i*.*(#8%*UF%"*(F%*5-882"#'(*8-$%8%"(*F.+*.*;&%.(*#"=/2%"5%*-"*L8%."* '-5#%(a*."+*UF%"*(F%*-&;."#4%+*/%=(*%?%&(%+*2"7&%5%+%"(%+*7-U%&*-$%&*8.''*52/(2&%K*
*
e(.&(#";* U#(F* .* +#'52''#-"* -=* (F%* &%$-/2(#-".&a* 7-(%"(#./* -=* L=."* L8%."* 82'#5* ."+* (&a#";* (-* 2"+%&'(."+* UF.(* '-5#./* 8-$%8%"('* +-* U#(F* 52/(2&%S* (F#'* %''.a* (&.5%'* (F%* +%$%/-7#";*7-#"(*-=*$#%U*-=*UF#(%*L8%."*5-882"#'('*(-U.&+*(F%*5-88%&5#./*%?7/-'#-"* ."+*;&-U#";*7-72/.&#(a*-=*1/2%'*."+*3.44*82'#5*#"*!eL*+2&#";*(F%*#"(%&U.&*a%.&'K*j(*.'T'*(F%* <2%'(#-"* -=* UFa* (F%&%* U.'* '-* /#((/%* 8%"(#-"* -=* 3.44* ."+* 1/2%'* #"* W.&(a* -&;."'* +2&#";* (F%* ABMN:'*."+*%.&/a*ABQN:'*S*#(*%?7/-&%'*(F%*5F.";#";*.((#(2+%'*-=*(F%*n/+*0%=(*(-U.&+*7-72/.&* 52/(2&%*."+*'2;;%'('*(F.(*(F%*L8%."*5-882"#'(*8-$%8%"(*2'%+*1/2%'*."+*3.44*82'#5*=-&* .;#(7&-7S* +2&#";* (F%* /.'(* -=* (F%* (F&%%* 8.#"* 7-/#(#5./* 7F.'%'* -=* (F%* \-882"#'(* W.&(a* -=* L8%.* @\W!eLD* h* (F%* 5-/-&1/#"+* 5/.''* @ABAB>ABMXDi* (F%* _/.5T* _%/(* ].(#-"* (F%'#'* @ABMX> ABQODi*."+*(F%*W-72/.&*H&-"(*@ABQO>ABCNDK*** * * * * 2345'67)!.!L8%."*5-882"#'(*8-$%8%"(S*L=."*L8%."'S*52/(2&%S*1/2%'S*3.44S*#"(%&U.&*a%.&'S*!"#(%+* e(.(%'S*W-72/.&*H&-"(*
!
* ###*
1/089$!:9$!&/1;<"9$
! oge!,g*ppppppppppppppppppppKKppppppppppppppppppppppppK*7K*#* * L_eqoL\q*pppppppppppppKKpppppppppppppppppppppppppppppKK*7K*##* * qL_0P*GPe*,LqjroPe*pppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppKKKK*7K*###* * 0jeqP*GPe*L_ogsjLqjn]e*ppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppKK*7K$* * oP,Po\jP,P]qe*ppppppppppKKKppppppppppppppppppppppppppKKKKK*7K*$##* * \[LWjqoP*A*ppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppK*7K*A* j]qonG!\qjn]*pppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppKKKK*7K*A* AKA* W&)'%"(.(#-"*+%*/.*7&-1/J8.(#<2%*ppppppppppppppppppppppppppKK*7K*C* AKM* g(.(*+%*/.*<2%'(#-"*ppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppKKK*7K*O* AKQ* W&)'%"(.(#-"*+%'*'-2&5%'*%(*+%*/.*8)(F-+-/-;#%*pppppppppppppppppKKKK*7K*AX* AKC* W&)'%"(.(#-"*+%'*5F.7#(&%'*pppppppppppppppppppppppppppppKK*7K*MN* * \[LWjqoP*M*pppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppKK*7K*MM* 0P*]n!sPL!*,j0jqL]qje,P*]njo*Pq*0P*,n!sP,P]q*\n,,!]jeqP*L,goj\Lj]*GP*0L* VoL]GP*,jVoLqjn]*t*0L*eP\n]GP*V!PooP*,n]GjL0P*@ABAO>ABCND*pppppppp*7K*MM* MKA* j"(&-+25(#-"*pppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppKK*7K*MM* MKM* 0%'*-&#;#"%'*+%*/.*;&."+%*8#;&.(#-"*ppppppppppppppppppppppppKKK*7K*MC* MKQ* 0%*]%U*]%;&-*-2*/.*".#''."5%*+:2"%*"-2$%//%*5-"'5#%"5%*ppppppppppppKKK*7K*Mu* MKC* ]-#&'*&.+#5.2?*%(*/%*8-2$%8%"(*5-882"#'(%*.8).#"*pppppppppppppK*7K*QM* MKO* WF.'%*"-*A*v*/%*5-/-&1/#"+*5/.''*-2*/%'*7&%8#%&'*7.'*+2*\W!eL*@ABAB>ABMXD*ppKK*7K*QQ* MKR* WF.'%*"-*M*v*/%*&J;"%*+%*/.*(FJ'%*".(#-"./#'(%*"-#&%*@ABMX>ABQOD*ppppppppKKK*7K*CC* MKu* WF.'%*"-*Q*v*/%*=&-"(*5-882"*.$%5*/%*8-2$%8%"(*"-#&*@ABQO>ABCND*ppppppKK*7K*CX* MKX* \-"5/2'#-"*ppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppKK*7K*OA* ** #$* \[LWjqoP*Q*pppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppKK*7K*OO* 0L* \!0q!oP* G!* ,n!sP,P]q* Pq* 0P* GgsP0nWWP,P]q* G:!]P* Wn0jqjw!P* ogsn0!qjn]]LjoP*e!o*0:Loq*ppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppKK*7K*OO* QKA* j"(&-+25(#-"*pppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppKK*7K*OO* QKM* G2*7%2*+%*&)=)&%"5%'*9*/:);.&+*+2*1/2%'*%(*+2*3.44*+."'*/%'*3-2&".2?*5-882"#'(%'* .8).#"'*+%'*."")%'*ABMN*ppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppKK*7K*OX* QKQ* 0.*&%+)=#"#(#-"*+2*5-"5%7(*+%*52/(2&%*pppppppppppppppppppppppKKK*7K*RB* QKC* 0%'*(%"(.(#$%'*+:)/.1-&.(#-"*+:2"%*7-/#(#<2%*5/.#&%*%"$%&'*/.*82'#<2%i*/.*".#''."5%*+2* k-&T%&'*,2'#5*0%.;2%S*+2*W#%&&%*G%;%a(%&*\/21*%(*+2*\-87-'%&'*\-//%5(#$%*pppppp*7K*uA* QKO* 0.*/%"(%*.55%7(.(#-"*+%*/.*82'#<2%*=-/T*%(*1/2%'*9*+%'*=#"'*+:.;#(>7&-7*%(*/.*8)=#."5%* %"$%&'*/%*3.44*ppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppKKKK*7K*uB* * \[LWjqoP*C*pppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppKK*7K*XB* 0P*Hon]q*WnW!0LjoP*\!0q!oP0*ppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp*7K*XB* CKA* j"(&-+25(#-"*pppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppKK*7K*XB* CKM* 0%*=&-"(*W-72/.#&%*\2/(2&%/*%(*/:.8)."#'.(#-"*+2*8-2$%8%"(*5-882"#'(%*pKKK*7K*BM* CKQ* 0:)"#;8.(#<2%*0.U&%"5%*V%//%&(*%(*/.*721/#5.(#-"*+2*]%;&-*-=*W&-(%'(*ppppp*7K*ANA* CKC* Z-F"*[.88-"+S*H&-8*e7#&#(2./'*(-*eU#";S*_.&"%a*Z-'%7F'-"*%(*/%*\.=)*e-5#%(aK*7K*ANu* CKO* G2T%*P//#";(-"*%(*/.*7&-+25(#-"*+%*Z287*=-&*Z-a*pppppppppppppppppK*7K*AAB* * \n]\0!ejn]*ppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppK*7K*AMC* * _j_0jnVoLW[jP*ppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppKK*7K*AQO* *
$*
8;$19!:9$!/0"#=;/1;>?$
! ! L__*v* * !2$%&'()>700=)>$04?#$?00=) * LH0*v* * !"#$%&'()5#=#$'4%0()02)-'<0+$) * L,0*v* * !"#$%&'()*+,%&)-#'.+#) * L]\0*v** !"#$%&'()/#.$0)-'<0$)90(.$#,,) ) Lo,W*v* L''-5#.(#-"*&2''%*+%'*82'#5#%"'*7&-/)(.#&%'* * \jn*v* * 90(.$#,,)02)@(=+,4$%'7)A$.'(%B'4%0(,) * \0W*v* * 90""+(%,4)-'<0$)3'$4;) * \WL*v* * 90""+(%,4)3'$4;)02)!"#$%&') * \W!eL*v* 90""+(%,4)3'$4;)02)4?#)C(%4#=)14'4#,)02)!"#$%&'* * H_j*v* * 5#=#$'7)>+$#'+)02)@(D#,4%.'4%0() * [!L\*v* E0+,#)90""%44##)0()C(F!"#$%&'()!&4%D%4%#,) * jkk*v** @(=+,4$%'7)G0$H#$,)02)4?#)G0$7=) ) xxx*v* * I+)I7+J)I7'() * ]LL\W*v* /'4%0('7)!,,0&%'4%0()20$)4?#)!=D'(&#"#(4)02)9070$#=)6#067#) ** $#* ]joL*v** /'4%0('7)@(=+,4$%'7)K#&0D#$;)!&4) * ]]\*v* * /'4%0('7)/#.$0)90(.$#,,) ) We*v* * W.&(#*'-5#./#'(%* * WkL*v*** 3+<7%&)G0$H,)!="%(%,4$'4%0() ) qL\*v* * L?#'4$#)!$4,)90""%44##) * !\W*v* * C(%4#=)90""+(%,4)3'$4;) * !]jL*v** C(%D#$,'7)/#.$0)@"6$0D#"#(4)!,,0&%'4%0() * !oee*v** !"#-"*+%'*&)721/#<2%'*'-5#./#'(%'*'-$#)(#<2%'* * k,0*v** G0$H#$,)*+,%&)-#'.+#) * kWL*v* * G0$H)3$0.$#,,)!,,0&%'4%0()M)G0$H)3$0N#&4,)!,,0&%'4%0() * *
$##*
"9&9"+;9&9?1$!
!
!
\%*8)8-#&%*":.2&.#(*5%&(.#"%8%"(*72*$-#&*/%*3-2&*'."'*/%*'-2(#%"*+%*(-2(%'*/%'*7%&'-""%'* <2#*8:-"(*.55-87.;")*+%*7&J'*-2*+%*/-#"*+2*+)12(*9*/.*=#"*+%*5%((%*/-";2%*.$%"(2&%K* *Z%* (#%"'* (-2(* +:.1-&+* 9* &%8%&5#%&* 8%'* +%2?* +#&%5(%2&'S* _&2"-* o.8#&%4* %(* V&%;* o-1#"'-"S* 7-2&* /%2&* ;&."+%* %87.(F#%S* /%2&* 7.(#%"5%* %(* /%2&'* "-81&%2?* 5-"'%#/'* <2#* 8:-"(* .#+)* 9* ;.&+%&*/%*5.7K*
*
!"* ;&-'* 8%&5#* 9* 8.* 8J&%* ,.&#%* +%* 8%* 7-2''%&* 5-"(#"2%//%8%"(* .2* +)7.''%8%"(S* 9* 8-"* 7J&%*e7#&-'S*8.*'y2&*G.".)S*8-"*=&J&%*H.1%*7-2&*/%'*%"5-2&.;%8%"('*#"5%''."('K*s-2'* 8:.$%4*+-"")*/%*5-2&.;%*+%*"%*3.8.#'*.1."+-""%&K*
*
,%&5#*9*8%'*$#%2?*.8#'*0.2&%"(*%(*,.(F#%2*.$%5*<2#*3%*8%*'2#'*+)5-2$%&(*2"%*7.''#-"*7-2&* /%*1/2%'*%(*/%*3.44K*,%&5#*+%*8:.$-#&*5-"'(.88%"(*7-2'')*.2*+)5-2&.;%8%"(*%"*+-2(."(*+%* /.* =.#'.1#/#()* +%* 8-"* 7&-3%(K* ]-'* "-81&%2'%'* +#'52''#-"'* 8:-"(* ;&."+%8%"(* 7%&8#'* +:%"F#&*8%'*&)=/%?#-"'K*
*
L2?* ;.&'* +2* _--4%* _/%"+S* G.$%S* e%1* %(* !;-S* '2&* <2#* 3%* 7%2?* (-23-2&'* 5-87(%&* 7-2&* 8%* 5F.";%&*/%'*#+)%'S*8%*+)=-2/%&*%(*(&-2$%&*2"*#"5-87.&.1/%*&)5-"=-&(*+."'*/.*82'#<2%K* *
,%&5#* 9* ]-&8."+* G%$%.2/(S* 8-"* 7&-=%''%2&* +%* 7#."-* 3.44S* 7-2&* /%'* "-81&%2?* )5F.";%'* +:#+)%'S*+:F#'(-#&%'*%(*+%*82'#<2%*%(*;&Y5%*9*<2#*3%*7%2?*7.''%&*+%*/.*(F)-&#%*9*/.*7&.(#<2%K* *
!"*8%&5#*(-2(*7.&(#52/#%&*9*,.&#".K*q.*+)(%&8#".(#-"S*(.*(%"+&%''%S*(-"*.8-2&*%(*(-"*'-2(#%"* <2-(#+#%"*-"(*)()*+%'*'-2&5%'*5-"'(."(%'*+:#"'7#&.(#-"*%(*+%*8-(#$.(#-"K***
$###* * * * * * * * * * * O)7')":"0%$#)=#)"0()'"%)3?%7%66#)L'$=%2P
* *
+@/A;1"9!B!
!
;?1">:%+1;>?
! ! b*0:.&(*7-72/.#&%*%'(*8a(F%*%(*&`$%S*8.#'*.2''#*7&-(%'(.(#-"S** 5.&*/%'*;%"'*+2*7%27/%*-"(*(-23-2&'*+%*<2-#*'%*7/.#"+&%K*cA* >*H&."5#'*]%U(-"*@P*[-1'1.U8D** * *P"(&%* ABAO* %(* ABAXS* 7&J'* +%* ONN* NNN* "-#&'* +2* e2+* +%'* g(.('>!"#'* <2#((%"(* /%2&'* &);#-"'* ".(./%'* $%&'* /%'* 4-"%'* #"+2'(&#%//%'* +2* ]-&+* +2* 7.a'K* t* 5%* "-81&%* '2&7&%"."(S* ':.3-2(%"(* uNN*NNN*"-2$%.2?*8#;&."('*"-#&'*+2&."(*/%'*."")%'*ABMNKM*W/2'#%2&'*=.5(%2&'*-"(*5-"()* 9* 8%((&%* %"* 1&."/%* 5%* 8-2$%8%"(* 8.''#=* $%&'* /%* ]-&+S* +-"(* /:.$J"%8%"(* +%* /.* W&%8#J&%* V2%&&%*8-"+#./%*%(*/:.2;8%"(.(#-"*+:-77-&(2"#()'*+:%87/-#'*7-2&*/%'*L=&->.8).#"'*+."'* /%'*;&."+%'*$#//%'*#"+2'(&#%//%'S*/.*5&#'%*+2*5F.&."f-"*+%*5-(-"*+."'*/%'*7/."(.(#-"'*+2*e2+*%(* /%'*#"-"+.(#-"'*+)$.'(.(%'*+%*ABAR*9*(&.$%&'*/%*,#''#''#77#S*/:L/.1.8.S*/%*q%""%''%%*%(*/%'* +%2?* \.&-/#"%'K* H.#(* 7/2'* #87-&(."(* <2:2"%* 5-"3-"5(2&%* F#'(-&#<2%* =.$-&.1/%* 9* 5%* 8-2$%8%"(*F28.#"*+:%"$%&;2&%S*/%'*]-#&'*.8).#"'*-"(*7&#'*5-"'5#%88%"(*/.*+)5#'#-"*+%* <2#((%&*/%*e2+*%"*1/-5S*.$%5*/:%'7-#&*+%*7-2$-#&*&%5-88%"5%&*/%2&*$#%*+."'*+%'*5-"+#(#-"'* 7/2'* F28.#"%'K* n&S* '#* /%* e2+* )(.#(* 5-""2* 5-88%* $#-/%"(* %(* -77&%''%2&* 7-2&* /%'* ]-#&'S* /%'* ;&."+%'*$#//%'*+2*]-&+*"%*&%7&)'%"(.#%"(*7.'*7-2&*.2(."(*/:%?5%7(#-"*9*/.*&J;/%*+2*&.5#'8%* %"*L8)&#<2%K*0.*;&."+%*8#;&.(#-"*.*%"(&.#")*+%*"-2$%//%'*8-+#=#5.(#-"'*+."'*/%'*&.77-&('* +%'*L=&->L8).#"'*.$%5*/:L8)&#<2%*1/."5F%*%(*7.&(#5#7)*9*2"%*&)$#'#-"*7'a5F-/-;#<2%*+2* &z/%*%(*+%*/.*$./%2&*+%'*]-#&'*.2*'%#"*+%*/.*'-5#)()K*L2''#S*/.*;&."+%*8#;&.(#-"*.*&.7#+%8%"(* ********************************************************
1 Francis NEWTON, Une sociologie du jazz, Flammarion Éditeur, Paris, 1966, p. 17
2 Eric ARNESEN, Black Protest and the Great Migration. A Brief History with Documents, Bedford-St. Martin’s, Boston, 2003, p. 1
* M* %";%"+&)* 2"* +)1.(* 721/#5* '2&* '%'* 5.2'%'S* '%'* '#;"#=#5.(#-"'* %(* '%'* #87/#5.(#-"'K* W/2'#%2&'* _/."5'S*+2*e2+*5-88%*+2*]-&+S*-"(*/-";(%87'*#872()*/.*=2#(%*+%'*]-#&'*+2*e2+*&2&./*9*2"%* 5-"3-"5(2&%* '((%8%"(* )5-"-8#<2%K* 0%'* ]-#&'* 8#;&."('* /:-"(* 7%&f2%* 5-88%* 2"* +)'#&* 7.&(.;)* +%* /%2&* 5-882".2()* +:)5F.77%&* 9* /:-77&%''#-"* &.5#./%* %(* )5-"-8#<2%* <2:%//%* '21#''.#(*+."'*/:-7(#<2%*+:.8)/#-&%&*'%'*5-"+#(#-"'*+%*$#%*9*(-2'*/%'*"#$%.2?K**
*
0.* ;&."+%* 8#;&.(#-"* 5-"'(#(2%* 2"* 7-#"(* (-2&"."(* =-"+.8%"(./* +%* /:F#'(-#&%* +%'* ]-#&'* .8).#"'*%(*+%'*&%/.(#-"'*&.5#./%'*.2?*g(.('>!"#'K*n"*.''#'(%*%"*%==%(*9*/.*".#''."5%*+:2"%* "-2$%//%* 5-"'5#%"5%* "-#&%* +."'* /.<2%//%* /%* 5.&.5(J&%* 7-/#(#<2%* %(* 8#/#(."(* +%'* L=&-> L8).#"'* '%* $-#(* /.&;%8%"(* (&."'=-&8)* +2&."(* /:%"(&%>+%2?>;2%&&%'K* \%((%* "-2$%//%* 5-"'5#%"5%* =2(* +)(%&8#")%* 7.&* /:#87.(#%"5%* ;&."+#''."(%* +%* /.* 5-882".2()* "-#&%* =.5%* 9* /:#87-''#1#/#()* +:.55)+%&* 9* /:);./#()* %(* .2?* +&-#('* 5#$#<2%'* +."'* 2"%* L8)&#<2%* <2#* &)> %?7.#(* +%* 8."#J&%* %?(&`8%* '-"* 5.&.5(J&%* &.5#'(%* .7&J'* /.* W&%8#J&%* V2%&&%* 8-"+#./%K* L2''#S*/.*"-2$%//%*5-"'5#%"5%*"-#&%*'%*8."#=%'(.#(*7.&*/:%"(&%8#'%*+%*'-"*.'7%5(*7/2'*&.+#5./S* 8#/#(."(*%(*5-81.(#=K*P//%*':#"'5&#$.#(*+."'*2"%*;2%&&%*#+)-/-;#<2%S*.2*'23%(*+%*/.*&%+)=#"#(#-"* +2*'(.(2(*+%'*]-#&'S*%"(&%*8#/#(."('*"-#&'*'-5#./#'(%'S*5-882"#'(%'S*/#1)&.2?*%(*7&-;&%''#'(%'* %(*+."'*2"*+)1.(*+#'(."5#."(*/%'*"-2$%//%'*#+)%'*".(#-"./#'(%'*h*+2*8-2$%8%"(*7-72/.#&%*+%* ,.&52'* V.&$%a* h* .2?* 7-'#(#-"'* (&.+#(#-""%//%'* #"();&.(#-""#'(%'K* P"* 7/2'* +2* ".(#-"./#'8%* "-#&S* /.* 7%"')%* 8.&?#'(%* .* %2* 2"%* %87&#'%* '2&* /.* "-2$%//%* 5-"'5#%"5%* .=&->.8).#"%i* -"* &%8.&<2%*+:.#//%2&'*2"%*#"=/2%"5%*"-(-#&%*+%*/.*&)'#'(."5%*"-#&%*%(*+%*'.*/2((%*7-2&*/.*/#1%&()* +."'*/:F#'(-#&%*+%'*7-/#(#<2%'*-2$&#J&%'*#"(%&".(#-"./#'(%'*%(*&.+#5./%'K*L$%5*/:.$J"%8%"(*+%* /.*o)$-/2(#-"*1-/5F)$#<2%S*9*/.<2%//%*':.3-2(%"(*/%'*$#-/%"(%'*)8%2(%'*&.5#./%'*+%*ABAB*%(*/%'* +)5%7(#-"'*<2%*5-""2&%"(*5%&(.#"'*7.&(#'."'*"-#&'*/-&'*+%*/%2&*%?7)&#%"5%*.2*'%#"*+2*W.&(#*
* Q* '-5#./#'(%S*/%*8-2$%8%"(*5-882"#'(%*.8).#"*.*;.;")*%"*#87-&(."5%*.2?*a%2?*+%*"-81&%* ]-#&'* <2#* 5&-a.#%"(* $-#&* 7-#"+&%* 9* /:F--"* 2"%* &)$-/2(#-"* 8-"+#./%K* G%* 7/2'S* 5%&(.#"'* ]-#&'*&.+#5.2?*'%"(.#%"(*7-2&*/.*7&%8#J&%*=-#'*<2%*/%*8-2$%8%"(*5-882"#'(%S*9*/:#"$%&'%* +%'*'-5#./#'(%'*.8).#"'S*.//.#(*`(&%*%"*8%'2&%*+:.55-&+%&*2"%*7/.5%*5%"(&./%*9*/.*<2%'(#-"* &.5#./%K* j/* =.2(* +-"5* 5-"'#+)&%&* /%* 8-2$%8%"(* 5-882"#'(%* .8).#"* 5-88%* )(."(* 2"* .5(%2&* #87-&(."(* +."'* /.* $#%* 7-/#(#<2%* %(* 52/(2&%//%* +%'* L=&->.8).#"'K* 0%* W.&(#* 5-882"#'(%*.8).#"*7J'%&.*'2&*5%//%>5#*+J'*'.*=-&8.(#-"*%"*ABABK*
*
W.&.//J/%8%"(S* /:%"(&%>+%2?>;2%&&%'* .* 5-""2* '-"* /-(* +:.$."(>;.&+%'* .&(#'(#<2%'* 9* (&.$%&'* /:n55#+%"(S* "-(-"'* %"(&%* .2(&%'* /%* +.+.E'8%* %(* /%* '2&&)./#'8%* %"* P2&-7%* +%* /:n2%'(* %(* /%* 5-"'(&25(#$#'8%* '-$#)(#<2%K* ,.#'S* .2?* +#&%'* +%* 5%&(.#"'* -1'%&$.(%2&'S* +-"(* /:F#'(-&#%"* P* [-1'1.U8S*+%*(-2(%'*/%'*=-&8%'*+:%?7&%''#-"*.&(#'(#<2%*'%*+)$%/-77."(*9*5%((%*)7-<2%S*5%* '-"(* /%* 5#")8.* %(* /%* 3.44* $%"."(* +%'* g(.('>!"#'* <2#* '2'5#(J&%"(* /%* 7/2'* +:#"()&`(* %(* +:.+8#&.(#-"* .2?* a%2?* +%'* )/#(%'* #"(%//%5(2%//%'* %(* .&(#'(#<2%'K* w2#* 7/2'* %'(S* 7-2&* 5#(%&* [-1'1.U8S* -"* &%8.&<2%* <2%* b*+."'* /%* '#//.;%* +%* /.* ;2%&&%* 8-"+#./%* %(* +%* /.* &)$-/2(#-"* +:n5(-1&%S* %(* 7/2'* %"5-&%* +."'* /:J&%* +%* /:."(#=.'5#'8%* +%'* ."")%'* ABQN* %(* ABCNS* 5:%'(* /.* ;.25F%S*'-2$%"(*/.*;.25F%*&)$-/2(#-"".#&%S*<2#*.((#&.*/:.$."(>;.&+%K*cQ*\%((%*.((#&."5%*%"$%&'* /.*;.25F%*&)$-/2(#-"".#&%*":.*7.'*)()*)(&.";J&%*9*/.*7&.(#<2%*/#(()&.#&%*"-#&%*.8).#"%*%"* 7/%#"%*)12//#(#-"*+2&."(*/%*E'$7#")K#('%,,'(&#K*t*5%*'23%(S*+."'*'-"*/#$&%*b*/#8)/#.$0Q)A7=)
-#24P) !2$%&'(F!"#$%&'() G$%4%(.) '(=) 90""+(%,") >#48##() 4?#) G'$,*cCS* /%* '7)5#./#'(%* %"* /#(()&.(2&%* .=&->.8).#"%S* k#//#.8* ZK* ,.?U%//S* .* 5F%&5F)* 9* &%"+&%* 5-87(%* +%'* /#%"'* ********************************************************
3 Eric J. HOBSBAWM, L’Âge des extrêmes. Histoire du court XXe siècle, 1914-1991, Éditions Complexe, France, 1999, p. 249
4*William J. MAXWELL, New Negro, Old Left. African-American Writing and Communism Between the Wars, Columbia University Press, New York, 1999, 255 pages
* C* %"(&%(%"2'*%"(&%*/%'*)5&#$.#"'*"-#&'*+%*[.&/%8*%(*/%*8-2$%8%"(*5-882"#'(%*%(*+%*+)5&#&%* 5-88%"(* /:#+)./* 5-882"#'(%* .* 5-"()* 9* =.f-""%&* /.* 5&).(#-"* /#(()&.#&%* .=.#"%> .8).#"%* +2&."(* /%'* +)5%""#%'* +%* ABMN* %(* +%* ABQNK* \%* <2#* '.2(%* .2?* a%2?* +J'* /%'* 7&%8#J&%'* /#;"%'* +%* '-"* #"(&-+25(#-"* %'(* 2"%* 5#(.(#-"* +:[-U.&+* b*e(&%(5F*c* Z-F"'-"S* 2"* +."'%2&* "-#&* +2* 7&%'(#;#%2?* \-((-"* \/21* +%* [.&/%8* 9* /.* (`(%* +%'* Z%2"%''%'* 5-882"#'(%'S* +."'* /.<2%//%* #/* +)5/.&.#(* 9* /.* =#"* +%'* ."")%'* ABQN* <2%* uO{* +%* /:)/#(%* .&(#'(#<2%* "-#&%* +%* [.&/%8* )(.#(* /#)%* +#&%5(%8%"(* -2* %"(&%(%".#(* +%'* &%/.(#-"'* )(&-#(%'S* '."'* ")5%''.#&%8%"(* `(&%* 8%81&%S* .$%5* /%* W.&(#* 5-882"#'(%* .8).#"KO* \%((%* .==#&8.(#-"* 7-2&&.#(* 7.&.I(&%* %?.;)&)%*8.#'S*5-88%*/:#"+#<2%*,.?U%//S*#/*=.2(*(-2(*+%*8`8%*&%5-"".I(&%*<2:-"*.55-&+.#(* 2"%* 7/.5%* (-2(%* 7.&(#52/#J&%* .2?* .&(#'(%'* "-#&'* +."'* /.* 7.;%* 52/(2&%//%* +2* R'%7;) G0$H#$S* 7&#"5#7./* 3-2&"./* +2* W.&(#* 5-882"#'(%S* (-2(* 5-88%* +."'* /%* /#8) ,.''%'S* &%$2%* 52/(2&%//%* 5-882"#'(%K*
*
BCB!A6-)3D(E(F'D!73!,E!G6'H,-IE(FJK3! *
\%/.*+#(S*'#*/:-"*'%*&.((.5F%*9*/.*7&-7-'#(#-"*+%*[-1'1.U8*'%/-"*/.<2%//%*/%*3.44S*%"*(."(*<2%* 7F)"-8J"%* 52/(2&%/* 7-72/.#&%* 5-"".#''."(* 2"%* %?7."'#-"* '7%5(.52/.#&%* +2&."(* /:%"(&%> +%2?>;2%&&%'S* .2&.#%"(* )()* /:.$."(>;.&+%* .a."(* '2'5#()* /%* 7/2'* +:#"()&`(* .2* '%#"* +%'* )/#(%'* #"(%//%5(2%//%'*%(*.&(#'(#<2%'S*#/*.77.&.I(*%"(#J&%8%"(*/);#(#8%*+%*8%'2&%&*/:#87.5(*+%*5%((%* 82'#<2%*#"(&#"'J<2%8%"(*"-#&%*'2&*/%'*8#/#%2?*&)$-/2(#-"".#&%'*.8).#"'*+%*/:)7-<2%K*0%* 7&)'%"(*8)8-#&%*.2&.*+-"5*5-88%*7&#"5#7./*-13%5(#=*5%/2#*+%*'-"+%&*/%'*+#'5-2&'*7-/#(#<2%'* +%*/.*;.25F%*&)$-/2(#-"".#&%*'2&*/.*7&.(#<2%*%'(F)(#<2%*+%*/.*82'#<2%*"-#&%*.8).#"%S*%"* ******************************************************** 5 Ibid., p. 1
* O* /:-552&&%"5%*/%*1/2%'*%(*/%*3.44S*+."'*/:%"(&%>+%2?>;2%&&%'K*L2(&%8%"(*+#(S*/%*(&.$.#/*<2#*'2#(* $#'%*+:.1-&+*9*'.$-#&*<2%//%*=2(*/.*7-'#(#-"*+%*/.*;.25F%*&.+#5./%*h*7/2'*7&)5#')8%"(*+2*7-#"(* +%*$2%*+%'*5-882"#'(%'*1/."5'*h*=.5%*9*/:)8%&;%"5%*%(*9*/.*7-72/.&#()*;&."+#''."(%*+%*/.* 82'#<2%*"-#&%*.2?*g(.('>!"#'K*L$%5*/:%?7/-'#-"*5-88%&5#./%*+2*1/2%'*%(*+2*3.44S*#/*':.;#&.* .2''#*+%*$-#&*'#*/%*W.&(#*5-882"#'(%*.8).#"*.*'.#'#*/:-55.'#-"*+:#"=/2%"5%&*/.*7&-+25(#-"* .&(#'(#<2%*+%'*82'#5#%"'*"-#&'*%(*(%"(%&*+:2(#/#'%&*/%*1/2%'*%(*/%*3.44*9*+%'*=#"'*+:.;#(>7&-7K** * BCL!#(E(!73!,E!JK3)(F'D!* *
L$."(* +:.//%&* 7/2'* /-#"S* 7&)5#'-"'* 5%&(.#"'* 7-#"('* <2#* "-2'* .8J"%"(* 9* &)=/)5F#&* .2?* /#%"'* %"(&%* /%* 8-2$%8%"(* 5-882"#'(%* .8).#"* %(* /.* 82'#<2%* 7-72/.#&%* "-#&%K* !"* (%/* '23%(* 7-2&&.#(* '%81/%&* `(&%* /%* =&2#(* +:2"%* %?(&.7-/.(#-"* '#87/#'(%* -2* 7/2(z(* 2"%* #81.(#-"* +%* +%2?* 7F)"-8J"%'* #87-&(."('* +%'* ."")%'* ABMN* %(* ABQNS* /:2"* '((%8%"(* 52/(2&%/S* /:.2(&%* 2"#<2%8%"(* 7-/#(#<2%* %(* #+)-/-;#<2%S* '."'* 7-2&* .2(."(* <2:#/* a* .#(* 2"* <2%/5-"<2%* #"()&`(* 9* 8%"%&* 2"%* &)=/%?#-"* 5&#(#<2%* +2* '23%(* %(* '."'* <2:#/* '-#(* 7-''#1/%* +:%"* =.#&%* &%''-&(#&* /.* $./#+#()*F#'(-&#<2%K*W-2&*5/.&#=#%&*/.*+)8.&5F%S*#/*=.2(*+:.1-&+*'-2/#;"%&*<2%*/%'*F#'(-#&%'*+2* 3.44* '-"(* "-81&%2'%'K* P//%'* -"(* 7-2&* /.* 7/27.&(* 5F%&5F)* 9* &%(&.5%&* /%'* -&#;#"%'* +%* 5%((%* 82'#<2%S*+%72#'*/%'*/-#"(.#"%'*1&-2''%'*.=.#"%'*%(*/%'*1.(%.2?*");&#%&'*32'<2:.2?*1-&+%/'* +%* e(-&a$#//%* %"* ]-2$%//%>n&/)."'* %(* .2(&%'* /#%2?* -|* /:./5--/* +%* 5-"(&%1."+%* 5-2/.#(* 9* 7&-=2'#-"* +2&."(* /.* 7&-F#1#(#-"S* %"* 7.''."(* 7.&* 7&J'* +%* (&-#'* '#J5/%'* +:%'5/.$.;#'8%S* /:)8."5#7.(#-"*%(*/:.$J"%8%"(*+%'*/-#'*Z#8*\&-UK**
* R* 0:F#'(-#&%*7&-7-')%*#5#*(&-2$%*'%'*-&#;#"%'*+."'*/%'*"-81&%2'%'*5-"'#+)&.(#-"'*(F)-&#<2%'*h* "-"* 7.'* '%2/%8%"(* F#'(-&#<2%'* h* )8#'%'* 9* /:);.&+* +%* /.* 82'#<2%* "-#&%* .8).#"%* %(S* +%* =.f-"* 7/2'* ;)")&./%S* +%* /.* 52/(2&%* 7-72/.#&%KR* ]-'* &)=/%?#-"'* -"(* ;&."+%8%"(* )()* "-2&&#%'* +:.1-&+*%(*.$."(*(-2(*7.&*/%'*/#$&%'*b*-#)6#+67#)=+)<7+#,*cu)+%*0%o-#*Z-"%'*%(*b*5$##)S'BB)>7'&H)
308#$*cX* +%* WF#/#77%* \.&/%'* %(* Z%.">0-2#'* \-8-//#K* 0.* /%5(2&%* +%* 5%'* +%2?* /#$&%'* "-2'* .* 7-2'')*9*5-"'#+)&%&*/:F#'(-#&%*+2*1/2%'*%(*'.*=-&8%*2/()&#%2&%*8.#'*7.&.//J/%S*/%*3.44S*5-88%* )(."(* #"+#'7%"'.1/%* 9* /.* 5-87&)F%"'#-"* +%'* 7&-1/J8%'* &.5#.2?* .2?* g(.('>!"#'S* +%72#'* /:)8."5#7.(#-"* 32'<2:9* /.* /2((%* +%'* +&-#('* 5#$#<2%'S* %(* +%* /.* 5-"'(&25(#-"* +%* /:#+%"(#()* +%'* ]-#&'*+."'*/:L8)&#<2%*1/."5F%K*,%"(#-""-"'*<2%*b*-#)6#+67#)=+)<7+#,*cS*721/#)*%"*ABRQ*.2* 8-8%"(*8`8%*-|*/.*/2((%*7-2&*/%'*+&-#('*5#$#<2%'*.((%#;".#(*'-"*7.&-?a'8%S*.#"'#*<2%*b*5$##)
S'BB) >7'&H) 308#$*cS* 721/#)* %?.5(%8%"(* +#?* ."'* 7/2'* (.&+* ./-&'* <2%* 7%&'#'(.#%"(* <2%/<2%'*
&%/%"('*+%*/.*/2((%*&)$-/2(#-"".#&%*'-5#./#'(%*8%")%*7.&*/%'*_/.5T*W."(F%&'S*-"(*(-2'*/%'*+%2?* .+-7()*2"*7-#"(*+%*$2%*'#8#/.#&%*9*/:);.&+*+%*/.*82'#<2%*"-#&%*.8).#"%*%"*5%*<2#*.*(&.#(*9* '.* '#;"#=#5.(#-"* '-5#->F#'(-&#<2%K* G%* =.#(S* /:2"%* +%'* 7&#"5#7./%'* (FJ'%'* +)=%"+2%* 7.&* 0%o-#* Z-"%'*%(*&%7&#'%*7.&*WF#/#77%*\.&/%'*%(*Z%.">0-2#'*\-8-//#*%'(*<2%*/.*82'#<2%*"-#&%*&%/.(%* 2"%*'#(2.(#-"*5-"=/#5(2%//%*7&-7&%*9*(-2(%'*/%'*)(.7%'*+%*/:F#'(-#&%*.=&->.8).#"%*%(*9*(-2'* /%'* "#$%.2?i* 2"%* '#(2.(#-"* +."'* /.<2%//%* '%* 5-"=&-"(%"(* 2"%* &)'#'(."5%* 9* /.* '-28#''#-"* 5-87/J(%*+%'*]-#&'*.2*8-"+%*1/."5*@&%=2'*+:.55%7(%&*/%*&.5#'8%S*/:#"32'(#5%S*/:#");./#()D*%(*/%* +)'#&* +%* ':#"();&%&* .2* 'a'(J8%* 52/(2&%/* +-8#"."(* @7.&(#5#7.(#-"* .2* &`$%* .8).#"S* 9* ********************************************************
6 Par culture populaire, il faut entendre ici une culture qui demeure ancrée dans les aspirations et les espoirs locaux, les tragédies locales et les évènements locaux, qui ne sont que des représentations des expériences et des pratiques quotidiennes de gens ordinaires. Voir aussi : « [P]opular cultur always has its base in the experiences, the pleasures, the memories, the traditions of the people. » Stuart HALL, « What is this "black" in black popular culture?
(Rethinking Race) », Social Justice, Vol. 20, No. 1-2, (Spring-Summer 1993), p. 107 7 LeRoi JONES, Le peuple du blues, Éditions Gallimard, folio, Paris, 1963, 333 pages
8 Philippe CARLES et Jean-Louis COMOLLI, Free Jazz Black Power, Éditions Gallimard, folio, Paris, 1971, 438 pages*
* u* /:!"#$%&'() 8';) 02) 7%2#DK* W-2&* %?7/#<2%&* /:%?#'(%"5%* +%* 5%((%* +2./#()* 9* 8`8%* /.* 7&-+25(#-"* 82'#5./%* "-#&%* .8).#"%S* #/'* %'(#8%"(* <2%* /%* 1/2%'* .* &)2''#* 9* 7&)'%&$%&* 2"%* 8)8-#&%* 5-//%5(#$%*+2*7.'')*+-2/-2&%2?*+%*/:%'5/.$.;%S*(-2(*%"*()8-#;"."(*+%*8."#J&%*7/2'*-2*8-#"'* +#&%5(%*+:2"%*%?7)&#%"5%*'7)5#=#<2%8%"(*.=&->.8).#"%*.2*=#/*+2*(%87'S*./-&'*<2%*/%*3.44* %'(* +%$%"2* 8./;&)* (-2(* 2"%* 82'#<2%* 7.&(.;)%* 7.&* (-2'* /%'* L8).#"'S* 2"%* 82'#<2%* .8).#"%S*5-"(&.#&%8%"(*.2?*.2(&%'*82'#<2%'*%(F"#<2%'*+%*/:)7-<2%*%?#'(."(*.2?*g(.('> !"#'i*'2&(-2(*9*7.&(#&*+2*8-8%"(*-|*/.*'-5#)()*.8).#"%*(&-2$%*+."'*/.*82'#<2%*"-#&%S*%(* (-2(*7.&(#52/#J&%8%"(*+."'*/%*3.44S*'-"*#"()&`(*h*5-88%&5#./S*+#'(&.5(#=*%(*#+)-/-;#<2%K*L#"'#S* 5%((%*#+)%*+%*+2./#()*7%&8."%"(%*.2*5y2&*+2*5F.";%8%"(*7&-=-"+*<2%*5-""2&%"(*/%'*]-#&'* +."'*/%2&'*&.77-&('*.$%5*/:L8)&#<2%S*%"*7.''."(*+:%'5/.$%*9*5#(-a%"S*7./7.1/%*9*(&.$%&'*/%2&* 82'#<2%* h* /%* 1/2%'* &%7&)'%"(."(* /%* 5.&.5(J&%* +#'(#"5(* +%'* ]-#&'* .8).#"'* %(* /%* 3.44* 5-"'(#(2."(* /.* =-&8%* +:%?7&%''#$#()* "-#&%* /.* 7/2'* '2'5%7(#1/%* +%* ':#"();&%&* .2* 'a'(J8%* 52/(2&%/*+-8#"."(*h*#87/#<2%*")5%''.#&%8%"(*/%'*=-"+%8%"('*8`8%'*+%'*3%2?*+%*7-2$-#&*%(* +%* 5-"'%"(%8%"(* .2?<2%/'* /.* 52/(2&%* 7-72/.#&%* ':.+-""%* %"* )(."(* 'a'()8.(#<2%8%"(* 5-"=&-"()%*9*/:F);)8-"#%*52/(2&%//%B*+%*/.*5/.''%*+-8#"."(%K*** * L2>+%/9*+%*/.*(FJ'%*+)=%"+2%*7.&*Z-"%'S*\.&/%'*%(*\-8-//#S*#/*=.2(*+-"5*$-#&*/.*82'#<2%*"-#&%* .8).#"%*5-88%*2"*(%&&%.2*=%&(#/%*9*/.*5-"(%'(.(#-"K*\:%'(*/.*&.#'-"*7-2&*/.<2%//%*5%'*+%2?* /#$&%'*-"(*)()*'#*")5%''.#&%*9*/:)/.1-&.(#-"*+%*"-(&%*7&-1/)8.(#<2%*5.&S*/-&'<2:-"*.55%7(%*/%* 5.&.5(J&%*5-"(%'(.(.#&%*+%*/.*82'#<2%*.=&->.8).#"%*@-2*8`8%*+%*/.*52/(2&%*7-72/.#&%DS*#/* "%*"-2'*%'(*7/2'*7%&8#'*+%*/.*&%/);2%&*9*2"*7F)"-8J"%*'((%8%"(*52/(2&%/K*L2(&%8%"(*+#(S* ********************************************************
9 Lorsqu’on dit « hégémonie culturelle », il ne faut pas l’entendre comme une question de domination pure, mais bien comme un changement de configurations et de dispositions du pouvoir culturel. Voir Stuart HALL, Op. cit. p. 106
* X* +%72#'*/.*721/#5.(#-"*+2*/#$&%*>7+#,)3#067#*+%*0%o-#*Z-"%'S*#/*%'(*7&.(#<2%8%"(*#87-''#1/%* +:."./a'%&*/.*82'#<2%*"-#&%*5-88%*2"*7F)"-8J"%*72&%8%"(*%'(F)(#<2%S*2"*.&(*.2(-"-8%i* #/*=.2(*/.*8%((&%*%"*&%/.(#-"*.$%5*(-2(*5%*<2#*7-2&&.#(*/.*+)(%&8#"%&*v*/:F#'(-#&%S*/:-&;."#'.(#-"* '-5#./%S* /:)5-"-8#%* %(* /%* 7-/#(#<2%K* \-88%* /%* 8%"(#-""%"(* WF#/#77%* \.&/%'* %(* Z%.">0-2#'* \-8-//#*v* b*}/~.* 82'#<2%S* 1/2%'* %(* 3.44S* %'(* /%* 8-+%* +:%?7&%''#-"* 7&#$#/);#)* +%'* ]-#&'* .8).#"'i*7.&*/9S*%//%*-5527%*%"*7%&8."%"5%*2"%*7/.5%*+."'*/%2&*5F.87'*'-5#./S*%//%*(#%"(* 2"*&z/%S*%"*&%(&.#(*-2*%"*.$."(*+."'*/%2&'*/2((%'*7-/#(#<2%'K*cAN*\:%'(*.2''#*%"*5%*'%"'S*<2%*/:-"* 7%2(*$./#+%&*+%2?*7&#"5#7%'*=-"+.8%"(.2?*&%/%$)'*7.&*\.&/%'*%(*\-8-//#S*'-#(*v*/%*3.44*5-88%* =-&8%* +:%?7&%''#-"* .&(#'(#<2%* +."'* /.<2%//%* '%* &%5-"".#''%"(* /.* 8.3-&#()* +%'* ]-#&'* .8).#"'* @7/2'* <2%* +."'* /%2&* /#(()&.(2&%* -2* +."'* /%2&* 7-)'#%Di* %(S* /:#")/25(.1#/#()* +%* /.* 7-/#(#'.(#-"*+%'*]-#&'S*'-2'*/.*7&%''#-"*+%'*5-"+#(#-"'*+%*$#%*%"*L8)&#<2%*%(*+%*/:#+)-/-;#%* +-8#"."(%*<2#S*=-&;%*2"%*5-"'5#%"5%*+%*5/.''%*%"*8`8%*(%87'*<2%S*%(*7.&S*2"%*5-"'5#%"5%* +%*&.5%S*8`8%*5F%4*/%'*82'#5#%"'*"-#&'*+-"(*/.*7&.(#<2%*%'(F)(#<2%*7-2$.#(*7.&.I(&%*/.*7/2'* )(&.";J&%*.2*8#/#(."(#'8%KAA*W.&*5-"')<2%"(S*/%*5.&.5(J&%*&.''%81/%2&*%(*7-72/.#&%*+2*3.44* 7-2&&.#(*.$-#&*&)2''#*9*.((#&%&*/%'*8#/#%2?*5-882"#'(%'*+."'*/%2&'*%==-&('*+%*7&-7.;%&*/:#+)./* +%*/.*/2((%*+%*5/.''%'K* *
W.&* .#//%2&'S* #/* #87-&(%* +%* 7&)5#'%&* <2%* /:)(2+%* +%'* &%/.(#-"'* %"(&%* /%* 8-2$%8%"(* 5-882"#'(%*%(*/%'*]-#&'*.8).#"'*+."'*/:%"(&%>+%2?>;2%&&%'*+:2"*7-#"(*+%*$2%*52/(2&%/*%'(* 2"%* 7&)-5527.(#-"* 7/2(z(* &)5%"(%* 5F%4* /%'* F#'(-&#%"'* %(* .2(&%'* 5F%&5F%2&'* +%'* '5#%"5%'*
********************************************************
10 Philippe CARLES et Jean-Louis COMOLLI, Op. cit. p. 127 11 Ibid., p. 65 et 67*
* B* '-5#./%'*+)'#&%2?*+%*'5&2(%&*9*/.*/-27%*/:F#'(-#&%*+%'*8-2$%8%"('*'-5#.2?*.2?*g(.('>!"#'KAM* P"*=.#(S*/.*7/27.&(*+%'*&%5F%&5F%'*<2#*%?.8#"%"(*/%*8-2$%8%"(*5-882"#'(%*.8).#"*'-2'* /:.";/%* +%* /.* 52/(2&%* "%* "-2'* '-"(* .77.&2%'* <2:9* 7.&(#&* +%'* ."")%'* ABXN* %(* '2&(-2(* +%'* ."")%'*ABBNS*.2*8-8%"(*8`8%*-|*/:-"*+)5#+.*+%*+#'7-'%&*+2*'-2$%"#&*+%*/.*;2%&&%*=&-#+%* %(* +2* 5-882"#'8%* '-$#)(#<2%* '2&* /%'* (.1/%((%'* 7-2''#)&%2'%'* +:2"%* )7-<2%* &)$-/2%K* _#%"* %"(%"+2S* 5%/.* "%* $%2(* 7.'* +#&%* <2:-"* "%* ':#"()&%''.* 7.'* 9* /:F#'(-#&%* +%'* &%/.(#-"'* %"(&%* /%* 8-2$%8%"(*5-882"#'(%*.8).#"*%(*/%'*]-#&'*.$."(*/%'*."")%'*ABBNS*8.#'*<2%*/%'*)(2+%'* <2#* 7&)5)+J&%"(* -"(* 7/2(z(* 5F%&5F)* 9* 5-87&%"+&%* 5-88%"(* /%* 8-2$%8%"(* 5-882"#'(%* .8).#"*.*)8%&;)i*+."'*<2%//%*8%'2&%S*5-88%"(*%(*7-2&<2-#*#/*.*'2*.((#&)*/%'*'a87.(F#%'* +%'* ]-#&'* .8).#"'i* 5-88%"(* ':-&;."#'.#(* /.* '(&25(2&%* #"(%&"%* +2* W.&(#i* 9* <2%/* 7-#"(* #/* )(.#(* '-28#'* .2* +#5(.(* +%* ,-'5-2i* <2%/'* &.77-&('* +%* 7-2$-#&* %?#'(.#%"(* 9* /:#"()&#%2&* +2* 8-2$%8%"(i*'%'*=-&5%'S*'%'*=.#1/%''%'S*'%'*5-"(&.+#5(#-"'*%(*/%'*(%"+."5%'*#+)-/-;#<2%'*<2#* ;2#+J&%"(* /.* /#;"%* +2* W.&(#K* j/* .77.&.I(* (-2(* +%* 8`8%* ")5%''.#&%* +%* =.#&%* 8%"(#-"* #5#* +%* <2%/<2%'*%?%87/%'*+:)(2+%'*&)./#')%'*.$."(*ABBN*.=#"*+:.$-#&*2"%*$2%*+:%"'%81/%*+%*/:)(.(* +%'*&%5F%&5F%'*&%/#)%'*.2*'23%(*5F-#'#K**
*
P"* ABOAS* /%* '-5#-/-;2%* k#/'-"* o%5-&+* 721/#.#(* b*L?#) /#.$0) '(=) 4?#) 90""+(%,4) 3'$4;*cAQ* 72#'S*%"*ABRCS*b*K'&#)'(=)K'=%&'7%,")T)L?#)/!!93)'(=)4?#)90""+(%,4)3'$4;)%()90(27%&4*cACS* +%2?* /#$&%'* <2#* +)7%#;"%"(* /%'* .5(#$#()'* 5-882"#'(%'* 9* (&.$%&'* /%2&'* +a".8#<2%'* +%* 8."#72/.(#-"S* +%* +)'#//2'#-"* %(* +%* (&.I(&#'%i* 2"* 7-#"(* +%* $2%* /.&;%8%"(* +#5()* 7.&* ********************************************************
12 William G. ROY, Red, Whites, and Blues. Social Movements, Folk Music, and Race in the United States, Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 2010, p. 4
13 Wilson RECORD, The Negro and the Communist Party, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1951, 356 pages
14 Wilson RECORD, Race and Radicalism : The NAACP and the Communist Party in Conflict, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1964, 237 pages*
* AN* /:.(8-'7FJ&%*+%*/.*;2%&&%*=&-#+%*.2?*g(.('>!"#'K*_.')'*'((%8%"(*'2&*+%'*.&(#5/%'*&)+#;)'* 7.&*+%'*/%.+%&'*5-882"#'(%'*%(*+%'*&%7&)'%"(."('*-==#5#%/'*+:-&;."#'.(#-"'*"-#&%'S*/%'*/#$&%'* +%* o%5-&+* 7&)'%"(%"(* /%* W.&(#* 5-882"#'(%* .8).#"* 5-88%* /:.&8%* +:2"%* 5-"'7#&.(#-"* #"(%&".(#-"./%K*W-2&*o%5-&+S*/%*5-882"#'8%*.8).#"*':.$)&.#(*2"%*(%"+."5%*)(&.";J&%*.2* 8-2$%8%"(*"-#&S*'%*'%&$."(*+%*/.*/2((%*+%'*]-#&'*.8).#"'*<2:9*+%'*=#"'*%?7."'#-""#'(%'* +2* 5-882"#'8%* 9* (&.$%&'* /%* 8-"+%K* \:%'(* %"* 5%* '%"'* <2%* /:F#'(-&#%"* ,.&T* ].#'-"* 8%"(#-"".#(*+."'*'-"*/#$&%*b*90""+(%,4,)%()E'$7#")R+$%(.)4?#)R#6$#,,%0(*c)v*b*j"*o%5-&+:'* ."./a'#'S*1/.5T'*#"$-/$%+*U#(F*(F%*W.&(a*U%&%*%#(F%&*".#$%*#+%./#'('*+%5%#$%+*1a*(F%*W.&(a:'* &%(F-S*-&*5a"#5./*'%&$."('*-=*e-$#%(*7-U%&S*'#"5%*(F%*8-$%8%"(*(F%a*U%&%*7.&(*-=*F.+*"-* #"+#;%"-2'*&--('K*cAO**
*
\%((%* 5&#(#<2%* 7-2&&.#(* .2''#* `(&%* +#&#;)%* 9* /:%"+&-#(* +:[.&-/+* \&2'%* %(* +%* '-"* /#$&%* b*L?#)
9$%,%,)02)4?#)/#.$0)@(4#77#&4+'7*cAR*721/#)*%"*ABRuK*n"*7%2(*%"*%==%(*&%7&-5F%&*9*\&2'%*+:.$-#&* 2(#/#')*/:F#'(-#&%*+%*/:#87/#5.(#-"*+%'*5-882"#'(%'*.8).#"'*+."'*/.*/2((%*+%'*]-#&'*7-2&* 8%((&%* +%* /:.$."(* '%'* 7-'#(#-"'* ".(#-"./#'(%'* +."'* /%* 5-"(%?(%* %?7/-'#=* +%* /.* /2((%* 7-2&* /%'* +&-#('* 5#$#<2%'S* %"* +)"-"f."(* /%* 7.(%&"./#'8%* #"(%//%5(2%/* 1/."5* 7&.(#<2)* 7.&* /%'* &)$-/2(#-"".#&%'* +2* W.&(#S* %"* 8-"(&."(* +2* +-#;(* /.* &%'7-"'.1#/#()* +%'* 5-882"#'(%'* 32#='* .8).#"'*+."'*/:%==.5%8%"(*+%*/:.77%/*9*/:.2(-+)(%&8#".(#-"*+%'*]-#&'*.8).#"'*h*5%*<2#* .2&.#(* +2* 8`8%* 5-27S* '%/-"* /:.2(%2&S* 8#"#8#')* /%* 7-(%"(#%/* &)$-/2(#-"".#&%* "-#&* h* %(* %"* &).==#&8."(* /.* ")5%''#()* 7-2&* /%'* L=&->.8).#"'* +%* ':-&;."#'%&* +%* =.f-"* .2(-"-8%S* #"+)7%"+.88%"(* +2* &%'(%* +%* /.* ;.25F%* &.+#5./%* %(* +%* 7-2&'2#$&%* +%'* '(&.();#%'* ".(#-"./#'(%'*-&#%"()%'*'2&*/.*7%&8."%"5%*+%'*/2((%'*+2*7-2$-#&*"-#&*.2?*g(.('>!"#'K*
********************************************************
15 Mark NAISON, Communists in Harlem During the Depression, University of Illinois Press, Chicago, 1983, p. xv 16 Harold CRUSE, The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual, New York Review Books, New York, 1967, 594 pages
* AA* t* 7.&(#&* +%'* ."")%'* ABuNS* +%'* 5F%&5F%2&'* #''2'* +%* /.* ;)")&.(#-"* +%'* +&-#('* 5#$#<2%'* -"(* 5-88%"5)* 9* &%8%((&%* %"* <2%'(#-"* /:#+)%* &%f2%* '%/-"* /.<2%//%* /:%";.;%8%"(* +%'* 5-882"#'(%'* .8).#"'* +."'* /.* /2((%* +%'* ]-#&'* "%* &%/%$.#(* <2%* +%* /.* 8."#72/.(#-"* 7-/#(#<2%K* \%* =.#'."(S* 2"%* ')&#%* +:)(2+%'* &)$#'#-""#'(%'* $#'."(* 9* &%(&.5%&* /%'* &.5#"%'* +2* 8#/#(."(#'8%*"-#&*+."'*/%'*."")%'*ABQN*%(*ABCN*.*7%&8#'*+%*+)=#%&*/%*7-#"(*+%*$2%*+-8#"."(* .$."5)S*%"(&%*.2(&%'S*7.&*o%5-&+K*t*5%(*%==%(S*,.&T*].#'-"*8%"(#-""%*+."'*'-"*#"(&-+25(#-"* /.*5-"((#-"*#87-&(."(%*+%'*/#$&%'*+%*G."*\.&(%&*@'2&*/:.==.#&%*+%*e5-(('1-&-DS*+%*\F.&/%'* ,.&(#"*@'2&*/%*5.'*+:L";%/-*[%&"+-"D*%(*+%*]%//*W.#"(%&*@'2&*/%*8#/#(."(#'8%*+2*5-882"#'(%* "-#&* [-'%.* [2+'-"* 9* _#&8#";F.8DK* j/'* -"(* +)8-"(&)* 9* <2%/* 7-#"(* /%'* 5-882"#'(%'* .8).#"'S* %"* 7/2'* +:.$-#&* 7.&(#5#7)* .5(#$%8%"(* 9* (&.$%&'* /%* 7.a'* 9* /:.2;8%"(.(#-"* '21'(."(#%//%* +%* /.* 5-"(%'(.(#-"* "-#&%S* -"(* .#+)* 9* =.f-""%&* 5F%4* /%'* ]-#&'* 2"%* "-2$%//%* 5-"'5#%"5%*+2*7-2$-#&*+2*7&-/)(.&#.(*-&;."#')*%(*=-&5)*/%'*/#1)&.2?*%(*/%'*&.+#5.2?*1/."5'*9* 8%((&%*+%*7/2'*%"*7/2'*/:.55%"(*'2&*/%'*<2%'(#-"'*%"(-2&."(*/%'*+&-#('*5#$#<2%'KAu**
*
q-2(%=-#'S* /%'* 5F%&5F%2&'* <2#* 5-88%"5J&%"(* 9* ':#"()&%''%&* .2?* /#%"'* <2:-"(* %"(&%(%"2'* /.* 5-882".2()*.&(#'(#<2%*%(*#"(%//%5(2%//%*"-#&%*%(*/%*8-2$%8%"(*5-882"#'(%*.8).#"*'-"(* +%8%2&)'* 7&#'-""#%&'* +:2"* &)5#(* ".&&.(#=* &%=/)(."(* /:#+)-/-;#%* +2* ".(#-"./#'8%* "-#&K* t* 5%(* %==%(S*/%*'7)5#./#'(%*%"*/#(()&.(2&%*.=&->.8).#"%*V.&a*PK*[-/5-81*&%8.&<2.#(*v**
b*\&#(#5'* -=* L=."* L8%."* 52/(2&./* .&('* =&%<2%"(/a* 7-&(&.a%+* (F%* .==#/#.(#-"* 1%(U%%"*b*UF#(%*5-882"#'('*c*."+*1/.5T*#"(%//%5(2./'*.'*.*T#"+*-=*&%%".5(8%"(* -=* (F%* 5-/-"#4%&>5-/-"#4%+* %"5-2"(%&* UF%&%* 1/.5T* 5&%.(#$%* U-&T%&'* U%&%* %?7%5(%+*(-*'218#(*(-*.*&.5#'(*.;%"+.K*}p~*qF%*;%"%./-;a*-=*(F%*&%.+#";S*UF#5F*
********************************************************
* AM* .''28%'*(F.(*1/.5T'*U%&%*%?7%5(%+*(-*.+-7(*."*#"=%&#-&*'(.(2'*#"*5-882"#'8*#'* (&.5%.1/%*(-*F#'(-&#."'*."+*5&#(#5'*#"*(F%*ABRN:'*."+*ABuN:'K*cAX* * G%72#'*/%'*."")%'*ABBNS*+%'*'7)5#./#'(%'*+%*/.*o%".#''."5%*"-#&%*%(*+%*/.*;&."+%*+)7&%''#-"S* +%'*>7'&H)!47'(4%&),4+=%#,S*+%*/:F#'(-#&%*+2*&.+#5./#'8%*%(*+2*8.&?#'8%*.2?*g(.('>!"#'*%(*+%'* 8?%4#(#,,),4+=%#,S*"-2'*-"(*=-2&"#*/.*721/#5.(#-"*+%*7/2'#%2&'*)(2+%'*$#'."(*9*&%"$%&'%&*/.* (%"+."5%*9*(-23-2&'*8%((&%*+%*/:.$."(*/%*7.&.+#;8%*&070(%,'4#+$)M)&070(%,:*+."'*/.*/%5(2&%*+%* /:F#'(-#&%* 52/(2&%//%* %(* #"(%//%5(2%//%* "-#&%* %(* +2* 8-2$%8%"(* 5-882"#'(%* .8).#"K* 0%'* &)$#'#-"'*+%*_.&1.&.*H-/%aS*k#//#.8*ZK*,.?U%//S*Z.8%'*LK*,#//%&S*_#//*,2//%"*%(*eF%&&a*0#"T-"* -"(* '2* &%8%((&%* %"* 5.2'%* /%'* 7-#"('* +%* $2%* 7&)5)+%"('* 5-"5%&"."(* /%'* .==#/#.(#-"'* +%'* &.+#5.2?*"-#&'*%(*1/."5'*%(*-"(*5-"=&-"()*/%'*"-(#-"'*7&)+-8#"."(%'*+%*/.*b*/#;"%*+%*5-2/%2&* c*+."'*/:%"(&%>+%2?>;2%&&%'KAB*0%2&*5-"((#-"*%'(*+:.2(."(*7/2'*#87-&(."(%*%"*5%*<2:%//%*.* 7%&8#'* +%* &%"$%&'%&* /.* ')7.&.(#-"* 'a'()8.(#<2%* %"(&%* /.* o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
18 Gary E. HOLCOMB, « New Negroes, Black Communists, and the New Pluralism », American Quartely, Vol. 53, No. 2 (Jun. 2001), p. 367
* AQ* +)5%""#%* ABQNS* 8.&<2)%* 7.&* /.* ;&."+%* +)7&%''#-"S* .2&.#(* $2* +%'* 8#//#%&'* +%* ]-#&'* '2#$&%* 7#%2'%8%"(*/%*8-2$%8%"(*5-882"#'(%K*0%'*)(2+%'*7/2'*&)5%"(%'*9*5%(*%==%(*-"(*7.&(#5#7)*9* 2"%* =:6:$%0=%,'4%0(* +%* 5%((%* $#'#-"* 5/.''#<2%S* %"* +)8-"(&."(* +:.1-&+* <2%* /%'* =&-"(#J&%'* F#'(-&#<2%'* +%* /.* o%".#''."5%* "-#&%* -"(* &.a-"")* 32'<2:.2* +)12(* +%* /.* e%5-"+%* V2%&&%* 8-"+#./%S*8.#'*.2''#*<2%*/%*8-2$%8%"(*5-882"#'(%*.*'2'5#()*2"*.((&.#(*7.&(#52/#%&*7-2&*/%'* ]-#&'* +J'* /%* +)12(* +%'* ."")%'* ABMN* %(* <2%* 5%(* .((&.#(* #87.5(.* 5-"'#+)&.1/%8%"(* /.* 7&-+25(#-"*.&(#'(#<2%*"-#&%KMN*
*
W-2&* 5/-&%* /:)(.(* +%* /.* <2%'(#-"S* #/* %'(* #87-''#1/%* +%* 7.''%&* '-2'* '#/%"5%* /:.77-&(* +%* (&-#'* -2$&.;%'* 7/2'* '7)5#=#<2%8%"(* /#)'* 9* /.* 7&-1/)8.(#<2%* +%* 5%* 8)8-#&%* <2#* -"(* 7.&(#52/#J&%8%"(* &%(%"2* "-(&%* .((%"(#-"S* '-#(*v* UV*;) 10(.) @,) *;) G#'60(VVMA* +%* o-11#%* 0#%1%&8."i* L?#) 9+74+$'7) 5$0(4MM* +%* ,#5F.%/* G%""#";i* %(* !2$%&'() !"#$%&'() 507H,0(.) '(=)
!"#$%&'()9+74+$'7)307%4%&,WX*+%*_&25%*,K*\-"=-&(FK* *
W&-=%''%2&%* '7)5#./#')%* %"* F#'(-#&%* .8).#"%* &)5%"(%* 9* /.* e-2(F%&"* j//#"-#'* !"#$%&'#(aS* o-11#%* 0#%1%&8."* .* 5-"'.5&)* '%'* &%5F%&5F%'S* %"(&%* .2(&%'S* 9* /:)(2+%* +%'* 8-2$%8%"('* '-5#.2?*%(*+%*/.*82'#<2%K*W&#"5#7./%8%"(*.?)*'2&*/%'*5F."(%2&'*=-/T*+%'*."")%'*ABQN>ABONS* 8%81&%'* -2* 'a87.(F#'."('* +2* \W!eLS* %(* /%2&'* (%"(.(#$%'* +:b* .;#(>7&-7* c* 9* (&.$%&'* /%2&'*
3#067#V,) 10(.,S* /%* /#$&%* l*;) 10(.) @,) *;) G#'60(m* @ABXBD* ':-2$&%* '2&* 2"%* +#'52''#-"*
#"()&%''."(%S* 9* '.$-#&* 5-88%"(* %(* +."'* <2%//%* 8%'2&%* /.* 52/(2&%* =.#(* 7.&(#%* +%* /.* '-/2(#-"* ********************************************************
20 Gary E. HOLCOMB, Op. cit. p. 371
21 Robbie LIEBERMAN, ‘’My Song Is My Weapon’’. People’s Songs, American Communism, and the Politics of
Culture, 1930-50, University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago, 1989, 201 pages
22 Michael DENNING, The Cultural Front. The Laboring of American Culture in the Twentieth Century, Verso, London – New York, 1997, 580 pages
23 Bruce M. CONFORTH, African American Folksong and American Cultural Politics. The Lawrence Gellert Story, The Scarecrow Press, Inc., Lanham, 2013, 265 pages
* AC* +."'* /.* /2((%* 5-"(&%* /:F);)8-"#%* %(* /:.55%''#-"* .2* 5F.";%8%"(* '-5#./K* L2>+%/9* +%* /.* (F)8.(#<2%* +%* /:F)&#(.;%* 7-/#(#<2%* %(* 52/(2&%/* +2* 5-882"#'8%* .8).#"S* 5%* <2#* #87-&(%* +."'*/:."./a'%*+%*0#%1%&8."S*5%*'-"(*/%'*<2%'(#-"'*%"(-2&."(*/%*&z/%*3-2)*7.&*/.*52/(2&%*%(*'.* 5.7.5#()*9*8-+%/%&*/.*$#%*+%'*;%"'*%(*/%2&'*7%&5%7(#-"'*+2*8-"+%KMC*L#"'#S*%"*5F%&5F."(*9* )$./2%&* /%* +%;&)* +:#87.5(* +%* /.* 52/(2&%* '2&* /.* 5-"'5#%"5%* +%* /.* 5/.''%* -2$&#J&%* %(* 9* 5-87&%"+&%* /%'* -1'(.5/%'* %"5-2&2'* /-&'<2:2"* 8-2$%8%"(* 7-72/.#&%* '-2F.#(%* /#$&%&* 2"* 8%''.;%* 7-/#(#<2%* ./(%&".(#=S* d:*;) 10(.) @,) *;) G#'60(::* &%"'%#;"%* '2&* /%'* %==-&('* +:.8)."#'.(#-"* +2* \W!eL* +2&."(* /.* 7)&#-+%* +2* H&-"(* 7-72/.#&%K* \%'* %==-&('S* '%/-"* /:.2(%2&%S*':%?7%"(*7.&=.#(%8%"(*9*(&.$%&'*/%*5F-#?*5./52/)*+%*=.#&%*+%*/.*82'#<2%*=-/T*h* 5.();-&#%* +."'* /.<2%//%* /:.2(%2&%* #"5/2(* /.* 82'#<2%* "-#&%* h* /%* 7&#"5#7./* $)F#52/%* =.5#/#(."(* /:.8)."#'.(#-"* +2* \W!eL* %(* /.* +#==2'#-"* +%* /:#+)./* 5-882"#'(%K* e."'* (-81%&* +."'* 2"%* $#'#-"* &-8."(#<2%* +2* 5-882"#'8%* .8).#"S* 0#%1%&8."* +&%''%* 2"* 7-&(&.#(* +%'* &)./#'.(#-"'*%(*+%'*)5F%5'*52/(2&%/'*%(*7-/#(#<2%'*+2*\W!eL*<2#*"-2'*7%&8%(*+%*8#%2?*'.#'#&* /.*&%/.(#-"*)7#"%2'%*%"(&%*/.*5-"'5#%"5%*7-/#(#<2%*%(*/.*7&-+25(#-"*.&(#'(#<2%K*0:.81#$./%"5%* +%'*5-"5/2'#-"'*+%*d:*;)10(.)@,)*;)G#'60(::*<2."(*.2*=-'')*%"(&%*/%*8-8%"(*+%*7&-+25(#-"* .&(#'(#<2%* %(* /.* &)5%7(#-"* h* 5:%'(>9>+#&%* /:#"5.7.5#()* 9* 5-87&%"+&%* +."'* /%2&* (-(./#()* /%'* 8)5."#'8%'* 7%&8%((."(* .2?* 5-"'(&25(#-"'* 5-"(&%>F);)8-"#<2%'* +:.==%5(%&* 2/(#8%8%"(* /.* 5-"'5#%"5%*+%*/.*5/.''%*-2$&#J&%*h*.*-2$%&(*/.*$-#%*9*2"%*&%/%5(2&%*7/2'*7-2'')%*+%*/.*7)&#-+%* +2*H&-"(*W-72/.#&%*52/(2&%/K*
*
\:%'(*+."'*5%((%*8`8%*/#;")%*<2%*/:F#'(-&#%"*,#5F.%/*G%""#";*721/#%*%"*ABBR*L?#)9+74+$'7)
5$0(4S* 2"* -2$&.;%* 5-/-''./* +-"(* /:#87.5(* 1-2'52/%&.* 9* '-"* (-2&* "-(&%* 5-87&)F%"'#-"* +%*
********************************************************
* AO* /:F)&#(.;%* 52/(2&%/* +2* H&-"(* W-72/.#&%K* W.&* +%* "-81&%2?* %?%87/%'* +%* &)./#'.(#-"'* .&(#'(#<2%'S* L?#) 9+74+$'7) 5$0(4* &)7-"+* .2?* +-2(%'* <2%* 5%&(.#"'* F#'(-&#%"'* 7-2&&.#%"(* )8%((&%*<2."(*9*/.*7%&(#"%"5%*+:."./a'%&*/.*52/(2&%*+%*/.*$#%#//%*;.25F%*./-&'*<2%S*8`8%*9* '-"*.7-;)%S*%//%*"%*5-"'(#(2.#(*<2:2"*8-2$%8%"(*52/(2&%/*%81&a-"".#&%S*%87#)()%*7.&*+%'* '(&25(2&%'* 1%.25-27* 7/2'* $.'(%'* %(* 1%.25-27* 7/2'* 5-"'%&$.(%'* 'a81-/#'."(* /.* $#%* %"* L8)&#<2%K* W-2&* G%""#";S* 8./;&)* '-"* 5.&.5(J&%* %81&a-"".#&%* %(* /:#".5FJ$%8%"(* +%* '%'* +%''%#"'S*/%*H&-"(*W-72/.#&%*&%7&)'%"(%*/:2"#<2%*8-8%"(*+2&."(*/%<2%/*/.*;.25F%*-&;."#')%* .*&)2''#*9*+)$%/-77%&*2"%*52/(2&%*+%*8.''%*%==%5(#$%S*7&-+2#(%*7.&*/.*5/.''%*-2$&#J&%*7-2&* %//%>8`8%* %(* #"+21#(.1/%8%"(* 7-72/.#&%* .27&J'* +%* 8#//#-"'* +:L8).#"'KMO* 0:.2(%2&* 7&)'%"(%* .2''#* /%* H&-"(* W-72/.#&%* "-"* 7.'* '#87/%8%"(* 5-88%* 2"* 8-2$%8%"(* 7-/#(#<2%* %";%"+&)* 7.&* /.* ;.25F%* -&;."#')%K* j/* /%* $-#(* );./%8%"(* 5-88%* 2"* 8-8%"(* 8.&<2."(* %(* +2&.1/%* +."'* /.* &%'(&25(2&.(#-"* +%* /:#+%"(#()* .8).#"%S* 7-2&* (-2(%'* /%'* 5-25F%'* +%* /.* 7-72/.(#-"*<2#*.$.#%"(*)()*32'<2%>/9*%?5/2%'*-2*8.&;#"./#')%'S*7&#"5#7./%8%"(*5%//%'*#''2%'* +%*/.*5/.''%*-2$&#J&%*"-2$%//%8%"(*#88#;&)%*+:P2&-7%*+%*/:P'(*%(*+2*e2+S*+:L'#%S*+:L8)&#<2%* /.(#"%* %(* +2* e2+* &2&./* +%'* g(.('>!"#'KMR* G:.2(&%* 7.&(S* G%""#";* 5-"'.5&%* +%2?* #87-'."('* 5F.7#(&%'* 9* /.* 82'#<2%* +2* H&-"(* W-72/.#&%K* j/* %'(* %''%"(#%/* +%* '-2/#;"%&* #5#* <2%S* 5-"(&.#&%8%"(* 9* 0#%1%&8."* <2#* =.#(* 8%"(#-"* +2* 5-2&."(* =-/T* 5-88%* 7&#"5#7./* -2(#/* +%* 7&-7.;."+%*5-882"#'(%S*G%""#";*"%*5-"'#+J&%*7.'*/.*82'#<2%*=-/T*5-88%*)(."(*/.*=-&8%* 5%"(&./%*+%*/.*82'#<2%*+2*H&-"(*W-72/.#&%K*W-2&*/2#S*5%*'-"(*/%'*=-&8%'*%87&2"()%'*9*q#"* W."* L//%a* %(* /%* 3.44* <2#* &%7&)'%"(%"(* /%* 8#%2?* /.* 82'#<2%* +2* H&-"(* %"* &.#'-"* +%* /%2&* .55%''#1#/#()* %(* +%* /%2&* 7-72/.&#()* #"5-"(%'(.1/%'* .2* '%#"* +%* /.* 5/.''%* -2$&#J&%KMu* W-2&*
********************************************************
25 Michael DENNING, Op. cit. p. xvii et xx 26 Ibid., p. 239*
* AR* .772a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
/#.$0) 10(.,) 02) 3$04#,4* @ABQRDS* 9* (&.$%&'* /%* &)5#(* 1#-;&.7F#<2%* +2* 5-//%5(#-""%2&* %(*
=-/T/-&#'(%* .8.(%2&* 0.U&%"5%* V%//%&(K* Z2'<2:9* (&J'* &)5%88%"(S* /.* 5-//%5(#-"* 8-"28%"(./%* +%* 5F."'-"'* .=&->.8).#"%'* %"&%;#'(&)%'* 7.&* V%//%&(* +2&."(* /:%"(&%>+%2?>;2%&&%'* %'(* +%8%2&)%*/.&;%8%"(*'-2'>%'(#8)%S*$-#&%*#;"-&)%*7.&*/.*7/27.&(*+%'*'7)5#./#'(%'*+2*'23%(*9* /:)(2+%S*+:2"%*7.&(*7.&5%*<2%S*(-2(*.2*/-";*+%*'.*$#%S*V%//%&(*.*'a'()8.(#<2%8%"(*&%=2')*+%* +#$2/;2%&*+%'*#"=-&8.(#-"'*<2."(*9*/.*7&-$%"."5%*+%*'%'*%"&%;#'(&%8%"('*%(*+:.2(&%*7.&(S* 7.&5%*<2:-"*.*/-";(%87'*5-"'#+)&)*'-"*(&.$.#/*5-88%*.a."(*)()*=./'#=#)*+."'*/%*12(*.$-2)*+%* 7.&(#5#7%&* .2?* %==-&('* +%* 7&-7.;."+%* 5-882"#'(%K* t* 5%(* %==%(S* \-"=-&(F* +-""%* %"* 7.&(#%* &.#'-"* .2?* '5%7(#<2%'* %"* +)8-"(&."(* <2%* V%//%&(* .* .''#'()* +."'* 2"%* 5%&(.#"%* 8%'2&%* 9* /.* 5&).(#-"* +%* 5F."'-"'* +-"(* /%* 5-"(%"2* )(.#(* (&J'* 7-/#(#')K* n&S* #/* 7&)5#'%* +2* 8`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
* Au* 7&-7-'%*2"%*&))$./2.(#-"*+%*/:2(#/#'.(#-"*%(*+%*/.*+)=#"#(#-"*+2*(%&8%*b*6$04#,4*c*<2#*'%/-"*/2#* %'(*(&-7*'-2$%"(*;./$.2+)*7.&*/%'*.5.+)8#5#%"'*9*+%'*=#"'*7-/#(#<2%'*%(*#+)-/-;#<2%'KMX*G."'* /%*5F.7#(&%*<2:#/*5-"'.5&%*9*/.*721/#5.(#-"*+%*/#.$0)10(.,)02)3$04#,4S*\-"=-&(F*'-2(#%"(*<2%* /:2(#/#'.(#-"*%(*/:#"(%&7&)(.(#-"*=.#(%'*7.&*/%'*5-882"#'(%'*.8).#"'*+2*(%&8%*b*6$04#,4*c* 7-2&* +)'#;"%&* /%'* 5F."'-"'* .=&->.8).#"%'* .2&.#%"(* 5-"()* 9* =.#&%* )5F-2%&* %"* 7.&(#%* /%2&'*(%"(.(#$%'*+:.;#(>7&-7*.$%5*/.*82'#<2%*"-#&%K*W-2&*/2#S*-"*"%*+-#(*7.'*5-87&%"+&%*/%* (%&8%* b*6$04#,4*c* 5-88%* 'a"-"a8%* +%* b*&)$-/2(#-"".#&%*c* -2* %"5-&%* +:*b*)$%#/* +:2"* 8-2$%8%"(*-&;."#')*c*8.#'*1#%"*5-88%*'a"-"a8%*+%*b*&%3%(*+%'*5-"+#(#-"'*+%*$#%*%(*+%* /:%?7)&#%"5%* 7&-7&%8%"(* "-#&%* .8).#"%*c* %(* b*+)'#&* +%* '2&$#%* +%* /.* 5-882".2()* "-#&%* +."'* /:L8)&#<2%* 1/."5F%*cKMB* P"* '-88%S* 5%((%* &))$./2.(#-"* 7.&.I(* "-"* ");/#;%.1/%* 5.&S* )(&-#(%8%"(*/#)%*9*/.*7&-1/)8.(#<2%*+%*5%*8)8-#&%S*%//%*7%&8%(*+%*&%'(%&*5&#(#<2%*9*/:);.&+* +%'*+#'5-2&'*7-/#(#<2%'*+%*/.*;.25F%*&)$-/2(#-"".#&%*.8).#"%*'2&*/.*7&.(#<2%*%'(F)(#<2%* +%*/.*82'#<2%*"-#&%K* * * * * * ********************************************************
28 Cette réévaluation de l’utilisation du terme « protest » faite par Conforth rejoint la position novatrice de Lawrence W. Levine dans Black Culture and Black Consciousness : « To state that black song constituted a form of black protest and resistance does not mean that it necessarily led to or even called for any tangible and specific actions, but rather that it served as mechanism by which Negroes could be relatively candid in a society that rarely accorded them that previlege […] and, in the face of the sanctions of white majority, could assert their own individuality, aspirations, and sense of being. » Si Black Culture and Black Consciousness paraît en 1977, il est intéressant de souligner que cette position prise par Levine quant à l’utilisation du terme « protest » a étrangement été occultée par la plupart de ses contemporains jusqu’à aujourd’hui. Voir : Lawrence W. LEVINE, Black Culture and Black
Consciousness : Afro-American Thought from Slavery to Freedom, Oxford University Press, New York, 1977, p.
239-240
* AX* BCM!A6-)3D(E(F'D!73)!)'K6N3)!3(!73!,E!I-(O'7','PF3!!
*
\%* 8)8-#&%* +%* 8.I(&#'%* ':.772#%* '2&* 2"* $.'(%* 5-&72'* 5-"'(#(2)* +%* 8-"-;&.7F#%'* F#'(-&#<2%'S* /#(()&.#&%'S* '-5#-/-;#<2%'* %(* %(F"-82'#5-/-;#<2%'S* +%* &)5#('* 1#-;&.7F#<2%'* %(* .2(-1#-;&.7F#<2%'* %(* +:.&(#5/%'* '5#%"(#=#<2%'* .a."(* 2"* &.77-&(* +#&%5(* .$%5* /%* 5-"(%?(%* 7-/#(#<2%*%(*52/(2&%/*+%'*&%/.(#-"'*%"(&%*/%'*]-#&'*.8).#"'*%(*/%*8-2$%8%"(*5-882"#'(%* .2?* g(.('>!"#'* +2&."(* /:%"(&%>+%2?>;2%&&%'K* \%((%* &%5F%&5F%* &%7-'%* .2''#* '2&* /%'* +%2?* 7&#"5#7.2?* -&;."%'* +2* \W!eLS* '-#(* /%* R'%7;) G0$H#$) %(* /%* /#8) *',,#,S* '2&* /:)+#(-&#./* +2* 7&%8#%&*"28)&-*+2*8.;.4#"%*L?#)G0$H#$)*+,%&%'(*@ABQMDS*3-2&"./*)7F)8J&%*+2*G0$H#$,)
*+,%&) -#'.+#* @.==#/#)* .2* \W!eLDS* .#"'#* <2%* '2&* /.* 721/#5.(#-"* +2* &%52%#/* /#.$0) 10(.,) 02) 3$04#,4)@ABQRDS*(-2'*2(#/#')'*5-88%*'-2&5%'*7&%8#J&%'K**
*
0%* 3-2&"./* +:.5(2./#()* R'%7;) G0$H#$) 7.&.I(* 7-2&* /.* 7&%8#J&%* =-#'* %"* 3."$#%&* ABMC* %(* '%&.* 721/#)*9*]%U*^-&TS*'2&*2"%*1.'%*<2-(#+#%""%S*32'<2:%"*ABOR*7.&*/%*\W!eLK*L2*7/2'*=-&(*+%*'.* 7-72/.&#()S*/.*5#&52/.(#-"*+2*3-2&"./*.((%#"+&.*/%'*QO*NNN*5-7#%'KQN*e#*'%'*7-'#(#-"'*&%=/J(%"(* +%*8."#J&%*;)")&./%*/%*7-#"(*+%*$2%*+2*W.&(#*5-882"#'(%S*/%*R'%7;)G0$H#$*5F%&5F%&.*(-2(*+%* 8`8%*9*&%7&)'%"(%&*2"%*;.88%*7/2'*/.&;%*+%'*-7#"#-"'*+%*/.*;.25F%*.8).#"%S*'2&(-2(* +2&."(*/.*7)&#-+%*+2*H&-"(*W-72/.#&%K*\-88%*"-2'*/:.$-"'*8%"(#-"")*7/2'*(z(S*/%*3-2&"./*.* .55-&+)* 2"%* 7/.5%* 7.&(#52/#J&%* .2?* .&(#'(%'* "-#&'* +."'* '.* 7.;%* 52/(2&%//%i* /.* 7&)'%"5%* +%'* )5&#$.#"'* 0.";'(-"* [2;F%'S* \/.2+%* ,5x.a* %(* o#5F.&+* k&#;F(* %"* '-"(* <2%/<2%'* %?%87/%'K* q-2(%=-#'S* %"* 5-2$&."(* /.* 7)&#-+%* +%* ABMC* 9* ABCNS* /%'* &%5F%&5F%'* ":-"(* 7.'* 7%&8#'* +%* (&-2$%&*+%'*.&(#5/%'*'#;"#=#5.(#='*%"*/#%"*.$%5*/.*7&-1/)8.(#<2%*+%*5%*8)8-#&%K*\%7%"+."(S* ********************************************************
* AB* 5%&(.#"'* .&(#5/%'* 5-"5%&"."(* /.* b*<2%'(#-"* "-#&%*c* %(* /%'* '(&.();#%'* +:-&;."#'.(#-"* +2* 7&-/)(.&#.(*"-#&*-"(*&%(%"2*"-(&%*.((%"(#-"K**
*
0%* 8.;.4#"%* 52/(2&%/* /#8) *',,#,* .* 7-2&* '.* 7.&(* ;&."+%8%"(* 5-"()* 9* %"F#&* "-'* &%5F%&5F%'* %(* 9* &)7-"+&%* 9* /.* 7&-1/)8.(#<2%* +%* +)7.&(K* H-"+)* %"* ABMR* %(* 721/#)* '2&* 2"%* 1.'%* 8%"'2%//%* 32'<2:%"* ABCXS* /%* /#8) *',,#,* '%* $-2/.#(* .2* +)7.&(* ;)")&.(%2&* +:2"%* &%".#''."5%* .&(#'(#<2%* %(* /#(()&.#&%* .2?* g(.('>!"#'S* (-2(* %"* .==#5F."(* -2$%&(%8%"(* '%'* 'a87.(F#%'*%"$%&'*/%'*/2((%'*-2$&#J&%'*#"(%&".(#-"./%'S*'."'*7-2&*.2(."(*%"(&%(%"#&*+%*/#%"'* .$%5* 2"* 7.&(#* 7-/#(#<2%* <2%/5-"<2%K* n&S* +J'* '.* ".#''."5%S* /%* /#8) *',,#,* %'(* 5-87-')* 8.3-&#(.#&%8%"(*+%*5-//.1-&.(%2&'*.==#5F."(*-2$%&(%8%"(*/%2&'*.//);%."5%'*%"$%&'*/:!"#-"* '-$#)(#<2%*%(*/%*\W!eLS*+-"(*,.2%*_%5T%&S*,.?*P.'(8."S*Z-'%7F*H&%%8."S*[2;-*V%//%&(S* L&(2&-* V#-$.""#((#S* ,#5F.%/* V-/+S* k#//#.8* V&-77%&S* _-.&+8."* o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
*
********************************************************
31 Il est à noter qu’ils sont tous d’anciens collaborateurs des journaux marxistes The Masses (1911-1917) et The
Liberator (1918-1924) et qu’ils souhaitaient poursuivre leurs efforts de propagande révolutionnaire en contribuant au New Masses. Voir : Virginia HAGELSTEIN MARQUARDT, « New Masses and John Reed Club Artists,
* MN* BCQ!A6-)3D(E(F'D!73)!NOEGF(63)!* * 0%*8)8-#&%*'%*+#$#'%*%"*<2.(&%*5F.7#(&%'K*e%&$."(*+:#"(&-+25(#-"S*/%*7&%8#%&*5F.7#(&%*$#'%*9* &%"+&%*5-87(%*+%*/:)(.(*+%*/.*<2%'(#-"*%(*9*+&%''%&*2"*1&%=*.7%&f2*+2*5-"(%?(%*F#'(-&#<2%*+2* '23%(*9*/:)(2+%S*.=#"*+%*7&)5#'%&*/.*7&-1/)8.(#<2%*+%*5%*8)8-#&%*%(*+%*8-"(&%&*/.*7%&(#"%"5%* +:2"%*(%//%*%"(&%7&#'%K** *
0%* '%5-"+* 5F.7#(&%* =.#(* 2"* '2&$-/* +%'* &%/.(#-"'* %"(&%* /%'* 8#/#(."('* "-#&'* .8).#"'* %(* /%* 8-2$%8%"(*5-882"#'(%*+2&."(*/:%"(&%>+%2?>;2%&&%'K*0:-13%5(#=*+%*5%*'2&$-/*%'(*+:.1-&+*+%* +)(.#//%&*7/2'*%"*7&-=-"+%2&*/%*5-"(%?(%*F#'(-&#<2%*+."'*/%<2%/*5%'*&%/.(#-"'*-"(*$2*/%*3-2&S* %"* (&.#(."(* +%* /.* ;&."+%* 8#;&.(#-"S* +2* /#8) /#.$0* %(* +%* /.* ".#''."5%* +:2"%* "-2$%//%* 5-"'5#%"5%* "-#&%* 7/2'* &.+#5./%* %(* 5-81.(#$%K* j/* 7%&8%(* %"'2#(%* +%* 7&)'%"(%&* /%'* (&-#'* 7&#"5#7./%'* 7F.'%'* 7-/#(#<2%'* +2* \W!eL* %(* +%* +&%''%&* 2"* 7-&(&.#(* +%* /.* 7&-;&%''#-"* +%'* 7-/#(#<2%'*+2*W.&(#*9*/:);.&+*+%*/.*b*<2%'(#-"*c*"-#&%K**
*
0%* (&-#'#J8%* 5F.7#(&%* (&.#(%* +%'* +#==#52/()'* &%"5-"(&)%'* 7.&* /%* 8-2$%8%"(* 5-882"#'(%* .8).#"* +."'* '%'* (%"(.(#$%'* 9* +)$%/-77%&* 5/.#&%8%"(* %(* 8%((&%* '2&* 7#%+* 2"%* 7-/#(#<2%* &)$-/2(#-"".#&%*'2&*/:.&(K*\%*5F.7#(&%*7&-7-'%*<2%*/%'*=-&(%'*(%"+."5%'*#"(%&".(#-"./#'(%'*+2* \W!eL* +2&."(* '.* 7&%8#J&%* 7F.'%* 7-/#(#<2%S* .#"'#* <2%* /.* 5-"5%7(#-"* %"5-&%* )/#(#'(%* %(* 1-2&;%-#'%* +%* /.* \2/(2&%* .2* '%#"* +2* 8-2$%8%"(* -"(* /#8#()* /:#"()&`(* +%'* 5-882"#'(%'* .8).#"'* %"$%&'* /.* 52/(2&%* 7-72/.#&%* .8).#"%* %(* /.* 82'#<2%* "-#&%K* L2* (-2&"."(* +%* /:."")%* ABQNS* .$%5* /:.1-2(#''%8%"(* +2* 7&-5%''2'* +%* '(./#"#'.(#-"* %(* /:.77.&#(#-"* +%* (%"+."5%'* 7.(&#-(#<2%'* %(* ".(#-"./#'(%'* .2* '%#"* +2* 8-2$%8%"(S* /%* \W!eL* 7-'%* /%'* 3./-"'*
* MA* +:2"%* 7-/#(#<2%* &)$-/2(#-"".#&%* '2&* /:.&(* <2#* +-""%* ".#''."5%* 9* +%'* ;&-27%'* (%/'* <2%* /%*
G0$H#$,)*+,%&)-#'.+#)%(*/%*90"60,#$,)9077#&4%D#*+-"(*/.*(Y5F%*'%&.*+%*(F)-&#'%&*%(*+%*5&)%&*
+%*/.*82'#<2%*.8).#"%*9*+%'*=#"'*+:.;#(>7&-7K*]-2'*$%&&-"'*8./;&)*(-2(*<2%*5%'*;&-27%'* "%* '.2&-"(* '%* +)7.&(#&* %"(#J&%8%"(* +%* /%2&'* 7-'#(#-"'* &)=&.5(.#&%'* %"$%&'* /.* 82'#<2%* 7-72/.#&%K**
*
0%* +%&"#%&* 5F.7#(&%* %?7-'%* /%'* %==-&('* +:.8)."#'.(#-"* +2* \W!eL* +2&."(* /.* 7)&#-+%* +2* H&-"(* W-72/.#&%K* \%* 5F.7#(&%* $#'%* 9* +)8-"(&%&* 7.&* +%* "-81&%2?* %?%87/%'* <2%* /%'* %==-&('* +:.8)."#'.(#-"* +2* \W!eL* 5-"5-&+%"(* .$%5* /%* &%3%(* (-(./* +%'* 7-'#(#-"'* &).5(#-"".#&%'* %"$%&'* /.* 52/(2&%* 7-72/.#&%* .8).#"%* %(* /:2(#/#'.(#-"* .55&2%* +%* /.* 82'#<2%* "-#&%S* 3.44* %(* 1/2%'S*9*+%'*=#"'*+:.;#(>7&-7K***
